32nd National Selection Conference of EYP Greece 19-21 December 2015 | Thessaloniki
Academic Preparation Kit
Dear participants of Thessaloniki 2015, as of today, almost every political problem in any European country is equally a problem of the European Union (EU). Together with the challenges we are facing, the EU has developed into a more and more integrated union with the one aim to uphold common European values and maximise the efficiency of decision-making. But not always did the EU manage to solve upcoming conflicts to the full satisfaction of its citizens. As Greek citizens, most of you have experienced the frustration towards European decision-makers at first-hand. National politicians, as well as civil protests, have voiced different calls for more self-determination of states and citizens. Which is the ideal political level to deal with concurrent social, economic and security matters? In what way should the EU and its institutions adapt to the increasingly complex issues whilst achieving more satisfaction and understanding from its citizens? In Thessaloniki, you will have the chance to discuss a broad range of topics from the current agenda of the European Union and its Member States. You will see that, above all, all these conflicts are very far from being black and white and their understanding requires thorough analysis. All topics are designed around the session theme of state self-determination. Together with your committee, you will have to decide on which level to tackle the underlying problems. You will see the European Union being ineffective in some areas, but you will also see how much Europe actually profits from approaching our problems together. I encourage you to go into the session with an open mind and enjoy the dynamic between convincing others of your opinion and getting convinced by others. The European Youth Parliament (EYP) will be a new experience for most of you. It is safe to say that we do things differently and that we cover things that you have not done in school. I warmly advise you to embrace every single moment of this experience, as strange as it might seem at first look. You will make new friends, discover new aspects about yourself and challenge your opinion and those of others. Many people say that we need Europe, and Europe needs us. You will have the chance to come to your own conclusion, finding out what Europe offers you and what you have to offer to Europe.
Lorenz Stree
President of the Session
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Academic Preparation
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EU Overview
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AFCO I
AFCO II
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AFET ECON page 26 page 45 page 32
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JURI LIBE
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SEDE page 64
ENVI I
ENVI II page 38
Welcoming Words Dear participants of Thessaloniki 2015,
as of today, almost every political problem in any European country is equally a problem of the European Union (EU). Together with the challenges we are facing, the EU has developed into a more and more integrated union with the one aim to uphold common European values and maximise the efficiency of decision-making. But not always did the EU manage to solve upcoming conflicts to the full satisfaction of its citizens. As Greek citizens, most of you have experienced the frustration towards European decision-makers at first-hand. National politicians, as well as civil protests, have voiced different calls for more self-determination of states and citizens. Which is the ideal political level to deal with concurrent social, economic and security matters? In what way should the EU and its institutions adapt to the increasingly complex issues whilst achieving more satisfaction and understanding from its citizens? In Thessaloniki, you will have the chance to discuss a broad range of topics from the current agenda of the European Union and its Member States. You will see that, above all, all these conflicts are very far from being black and white and their understanding requires thorough analysis. All topics are designed around the session theme of state self-determination. Together with your committee, you will have to decide on which level to tackle the underlying problems. You will see the European Union being ineffective in some areas, but you will also see how much Europe actually profits from approaching our problems together. I encourage you to go into the session with an open mind and enjoy the dynamic between convincing others of your opinion and getting convinced by others. The European Youth Parliament (EYP) will be a new experience for most of you. It is safe to say that we do things differently and that we cover things that you have not done in school. I warmly advise you to embrace every single moment of this experience, as strange as it might seem at first look. You will make new friends, discover new aspects about yourself and challenge your opinion and those of others. Many people say that we need Europe, and Europe needs us. You will have the chance to come to your own conclusion, finding out what Europe offers you and what you have to offer to Europe.
Lorenz Stree President of the Session
Academic Preparation This preparation kit provides you with a solid set of knowledge for your Committee Work. The overviews have been written by your chairpersons, present all relevant information in the most compact manner possible and serve as a starting point for your preparation for the session. Please take the preparations for this event seriously: firstly, this will give you an advantage in the selection process. But more importantly, I promise you that you will enjoy the discussions much more with sufficient preparation as all the topics are complex and challenging and you will be able to help your team in the process of writing the resolution.
How to prepare? The topic overviews in this document should be the start your research. They present the most important aspects of the topic in short and provide you with further readings, but also videos, on your topic. Conduct some general research and read through the explanations of the European Union in this document.
