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Hybrid Zones

Jacob Helm MA Landscape Architecture

Personal proposition - Hybrid Zones

Hybrid Group Treatise Through the process of research, investigation and debate the treatise group developed a contemporary position on the hybrid condition in relation to the anthropocentric and biocentric.

The development of my personal proposition grew out of this process and lead to the creation of the Hybrid Zones Book, as presented over the following pages.

For full information on the group treatise can be found in the separate presentation booklet: Hybrid Group Treatise

hybrid zones

Personal proposition - Hybrid Zones

HYBRID ZONES Hybrid zones are areas of ecological transition, where genetically distinct populations interact, overcoming the reproductive barriers between species. They can be regarded as “natural laboratories’’ and have the potential to produce hybrid species.

Personal proposition - Hybrid Zones

Natural hybrid variation between A. Formosa and A. Pubescens in a hybrid zone in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California

Personal proposition - Hybrid Zones

NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION AND ADAPTATION Evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed that predict various outcomes of hybrid zones between species . These have been differentiated into the "adaptive speciation" hypothesis, the "bounded hybrid superiority" hypothesis, and the "dynamic-equilibrium" hypothesis.

The adaptive speciation hypothesis predicts that the level of reproductive isolation between hybridizing taxa will either decrease or increase depending upon the effectiveness of natural selection against hybrid types.

The bounded hybrid superiority hypothesis suggests that hybrid zones are areas of ecological transition in which the hybrids are superior to the parental types. Therefore, the hybrid zone would be maintained because the recombinant individuals will outcompete the parental types in the unique habitat.

The dynamic- equilibrium hypothesis assumes that hybrid zones are maintained by a balance between dispersal and hybrid inferiority.

Dr Michael L. Arnold Natural Hybridization as an Evolutionary Process Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 23

HYBRID ZONE THEORY: A SYNOPSIS The relative fitness of hybrid and parental individuals may be estimated by fitting theoretical models to the genotypic data. Two theoretical frameworks have been the basis for mathematical models designed to predict hybrid zone structure and evolution. These two frameworks involve either cline theory or, alternatively, models based upon estimates of "cytonuclear disequilibrium."

Dr Michael L. Arnold Natural Hybridization as an Evolutionary Process Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 23

Personal proposition - Hybrid Zones

Two-dimensional diagrams used in simulations of metapopulation dynamics representing the maintenance of hybrid zones across a disturbance gradient Dr M E Dorken and Dr J R Pannell Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford

Personal proposition - Hybrid Zones

Prof. T채uber, in collaboration with Drs. Mauro Mobilia and Ivan Georgiev, studied pattern formation in stochastic models for species interaction within Hybrid Zones. The resulting stationary state is a dynamic equilibrium with oscillating population densities.

Virginia Institute of Technology

Personal proposition - Hybrid Zones

PERSONAL PROPOSITION: HYBRID ZONES Hybrid zones are areas of transition, where distinct elements come into contact and form connections resulting in hybridisation.

The hybridisation of these elements has various potential outcomes.

Personal proposition - Hybrid Zones

The hybridisation of these elements has various potential outcomes.

The adaptive hypothesis predicts that the level of hybridisation will either decrease or increase depending on the compatibility of the elements in relation to environment in which they can be found.

If the conditions favour hybridity it will occur and can be sustainable.

Personal proposition - Hybrid Zones

The dynamic-equilibrium hypothesis assumes that hybrid zones are maintained by a balance between dispersal and hybrid inferiority.

The hybridising elements will continue in their original forms, with any hybrids that are produced either being absorbed back into the original forms or failing.

Personal proposition - Hybrid Zones

The bounded hybrid superiority hypothesis suggests that recombinant produced within the hybrid zone is superior to the original elements within that environment.

If this occurs the hybrid will become the principal element within the hybrid zone.

Personal proposition - Hybrid Zones

APPLICATION The Hybrid Zones proposition identifies the processes and connections that exist within an environment. Through manipulation, enhancement, reconnection and the introduction of new possibilities the Hybrid Zone proposition offers the establishment of a new dynamic model within a territory that evolves through a series of processes and connections, leading to a diverse set of conditions allowing hybrid recombinants and new relationships to be formed.

The development of the Hybrid Zone is a dynamic and adaptive process resulting in a superior form and network that is sustainable and able to cope with and absorb long and short term fluctuation. The adaptability and sustainability of the Hybrid Zone comes from its transitional qualities. The processes and connections that exist within the Hybrid Zone do not exist as separate entities, they are bonded together through a series of connections that adapt and reconfigure to the needs of the environment.

As a result of the transitional nature of the Hybrid Zone its constituent elements evolve through a series of succession. They evolve and adapt over time, some becoming the principle elements within the environment over long, sustained periods while others come into prominence for relatively short phases.

The aim of the Hybrid Zone proposition is to create a diverse and a adaptable environment that increases the connectivity and interdependence of processes allowing new sustainable relationships to be established producing new hybrid possibilities.

The visibility of these connections also plays an important roll in the development of the Hybrid Zone as it increases the awareness of the interdependency in the relationships between anthropocentric and biocentric processes, promoting education, awareness and ownership of the environment people live and work in.

Regional survey: Overview

Cumbria, a region of contrasts.

Sellafield nuclear processing site

Wastwater

Walney Island, Barrow-in-Furness

Ambleside

BAE Systems Submarine Solutions

The Lake District National Park

Barrow -in-Furness

major A road M6 motorway

Regional topography

National park & major regional roads

Regional depravation index

Cumbria is a predominately a rural region and is dominated

by The Lake District National Park.

Energy production is also a large part of the Cumbrian economy. The West Coast contains the largest concentration of energy producing industries in the North West and the region has the highest potential for renewable energy in the North West.

This coastline contains some of Britons largest industrial operations including the Sellafield nuclear processing site and the BAE Systems Submarine Solutions Shipyard based.

This isolated coastline also contains the most deprived areas in the region, the most deprived can be found within the town of Barrow-in-Furness.

The National Park contains Britons highest mountains and largest lakes and is regarded as one of the most picturesque locations in the UK. The National Park attracts 15.8 million visitors a year and binging ÂŁ952 million into the regional economy.

Cumbria is also a region of contrasts. Its mountainous terrain, poor transport infrastructure and the strict planning restrictions imposed within the National Park have created some of Britons most isolated locations along its West Coast.

For full site survey information visit: http://prezi.com/uz5li2gtreax/edit/#0 for the Barrow Group Survey Presentation.

Location analysis: The industrial development of Barrow-in-Furness 1840-1869 The development of Barrow-in-Furness as an industrial town began in the early 19th Century when a rail link was built connecting the area to the mineral rich mines and quarries of Dalton-in-Furness and Kirkby-in-Furness.

The rail link was built by the Furness Railway Company in 1846, and was needed transport slate and iron ore to the natural deep water harbours found at Roa and Barrow Islands. The coming of the railway began the transformation of Barrow-in-Furness form a small settlement of 32 dwellings in 1843 to the world largest steel works by the end of the 19th Century.

Haematite Iron & Steel Works

The Furness Railway Company was owned by Henry Schneider and a group of investors. After the construction of the rail link they quickly expanded their operations in the area to include the processing and manufacture, opening the Haematite Iron Works in 1848 and the Steel Works in 1865. The industrialisation of the town attracted many migrant workers to the area and the town began to expand.

Barrow Island

Land use industrial urban

The economic dependency of Barrow-in-Furness on the Furness Railway Company and its subsidiaries, combined with its geographical isolation lead to the development of the town being governed by industry. This lead to the construction of low cost, high density housing for the work force in the shadow of the industrial operations.

