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Contents ▋ 爭點隨身書引導講堂 ▋ 第壹編

總則

Ch.1 法院之管轄 ························································· 003 Issue01 「管轄權治癒與管轄競合」及「同一法院內不同法官之 相牽連案件」。 ····························································· 003 Issue02 法院因常態性員額不足致無法辦理同一案件審判事務 時,是否屬於法律不能行使審判權之情形? ················ 006

Ch.2 法院職員之迴避 ·················································· 009 Issue01 前審之意義。 ································································ 009

Ch.3 辯護人、輔佐人及代理人 ··································· 011 Issue01 辯護-實質有效辯護、共同辯護與多數辯護。 ············· 011 Issue02 閱卷權及接見通信權。 ·················································· 013 Issue03 律師「在場權」。 ························································· 017

Ch.4 被告之傳喚及拘提 ·············································· 021 Issue01 強制處分與任意偵查。 ·················································· 021 Issue02 傳喚、拘提、逮捕。 ····················································· 023

Ch.5 被告之訊問 ························································· 027 Issue01 功能訊問與告知義務。 ·················································· 027 Issue02 訊問筆錄之作成及未簽名之效果。 ······························· 029

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Contents Issue03 遲延訊問之法律效果? ·················································· 031 Issue04 對於被告、證人未全程錄音,或筆錄所載與錄音不符 時,該證詞之證據能力? ·············································· 032

Ch.6 被告之羈押 ························································· 037 Issue01 羈押之要件及進行程序,與現行制度之不足。 ············· 037 Issue02 審判中之羈押? ····························································· 041

Ch.7 搜索及扣押 ························································· 043 Issue01 搜索-令狀搜索的原則與例外。 ··································· 043 Issue02 扣押。············································································ 049 Issue03 通訊隱私內容的扣押。 ·················································· 051 Issue04 臨檢、盤查、搜索及臨檢的一目瞭然原則。 ················ 053 Issue05 監聽-另案監聽與得一方同意之監聽。 ························ 057

Ch.8 證據 ···································································· 061 第一節 通則······················································································ 061 Issue01 關於證據之評價路徑。 ·················································· 061 Issue02 無罪推定原則與證據裁判、舉證責任、法院之澄清義務 與自由心證。 ································································ 063 Issue03 自白任意性及其延伸效力。 ·········································· 068 Issue04 被告自白及被害人陳述、共犯之自白所需之補強證據適 格與補強性要求。 ························································· 070 Issue05 被告以外之人於偵查中經檢察官非以證人身分傳喚,其 未經具結所為之陳述,證據能力如何? ························ 075 Issue06 私人不法取證。 ····························································· 077 Issue07 傳聞證據。 ···································································· 079

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Contents Issue08 傳聞之例外-法官及檢察官前之陳述。 ························ 081 Issue09 傳聞之例外-偵、審中陳述不符與調查中陳述之證據能 力。 ··············································································· 083 Issue10 傳聞例外-機械性文書、外國偵查機關所提供之供述性 質證據之效力? ····························································· 086 Issue11 鑑定報告書之性質。 ····················································· 088 Issue12 傳聞證據-經當事人同意之傳聞例外。 ························ 089 Issue13 監聽譯文之證據能力 ····················································· 091 Issue14 犯罪挑唆。 ···································································· 092 Issue15 對質詰問權的核心、質問的例外與傳聞例外。 ············· 095 Issue16 是否以實物提示為必要? ·············································· 097 第二節 人證······················································································ 099 Issue01 證人之權利與義務。 ····················································· 099 Issue02 拒絕證言權告知義務之踐行方式及未盡拒絕證言權之 告知義務之證據能力? ·················································· 103 Issue03 未踐行拒絕證言權,所取得之供述在將來被訊問人身分 之轉換或本身為被告之案件中之證據能力如何評價?·· 107 Issue04 於前民事或行政程序未告知拒絕證言權時應如何處 理? ··············································································· 110 第三節 鑑定及通譯 ·········································································· 111 Issue01 現行法關於鑑定之妥適性?及肯認機關鑑定之妥適 性? ··············································································· 111 Issue02 法官就證據是否有選任鑑定、囑託鑑定之必要?可以拒 絕鑑定判斷的結果自行判斷嗎? ··································· 114