Fact sheets We kindly ask you to prepare a Fact Sheet on your committee topic. This asks you to put together a list of facts along your research, analysing the status quo of your topic and adding statistics and figures to the analysis. Remember that all of these facts will be very useful for the committee work at the session. Please use the template you have received together with the preparation kit and send your fact sheet straight to your chairpersons until the 8th December. You will find the contact details of your chairpersons in this document.
Position Papers After a substantial research, you will have hopefully gained a sufficient overview of the topic. Committee Work is about analysing facts and then discussing opinions. You are asked to put together a position paper in order to conclude your research. Your position paper should be about half a page to one page long and answer to the following questions: Question 1: What is the main conflict within the topic and which questions does the current public discussion revolve around? Question 2: What is your own opinion on the topic? Which measures should or should in no case be taken by the EU; what are your ideas for a solution to the problem?
Please send your position paper straight to your chairperson before the 16th December. AFCO I AFCO II AFET ECON EMPL
ENVI I ENVI II JURI LIBE SEDE
Marialena Raptopoulou maria_eleni@windowslive.com Anastasia Ntracha anastasia.ntracha@gmail.com Eirini Samara irinini24@hotmail.com Athina Firtinidou athina.firtinidou@hotmail.com Evanthia Kasiora evanthia.kasiora@eypgreece.or g Nikos Koukovinos nikoskoukovinos12@gmail.com Nikos Avramidis nabramidis@gmail.com Vasileios Mornto v.mornto@gmail.com Kelly Sakorafa kellysak94@gmail.com Nena Grammenou nenakib1@hotmail.com
Isidora Smigic smigic.isidora@gmail.com Marta Rosique Saltor martarosique2@gmail.com Michael Ernst michael.ernst@eypaustria.org Emiljo Jazxhi emiljo94@gmail.com Elena Odysseos elenaodysseos.eyp@gmail.com Margarita Samouridou m.samouridou@hotmail.com Sharon Galfrè sharoon.galfre@libero.it Katerina Stavri ka.stavri@gmail.com Yiannos Vakis yiannos_@hotmail.com Mari Vetti Frostad mari.frostad@gmail.com
European Union Overview How does the EU work? The institutional structure of the EU cannot be compared to any other international organization (e.g. NATO or the UN). It is neither a centralised unity like a nation state, nor does it imitate a relatively loose structure, such as the Commonwealth of Nations or a confederation like the United States of America: it is an organisation sui generis. The structure is unique and continuously developed. The Treaty of Lisbon marks the last big step in this process.
Main institutions of the EU European Council (since 1974) Regular meetings (aka summits, at least four times per year) of the Heads of State/Government + Commission President + President of the European Council + High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union. Provides political guidelines, sets general goals and incentives to the further development of the EU and common strategies concerning the CFSP. European Commission (EC) „Executive“ power of the EU (one Commissioner per Member State, with one being the President of the Commission). Commissioners are appointed by their nation state, approved by the European Parliament and responsible for one issue area (e.g. Federica Mogherini as High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy). Each Commissioner is appointed for a term of 5 years and all 28 Member States have a national official direct a Directorate-General (DG). The DGs are the equivalent of national government departments; they Watch here: The EU Institutions Explained by their oversee the development and implementation of Presidents policies and laws in specific domains. The DGs are staffed with a mix of full-time European A view from the inside: the Presidents of the main EU institutions share their views on how the EU bureaucrats known as fonctionnaires, and of actually works. Who does hat? What’s specific to national experts. each institution? What is the role of President? How do they see Europe’s future? Since this explanatory video was made, the presidents of the European Commission and the European Council have changed.
The Commission monitors the adherence to the EU aquis communautaire, represents the Union in foreign relations and has the exclusive Right to Initiative.
European Parliament (EP) The first part of the EU´s legislative branch consists of 751 Members of Parliament elected for five years by all EU-citizens (over 18 years old, in Austria over 16). The first direct election of the EP was held in 1979, the latest in 2009. The parliament is divided into seven big fractions plus several independent Members of Parliament (the biggest three fractions are firstly the European People‘s Party pooling Christian Democrats, secondly the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats for the left and the social democratic political spectrum, and thirdly the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats). It is working either in a big plenary or in its 20 different committees, each responsible for specific issue areas. The Parliament shares its legislative competences with the “Council”.