1840 - 1879

major road rail

Roa Island

mixed woodland salt marsh / sand dunes arable / pasture land open water

Primary Conditions Private Investment

Primary Consequences

Secondary Conditions

Secondary Consequences

National Trade

Rail network

+

The Furness Railway Company Haematite Iron & Steel Works

System analysis

Demand for labour Landform (Natural deep water harbour)

Consequence

Geographical isolation

Industrialisation of the town Natural resources (Iron ore)

Tertiary Conditions

+

Increase in population

+ High density low cost housing Industrialisation of the coastline

International Trade

+

Development of Barrow-in-Furness dependent on and governed by The Furness Railway Company and its subsidiaries

Location analysis: The industrial development of Barrow-in-Furness 1870-1929 The Barrow Docks were constructed in the 1870s and the town soon acquired its enduring role as a builder of naval vessels with the formation of The Barrow Shipbuilding Company, a subsidiary of the Haematite Iron & Steel Works. The construction of the docks increased Barrow’s connections with the global economy brought permanent physical changes to the industrial coastline.

Barrows industrial operations flourished thorough out this period and the town continued to rapidly expand, with new housing projects such as Vickerstown being built away from the industrialised coastline for the town’s wealthier citizens.

Vickerstown

The Barrow Shipbuilding Company

Barrow Docks

Land use industrial urban 1840 - 1879 1880 - 1929

major road rail public / recreational park mixed woodland salt marsh / sand dunes arable / pasture land open water

Primary Conditions National Trade

Primary Consequences

Secondary Conditions

Rail network Expansion

System analysis

+

Technological development

+

Deep water dock (purpose built)

+

International Trade

Barrow Shipbuilding Company (Design, manufacture and assembly)

(Retail, construction, transport, governmental & education)

Investment in urban infrastructure

Increase in population

Demand for labour Urban growth

Industrialisation of the coastline

Consequence

Secondary employment and services

The Furness Railway Company Haematite Iron & Steel Works (Design and manufacture of components)

Tertiary Conditions Geographical isolation

Industrialisation of the town Natural resources (Iron ore)

Secondary Consequences

+

Diverse and innovative industrial economy with strong national and international trade connections, stimulating and governing the development of the town

Location analysis: The industrial development of Barrow-in-Furness 1930-1959 Barrow continued to prosper throughout this period, but its economy became increasingly dependent on its military ship building capabilities with The Barrow Shipbuilding Company becoming a major supplier of warships and submarines to the Royal Navy.

The industrialisation of the coastline continued throughout this period with the construction of military defences in WW2 and the opening of the Roosecote coal-fired power station in 1957.

Roosecote coal-fired power station

Land use industrial urban 1840 - 1879 1880 - 1929 1930 - 1959

major road rail public / recreational park mixed woodland salt marsh / sand dunes arable / pasture land open water

Primary Conditions National Trade

Primary Consequences

Secondary Conditions

Rail network

System analysis

+

Technological development

+

Deep water dock (purpose built)

+

International Trade

Barrow Shipbuilding Company (Design, manufacture and assembly)

(Retail, construction, transport, governmental & education)

Investment in urban infrastructure

Increase in population

Demand for labour Urban growth

Industrialisation of the coastline

Consequence

Secondary employment and services

The Furness Railway Company Haematite Iron & Steel Works (Design and manufacture of components)

Tertiary Conditions Geographical isolation

Industrialisation of the town Import of raw materials

Secondary Consequences

+

A diverse and innovative industrial economy with strong national and international military trade connections, stimulating the governing the development of the town.

Location analysis: The industrial development of Barrow-in-Furness 1960-2012 The national decline of these heavy industries through the latter half of the twentieth century led to corresponding economic decline in Barrow. Commercial mining operations had ceased early in the 1900s, whilst the Iron works closed in 1963 and steel production some 20 years later. The shipyards, which concentrated on the construction of nuclear submarines from the 1960s onwards, fared more favourably, until post Cold War reductions in defence spending lead to the loss of over 10,000 jobs in the 1990s.

BAE Systems Submarine Solutions

Centrica offshore gas terminal

Land use industrial urban 1840 1880 1930 1960

-

1879 1929 1959 2011

Today the economy of the Borough still has significant reliance upon the construction of nuclear submarines at the BAE Shipyard which dominates the town and employs in excess of 3,500 people. Nationalised in 1977 and then fully privatised in 1986, the business eventually arrived at its present incarnation as BAE Systems Submarine Solutions in 2007. Aside from this, the town is home to a diverse range of specialised manufacturing ranging from high-technology marine / sub sea engineering, through to paper production, and an energy sector that includes a terminal for offshore gas and an offshore wind farm.

Despite these thriving sectors however, Barrow faces significant economic challenges, with one of the highest rates of ‘Real’ Unemployment in the country, reliance on a limited number of large employers, and low rates of business creation and survival. The decline in industry within Barrow has created large areas of vacant and derelict land within the docklands, effectively isolating the town from its coastline.

major road rail public / recreational park brownfield mixed woodland salt marsh / sand dunes arable / pasture land open water

Primary Conditions

Primary Consequences

Secondary Conditions

Secondary Consequences Reduction in secondary employment & services (Retail, construction, transport, governmental & education)

Natural resources

System analysis

(Gas & Wind)

Military expenditure

Tertiary Conditions

Consequence

Geographical isolation

Desertification of Industrial zones

Centrica

Small highly skilled workforce

(Offshore wind farms, gas terminal & power station)

BAE Systems (Systems Submarine Solutions)

Adaptation and reduced capacity of the industrial coastline

Highly skilled workforce

Decrease in working population Desertification of the Industrial coastline

-

+

Barrow-in-Furness has economic, social and cultural dependence upon BAE Systems, creating a monofunctional town isolated from its coastline

Constraints & Opportunities Constraints

Opportunities

Hybrid zones are created by the interactions and connections of their component elements. Barrow-in-Furness can be seen to be made of a large and varied number constituent elements, ranging from large scale heavy industry to SSSI nature reserves. Although these components are geographical close to one and other, there is little connection and interaction between them.

The diversity of the elements that form Barrow-in-Furness and the wider region hold the potential to create new hybrid environments. For this to occur new conations and interaction need to be formed between these components.

The elements that hold the greatest potential for this are:

The reasons for this range from poor access too incompatibility. The most deprived residential areas with the highest levels of unemployment are located next in the towns large scale industrial operations. The people living within these areas have little connection to these industries and receive little benefit from living close to them, but they have to deal with all the negative consequences of living within and industrial environment.

Isolation Barrow-in-Furness is geographical isolated as a result of its costal location and the regions mountainous terrain and poor transport infrastructure. The restricted access to the coastal areas of the town as a result of industrial activity and national energy and security requirements compound the town’s isolation. These factors have created a social and economical isolated town with little connection to the wider region.

Economy dependency Economy dependence upon BAE Systems has created a monofunctional town dominated by one industry resulting in: • Industry lead town planning.

• Physical dominance of the coastline and town.

• Limited social and cultural variation.

• Limited employment opportunities.

The dominance BAE Systems within Barrow isolates the other components of the town that are not involved in its operations. Ranging from small business incompatible with the town’s industrial nature to the unemployed population of the town who do not meet the high skill levels required to work in the nuclear submarine industry.

Restricted access to coastal areas The restricted access to coastal areas as a result of industrial activity and national energy and security requirements. Has created a coastal town with no access public or recreational spaces along its coastline. This has disconnected the people from the natural environment in which they live.

•

An abundance of natural coastal processes.

•

The geophysical qualities of the location including: tidal action and sediment accretion.

•

Access to renewable natural resource including wind and tidal power.

•

Deep water harbour allowing potential direct connection to global trade.

•

Educational connections with industry and regional university.

•

Specialised skill base in engineering including: mechanics and hydrodynamics allowing for the creation of unique environments.

•

Geographical close to Cumbria nuclear energy industry.

•

Under developed costal nature reserves.

•

Under developed transport infrastructure.

•

Redundant post industrial locations.

Site selection

Land use industrial urban 1840 1880 1930 1960

-

1879 1929 1959 2011

major road

The site is at the heart of Barrow-in-Furness. This location contains the highest number of component elements possible within Barrow at this scale.

