1D286

Ⅰ 重要名詞解釋 第一編

總則 ······················································· 003

第一章

法例 ························································· 003

「現役軍人」與「一般人民」受刑事訴追之區別 ······ 003 控訴原則 ······································································ 004 法定法官原則 ······························································· 004 犯人 ·············································································· 005 犯罪嫌疑人 ··································································· 005 被告 ·············································································· 005 受判決人 ······································································ 005 受刑人 ·········································································· 005 當事人能力 ··································································· 005 訴訟能力 ······································································ 006 替代手段 ······································································ 006

第二章

法院之管轄 ···················································· 007 –1–

「審判權」與「管轄權」之區別 ································· 007 「牽連管轄」與「競合管轄」之區別 ························· 008 相牽連案件與牽連犯 ··················································· 008 競合管轄 ······································································ 009 「牽連管轄」與「競合管轄」之區別 ························· 009

第三章

法院職員之迴避 ········································· 011

前審 ·············································································· 011 「聲請迴避」與「自行迴避」之區別 ························· 012 法院與法官 ··································································· 012 「聲請迴避」與「自行迴避」之區別 ························· 013

第四章

辯護人、輔佐人及代理人 ···························· 014

辯護人之功能 ······························································· 014 「強制辯護」與「任意辯護」之區別 ························· 015 「辨護人」、「輔佐人」、「代理人」之區別 ·················· 015 選任辯護與指定辯護 ··················································· 016 「強制辯護」與「任意辯護」之區別 ························· 016 辯護人之權利 ······························································· 017 閱卷權的依據 ······························································· 018 辯護人複製光碟 ··························································· 018 輔佐人 ·········································································· 021

第五章

文書 ·························································· 022

裁判之更正 ··································································· 022

第六章

送達 ·························································· 026

第七章

期日及期間 ··············································· 028 –2–

「期日」與「期間」之區別 ········································ 028 「期日」與「期間」之區別 ········································ 028 法定期間與裁定期間 ···················································· 028 失權期間與訓示期間 ···················································· 029 行為期間與不行為期間（猶豫期間） ························· 029

第八章

被告之傳喚及拘提 ········································ 030

強制處分 ······································································ 030 直接與間接處分 ··························································· 031 要式與不要式 ······························································· 031 各種強制處分之區別 ···················································· 032 「通知」與「傳喚」之區別 ········································ 032 各種強制處分之區別 ···················································· 033 各種強制處分之區別 ···················································· 033 各種強制處分之區別 ···················································· 035 逮捕與拘提 ··································································· 036 緊急逮捕 ······································································ 037

第九章

被告之訊問 ··············································· 039

對質詰問 ······································································ 040

第十章

被告之羈押 ···················································· 042

各種強制處分之區別 ···················································· 042 羈押 ·············································································· 042 羈押聲請之審查 ··························································· 043 撤銷羈押 ······································································ 043 「偵查中之羈押」與「審判中之羈押」之區別 ·········· 045 羈押之救濟途徑 ··························································· 046 –3–

「偵查中之羈押」與「審判中之羈押」之區別 ·········· 047 羈押之救濟途徑 ··························································· 048 羈押之救濟途徑 ··························································· 050 羈押之救濟途徑 ··························································· 051

第十一章

搜索及扣押 ············································ 053

搜索 ·············································································· 053 各種強制處分之區別 ··················································· 054 搜索類型之區別 ··························································· 054 附帶搜索 ······································································ 056 緊急搜索 ······································································ 057 同意搜索 ······································································ 057 沒收扣押 V.追徵（假）扣押 ········································ 058 非附隨於搜索之扣押 ··················································· 060 扣押裁定 ······································································ 060 審判中之辯護人在場權 ················································ 064 另案扣押 ······································································ 065 一目瞭然法則 ······························································· 065

第十二章

證據 ······················································ 065

證據能力與證明力 ······················································· 065 證據資料與證據方法 ··················································· 066 直接證據與間接證據 ··················································· 066 實質證據與補助證據 ··················································· 066 本證與反證 ··································································· 066 供述與非供述證據 ······················································· 067 人的證據與物的證據 ··················································· 067 –4–

人證、物證、書證 ······················································· 067 證據文書與文書證據 ···················································· 068