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Contents Issue03 賄賂罪之對價關係應如何證明? ··································· 117 Issue04 鑑定許可書、鑑定留置票以及身體檢查。 ···················· 118 Issue05 偵查常見的手段-指認。 ·············································· 122 Issue06 測謊之證據能力? ························································· 124 第四節 勘驗······················································································ 127 Issue01 檢察官勘驗筆錄之性質?可否直接採用檢察官或前審 之勘驗筆錄?若可直接採用應透過何法定調查程序?·· 127 Issue02 勘驗程序之進行。 ························································· 130 第五節 證據保全 ·············································································· 131 Issue01 證據保全-被告的取證權。 ·········································· 131

▋ 第貳編

第一審

Ch.1 公訴 ···································································· 137 第一節 偵查······················································································ 137 Issue01 偵查的開始,進行與終結-偵查法定原則、偵查不公開 與偵查終結的相對法定原則 ·········································· 137 Issue02 偵查-偵查的主體?及雙偵查主體的可行性? ············· 141 Issue03 告訴的方式、告訴權人及其他要件。 ··························· 143 Issue04 告訴瑕疵補正的時間點及瑕疵治癒? ··························· 146 Issue05 告訴不可分及撤回告訴不可分。 ··································· 148 Issue06 不起訴、緩起訴處分及其救濟。 ··································· 150

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Contents Issue07 在緩起訴期間內發現新證據,並非法定撤銷緩起訴之 事由,得否就同一案件起訴?可否未經撤銷緩起訴 處分,即再行起訴? 撤銷緩起訴時所生之錯誤應如何處理?···················· 154 第二節 起訴······················································································ 158 Issue01 起訴書應如何記載。 ····················································· 158 Issue02 卷證併送制度優劣。 ····················································· 159 Issue03 關於起訴審查制度現行法之解釋及立法妥適性? ········· 160 Issue04 公訴之人的效力,關於冒名、頂替之處理。 ················ 162 Issue05 起訴不可分與案件單一性。 ·········································· 165 Issue06 檢察官可否以一部犯罪事實之擴張或減縮 為追加起訴或撤回? 又何時為撤回起訴之合適時點? ······························· 167 第三節 審判······················································································ 169 Issue01 準備程序。 ···································································· 169 Issue02 法庭之詰問、詰問之實施、詰問之順序。 ···················· 173 Issue03 變更起訴法條。 ····························································· 175 Issue04 一事不再理與案件同一性。 ·········································· 177 Issue05 複數程序判決原因併存時,該如何處理? ···················· 180 Issue06 遲誤期間的回復原狀 ····················································· 182

Ch.2 自訴 ···································································· 185 Issue01 自訴之概念。 ································································ 185 Issue02 自訴人之證人適格? ····················································· 189

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Contents ▋ 第參編

上訴

Ch.1 通則 ···································································· 193 Issue01 上訴權人-當事人對於免訴、不受理、管轄錯誤等判 決,可否爭執為無罪判決? ·········································· 193 Issue02 上訴權人-當自訴人作為上訴權人時僅得「為被告不利 益上訴」。 ···································································· 194 Issue03 上訴權人-獨立上訴權人及其上訴時點。 ···················· 195 Issue04 辯護人代理上訴之相關規定。······································· 197 Issue05 代理上訴 ········································································ 198 Issue06 上訴範圍-上訴不可分。 ·············································· 200 Issue07 上訴權之喪失-捨棄上訴、逾期上訴與撤回上訴。 ····· 203 Issue08 不利益變更禁止原則。 ·················································· 205 Issue09 監護處分的無罪判決可否上訴? ··································· 209

Ch.2 第二審 ································································ 211 Issue01 上訴第二審所需具體理由之內涵及鴻溝之填補。 ········· 211

Ch.3 第三審 ································································ 219 Issue01 上訴第三審案件之限制及限制之基準時。 ···················· 219 Issue02 第 376 條第 1 項第 1 款及第 2 款案件,經第一審判決被 告無罪,但第二審撤銷原審判決而自為有罪判決者,不 得上訴於第三審法院,是否違反憲法第 16 條訴訟權保 障? ··············································································· 211 Issue03 上訴第三審之理由限制。 ·············································· 224

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Contents ▋ 第肆編

再審

Issue01 再審之概念與客體。 ····················································· 231 Issue02 再審之原因-發現新事實、新證據。 ··························· 233 Issue03 在舊法提起再審證據聲請再審,但以欠缺確實性駁回 後,於新法實施後可否再依新法提出證據聲請再審?·· 237

▋ 第伍編

非常上訴

Issue01 非常上訴之概念、提起原因及判決效果。 ···················· 241 Issue02 有效違法判決之非常上訴之提起。 ······························· 245 Issue03 無效之違法判決與非常上訴救濟。 ······························· 247