They range from the conical town hall and the largest industrial operations in the region through to the region’s most deprived residential areas and abandoned brownfield sites, but this area is particularly rich in biocentric processes as a consequence of its geographical location at the tip of a peninsular located within one of Britain’s largest intertidal mudflat systems.

In terms of the Hybrid Zones Proposition this area of the docks and coastline contains the highest potential for the creation of new links and connections as the area is surrounded by more biocentric and anthropocentric processes and environments than any other part of the town.

rail public / recreational park brownfield mixed woodland salt marsh / sand dunes arable / pasture land open water

Site overview

Ecological habitats – aquatic Coastal zones are areas rich in biocentric processes due to the fact that they exists within an ever-changing state of transition. The coastline of Barrow-in-Furness is particularly rich in these processes as a consequence of its geographical location at the tip of a peninsular located within one of Britain’s largest intertidal mudflat systems.

These processes have influenced and shaped the coastline of the region creating a diversity of habitats. intertidal sand & mudflats – These areas experience large tidal fluctuations and contain a high level of biodiversity. They are designated SSSIs.

deep water channel – Provides access to the docks for large ocean going craft and attracts deep water species close to the coastline.

saline lagoon – The lagoon has developed a unique brackish warm water ecology artificially sustained by the waste water from Roosecote Power Station.

docks – The docks are a controlled environment with regulated water levels. The water is clam except in extreme conditions and is unaffected by tidal fluctuations.

The self contained nature and the industrial activities of this area can lead to potential pollution issues.

Site overview

Industrial influence The anthropocentric activities of the town have influenced the development of the coastline. The manipulation of the landmass to serve the needs of industry and the discharges from the towns wastewater treatment systems being the most influential and detrimental to the aquatic habitats of the region.

Ecological habitats – terrestrial Over time the biocentric processes of the coastline have adapted and evolved to the influence of the anthropocentric presence of the town, becoming interconnected and in some cases reliant on the procedures of industry, creating a unique post-industrial coastal territory. The interactions of these processes has created some unique habitats and ecosystems.

Costal access & recreational facilities The docklands and coastline of Barrow has become isolated from the town. In its present form the area provides very little direct access to the ocean, as the pathways and roads have become disconnected and isolated. The area also only has minor facilities for the public.

Barrow Sea Cadets Daddon Canoe Club & Barrow Power Boat Club

artificially created land

neutral grassland

primary discharge point - Wastewater Treatment Plant

amenity grassland

primary discharge point - Roosecote Power Station secondary discharge point - Roosecote Power Station

managed grassland scrub saltmarsh (spartina)

notes: All of the habitats within the site have evolved on abandoned or industrialised land and are at varying stages of colonisation and succession. This process is creating unique and rare habitats.

The high biodiversity value of the surrounding coastline and ocean increases the rate of natural colonisation and succession of the industrialised environment.

informal footpaths informal access to the coastline direct access to the ocean

notes: Facilities are dispersed across the site and in isolated locations.

Some have no direct access to the ocean.

The infrastructure and facilities are very poor.

Coastal paths are informal and only accessible by foot with no provision for cyclists and the disabled.

Site 0verview

Land use The continued decline of Barrows heavy industry due to global trends and a lack of diversity within its docklands has left large areas of the industrialised coastline vacant and derelict for many years. Much of this area is an artificial environment created in the 1870s as part of the construction of Ramsden Dock and is primarily constructed from concrete and tarmac. In its currant form this land is resistant to the biocentric processes of the coastline and lacks the basic requirements for vegetation to colonise. The area is also of little value to the town and its people in its currant form, with no real social, economic or recreational activities occurring within it.

Typical condition of Dock Edge.

Buccleuch Dock Club House.

Deepwater Berth Platform. The deck is supported on concrete piles dropping into the bed of the dock.

Existing concrete slipway. The slipway is in poor condition. Users of the slip state that it is not of sufficient length to give ‘good’ access. to the water.

vacant / derelict land

parks

industrial

allotments

commercial (retail & services)

building conservation areas

residential

notes: 75% of the docks is vacant or derelict.

20.6% of the residential area is vacant.

50% of Barrow Island households have no car and the majority work within 2km.

Landform: present conditions The Hybrid Zones Proposition begins its first stage of establishment by reconfiguring and reconnecting the coastal landform in order to create the foundations of a hybrid environment that allows both biocentric and anthropocentric processes to feedback into one and other, creating diversity and new possibilities for both the human and natural elements of the town.

The aim of the proposition within this location is not to recreate the natural environment of this coastline, but to create something new allowing the anthropocentric functions of the town to continue and diversify within an environment that supports the natural systems of the area.

The processes and conditions of the proposition are not solely restricted to this location. Many of them have the potential to infiltrate and facilitate change within the wider area from this site.

In order to facilitate change and allow the biocentric processes of the region to infiltrate the artificial coastline of Barrow two principle elements within the area need to be adapted and reconfigured. These are the wastewater systems of the urban town and the surface conditions of the landform.

These adaptations will make use of the existing resources of the area allowing fresh water and nutrient’s to be collected, stored and used within a varied landform allowing for the creation of multiple habitats within the Hybrid Zone.

The new connective roots that will be created as a consequence of this reconfiguration will also form the basis of a new pedestrian and transport network that will allow the towns people and smaller economic and industrial activities access to the docklands and coastline, triggering further developments and diversification within the zone.

Section

Plan

Brownfield landform Section

Plan

Artificial coastline landform

The landform of the Hybrid Zone consists of two main elements. The vacant brownfield land that used to be the towns industrial railway junction and the artificial created concrete coastline. The two areas share many characteristics of form being predominately flat with strait vertical edge conditions. This type of landform if highly resistant to the biocentric processes of the region, offering little shelter from the strong ocean winds and lacking the variation in edge conditions that are required to allow the aquatic environments to establish the rich habitats usually found on lake margins and coastlines.

The land form also offers very little to the people of Barrow and the town outside of acting as a retaining wall for Ramsden Dock and a seldom used ship loading area.

Landform: Resources

In order to allow this area to support a verity of functions and processes the landform will have to be adapted and reconfigured. The new landform will form the basis of the bonded environment that connects the biocentric and anthropocentric processes of the town allowing them to establish new relationships and connections that feedback into one and other creating a variety of new habitats and possibilities within Barrow.

In order to adapted and reconfigured the landform a source of raw martials must be found. The site offers the opportunity to re-process the inert materials that were used in its initial construction, offering

a variety of aggregates and the brownfield site offers a supply of soil that could be redistributed within the site.

Adaptation and reconfiguring of the landform can also create wider connections with the industries throughout Cambria by accepting construction waste and spoil from them to use in the creation of the landform. This strategy would work well within Cambria as much of the region falls within the Lake District National Park were landfill is highly restricted and could potential generate large amounts of money to fund the scheme as in the case of Northala Fields.

Northala Fields Northala Fields, in the London Borough of Ealing, is a completely new park created using construction waste and spoil. In total around 60,000 lorryloads of spoil and concrete, around 500,000M3, were dumped on the site and used to create the four hills. The concrete was crushed and used in gabions and soil of the mounds was created from construction spoil. This process generating between £70 and £90 per lorryload.

Hill construction using ‘spoil’ and the first signs of vegetation colonizing the area

The establishment of grasslands on the reconditioned soils

Northala Fields Park

The establishment of meadow of species with in the grasslands through the process of succession

Landform reconfiguration: gateway to the docklands The site of the former steelworks will be used as a gateway to connect the residential areas of Barrow to the docklands.

The site is formed primarily from contaminated soil and industrial waste. This land will be excavated and used as a resource for the formation of the Contamination Dunes within Accretion Park.

The excavation of the site will allow for the creation of a smaller secondary harbour ringed by the a building conservation zone containing some of Barrow’s oldest buildings.

Secondary harbour waterfront

Landform reconfiguration: Dockland edge The vacant post-industrial dockland edge will be opened to the public allowing access to the coastline and providing a transitional space where people can experience the industrial activity of Ramsden Dock.