第一節

通則 ······················································· 068

無罪推定原則 ······························································· 069 自由心證 ······································································ 069 自白與毒樹果實 ··························································· 070 被告或共犯之自白 ······················································· 072 違反夜間訊問規定所取得之自白 ································· 075 檢察官違背本法第 95 條第 2、3 款時 ························· 075 傳聞法則之理論基礎 ···················································· 076 被告以外之人 ······························································· 077 傳聞法則概說及其例外 ················································ 078 先前審判外不一致的陳述 ············································ 080 傳喚不到 ······································································ 082 所在不明 ······································································ 082 到庭後無正當理由拒絕陳述者 ···································· 082 特信性文書 ··································································· 083 同意法則 ······································································ 084 起訴審查制度之問題點 ················································ 086 「起訴之審查」與「自訴之審查」之區別 ·················· 087 職權主義與當事人進行主義 ········································ 087 改良式當事人進行主義 ················································ 088 調查原則及澄清義務 ···················································· 089 交互詰問之順序與內容 ················································ 092 交互詰問 ······································································ 093

–5–

第二節

人證 ························································· 098

「被告」、「證人」與「鑑定人」 之區別 ··················· 098 拒絕證言 ······································································ 099 不自證己罪原則 ··························································· 100 無效的反詰問 ······························································· 100

第三節 鑑定及通譯 ··············································· 105 被告、證人與鑑定人之區別 ········································ 105 鑑定留置 ······································································ 106 對第三人檢查身體之鑑定處分 ···································· 109 鑑定證人 ······································································ 112

第四節 勘驗 ························································· 114 「相驗」與「勘驗」之區別 ········································ 114 「相驗」與「勘驗」之區別 ········································ 115

第五節 證據保全 ·················································· 116 證據保全 ······································································ 116 「偵查中之證據保全」、「審判中之證據保全」 ·········· 116

第十三章

裁判 ······················································ 119

「判決」與「裁定」之區別 ········································ 119 裁判之更正 ··································································· 120

第二編

第一審 ···················································· 120

第一章

公訴 ·························································· 120

第一節 偵查 ························································· 120 偵查法定原則 ······························································· 121 –6–

拘捕前置原則 ······························································· 121 告訴 ·············································································· 122 告發 ·············································································· 123 自首 ·············································································· 124 犯罪被害人 ··································································· 125 「告訴」、「公訴」、「自訴」、「上訴」之區別 ·············· 126 專屬告訴權與補充告訴權 ············································ 126 告訴之主觀不可分 ······················································· 128 撤回告訴不可分效力 ···················································· 128 「告訴」與「告發」之區別 ········································ 129 偵查不公開原則 ··························································· 130 「審判權」與「管轄權」之區別 ································· 132 提起公訴 ······································································ 132 不起訴之原因 ······························································· 133 「不起訴」 、 「緩起訴」 、 「簡易判決處刑」 、 「簡式審 判」、「協商程序」之區別 ··········································· 134 被告於訴訟程序中死亡之處理 ···································· 134 起訴便宜原則 ······························································· 134 被告於訴訟程序中死亡之處理 ···································· 134 緩起訴制度概說 ··························································· 135 「微罪不舉」與「緩起訴」之區別 ····························· 138 「不起訴」、「緩起訴」、「簡易判決處刑」、「簡式審 判」、「協商程序」之區別 ············································ 138 緩起訴處分之撤銷 ······················································· 139 繼續偵查 ······································································ 140 交付審判 ······································································ 142 –7–

新事實 ·········································································· 145 新證據 ·········································································· 145 同一案件 ······································································ 145

第二節

起訴 ························································ 145

起訴狀一本 ··································································· 146 卷證併送制度 ······························································· 147 證據開示原則 ······························································· 147 「告訴」、「公訴」、「自訴」、「上訴」之區別 ·············· 148 案件單一性 ··································································· 148

第三節

審判 ························································ 149

起訴認否程序 ······························································· 150 「不起訴」、「緩起訴」、「簡易判決處刑」、「簡式審 判」、「協商程序」之區別 ············································ 151 共犯或共同被告之合併或分離審判 ····························· 154 共同被告之權利 ··························································· 155 直接審理原則 ······························································· 156 更新審判程序 ······························································· 158 「一造缺席判決」與「兩造缺席判決」之區別 ·········· 158 案件同一性 ··································································· 160 廢止其刑罰 ··································································· 163 審判權與管轄權 ··························································· 164 控訴原則 ······································································ 164 被告於訴訟程序中死亡之處理 ···································· 165 「審判權」與「管轄權」之區別 ································· 165 「一造缺席判決」與「兩造缺席判決」之區別 ·········· 165 –8–