Council of the European Union (Council of Ministers) Also known as “the Council”, structured in issue-specific councils with the respective ministers of the Member States (e.g. Council Justice and Home Affairs with all ministers of the interior). The presidency of the council changes every six months. The “president” in office supplies the different councils with a chairperson except the council on Foreign Affairs, which is presided by the High Representative (Federica Mogherini since 2014). The issue division in the councils is mirrored in the parliamentary committees (e.g. environment, education, economy, budget). The council shares its legislative competences with the EP and holds executive powers, too. Latvia holds the current presidency until June 2015 when Luxembourg will take over.
The „Council of Europe“ is a completely different institution than the European Council and the Council of the European Union. Founded in 1949 it is both a predecessor and a project that runs parallel to the EU as an independent organization mainly focussing on the adherence to Human Rights agreements. There are currently 47 members, among them EU Member States, as well as e.g. as well Ukraine and Russia.
Law-making in the European Union Does the EU pass laws? Not exactly! The sources of EU law can be divided into two groups: the primary source of Union law and secondary source of Union law, with the primary law ranking above the secondary. Therefore secondary law can only be effective as long as it is consistent with the primary law. The differentiation between primary and secondary law is especially important in the process of lawmaking: While secondary law is enacted by the EU institutions, the enactment or amendment of primary law is solely within competence of the Member States. Primary sources of EU law include all founding treaties of the European Union, all later EU treaties (i.e. Treaty of Maastricht and the latest Treaty of Lisbon), as well as all accession treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. Watch here: How it works: Trilogue Why do MEPs increasingly often negotiate with the states behind closed doors before even voting in plenary? A look at the how(s) and why(s) of trilogues.
The EU has the following secondary legal options to legislate: Regulations, Directives, Decisions, Recommendations and Opinions:
Regulations have to be strictly adhered to in all Member States and leave no room for adjustments during the implementation process. Directives provide a framework and give a certain policy direction, leaving the states with more flexibility and room for adjustments. Decisions always address certain recipients and are only valid for those specific countries/people/institutions. Recommendations and Opinions are not formally valid. The European legislative procedure lasts a bit longer than on a national level. The EC has the exclusive Right to Initiative, the Council and the EP decide if the proposal becomes a legal act after having discussed relevant details. General policy guidelines and statements, especially from the EP, are formulated in Resolutions. They can entail instructions for future procedures as well as regulations, which are formally valid in the Member States. Legal acts passed by the EP and the Council only enter into force after the respective national governments have introduced and implemented it within their national laws.
Institutional design of the European Union
What does the EU do? The EU is engaged in many policy areas and tries to implement its goals together with its Member States. Many options are possible: Either the Union provides money and/or expertise for projects or certain measures or it passes regulations that harmonise laws and norms in Europe and/or gives them a new direction. Furthermore the EU deals with many issue areas, in which it has no competence to regulate, but can nevertheless express Click HERE: EU Budget visions, requests and warnings in order to provoke the Where does the EU get its money from, how Member States to act. The Union is more and more does it decide about its budget and who visible as a single actor and is also able, in case of a benefits the most? We examine the EU’s consensus, to speak on behalf of Europe within the budget procedure and focus in on the scope of the CFSP. European Parliament’s changed role in it.