Ramsden Dock edge

Landform reconfiguration: coastal pathway The coastal path network will allow people to experience the artificial and natural aquatic habitats of Barrow’s coastline framed by the industrial backdrop of the docklands.

Coastal path between Cavendish dock and Accretion Park

Landform reconfiguration: Accretion Park Accretion Park forms the final experience of the Hybrid Zone. The landform continues the artificial legacy of the docklands creation, utilising and reprocessing industrial waste and spoil into a variety of different forms. Creating a diversity of environments through form and texture from a limited palate of enduring materials able to withstand the harsh coastal conditions of the site.

The landform of the park aims to allow the natural processes of the area to colonise the niche habitats created within it, re-establishing a connection between the town and its coastline. Creating an area the people of Barrow can experience the natural abundance of the coastal environment in which they live.

Artificial dune system and sediment accretion basins along the ocean edge of Accretion Park

Landform: concept

The landform of the Hybrid Zone is resistant to the biocentric coastal processes of the region and In order to allow these processes to infiltrate the landform it needs to be adapted into a form that can harvest the sediment resources of the area. This can be achieved by incorporating tidal basins into landform and altering the surface conditions.

In order to achieve this the landform will be based on the basic principals of hydrodynamics, creating areas of turbulence and settlement.

The landform will have to be adapted on a range of scales to achieve this ranging from large scale restructuring down to the surface conditions. Once the harvesting of nutrient and sediment resources is achieved it will allow the natural processed of colonization to begin within the landform.

Landform surface conditions

small block size allows water and sediments to penetrate

Landform settlement basins concept: section Nutrients and sediments are harvested from wastewater and precipitation

large blocks protect the structure and collected sediments from tidal inflow

Landform settlement basins concept: plan Coastal inlets generate sediment accretion through tidal action

fluctuations in flow rate encourage sediment deposition

Landform resources: sediment accretion

The landform of the Hybrid Zone is resistant to the biocentric processes of the region. In order to allow these processes to infiltrate the landform it needs to be adapted into a form that can harvest the nutrient and sediment resources of the area. These resources come from tidal action of the coastline The coastline of the British Isles can be subdivided into sediment cells. These are self contained areas of hydrological sediment ocean transport. Barrow-in-Furness is located at the center of one such cell and as a result of the geomorphology of the area its coastline has the potential to generate large areas of saltmarsh and intertidal mudflats.

Barrowin-Furness

This sediment can be harvested using tidal basins. The function of a tidal basins is to form a protected area that works with the tidal patterns of the location. Flooding at high tide and retaining clam water at low tide.

Over time this process will allow sediment to accumulate initiating the first stages of primary biological colonization leading to the creation of new coastal habitats through the process of succession.

Barrowin-Furness

Estimates of annual potential sediment transport across transects in the North East Irish Sea (1000mÑ).

Representative tide simulation with tides and wave forcing. Yearly potential sediment transport vectors are shown as reference on the right

Restored coastline at Elders Point using sediment accretion methods

Landform: concept model

The Hybrid Zone landform is designed to work with the tidal and wind conditions of the site generating areas of shelter and exposure within the landform. Fluctuation in the topography also crates variations in submergent times. These factors combine to create a landscape containing a diverse number of potential ecological niches.

prevailing wind direction tidal inflow tidal outflow hind dune sheltered dockside development area fore dune

swale [interconnected to the unified drainage system]

incipient dune fresh water discharge point [interconnected to the unified drainage system]

depression [rain garden bioretention area] tidal basin

tidal deflection barrier

Landform: tidal basin

incipient dune

5m tidal deflection barrier 4m 3m 2m 1m

high tide

constriction spoil & recycled aggregate sediment accretion zone

Tidal basin section

Landform surface conditions: ‘Artificial’

2m concrete or ceramic surface insets

sediment capture niche

1m

The surface conditions of the ‘artificial’ typology is formed from a rigid pattern of interlocking modules varying in scale that create a network of niches and gaps designed to support the process of sediment accretion.

The modules can be formed from concrete or ceramics with recycled aggregates incorporated into the structure. Geotextiles could also be incorporated into the design increasing the potential for sediment capture.

As the landscape evolves colonizing species of vegetation will become established within the sediment rich niches creating a contrasting surface of natural forms and geometric lines.

constriction spoil & recycled aggregate geotextile filter medium to increase sediment capture

One of the benefits of this design is that it creates a relatively smooth surface, increasing the level of accessibility within a potential dangerous costal environment containing quicksand.

‘Artificial’ surface condition section

‘Artificial’ surface condition plan

Contrasting surface conditions, High Line Park, New York

Landform surface conditions: ‘Natural’

2m

The surface conditions of the ‘natural’ typology is formed from a varying pattern of stone or construction waste rubble varying in scale that create a network of niches and gaps designed to support the process of sediment accretion.

stone or construction waste rubble

sediment capture niche

1m

As the landscape evolves colonizing species of vegetation will become established within the sediment rich niches creating a surface condition that resembles the natural rocky coastline of the region. constriction spoil & recycled aggregate

The addition of reused industrial structures from the site can overcome the lack of accessibility this surface condition would create.

‘Natural’ surface section

‘Natural’ surface condition plan

loading crane viewing platform

Natural rocky coastline of the region

Landform: tidal interaction

protective barriere

deep water shipping lane

At low tide the majority of the tidal basin structure is exposed trapping the sediment rich water. Sediment accretion will occur within the basins until the tide moves back in and the process repeats itself.

The structure of the Hybrid Zone landform also acts as a large tidal barrier protecting the deep waters of the shipping lane from sediment drift, reducing the need for the protective barrier and dredging.

The Hybrid Zone landform at low tide 1:2000 @ A1

Landform: tidal interaction

As the tide moves fresh sediment rich water is retained within the tidal basins. At this point sediment accretion begins.

The Hybrid Zone landform at mid tide 1:2000 @ A1

Landform: tidal interaction

At high tide the majority of the tidal basin structure is submerged allowing the basins to flood with fresh sea water.

The tidal deflection barriers protect the inner waters of the basins from incoming tidal currents and waves.

The Hybrid Zone landform at high tide 1:2000 @ A1

Anthropocentric water resources

Waste water resources & proposed connective drainage routes.

The Hybrid Zone within Barrow has access to three different types of waste water. Urban surface runoff, discharge from the towns Wastewater Treatment Plant and discharge from the Roosecote Power Station.

Each has its own distinct qualities and possibilities for adaptation into a unified sustainable wastewater system that can facilitate the creation of new habitats and green space within the Hybrid Zone and the towns existing urban structure. terrace housing suitable for adaptation Wastewater Treatment Plant Roosecote Power Station proposed drainage routes - the drainage routes follow the fall of the land towards the low lying coastline

Water resources: urban surface runoff Urban surface runoff The majority of Barrows urban drainage system was created in the towns boom period of the early 1900s when large areas of high density, low cost terrace housing was created to cater for the explosion in the towns population. This has created a very hard urban landscape mosaic of tightly packed streets, houses and back alleys. These areas were built with very little access to public or private green space and typically have no gardens, street trees or roadside vegetation.

At present any precipitation that falls within this environment remains on the surface only briefly before entering the towns drainage system, were it is transported to the Wastewater Treatment Plant or discharged directly into the towns watercourses and coastline.

This type off urban built structure and drainage system contains potential problems that can be detrimental to the town and its surrounding habitats. These are the deposition of pollution associated with urban runoff and the increased likelihood of flash floods due to the short retention periods and lag time of precipitation falling on the hard urban landscape.

Terrace housing mosaic characteristic to Barrow-in-Furness

Through the manipulation of the urban surface conditions and by reconfiguring the towns surface drainage system this water can be collected and used within a series of bioswales and bioretention curb extensions that infiltrate the town and connect to the bounded drainage system of the towns industries and the aquatic habitats of the coastline.

The bioswales and bioretention curb extensions will act as a filtration system reducing the levels of pollutants within the urban runoff before it reaches the aquatic habitats of the coastline.