「一造缺席判決」與「兩造缺席判決」之區別 ·········· 166 「一造缺席判決」與「兩造缺席判決」之區別 ·········· 166

第二章 自訴 ·························································· 169 已不得告訴或請求者 ···················································· 170 撤回自訴之效果 ··························································· 171 擔當自訴 ······································································ 172 「一造缺席判決」與「兩造缺席判決」之區別 ·········· 173 自訴之判決之不受理 ···················································· 173 本條不受理判決之範圍 ················································ 174

第三編

上訴 ······················································· 176

第一章

通則 ························································· 176

上訴審之制度區別 ······················································· 176 「告訴」、「公訴」、「自訴」、「上訴」之區別 ·············· 176

第二章

第二審 ······················································ 178

不利益變更禁止原則 ···················································· 180 「一造缺席判決」與「兩造缺席判決」之區別 ·········· 181 「一造缺席判決」與「兩造缺席判決」之區別 ·········· 181

第三章

第三審 ······················································ 182

釋字第 752 號解釋 ······················································· 182 廣義之判決違背法令 ···················································· 184 狹義的判決違背法令 ···················································· 184 「漏判」、「漏未判決」與「訴外裁判」之區別 ·········· 185 「一造缺席判決」與「兩造缺席判決」之區別 ·········· 187

第四編

抗告 ······················································· 190 –9–

第五編

再審 ························································ 193

新證據 ·········································································· 194 聲請再審與無罪推定原則 ············································ 195 「再審」與「非常上訴」之區別 ································· 197 被告於訴訟程序中死亡之處理 ···································· 200 「一造缺席判決」與「兩造缺席判決」之區別 ·········· 200

第六編

非常上訴 ················································ 201

「再審」與「非常上訴」之區別 ································· 201 「一造缺席判決」與「兩造缺席判決」之區別 ·········· 201 審判違背法令 ······························································· 202

第七編

簡易程序 ················································ 203

「一造缺席判決」與「兩造缺席判決」之區別 ·········· 203 「不起訴」、「緩起訴」、「簡易判決處刑」、「簡式審 判」、「協商程序」之區別 ············································ 203

第七編之一

協商程序 ········································ 206

審判中協商程序之意義 ················································ 206 被告認罪 ······································································ 207 裁定駁回協商之聲請 ··················································· 209

第七編之二 第八編

沒收特別程序 ································· 210

執行 ························································ 216

應否先取得（民事）執行名義始能聲請發還給付 ······ 220 「聲明疑義」與「聲明異議」之區別 ························· 222 「聲明疑義」與「聲明異議」之區別 ························· 222

第九編

附帶民事訴訟 ········································ 222

「一造缺席判決」與「兩造缺席判決」之區別 ·········· 225 –10–

Ⅱ 基本概念說明表 01「審判權」與「管轄權」之區別 .............................. 231 02「現役軍人」與「一般人民」受刑事訴追之區別 ... 232 03「牽連管轄」與「競合管轄」之區別 ...................... 233 04 連續犯、牽連犯刪除後於單一案件之影響 ............. 237 05「聲請迴避」與「自行迴避」之區別 ...................... 238 06「強制辯護」與「任意辯護」之區別 ...................... 239 07「辯護人」、「輔佐人」、「代理人」之區別 ............... 241 08「被告」、「證人」與「鑑定人」之區別 .................. 244 09「期日」與「期間」之區別 ...................................... 248 10「通知」與「傳喚」之區別 ...................................... 250 11 各種強制處分之區別 ................................................ 252 12 羈押聲請之審查 ........................................................ 258 13「偵查中之羈押」與「審判中之羈押」之區別 ....... 259 14 羈押之救濟途徑 ........................................................ 260 15「抗告」與「準抗告」 ............................................. 267 16「拒絕證言權」與「緘默權」之區別 ...................... 268 17 搜索類型之區別 ........................................................ 268 18 交互詰問之順序與內容 ............................................ 273 19「相驗」與「勘驗」之區別 ...................................... 276 20「偵查中之證據保全」、「審判中之證據保全」之區別 .................................................................................. 277 –11–