Important areas in which the states cooperate:
Single Market (4 Fundamental Freedoms: Free movement of goods, services, capital and people) Economic and Monetary Union (see part “Mixed responsibilities” and „The Single Currency and the Eurozone“) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP, almost complete agricultural communitarisation with no scope for action for national governments; subsidies make up a big part of the EU-Budget) Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP, in general still unilateral decision making processes, however, efforts to speak with one voice in international relations; especially in peace-keeping missions and increasingly at financial and economic summits the Member States try to jointly formulate an EUopinion) Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (Free movement in all EU Member States; cross border police cooperation against transnational crime, drug traffic and to control migration) Energy and Climate Action (Security of supply, environmental sustainability, profitability, support of innovation and research)
Mixed competences by policy area Exclusive
Customs union Eurozone monetary policy Conservation of marine resources Common commercial policy
Shared Exclusive if EU has Non-exclusive policy Internal market Research and Development Certain social policy Outer space policies
Most Human health policies Industry
Cohesion policy
Culture
Agriculture and fisheries Environment Consumer protection Transport
Development cooperation Humanitarian aid
Support, coordinate and supplement
Tourism Education and training Civil protection and disaster prevention Administrative cooperation
Energy
Old third pillar: Area of freedom and justice Certain public health policies
Coordination of economic, employment and social policies
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How Scotland voted: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-29270441 “What Catalonia’s vote for independence means for Europe”, http://time.com/4102619/whatcatalonias-vote-for-independence-means-for-europe/ 3 Europe’s separtist regions, The Guardian, 25/09/2015: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/25/catalonia-votes-democracy-election-independencespain 4 Hollande warns of dangers in a divided Europe, The Herald, 23/07/2014 http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13171345.Hollande_warns_of_dangers_in_a_divided_Europe/ 2
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Merkel regarding Catalonia’s independence process, Catalan News Agency, 01/09/2015 http://www.cataloniavotes.eu/merkel-says-it-is-necessary-to-respect-eu-treaties-regarding-cataloniasindependence-process/ 5
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Full text of the Treaty on the European Union (Lisbon Treaty), see http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:12012M/TXT 7 Copenhagen Criteria; http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/policy/glossary/terms/accessioncriteria_en.htm 8 Information on the European Court of Justice and its role; http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutionsbodies/court-justice/index_en.htm
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http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/sep/12/barroso-doubt-scotland-eu-membership http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-27623271
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EP vote turnout across EU up, 4 countries worse than Croatia: http://arhiva.dalje.com/enworld/ep-vote-turnout-across-eu-up-4-countries-worse-than-croatia/510133 2 Flash Eurobarometer 375. European Youth: Participation in democratic life http://ec.europa.eu/youth/library/reports/flash375_en.pdf
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Direct Democracy in Europe:Current Discussions http://ias.jak.ppke.hu/hir/ias/20134sz/02.pdf 4 Open source governance http://opensource.com/resources/open-government 5 Digitalization of Democracy: Is the EU falling behind? http://crossingthebaltic.com/2013/03/06/digitalization-of-democracy-is-the-eu-falling-behind/
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Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Articles 15, 20.2, 24, 227 and 228 http://europa.eu/eu-law/decisionmaking/treaties/pdf/treaty_on_european_union/treaty_on_european_union_en.pdf 7 Treaty of Amsterdam (page 105) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/treaty/pdf/amst-en.pdf 8 First review of the European Citizens’ Initiative (April 2015) http://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2015/EN/1-2015-145-EN-F1-1.PDF 9 Democratic Europe Now Platform https://www.democracy-international.org/eu-convention
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Europe for Citizens website http://ec.europa.eu/citizenship/europe-for-citizensprogramme/index_en.htm 11 Debate on the pros and cons of direct democracy http://www.dbp.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:_Direct_democracy 12 Are citizens good at making policy? http://www.dbp.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:_Direct_democracy#Citizen_decisions:_Are_citiz ens_good_at_making_policy.3F 13 Direct Democracy in the EU: a place for interest groups in the ECI http://www.swpberlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/arbeitspapiere/Direct_Democracy_for_the_EU_KS.pdf 14 Debating Europe: Arguments for and against EU referendums http://www.debatingeurope.eu/focus/infobox-arguments-for-and-against-eureferendums/#.VjpbL_kn8XC
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The Euroculturer: Introducing the European Union: Between Supranationalism and Intergovernmentalism http://euroculturer.eu/2013/11/04/introducing-the-european-union-between-supranationalismand-intergovernmentalism/ 16 ECI should give power to the people not lobbyists and interest groups. http://ecrgroup.eu/news/eu-citizens-initiative-should-give-power-to-the-people-not-to-lobbyistsand-interest-groups/ 17 Github is a web-based hosting service for software development projects