The terrace housing areas suitable for adaptation within barrow typically are among the most deprived areas of the town, with low levels of employment, education and public heath issues. Car ownership is also typically low within these areas. The adaptation of the of drainage system within these areas provides a opportunity to address some of these issues.

The densely packed terrace housing pattern typical of Barrow offers varying levels of protection from the almost constant salt laden winds the area experiences. This provides the opportunity for the development of distinct vegetation typologies to be created within the towns urban structure, ranging from hardy street planting able to cope with the harsh conditions through to community gardens and allotments that will become viable once more sheltered conditions have established.

Typical terrace housing street scene

The creation of the community gardens and allotments will also have secondary benefits for the residents of the area enabling them to compost and reuse their own biodegradable waste to grow their own fresh vegetables, increasing public health and promoting activity within the local population. The shelter provided by the street planting will also contribute to the reduction of heating costs over the long term and improve localised air quality.

Examples of bioswales & bioretention curb extensions

Typical terrace housing back alley scene

Urban surface runoff: terrace housing adaptation Shared public space: shared access gates provide security for residents communal bin storage and recycling facilities dense multi canopy vegetation structures located at the ends provide shelter for the internal space raised planting beds provide a range of planting options from ornamental planting to kitchen gardens open space provides a secure play area for children and acts as a communal meeting space

Street arrangement: bioretention planting on the south facing side of the street to gain maximum sunlight permeable paving parking bays are incorporated into the surface drainage system bioretention curb extensions act as traffic calming devices on the main roads one way traffic system: the introduction of a one way traffic system creates space for the installation of bioretention curb extensions without restricting access

Terrace housing adaptation plan, scale 1:200 @ A1

surface water flow

Urban surface runoff: terrace housing adaptation

existing walls provide support for climbing plants

Plants that can tolerate dry and wet conditions, slow water flow and filter pollutants

Large canopy trees provide shelter from the wind allowing less hardy species to be grown

Large canopy trees provide shelter from wind and rain in winter and provide cooling and shade during the summer and improve habitat connectivity.

Terrace housing adaptation section, scale 1:100 @ A1

surface water flow Bioretention zone extended detention – 300mm (temporary ponding) filter media – 600mm drainage layer – 200mm perforated collection pipe

drainage systems from the houses collect water for use directly within the planting beds or for storage

pavement bioretention

parking bay surface water flow

zone entry curb cut

exit curb cut lateral curb cut

road

pavement

Surface water flow adaptation plan, scale 1:100 @ A1

Industrial waste water: Wastewater treatment plant

Wastewater Treatment Plant discharge route.

Barrows wastewater treatment plant currently conducts its primary, secondary and tertiary treatment processes on site and the treated water is discharged directly into the ocean habitats of the coastline.

The water that is discharge from the plant is clean but rich in nutrients and courses some localised damage to the mudflat habitat before it is diluted and absorbed by the ocean. discharge onto mudflats discharge route

Wastewater Treatment Pvlant

Industrial waste water reconfiguration: Wastewater treatment plant

Proposed connective drainage routes By reconfiguring the wastewater treatment system of the plant the nutrient rich water can be used as a resource to initiate habitat creation within the artificial environment of the Hybrid Zone.

In order to achieve this and harvest the maximum amount of nutrients from the waste water the final stages of the treatment process would have to be taken out of the plant and incorporated into the landscape.

The nutrients would be collected and stored within a series of bioswales and rain gardens linked to the unified drainage system of the town before being discharged into the enclosed water of Ramsden Dock.

The new system would bypass any direct discharge onto the delicate intertidal mudflat habitats of the area. urban wastewater Wastewater Treatment Plant Roosecote Power Station - proposed drainage routes follow the fall of the land towards the low lying coastline

ape dsc lan educe r hin wit ass to s m s nd ce pro ain la t m n e the atm tre from y y tiar wa r ter ted a odou a f c o lo ct a imp

Industrial waste water: Roosecote power plant

Roosecote Power Station wastewater discharge routes.

Cavendish Dock Reservoir is an artificial, nontidal reservoir 59.3 hectares in area. The reservoir was constructed to supply and receive cooling water for Roosecote Power Station. The power plant has discharged its cooling water in to the reservoir for over 50 years and within that period the warm water has artificially increased the temperature of the reservoir. This has created a unique warm water saline habitat and ecosystem dependent on the industrial waste water.

At present the excess water from the reservoir is discharged directly into Ramsden Dock or out onto the mudflats through a series of sluice gates. This system benefits Ramsden Dock by providing the enclosed body of water with a supply of fresh, clean water reducing the build up of pollution within the dock, but the discharge onto the mudflats can potential harm the ecosystem of the area. warm water saline habitat discharge into Ramsden Dock discharge onto mudflats discharge route sluice gate

Roosecote Power Station

Cavendish Dock Reservoir

Industrial waste water reconfiguration: Roosecote power plant

Potential energy generation points & network.

By reconfiguring and adapting the drainage network from Roosecote power plant the excess water from the reservoir can be channeled through a series of sluice gates into the wastewater treatment and nutrient collection system of the coastline. The large supply of channeled water also provides a opportunity to generate clean, sustainable energy by incorporating hydro dynamic screws turbines into the design of the sluice gates.

The application of micro hydropower generation could be applied through out the docklands by integrating turbines into all to industrial discharge points and lock gates. The energy provided could be used locally reducing the overheads of businesses within the area, encouraging redevelopment and diversification within the vacant land of the docks. energy generation point network

Roosecote Power Station

Hydro dynamic screw turbine harnesses energy from the falling water whereas a conventional turbine, wheel or propeller comes in contact with water at only one point along the water’s drop, the Archimedean hydro dynamic screw generator captures hydro energy along its entire length. Hydro power is transferred into rotational movement of the hydro dynamic screw turbine and subsequently drives a generator which generates electricity. The hydro dynamic screw turbine has the ability to handle very dirty water with widely varying rates of flow at high efficiency.

Hydro dynamic screws turbine

Four archimedes screw generators at a training camp location for the London 2012 Olympic Games. The screws will pump water to provide the course. When not needed, the screws can use the river water to generate electricity.

Design Statement - Accretion Park

Accretion Park is located within the artificial docklands of Barrow – in – Furness. The deep water dock was created to meet the towns industrial needs. The land is primarily formed from a mixture of industrial waste and spoil capped in and outer shell of concrete. As the towns industries have declined the land has become derelict and isolated.

The creation of the new landform within the docklands coastal edge continues the artificial legacy of its original creation, utilising and reprocessing industrial waste and spoil into a variety of different forms. Creating a diversity of environments through form and texture from a limited palate of enduring materials able to withstand the harsh coastal conditions of the site.

Slow Moving Fresh Water Reservoir supplied by the towns industries

The coastal edge of the docklands sits within an area both divers and rich in natural processes, including intertidal mudflats, deep-water channels and a plentiful supply of nutrient rich water from the towns industries. The currant landform is impervious to these processes.

The new landform aims to allow the natural processes of the area to colonise the niche habitats created within it, re-establishing a connection between the town and its coastline. Creating an area the people of Barrow can experience the natural abundance of the coastal environment in which they live.

Hydro dynamic screw turbine

Ramsden Dock

Intertidal saltmarsh accretion basin

DD2 General Arrangement Plan in relation to Accretion Park Development

General Arrangement

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Materials palate

The Docklands of Barrow – in – Furness are a product of the towns industrial past and heavy industry still dominates the area. The built structure of the waterfront is formed from a limited pallet of materials chosen for their utilitarian properties over aesthetic considerations. This has created a landscape of hard angles formed from concrete and steel.

Sustainability

The utilitarian qualities of the waterfront continues into the landform which is artificial in nature and primarily formed from a mixture of industrial waste and spoil capped in and outer shell of concrete.

The energy production costs, carbon production and transport cost for weathering steel and concrete are initially high, but this is offset by the life span of the products, the ability to use recycled material within their production and the fact the end products can be reclaimed.