21「判決」與「裁定」之區別 ...................................... 280 22 裁判之更正 ............................................................... 281 23「漏判」、「漏未判決」與「訴外裁判」之區別 ....... 282 24「告訴」與「告發」之區別 ...................................... 283 25 檢察官偵查終結後之處理 ........................................ 285 26「微罪不舉」與「緩起訴」之區別 .......................... 286 27 被告於訴訟程序中死亡之處理 ................................. 288 28「一造缺席判決」與「兩造缺席判決」之區別 ....... 291 29「起訴之審查」與「自訴之審查」之區別 .............. 293 30「告訴」、「公訴」、「自訴」、「上訴」之區別 ........... 295 31 上訴審之制度區別 .................................................... 303 32 協商程序、簡易程序、簡式審判的比較 ................. 305 33「再審」與「非常上訴」之區別 .............................. 314 34「聲明疑義」與「聲明異議」之區別 ...................... 317 35「訊問筆錄」與「審判筆錄」之區別 ...................... 318 36「對質」與「詰問」之區別 ...................................... 319

–12–

Ⅰ 重要名詞解釋

2

Ⅰ 重要名詞解釋

第一編

總則

第一章

法例

刑事訴訟法 第一編

總則

第一章

法例

第 1 條（本法之效力範圍） Ｉ犯罪，非依本法或其他法律所定之訴訟程序，不得追 訴、處罰。 Ⅱ現役軍人之犯罪，除犯軍法應受軍事裁判者外，仍應 依本法規定追訴、處罰。 Ⅲ因受時間或地域之限制，依特別法所為之訴訟程序， 於其原因消滅後，尚未判決確定者，應依本法追訴、 處罰。

■名詞解釋 「現役軍人」與「一般人民」受刑事訴追之區別 ［參見本書刑訴法學概念辨析表二］

「第八條第二項自中華民國九十年十月二日停止適 用。」是自九十年十月二日起，關於現役軍人犯罪， 即不得再適用國家安全法第八條第二項之規定，而應 回歸法治常態之要求，依法律適用之基本原則，除軍 事審判法有特別規定者外，均應由司法機關依刑事訴 訟法之規定追訴處罰。至軍事審判法第五條第一項雖 又規定： 「犯罪在任職服役前，發覺在任職服役中者， 依本法追訴審判。但案件在追訴審判中而離職離役 者，初審案件應移送該管第一審之法院，上訴案件應 移送該管第二審之法院審判。」第二項規定： 「犯罪在 任職服役中，發覺在離職離役後者，由法院審判。」 依其立法體例，係在補充軍事審判法第一條之規定，

3

4

Ⅰ 重要名詞解釋

必現役軍人犯罪符合第一條之規範，始有該法條適用 之可言。

第 2 條（客觀性義務） Ｉ實施刑事訴訟程序之公務員，就該管案件，應於被告 有利及不利之情形，一律注意。 Ⅱ被告得請求前項公務員，為有利於己之必要處分。

第 3 條（刑事訴訟之當事人） 本法稱當事人者，謂檢察官、自訴人及被告。 ■名詞解釋 控訴原則 以三面訴訟為其特色，由審方（法官） 、控方（檢察官） 、 辯方（被告及其辯護人）構成三面關係。將刑事訴訟 程序分離為追訴、審判兩部分，由檢察官代表國家擔 任控方，決定是否提起公訴，成為控制法官裁判入口 的把關者。而法院審理裁判對象及標的，僅限於檢察 官起訴之被告及犯罪事實為限，不及於未經起訴之被 告或被告未經起訴之其他犯罪事實（不告不理）。 而在審判庭中，控方必須到庭陳述起訴要旨，向審方 與辯方說明何以起訴被告及其所憑之事證，並就事實 與法律爭點進行言詞辯論。 ［參見，林鈺雄，刑事訴訟法（上），六版，頁 50～54。］