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EU Battlegroups: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/Battlegroups.pdf Eurocorps: http://www.eurocorps.org/
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BBC (2015). We need a European army, says Jean-Claude Juncker. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe31796337
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TEU Art 3(1), as amended by the Lisbon Treaty TEU Art 21(2) 6 EU Battlegroups: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/esdp/91624.pdf 7 Overseas Development Institute (2015). EU State Building Contracts. http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9441.pdf, pages 11 and 12 include the criteria that should be met in order to provide a country with a SBC 5
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CNBC (2012). Does the EU Deserve the Nobel Peace Prize? http://www.cnbc.com/id/49386142
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What is an SME? - European Commission. (2015) [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/business-friendly-environment/sme-definition/index_en.htm
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International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, (2014).Luxembourg Leaks: Global Companies' Secrets Exposed. [online] Available at: http://www.icij.org/project/luxembourg-leaks 3 Multinational Corporation (MNC) Definition | Investopedia. [online] Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/multinationalcorporation.asp 4 (2015) „European Commission - PRESS RELEASES- Questions and Answers on the Action Plan for Fair and Efficient Corporate Taxation in the EU“. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-5175_en.htm
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BEPS Actions - OECD. [online] Available at: http://www.oecd.org/ctp/beps-actions.htm. 6 Taxation and Customs Union: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/index_en.htm 7 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2011/16/EU of 15 February 2011 on administrative cooperation in the field of taxation http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32011L0016&from=en 8 Tax Transparency Package and other tax transparency initiatives http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/company_tax/transparency/index_en.htm 9 Ec.europa.eu, (2015). Action Plan on Corporate Taxation - European Commission. [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/company_tax/fairer_corporate_taxation/index_en.htm
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Ec.europa.eu. (2015): „Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) - European Commission“. http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/company_tax/common_tax_base/index_en.htm 11 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/eplibrary/A-FATCA-for-the-EU-FINAL.pdf 12 Europa.eu. (2015): Press release - Commission launches public consultation on corporate tax transparency“. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5156_en.htm 13 Fairless, T. (2015). EU Regulators to Require Starbucks, Fiat Pay Millions of Euros in Back Taxes. [online] WSJ. Available at: http://www.wsj.com/articles/eu-rules-that-starbucks-fiat-benefited-from-illegal-tax-deals1445419279 14 The Economist. (2015): „State raid“. http://www.economist.com/news/finance-economics/21676785corporate-tax-europe-set-change-european-commission-attempts-outlaw 15 Internal EU Documents: How the Benelux Blocked Anti-Tax Haven Laws. (2015). -[online] SPIEGEL http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/eu-documents-reveal-how-benalux-blocked-tax-haven-laws-a1061526.html
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The majority of the unemployed in the EU do not receive unemployment benefits, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=89&furtherNews=yes&langId=en&newsId=2318 2 EU labour market developments report: job recovery gains strength, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=89&langId=en&newsId=2272&furtherNews=yes 3 Social dimension of the Economic and Monetary Union: what lessons to draw from the European elections, Former European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressrelease_SPEECH-14-455_en.htm?locale=en 4 Huffington Post: “Italy proposes sharing unemployment insurance across Europe� http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marco-valerio-lo-prete/italy-unemployment-insuranceeurope_b_7541046.html
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Social dialogue, Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=329&langId=en 6 European Social Fund, http://ec.europa.eu/esf/home.jsp?langId=en 7 Non-governmental organisation, Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=330&langId=en 8 European Economic and Social Committee, http://www.eesc.europa.eu/?i=portal.en.the-committee 9 Network of Legal experts (FreSsco), http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=1098 10 EU by topic; Employment and Social Affairs, http://europa.eu/pol/socio/index_en.htm 11 More information on the European Employment Strategy: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=101 12 Information on the ‘Europe 2020 Initiatives’ http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=956 13 Social Agenda N°42, Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion,
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http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=737&langId=en&pubId=7844&type=1&furtherPubs=yes 14 EU Social Security coordination, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=849&langId=en . 15 See Regulation (EC) No 833/2004 and Implementing Regulation (EC) No 987/2009, in their most recent modified form.