The landscape within Accretion Park continues this artificial legacy and is primarily made out of steel, concrete and construction spoil. Through reprocessing and reshaping this limited pallet of materials a diversity of environments can be created through form and texture.

The materials for the Park are to be sourced from recycled construction spoil when possible, using the derelict and vacant buildings that makeup 75% of the docklands as a source of building material. This is to be supplemented with construction spoil from the wider area that would otherwise go to landfill sites. This will intern generate funds for the Parks construction (see DD1).

The landscape within Accretion Park is primarily made out of three materials - weathering steel, concrete and construction spoil.

Construction spoil is a by-product and is used through out the Park in many forms. Due to its weight and durability, transport and reprocessing can be energy intensive, but these costs are no different than using fresh aggregate materials which lack its sustainable origins. Construction and transport cost can also be reduced by reprocessing and grading the waste on site, reducing its carbon footprint.

The life spans of the materials within the Park are difficult to quantify, as they are often used in situations were they will be absorbed by the processes of the landscape becoming part of its foundations.

The materials have also been selected for their endurance and the majority of its structures are designed to function with zero maintenance once built, as absorption in to the landscape and colonisation by the natural possesses of the region are part of their design. The only areas that should receive maintenance are the footpaths and lights. This will be negligible do to the robustness of their construction and long life span of the light bulbs used.

Weathering Steel

Stainless Steel

Opal Glass

Weathered Oak

Concrete Planks

Gabions

Precast Concrete

Acid Etched Concrete

Translucent Concrete

Exposed Aggregate Concrete

Fine Grade Crushed Concrete

Concrete Rubble

Precedent - Contamination Dune

The Contamination Dune uses the smooth form of precast concrete in conjunction with the hard angles of weathering steel sheet piling to create sheltered areas for planting within the harsh coastal environment of Barrow’s docklands.

Eduard Wallnöfer Platz / Landhausplatz in Innsbruck

Walkways at Castelldefels by Martínez Lapeña-Torres Arquitectos with Miguel Usandizaga

Tudela (Club Med) Restoration in Cap de Creus by EMF Landscape Architecture In the period, 2008-10, Club Med has been ‘deconstructed’, its ecological dynamics revived and a network of paths and viewpoints as been ‘remade’ for its rediscovery

Contamination Dune Construction Detail

Hard Technology – Steel sheet pilling

Steel sheet piling is a quick, relatively low cost, long term and effective method of creating retaining structures. The technique is effective on many scales ranging from being used as a foundation base for cladded garden walls up to large scale infrastructure projects such as motorway embankments and docklands.

The use of Steel sheet piling is equally effective within a number of environments and can be used to retain soil, sand, rock and water. The technique is also often used as a temporary method to allow additional structures to be constructed. When use in this way the piling can often be reused once removed, adding to its sustainability as a product.

Steel sheet piling is installed using a specialist rig that drives the individual piles into the ground. The sections interlock as they are installed. The depth of the structure can be extended by welding a second sheet pile to the end of the one driven into the ground and driving the combined length deeper.

The instillation of sheet piling can generate high levels of noise pollution and issuers with vibration.

Earth Pressure Vector

Reactive Force Vector The retaining structures work on the principle of the soil foundations at the base of the piles anchoring the vertical structure. The strength of steel pile means the vertical structure can then support large loads.

A guide beam is placed on the ground to set out the position of the sheet pile wall

Steel sheet pilling retaining wall instillation

The piling rig drives the second sheet pile into the ground interlocking with the first

The piling rig drives the second sheet pile into the ground interlocking with the first

Reactive Force Vector

The process is repeated to the length of the guide beam

The depth of the sheet pile wall can be extended to the required depth by welding a second sheet pile to the end of the one driven into the ground and driving the combined length into the ground

Precedent - Artificial Dune

The Artificial Dune uses precast concrete to replicate the micro environments generated by naturally occurring sand dunes within coastal environments. The drainage / growth channels incorporated in to the dunes provides the necessary habitat for pioneer dune vegetation to colonise the structures.

Neighborhood Park by Cino Zucchi Architects

Inlayed planting by Mikyoung Kim

Tudela (Club Med) Restoration in Cap de Creus by EMF Landscape Architecture

Dune Construction Detail

Hard Technology – Exposed aggregate concrete

can be used in a wide variety of situations including footpaths, decorative vertical walls and pre-cast units.

The technique is used on products ranging from small block pavers up to large pre-cast construction sections. Exposed aggregate concrete has a relative low production cost and retains the strength and mouldability associated with concrete products.

The basic premise of an exposed aggregate concrete is that the strength of concrete is combined with the aesthetic and textural appeal of the aggregate used within it. The finish increases the grip and water retention of the concrete. This intern leads to a higher potential for plant life to colonise the material compered to smooth concert finishes.

If an expensive decorative stone finish is required an outer layer of the more expensive aggregate can be applied over the bulk of the structure. This reduces costs, as the majority of the aggregate will remain concealed within the structure.

Exposed aggregate concrete using decorative stone constituent aggregate.

Exposed aggregate concrete using reclaimed construction waste constituent aggregate.

6mm 0mm

Exposed aggregate concrete section, scale 1:1 To achieve an exposed aggregate finish on concrete the cement matrix is stripped away from the surface using high pressure water jets to reveal the constituent aggregate. This is done before the concrete is fully set and the type of finish depends upon the aggregate used and depth of removal (typically between 2-6mm).

Exposed aggregate concrete used in conjunction with the drainage / growth channels on the leeward side of the Artificial Dunes to promote colonisation by pioneer vegetation

Exposed aggregate concrete wallnaturally colonised by ferns, moss & ivy

Soft Technology case study – Unmanaged concrete greenwall

The unmanaged concrete greenwall is located within Chorlton Ees Nature Reserve, Manchester. For over a century, the site was the old Withington sewage works. When the sewage works were closed in 1972, the site was restored under a government scheme called ‘operation eyesore’ which was set up to reclaim derelict land.

The unmanaged greenwall is situated on the side of an old concrete sewage pipe with an exposed aggregate surface. The site is low lying and sheltered from the wind by the structure of the wall and surrounding trees. These conditions have generated the ideal micro environment to allow plant life to colonise the walls surface. Over the past 40 years the wall has evolved to support a variety of plants ranging from lichens and moss through to ferns and climbers.

Cross section of the greenwalls environment

The exposed aggregate surface in the earl stages of colonisation

The dense undergrowth and trees sounding the greenwall

The contrast in colonisation rates between the smooth concrete on the upper wall and the exposed aggregate on the lower wall

Damp clam conditions prevail in the protected space adjacent to the concrete sewage pipe. This has creating the ideal conditions for colonisation by moss and ferns, which has lead to the establishment of a wide range of plants across the rough surface of the wall as the organic content has increased in the gaps in the concrete.

Hard Technology – Criblock walls

Criblock walls are a reinforced concrete retaining wall system. It is a gravity type wall that uses the mass of the concrete & materials, compacted within the cells, for structural stability.

KEY FEATURES • Comprising of precast components specially designed to interlock with each other.

• Units are simply assembled to create a series of interlocking cribs which are then filled with granular free draining material to provide a high performance gravity wall structure.

• Used as a modular retaining wall which can retain earth or soils to heights of up to 10 metres.

• A range of plants can be used in a variety of sizes.

• Easy to construct.

• Allows planting within wall.

• Strong and long lasting • Irrigation can be fully integrated.

• Good biodiversity potential - could provide a range of habitats

Criblock construction

Criblock wall as built

Criblock wall after 5 years

Criblock wall construction section

Hard Technology – Rock armour revetment

A rock armour revetment is a shore-parallel, sloping structure constructed against a bank/escarpment to protect it from erosion while absorbing wave energy. Revetments are typically constructed on a 1V: 1.5-3H slope.

The rocks used to construct the revetment will settle and readjust during storms or wave action and as such the stone used needs to be heavy enough or secure ly tied down to remain in place.

Revetments are long lasting structures designed to hold back the land to prevent erosion and because it is sloped, absorb wave action.