法定法官原則 刑事訴訟法中的管轄規定，其法理基礎正是法定法官 原則：即何種案件由何位法官承辦之問題，必須事先 以抽象的、一般的法律明定，不能等具體的案件發生 後才委諸個別處理，故刑事訴訟法或法院組織法中必 須儘可能明確規範法官的事務、土地等管轄規定及事 務分配規則。

第一編

總則

第一章

法例

［參見，林鈺雄，刑事訴訟法（上），六版，頁 108。］

犯人 犯罪事實發生，但不知犯罪人為誰時的稱呼。 犯罪嫌疑人 司法警察對某人產生犯罪嫌疑，對之加以調查詢問 時，即稱為犯罪嫌疑人。 被告 司法警察將犯罪嫌疑人移送檢察官後稱為被告。 受判決人 被告經判決確定後，稱為受判決人。 受刑人 判決確定後，且在執行中。 ［參見，林俊益，刑事訴訟法概論上，十三版，頁 9。］

當事人能力 意義：得為刑事訴訟當事人之法律上能力，其判斷 時點為起訴時。 檢察官之當事人能力：因是經司法官考試、受訓，於 審判程序中擔當國家訴追之角色，所以必然具有當 事人能力。 自訴人之當事人能力：依據刑事訴訟法第 319 條第 1 項，犯罪被害人有自訴人之當事人能力，而被害人 可能包括自然人與法人，而不包括非法人團體，至 於被害人若無行為能力、無行為能力或死亡者，亦 得由其法定代理人、直系血親或配偶為自訴，但這 不代表限制行為能力或無行為能力人為被害人時不 得為自訴人。 被告當事人能力：自然人不問年齡、心理狀況，皆具 有當事人能力，因此即便為嬰兒亦有被告當事人能 力，所以若以一位七歲兒童為被告，其具有當事人

5

6

Ⅰ 重要名詞解釋

能力，只是因其無責任能力，故必須為無罪判決， 而非為當事人能力欠缺的不受理判決。而法人在刑 法中雖無犯罪能力，但在特別法中則有針對法人的 處罰規定，因此在此情形下，其亦具有當事人能力。 欠缺當事人能力之效果：必須依據第303條第1款為 不受理判決。

訴訟能力 意義：指在刑事訴訟法得為有效行為之能力，只要 有意思能力即有訴訟能力，而不問其是否具有民法 上的行為能力。 自訴人之訴訟能力：以有無意思能力為準，但由於 目前自訴採取強制代理，因此自訴人本人親自為訴 訟行為的可能性降低。而法人因無意思能力，因此 由其代表人為之。 告訴人之訴訟能力：就自然人而言，被害人只要具 有意思能力即可為告訴。就法人而言，由其代表人 為之。 被告之訴訟能力：被告為自然人而言，以其是否意 思能力為準，若欠缺，如心神喪失，則依據第294條 第1項，應在其回復前，停止審判。法人則由其代表 人為訴訟行為。 ［參見，張麗卿，刑事訴訟法理論與運用，十版，頁 122。］

第 3 條之 1（刑事訴訟之沒收） 本法所稱沒收，包括其替代手段。 ■名詞解釋 替代手段 意義：如追徵……等。

第一編

第二章

總則

第二章

法院之管轄

法院之管轄

第 4 條（事物管轄） 地方法院於刑事案件，有第一審管轄權。但左列案件， 第一審管轄權屬於高等法院： 一、內亂罪。 二、外患罪。 三、妨害國交罪。

■名詞解釋 「審判權」與「管轄權」之區別 ［參見本書刑訴法學概念辨析表一］

第 5 條（土地管轄） Ｉ 案件由犯罪地或被告之住所、居所或所在地之法院管 轄。 Ⅱ在中華民國領域外之中華民國船艦或航空機內犯罪 者，船艦本籍地、航空機出發地或犯罪後停泊地之法 院，亦有管轄權。

第 6 條（牽連管轄） Ｉ數同級法院管轄之案件相牽連者，得合併由其中一法 院管轄。 Ⅱ前項情形，如各案件已繫屬於數法院者，經各該法院 之同意，得以裁定將其案移件送於一法院合併審判 之；有不同意者，由共同之直接上級法院裁定之。 Ⅲ不同級法院管轄之案件相牽連者，得合併由其上級法 院管轄。已繫屬於下級法院者，其上級法院得以裁定 命其移送上級法院合併審判。但第七條第三款之情 形，不在此限。