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Q&A on the concept of ‘Basic European Unemployment Insurance’ http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=89&langId=en&newsId=2126&furtherNews=yes 17 Labour market and Labour force survey (LFS) Statistics, eurostat, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Labour_market_and_Labour_force_survey_(LFS)_statistics
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Projections of future changes in climate: https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spmsspmprojections-of.html
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Climate change impacts in Greece http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/aboutcc/problems/rising_temperatures/hotspot_map/greece.cfm 3 London School of Economics and Political Sciences: http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/news/newstudy-finds-75-of-global-greenhouse-gas-covered-by-national-targets/ 4 The Global Comission on Economy and Climate: https://files.lsecities.net/files/2014/11/NCE-2014-BetterGrowth-Better-Climate-Synthesis-Report.pdf 5 Energy Union: http://ec.europa.eu/priorities/energy-union/index_en.htm 6 EU energy system on the verge of revolution: https://setis.ec.europa.eu/newsroom/news/eu-energy-systemverge-of-revolution
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CO2 emissions by country: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/environment/PopulationConsumption Environment2015.pdf 8 China and India climate efforts: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/may/15/china-and-indiacall-on-rich-countries-to-step-up-climate-change-efforts 9 Climate Action Tracker: http://climateactiontracker.org/countries/eu.html 10 UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php 11 Copenhagen 2009 negotiations: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/dec/18/copenhagen-deal 12 EC, 2020 Climate & Energy Package: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2020/index_en.htm 13 EC, 2030 Energy Strategy: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy/2030-energy-strategy 14 Consultation on a new Energy Market design: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/consultations/publicconsultation-new-energy-market-design
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UNFCCC, ADP: http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php EP, Legislative power: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/aboutparliament/en/20150201PVL00004/Legislativepowers 17 With the difference that ETS refers to companies inside the E.U. Further explanation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfNgsKrPKsg 18 Economy vs. Environment: http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/03/30/economy-vs-environment 16
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Definition of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) http://www.wri.org/indc-definition 20 Carbon, capture and storage: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/lowcarbon/ccs/index_en.htm 21 Barriers to Renewable Energy Technologies: http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/smart-energysolutions/increase-renewables/barriers-to-renewable-energy.html#.Vj0F99Z3aCQ 22 Are renewables the way forward: http://www.conserve-energyfuture.com/IsRenewableEnergySustainable.php
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Ahead of COP21: http://www.euractiv.com/sections/energy/eu-anxious-ahead-cop21-conference-316960
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Jamie Oliver (2015). Jamie’s Sugar Manifesto. http://www.jamieoliver.com/sugarrush/FINALJamiesSugarManifesto.pdf 2 EU Action Plan on Childhood Obesity 2014-2020: http://ec.europa.eu/health/nutrition_physical_activity/docs/childhoodobesity_actionplan_2014_2020_en.pdf
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TED (2010). Teach every child about food. https://www.ted.com/talks/jamie_oliver Patient.info (2013). http://patient.info/health/health-benefits-of-the-mediterranean-diet 5 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2012). http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/healthtopics/topics/obe/risks 6 The Independent. Food Labels. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/which-labels-packaging-on-food-asunreliable-1254328.html 7 WHO (2003). http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/policies/comparative_analysis_european.pdf 4
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National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. http://www.nhs.uk/news/2013/12december/pages/daily-sugarintake-should-be-cut-study-finds.aspx 9 WHO (2004). Global Strategy on diet, physical activity and health. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/strategy/eb11344/strategy_english_web.pdf 10 European Commission (2014). Food Taxes and their impact. http://ec.europa.eu/growth/toolsdatabases/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=7668 11 WHO (2014) Reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages to reduce the risk of unhealthy weight gain in adults. http://www.who.int/elena/bbc/ssbs_adult_weight/en/
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European Commission. Food Safety: http://ec.europa.eu/food/index_en.htm European Commission (2000). White Paper on Food Saftey. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_foodsafety/library/pub/pub06_en.pdf 13
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EFSA (2014). FAQ on EFSA’s work on DRVs for sugar and other carbohydrates. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/faqs/faqdrv 15 European Commission (2014). Food Taxes and their impact. http://ec.europa.eu/growth/toolsdatabases/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=7668 16 New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/business/global/fat-tax-in-denmark-is-repealedafter-criticism.html?_r=2 17 ABC News: http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/fat-tax-lower-obesity/story?id=16353067 18 European Commission (2014). Food Taxes and their impact. http://ec.europa.eu/growth/toolsdatabases/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=7668 19 Lincolnshire Echo (2015): http://www.lincolnshireecho.co.uk/8216-Jamie-Oliver-wrong-sugar-greatBritish/story-27854871-detail/story.html 20 NewStatesman (2015): http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/health/2015/10/i-love-you-jamie-oliveryour-sugar-tax-idea-classist 21 Geraint Davies (2015): http://www.geraintdavies.org.uk/sugar_bill_can_save_billions 22 ABC News: http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/fat-tax-lower-obesity/story?id=16353067