▋ 第陸編

簡易程序

Issue01 簡易程序的概念-簡式審判、簡易判決處刑、協商判 決。 ··············································································· 251 Issue02 何謂簡式審判程序中之有罪陳述? ······························· 253 Issue03 簡易判決處刑之提起及概念。······································· 255 Issue04 簡易判決處刑之上訴。 ·················································· 258

▋ 第柒編

協商程序

Issue01 協商程序之概念:偵查中可否協商?自訴案件可否協 商?協商事項? ····························································· 265

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Contents Issue02 協商程序之救濟。 ························································· 267

▋ 第捌編

沒收特別程序

Issue01 第三人沒收程序。 ························································· 273

▋ 第玖編

執行

Issue01 受刑人對於檢察官否准易科罰金等執行於哪些情況可 以提出異議? ································································ 279 Issue02 附帶民事訴訟的相關程序 ·············································· 281

▋ 附論

被告在程序中死亡

Issue01 被告在訴訟程序中的死亡怎麼辦? ······························· 285

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第1章 法院之管轄

Issue 01

重要度:■■□□□

「管 轄權治癒與管轄競合」及「同一法院內不同法官之相牽 連案件」。 *自我評估:□非常熟悉

□一知半解

□毫無印象

□閱讀次數

問 題 刑事訴訟案件中事務的分配。 意 相牽連案件的意義。 識 第 4 條(事物管轄): 地方法院於刑事案件,有第一審管轄權。但左列案件,第一 審管轄權屬於高等法院: 一、內亂罪。 二、外患罪。 三、妨害國交罪。

關 第 5 條(土地管轄): 鍵 Ⅰ案件由犯罪地或被告之住所、居所或所在地之法院管轄。 法 Ⅱ在中華民國領域外之中華民國船艦或航空機內犯罪者,船艦本 條 籍地、航空機出發地或犯罪後停泊地之法院,亦有管轄權。

第 6 條(牽連管轄): Ⅰ數同級法院管轄之案件相牽連者,得合併由其中一法院管轄。 Ⅱ前項情形,如各案件已繫屬於數法院者,經各該法院之同意, 得以裁定將其案件移送於一法院合併審判之;有不同意者,由 共同之直接上級法院裁定之。 Ⅲ不同級法院管轄之案件相牽連者,得合併由其上級法院管轄。

│Chapter 1

法院之管轄│

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已繫屬於下級法院者,其上級法院得以裁定命其移送上級法院 合併審判。但第七條第三款之情形,不在此限。 第 7 條: 有左列情形之一者,為相牽連之案件: 一、一人犯數罪者。 二、數人共犯一罪或數罪者。 三、數人同時在同一處所各別犯罪者。 四、犯與本罪有關係之藏匿人犯、湮滅證據、偽證、贓物各 罪者。 第 8 條(管轄競合): 同一案件繫屬於有管轄權之數法院者,由繫屬在先之法院審 判之。但經共同之直接上級法院裁定,亦得由繫屬在後之法 院審判。 第 9 條(指定管轄): Ⅰ有左列情形之一者,由直接上級法院以裁定指定該案件之管轄 法院: 一、數法院於管轄權有爭議者。 二、有管轄權之法院經確定裁判為無管轄權,而無他法院管 轄該案件者。 三、因管轄區域境界不明,致不能辨別有管轄權之法院者。 Ⅱ案件不能依前項及第五條之規定,定其管轄法院者,由最高法 院以裁定指定管轄法院。 第 10 條(移轉管轄): Ⅰ有左列情形之一者,由直接上級法院,以裁定將案件移轉於其 管轄區域內與原法院同級之他法院: 一、有管轄權之法院因法律或事實不能行使審判權者。 二、因特別情形由有管轄權之法院審判,恐影響公安或難期 公平者。 Ⅱ直接上級法院不能行使審判權時,前項裁定由再上級法院為 之。

004

第壹編

總則


刑事案件依刑事訴訟法第 5 條第 1 項規定,由犯罪地或被告之 住所、居所或所在地之法院管轄,但數同級法院管轄之案件相 牽連而未繫屬於數法院者,自得依刑事訴訟法第 6 條第 1 項之 規定,由其中一法院合併管轄,此為法定管轄之擴張。而關此 管轄之有無,固以起訴時為準,但起訴時雖欠缺管轄權,倘在 法院未為管轄錯誤之判決前,復適法取得管轄權,則原管轄權 之瑕疵即因此治癒,不得認法院無管轄權(102 台上 3464 判 決)。