Although revetments cause a loss of soft bottom habitat, it causes less habitat destruction and loss than bulkheads and also creates fisheries habitat.

Rock armour revetment construction section from the coastal edge.

The revetment uses a foundation of gabions attached to the existing structure of the dock to replicate the natural gradient of the coastline. Allowing marine life to colonise the industrial water front of Barrow.

Rock revetments are widely used in areas with important backshore assets subject to severe and on going erosion where it is not cost effective or environmentally acceptable to provide full protection using seawalls.

Rock revetments may be used to control erosion by armouring the dune face. They dissipate the energy of storm waves and prevent further recession of the backshore if well designed and maintained.

Revetments may be carefully engineered structures protecting long lengths of shoreline, or roughly placed rip-rap protecting short sections of severely eroded dunes.

Rock revetments can also form the basis for habitat recovery and can be quickly colonized by the natural processes of both the land and the sea.

Newly constructed rock armour revetment.

Natural recovery has allowed dunes to reform over the rock revetment.

The revetment crest forms a shoreline path

Ocean Edge Construction Detail

Soft Technology case study – The Brooklyn Bridge Park

The Brooklyn Bridge Park was the site was a jumbled patchwork of vacant warehouse buildings, parking lots, and decayed piers, overlooking the East River. The Port Authority had ceased operations there in 1983, coinciding with the end of an era of manufacturing on a significant part of Brooklyn's waterfront.

The park's construction has reused material from deconstructed buildings within the site. Native plants have been used through out and the landscape architects have also designed a sophisticated storm water management system that meets 70 per cent of the pier's annual irrigation needs.

The Brooklyn Bridge Park made its debut in 2010. The $350 million, 80-acre, 1.3 mile park designed by Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, is still under construction, but several areas are now open.

The Park connects visitors to the waterfront and NY Harbour in using floating pathways, fishing piers, canals, paddling waters and restored wetlands, providing a variety of habitats along the water front. .

Salt marsh planted with native plant life able to colonises the salvaged granite used to construct the water front.

Cross section of The Brooklyn Bridge Park

Precedent - Precast Concrete Pier

The Precast Concrete Pier allows the people Barrow to experience the dangerous mudflat environment of coastline. The design takes its inspiration from the industrial setting of the Docklands.

Puerto Malpica by Creus e Carrasco Architects

Cast-concrete anchor blocks interlock to provide a primary energy-dispersive barrier for the Pier

Precedent - Precast Concrete Pier

Forum /Esplanade by José Antonio Martínez Lapeña & Elías Torres

Quirijn Park by Karres en Brands

The internal components of the Precast Concrete Pier move beyond the concrete shell and from its external support structure and balustrade.Architects

Puerto Malpica by Creus e Carrasco Architects

Hard Technology – Concrete tetrapods

A concrete tetrapod is a four-legged concrete structure intended to prevent coastal erosion. The concrete blocks come in a variety of configurations, with between three to eight legs. They can be used in a number of situations and in conjunction with other coastal defences such as rock armour and piling.

The Tetrapod's shape is designed to dissipate the force of incoming waves by allowing water to flow around rather than against it and to reduce displacement by allowing a random distribution of Tetrapods to mutually interlock. Tetrapods were designed to remain stable under even the most extreme weather and marine conditions, and when arranged together in lines or heaps, they create an interlocking, porous barrier that dissipates the power of waves and currents.

The porous barrier created by the use of concrete tetrapods has a secondary benefit of creating coastal habitat that can easily be colonised by marine life.

The areas of shelter provide refuges for small fish and the surfaces of the blocks below the water line are quickly colonised by plants and crustaceans.

Concrete tetrapod instillation

Concrete Tetrapods used as a protective breakwater for the precast concrete pier & foundations for the rock armour revetment

Concrete tetrapods colonised by marine life

Concrete tetrapods used as a brake water for an ocean wall

Coastal Edge General Arrangment PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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Rock Armour Revetment Aggregate to be sourced from inert construction waste & spoil, minimum granular size 300mm with a maximum permitted top size of 900mm

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(see Precast Concrete Hexapod Construction)

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Colour: Natural Surface: Exposed Aggregate - Aggregate to be sourced from reprocessed construction waste & spoil

Aggregate to be sourced from inert construction waste & spoil, minimum granular size 300mm with a maximum permitted top size of 900mm

Title:

Ocean Edge Tidal Deflection Barrier Sections Engineer's Advisory Drawing

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April 2013

INTERTIDAL MUD FLATS

(see Precast Concrete Hexapod Construction)

Drawn By: Jacob Helm

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Aggregate to be sourced from inert construction waste & spoil, minimum granular size 30mm with a maximum permitted top size of 100mm to provide a rough exposed aggregate surface finish to promote colonisation by aquatic life.

(Concrete to be reinforced with wire mesh and reinforcement rods to engineers specification)

Concrete Pier & Support Column Assembly Advisory Drawing

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AA Plan - Scale 1:50

4 - External Structural Support Connection, external support to be connected to the Metal Reinforcement Bars within the Precast Concrete Round Column to engineer's specification, connection to be concealed within Precast Concrete Socket

Title:

Precast Concrete Pier & Support Column

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January 2013

5 - Pier Foundations to engineer's specification, Foundations to be a minimum of 1m below Ground Surface Level

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2068

1

88°

110°

150°

11

11

°

147

1

110°

90°

1

7

10

15

1

9°

9°

R2

12

9°

5

21

15

1

C

13

149°

56

1

12 1

2637

A

CC

4548

149°

70

15

8

2500

8

141°

8

149°

AA

Section A

1

1 1

1

10

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1593

1200

1100

1

2500

AA

BB Underside View

141°

Plan 9°

5

21

15

KEY 1 - Balustrade / Internal Structural Support, COR-TEN weathering steel, 20mm thick

149° 56

2 - Balustrade / External Structural Support, COR-TEN weathering steel, 20mm thick

1

400

150

2637

Section B

8 - Tension Cable Assembly Holes

4 - Angle Bracket Assembly

9 - Tongue and Groove Connection with 30mm x 10mm recess between Walkway Modules,

Back Plate, 125mm x 150mm x 5mm, COR-TEN weathering steel, 4 10mm Bolt Holes

165

B

10mm Bolt, COR-TEN weathering steel

BB

7 - Precast Concrete Walkway Surface, Colour: Natural, Acid Etched

3 - External Structural Support, H Beam 150mm x150mm x 1600mm, COR-TEN weathering steel, 20mm thick.

Angle Bracket,125mm x 150mm x 5mm, COR-TEN weathering steel, 2 x 4 10mm Bolt Holes 150

6 - Precast Concrete, Colour: Natural, mould lines to be polished out to leave even smooth surface

5 - Light Box, see Light Box specification

Connection to incorporate expansion joint to engineer's specification

Precast Concrete Pier Advisory Drawing End Module

Scale:

1:20 @ A1

Date:

April 2013

11 - Internal Wire & Cable Duct 12 - Precast Concrete Column Support Plug 13 - Column Support Bolt Holes

Note: All items highlighted in red are purely advisory methods of assembly for aesthetic purposes.

Final construction methods and fittings to engineer's specification.