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International Business Times (2014): http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/sugar-tax-why-punishing-junk-foodmunchers-assaults-personal-freedom-1431684 24 The Guardian (2012): http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/feb/01/tax-regulate-sugar-alcohol-tobacco
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German courts refuse to extradite prisoners to Bulgaria: http://www.euractiv.com/sections/justice-homeaffairs/german-courts-refuse-extradite-prisoners-bulgaria-313190 2 UK ban on prisoners' right to vote: http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/oct/06/uk-ban-on-prisonervoting-is-lawful-eus-highest-court-rules 3 European Commission: Building a European area of justice. http://ec.europa.eu/justice/index_en.htm 4 European Commission: Judicial Cooperation. http://ec.europa.eu/justice/criminal/judicialcooperation/index_en.htm
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European Court of Justice (CJEU): http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/court-justice/index_en.htm European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment: http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/about.htm 7 Case-law related to prisoners’ rights and freedoms: www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=press/factsheets&c=#n1347890855564_pointer 8 European Organisation of Prison and Correctional Services: http://www.europris.org/about/mission-and-vision/ 6
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Information on the application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/fundamentalrights/charter/index_en.htm 10 European Prison Rules: https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=955747
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Recidivism refers to a person's relapse into criminal behavior, often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes intervention for a previous crime. Recidivism is measured by criminal acts that resulted in rearrest, reconviction or return to prison with or without a new sentence. 12 Reoffending rates reach record level in the UK: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-18188610 13 The Norwegian Prison Model: http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/feb/25/norwegian-prison-inmatestreated-like-people
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"Neighbours should work together not against each other. Refugees need to be treated in a humane manner along the length of the Western Balkans route to avoid a humanitarian tragedy in Europe. I am therefore pleased that today we were able to jointly agree on a 17-point plan of pragmatic and operational measures to ensure people are not left to fend for themselves in the rain and cold." Jean-Claude Juncker1, President of the European Commission.
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The Guardian (2015). http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/02/shocking-image-of-drowned-syrian-boyshows-tragic-plight-of-refugees 2 BBC (2015). Migration infographic. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911 3 Eurostat (2015). http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/6996925/3-18092015-BP-EN.pdf/b0377f79f06d-4263-aa5b-cc9b4f6a838f 4 European Agenda on Migration: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/european-agendamigration/background-information/docs/summary_european_agenda_on_migration_en.pdf 5 Germany’s commitment: http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/europes-border-crisis/billions-migrants-germanyspend-6-6b-800-000-newcomers-n422811
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European Commission (2015). Joint Action Plan with Turkey. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-isnew/news/news/2015/20151016_1_en.htm 7 What is EASO: https://easo.europa.eu/news-events/ 8 Frontex, Mission and Tasks: http://frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/mission-and-tasks/
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Dublin III Regulation. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/asylum/examination-ofapplicants/index_en.htm
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Civil Protection Mechanism. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5958_en.htm#_ftn1
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1 United Nations (2010). Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
executions: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/14session/A.HRC.14.24.Add6.pdf 2 Armed Force Journal (2008). An irregular challenge : http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/anirregular-challenge/ 3 Reprieve (2015).UK drones letter to UN casts doubt on Prime Minister’s claims to Parliament: http://www.reprieve.org.uk/press/uk-drones-letter-to-un-casts-doubt-on-prime-ministers-claims-toparliament
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4 The Washington Post (2014). Do Americans really love drone strikes? :
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/06/06/do-americans-really-lovedrone-strikes/ 5 Amnesty International (2013). Will I be next? : http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/will-i-benext-us-drone-strikes-in-pakistan 6 RT(2015). Germany, France & Italy sign EU drone program, challenge US, Israeli alternatives: https://www.rt.com/news/259633-eu-military-drones-deal 7Seven EU states create military ‘drone club’ https://euobserver.com/foreign/122167
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8An overview over the international regulations relevant for drone usage:
https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/5kzmuy.htm
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9 Interview with former US drone operator Bryant: https://www.rt.com/news/225355-us-drone-
operator-bryant/ 10 Limits and opportunities of UAVs: http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-dronesobama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman 11UN report over casualties in Afghanistan (relevant numbers on page three): http://unama.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=K0B5RL2XYcU%3d&tabid=12254&language=enUS 12Interactive overview over the drone casualties: http://drones.pitchinteractive.com
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