7

8

Ⅰ 重要名詞解釋

■名詞解釋 「牽連管轄」與「競合管轄」之區別 ［參見本書刑訴法學概念辨析表三］

第 7 條（相牽連案件） 有左列情形之一者，為相牽連之案件： 一、一人犯數罪者。 二、數人共犯一罪或數罪者。 三、數人同時在同一處所各別犯罪者。 四、犯與本罪有關係之藏匿人犯、湮滅證據、偽證、贓 物各罪者。 ■名詞解釋 相牽連案件與牽連犯 牽連犯刪除前：牽連犯乃數罪間具有方法結果的關 連，而在實體法上從一重處斷，在訴訟法上是一個 訴訟客體，而無從分割，而被當成是單一犯罪事實， 因此屬於同一案件，若所牽連的數罪被重複起訴， 必須依據第8條的競合管轄處理，以避免雙重起訴。 而相牽連案件，則為數罪數案件，個別獨立，是否 合併審判，必須依據第6條為處理，且其合併乃任 意。因此牽連犯為單一案件，必須依競合管轄，而 非牽連管轄處理。 牽連犯刪除後：牽連犯刪除後，過往類此案件，需 實質判斷是否構成裁判上一罪或成為數罪數案件而 異其處理方式。 判例  83 台抗 270（相牽連案件非牽連犯）

第一編

總則

第二章

法院之管轄

刑事訴訟法第二百六十五條第一項所謂「相牽連之犯 罪」，係指同法第七條所列之相牽連之案件，且必為可 以獨立之新訴，並非指有方法與結果之牽連關係者而 言。﹝編按：牽連犯刪除後，如實體法上依數罪併罰處 理，訴訟法上屬相牽連案件。﹞

第 8 條（管轄競合） 同一案件繫屬於有管轄權之數法院者，由繫屬在先之法 院審判之。但經共同之直接上級法院裁定，亦得由繫屬 在後之法院審判。 ■名詞解釋 競合管轄 乃基於同一案件造成數個管轄法院皆得審理之情形。 此「同一案件」即指被告與犯罪事實相同之案件。依 實務傳統見解，屬於實體法上實質上一罪或裁判上一 罪，皆列為同一案件之範圍，若同一案件數法院均具 管轄權，為防止裁判矛盾，及維護訴訟經濟之立場， 宜由單一法院統一審判。 ［參見，黃朝義，競合管轄與併案處理，月旦法學教室，二一期， 頁 20。］

「牽連管轄」與「競合管轄」之區別 ［參見本書刑訴法學概念辨析表三］

第 9 條（指定管轄） Ⅰ有左列情形之一者，由直接上級法院以裁定指定該案 件之管轄法院： 一、數法院於管轄權有爭議者。 二、有管轄權之法院經確定裁判為無管轄權，而無他 法院管轄該案件者。 三、因管轄區域境界不明，致不能辨別有管轄權之

9

10

Ⅰ 重要名詞解釋

法院者。 Ⅱ案件不能依前項及第五條之規定，定其管轄法院者， 由最高法院以裁定指定管轄法院。

第 10 條（移轉管轄） Ⅰ有左列情形之一者，由直接上級法院，以裁定將案件 移轉於其管轄區域內與原法院同級之他法院： 一、有管轄權之法院因法律或事實不能行使審判權 者。 二、因特別情形由有管轄權之法院審判，恐影響公安 或難期公平者。 Ⅱ直接上級法院不能行使審判權時，前項裁定由再上級 法院為之。

第 11 條（指定或移轉管轄之聲請） 指定或移轉管轄由當事人聲請者，應以書狀敘述理由向 該管法院為之。 第 12 條（無管轄權法院所為訴訟程序之效力） 訴訟程序不因法院無管轄權而失效力。 第 13 條（轄區外行使職務） 法院因發見真實之必要或遇有急迫情形時，得於管轄區 域外行其職務。 第 14 條（無管轄權法院之必要處分） 法院雖無管轄權，如有急迫情形，應於其管轄區域內為 必要之處分。 第 15 條（牽連管轄之合併偵查與起訴） 第六條所規定之案件，得由一檢察官合併偵查或合併起 訴；如該管他檢察官有不同意者，由共同之直接上級法