實 又就第 8 條之管轄競合之處理,其立法目的在於避免繫屬於有 務 管轄權之數法院對於同一案件均予審判之弊。於適用上是採優 見 解 先原則,故於先繫屬法院之判決先於後繫屬法院之確定判決 時,既應對後法院之判決聲請非常上訴,法院應對之諭知不受 理判決(釋 168 參酌)僅於後繫屬法院之判決確定早於先繫屬 法院之判決,始基於既判力原則,就該先繫屬法院應諭知免訴 判決(釋 47 參酌)。 就同一法院內不同法官之相牽連案件之處理,其合併與否僅屬 法院之內部事務分配,其是否合併、如何合併,可類推適用第 6 條及第 7 條之規定意旨。又依釋字第 665 號解釋之意旨,僅 須透過事先一般抽象規範,即屬合憲。 此類題目常出現: 「數名共犯,分居不同處所」。

破 「同一案件,先後繫屬於不同法院」等情狀。 題 答題上應先思考是否屬於事物管轄,若屬事物管轄,其管轄權之 關 鍵 有無應以起訴至最終裁判時均有之。 若非事物管轄,再看有無複數管轄法院皆有管轄權之情況,又應 如何處理?

經 典 98 高法、99 普律、100 地、103 書、107 書、107 司 試 四 題

│Chapter 1

法院之管轄│

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Issue 02

重要度:■■□□□

法 院因常態性員額不足致無法辦理同一案件審判事務時,是否 屬於法律不能行使審判權之情形? *自我評估:□非常熟悉

□一知半解

□毫無印象

□閱讀次數

問 題 於常態性員額不足時應當由「上級法院裁定移轉管轄」或「先 意 行調派法官」。 識 就此爭點,論者有不同見解,有採「上級法院裁定移轉管轄說」 , 認為有管轄權之法院因法律或事實不能行使審判權者,由直接 上級法院,以裁定將案件移轉於其管轄區域內與原法院同級之 他法院,刑事訴訟法第 10 條第 1 項第 1 款定有明文。又法院組 織法第 14 條之 1 規定:「地方法院與高等法院分設刑事強制處 分庭,辦理偵查中強制處分聲請案件之審核。但司法院得視法 院員額及事務繁簡,指定不設刑事強制處分庭之法院。」 「承辦 前項案件之法官,不得辦理同一案件之審判事務。」 「前二項之 規定,自中華民國一○六年一月一日施行。」惟於現行編制下

實 僅有一合議庭,現僅有二名法官,均曾參與本件偵查中羈押抗 務 告之審理,依上開規定,不得辦理同一案件之審判事務。從而 見 解 該院已無其他法官得以審理本案,該院以其因法律之規定不能 行使審判權為由,請求本院裁定移轉管轄,即無不合。本院應 裁定移轉管轄。(106 年第 5 次刑事庭會議決議採此見解) 另有認為應採「先行調派法官說」 ,移轉管轄係使原無管轄權之 法院取得管轄權,影響法院證據調查之便利,及被告、訴訟關 係人就近應訊之權利甚鉅。基此,所謂因法律不能行使審判權, 宜為目的性限縮解釋。倘若因法律之變動,致法官編制員額較 少之法院辦理審判事務之法官,產生常態性不足時,應由司法 院調派法官支援辦理,除非無其他可調派之法官,否則難謂有 因法律不能行使審判權之情形。從而,不得僅因法官編制員額

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不足,即逐案以因法律不能行使審判權,而聲請移轉管轄。若 不然,無異使被告無法適用土地管轄之規定,容易造成案件遲 滯,不符訴訟經濟及妥速審判原則。

│Chapter 1

法院之管轄│

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008

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第2章 法院職員之迴避

Issue 01

重要度:■■□□□

前 審之意義。 *自我評估:□非常熟悉

□一知半解

□毫無印象

□閱讀次數

問 題 迴避在刑事訴訟法中的功能及前審的意義。 意 識 關 第 17 條第 7、8 款: 推事於該管案件有左列情形之一者,應自行迴避,不得執行 鍵 法 職務:七、推事曾執行檢察官或司法警察官之職務者。八、 條 推事曾參與前審之裁判者。

實 務 及 學 說 見 解

就第 17 條第 8 款所稱之推事曾參與前審之審判,所謂前審學說 有採審級說跟拘束說之不同見解,前者著重於當事人審級利益 之確保,故所為前審是指下級審;後者則基於「裁判自我拘束 性」 ,當裁判後法官既不可自行撤銷變更之法理,故所謂前審是 指前次審判。又實務及我國多數學說是採「審級說」之見解, 又其前審包含「前前審」之第一審裁判在內(釋 178),而所謂 「裁判」 ,係指裁定及判決而言,並不包括僅參與下級審之準備 或審理程序,而未參與裁定或判決之情形(100 台上 3762 判決 參酌),然若曾參與第二審之裁判,經上級審發回更審後,再行 參與,因其前後所參與者,均為第二審之裁判,無涉審級利益, 自不在應自行迴避之列(29 上 3276 判例參酌)。

破 題 近年來就此考題多出於選擇題,讀者僅需把握「審級說」及更 關 審之實務見解既已足應付。 鍵

│Chapter 2

法院職員之迴避│

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第3章 辯護人、輔佐人及代理人

Issue 01

重要度:■■■■■

辯 護-實質有效辯護、共同辯護與多數辯護。 *自我評估:□非常熟悉

□一知半解

□毫無印象

□閱讀次數

問 題 憲法上實質有效辯護的意義 意 多數辯護人在刑事審判庭的運用。 識 第 27 條第 1 項: I被告得隨時選任辯護人。犯罪嫌疑人受司法警察官或司法警 察調查者,亦同。 第 28 條: 每一被告選任辯護人,不得逾三人。 第 31 條第 1、3 項:

關 I有下列情形之一,於審判中未經選任辯護人者,審判長應指 鍵 定公設辯護人或律師為被告辯護: 法 一、最輕本刑為三年以上有期徒刑案件。 條 二、高等法院管轄第一審案件。 三、被告因精神障礙或其他心智缺陷無法為完全之陳述者。 四、被告具原住民身分,經依通常程序起訴或審判者。 五、被告為低收入戶或中低收入戶而聲請指定者。 六、其他審判案件,審判長認有必要者。 Ⅲ被告有數人者,得指定一人辯護。但各被告之利害相反者, 不在此限。

│Chapter 3

辯護人、輔佐人及代理人│

011


按照憲法第 8 條及第 16 條,被告於各審級有受實質有效辯護 為被告受憲法所保障之權利,系爭權利之內涵應包括國家機 關不得否定被告有此項權利及干涉辯護人的重要辯護活動, 諸如被告與律師的充分溝通權,以及辯護人應提供有效之協 助,以確保被告辯護倚賴權應有的功能,並應排除辯護人利 益衝突之情形。被告律師所提供之辯護如非實質、有效的辯 護,即屬無效之律師協助,固得構成合法上訴之理由,以維 護公平正義與被告利益。惟是否構成無效之律師協助,除應 由被告具體指出辯護人之辯護行為有瑕疵,致未發揮辯護人 應有的功能外,必也該瑕疵行為嚴重至審判已不公平,致審 判結果因而不可信,即滿足「行為瑕疵」與「結果不利」二 要件(102 台上 3050 判決)。 被告受辯護權保護之附著時點,應以辯護人之協助將有助於

實 務 見 解

當 事人 之利益 時, 即屬被 告應 享有辯 護權 保障之 「關 鍵 階 段」。以強制辯護案件之審判程序為例,自實質上著眼,如於 朗讀案由、人別訊問時,辯護人雖未在場,實質上並未對被 告產生任何不利之影響,即無嚴格要求辯護人在場之必要, 如所進行之程序與案件之內容有關,足以影響被告實質利益 者,如檢察官陳述起訴(或上訴)要旨,審判長就起訴事實 訊問被告、調查證據、事實及法律辯論、被告最後陳述等程 序,辯護人若不在場,對被告正當防禦權之行使非無影響, 辯護人自應在場。若辯護人客觀上因事而遲延到庭或中途任 意退庭,法院若遷就現實而僅要求於言詞辯論時為形式上之 辯護,實質上與未經辯護者無異(93 台上 2237 判決參酌)。 另多數辯護與共同辯護為二不同概念,前者如依刑事訴訟法 第 28 條同一被告至多得選任三位辯護人為其辯護。而每位辯 護人之辯護權,均各自獨立,可居於自身之辯護權能,從不 同之面向,展現不同之辯護內容,自主、充分地為被告辯護, 彼此無法取代,以彰顯多數辯護制度之目的(102 台上 5092 判決參酌) ,於多數辯護其中一辯護人未能準時到庭時,雖有

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