Title:

10 - UltraSlot Treadsafe 3m Aluminium Channel: available from Gatic Slotdrain

Drawn By: Jacob Helm

Precast Concrete Pier - Bridge Module Advisory Drawing

3470 200

1600 1

2

1

1

1

1

2

5

1

1

1007

1

5 110

50

70 30

100

0 30

10

00

16 514

10

11

1144

Fall 1:80

6

9

00

6

9

750

10

10

1264

11

8 8

8

8

2 100

10

50

45 2505

3

3872

4

125

1600

Front Elevation

C

Side Elevation A 2

B

175

163

2

CC

Section C

1

2

1

1

1

150

150

1

1

2

1

1

2068

864

6

88°

110°

110°

90°

150°

°

147

7 15

9°

9°

2500

5

21

C

CC

4524

9°

15

4548

149°

4402

141°

15

149°

149°

56

1

2637

A

AA

Section A

1

10

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1593

1200

1100

1

2500

AA

BB Underside View

141°

Plan 9°

21

15

5

KEY 1 - Balustrade / Internal Structural Support, COR-TEN weathering steel, 20mm thick

149° 56

2 - Balustrade / External Structural Support, COR-TEN weathering steel, 20mm thick

1

150

2637

8 - Tension Cable Assembly Holes

4 - Angle Bracket Assembly

9 - Tongue and Groove Connection with 30mm x 10mm recess between Walkway Modules,

Back Plate, 125mm x 150mm x 5mm, COR-TEN weathering steel, 4 10mm Bolt Holes 10mm Bolt, COR-TEN weathering steel

B

Section B

BB

7 - Precast Concrete Walkway Surface, Colour: Natural, Acid Etched

3 - External Structural Support, H Beam 150mm x150mm x 1600mm, COR-TEN weathering steel, 20mm thick.

Angle Bracket,125mm x 150mm x 5mm, COR-TEN weathering steel, 2 x 4 10mm Bolt Holes 150

6 - Precast Concrete, Colour: Natural, mould lines to be polished out to leave even smooth surface

5 - Light Box, see Light Box specification

Note: All items highlighted in red are purely advisory methods of assembly for aesthetic purposes.

Final construction methods and fittings to engineer's specification.

Connection to incorporate expansion joint to engineer's specification

Title:

Precast Concrete Pier Advisory Drawing Bridge Module

Scale:

1:20 @ A1

Date:

April 2013

10 - UltraSlot Treadsafe 3m Aluminium Channel: available from Gatic Slotdrain 11 - Internal Wire & Cable Duct

Drawn By: Jacob Helm

Precast Concrete Pier - Support Module Advisory Drawing

3470 200

1600 1

2

1

1

1

2

1

5

1

1

1007

1

5 110

50

70 30

100

30 0

10

00

16

514

10

11

1144

Fall 1:80

6

9

00

6

9

750

10

10

1264

11

8 8

8

8

52

100 400

10

50

4

2505

4

3

12

125

3872

1600 497

Front Elevation

C

Side Elevation A 2

B

175

163

2

CC

Section C

1

2

1

1

1

150

150

1

1

2

1

1

2068

864

6

88°

110°

110°

90°

150°

°

147

7 15

9°

9°

CC

4524

2500

5

21

C

4548

R2

12

9°

15

4402

149°

13

149°

56

1

70

141°

15

149°

12

2637

A

AA

Section A

1

10

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1593

1200

1100

1

2500

AA

BB Underside View

141°

Plan 9°

5

21

15

KEY 1 - Balustrade / Internal Structural Support, COR-TEN weathering steel, 20mm thick

149°

56

2 - Balustrade / External Structural Support, COR-TEN weathering steel, 20mm thick

1

400

150

2637

B

Section B

8 - Tension Cable Assembly Holes

4 - Angle Bracket Assembly

9 - Tongue and Groove Connection with 30mm x 10mm recess between Walkway Modules,

Back Plate, 125mm x 150mm x 5mm, COR-TEN weathering steel, 4 10mm Bolt Holes

165

10mm Bolt, COR-TEN weathering steel

BB

7 - Precast Concrete Walkway Surface, Colour: Natural, Acid Etched

3 - External Structural Support, H Beam 150mm x150mm x 1600mm, COR-TEN weathering steel, 20mm thick.

Angle Bracket,125mm x 150mm x 5mm, COR-TEN weathering steel, 2 x 4 10mm Bolt Holes 150

6 - Precast Concrete, Colour: Natural, mould lines to be polished out to leave even smooth surface

5 - Light Box, see Light Box specification

Connection to incorporate expansion joint to engineer's specification

Precast Concrete Pier Advisory Drawing Support Module

Scale:

1:20 @ A1

Date:

April 2013

11 - Internal Wire & Cable Duct 12 - Precast Concrete Column Support Plug 13 - Column Support Bolt Holes

Note: All items highlighted in red are purely advisory methods of assembly for aesthetic purposes.

Final construction methods and fittings to engineer's specification.

Title:

10 - UltraSlot Treadsafe 3m Aluminium Channel: available from Gatic Slotdrain

Drawn By: Jacob Helm

Precedent - seating area

COR-TEN Bench by Cyria

Flex Fence by Mikyoung Kim

717 Bourke Street by Aspect Studios

Flex Fence by Mikyoung Kim

Translucent Concrete

London Quay by Boffa Miskell (BML)

Boerenhol’ [Park]ing by Wagon Landscaping

Translucent concrete walls

Bench Construction Details

Light Box Specification Large Light Box Lumen 44000

200

200

The Light Box is available in a number sizes for use throughout the site, small, medium and large.

The medium and large sizes also have the ability to be used as a balustrade feature to meet health and safety requirements or to restrict access within the site as required.

The Light Boxes use a long life, energy efficient low pressure sodium SOX lamp. This lamp produces a yellow colour light.

The lighting system is to be powered by the Hydro Dynamic Screw Turbines incorporated in to the sites Industrial wastewater treatment system.

The Light Box design uses robust materials including COR-TEN weathering steel and Optifloa Opal toughed glass. These materials have a long life span and are able to withstand the harsh coastal conditions found on the site with minimal maintenance requirements.

Medium Light Box Lumen 25500

200 2200

200

Small Light Box Lumen 7650

200

550

1100

200

Front Elevation NB: Details to show aesthetics only, construction method to engineers & electricians specification.

Title:

Light Box

Scale:

1:10 @ A3

Date:

April 2013

Drawn By: Jacob Helm

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

Axonometric

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

Axonometric

Side Elevation

Axonometric

200

140

BB

Front Elevation

Plan

1:5 @ A3 April 2013

Scale: Date:

Drawn By: Jacob Helm

Light Box - Construction Details Title:

NB: Details to show aesthetics only, construction method to engineers & electricians specification.

20

A

B

Tamper Proof Bolt

Glass Facade

External Shell

AA

Side Elevation

200

200 A

120

160

Void

Internal Plan

10

Section A

20 343.5 353 343.5

1100

20 20

AA

5 6 10

Section B

B

50 270

200

BB

Foundation Anchor

Ground Level

Stainless Steel Lampholder

Stainless Steel Light Bulb Support

Osram 90 watt Low Pressure Sodium SOX Light Bulb

Internal Wire & Cable Duct

Tamper Proof Stainless Steel Bolt, 35mm x 12mm Ø, recessed 3mm into Glass Facade for a flush finish, Nut to be welded to back of Flange

Waterproof Seal, 50mm thick black rubber

Glass Facade, Pilkington Optifloat™ Opal Toughed Glass 6mm thick

Internal Flange, COR-TEN weathering steel, 10mm thick

External Shell, COR-TEN weathering steel, 20mm thick

Light Box Construction Details

300

Landscape Management - Planting concept

The planting scheme for the Hybrid Zones design is based upon the concept of natural colonisation and succession. The landform has been engineered to harness the biocentric processes of the region by replicating the natural characteristics of a coastal dune environment using the materials that are available on site.

The site is situated within an artificially created dockland built out of concrete and industrial waste material. It is these materials that through reprocessing and reshaping form the basis of an environment that relies upon the capacity of pioneer plants to colonise hostile landscapes and form the foundations of new ecosystems. It is this principal that is used to trigger the generation of intertidal saltmarsh within the tidal basins through the natural processes of colonisation and succession.

The undulating landscape of Accretion Park has been designed to create a high level of ecological niches. The landform generates areas of shelter and exposure. When combined with the engineered surface water drainage system this creates an abundance of microenvironments within close proximity to one an other.

Sediment accretion basins and artificial dune system along the coastal edge of Accretion Park at the point of construction.

By increasing the number of micro environments within the landscape its capacity for colonisation by both aquatic and terrestrial plant life conversely increases.

The planting design uses seed mixes of native sand dune species.

Phase 1 utilises species associated with embryonic sand dune formation.

These plants are able to tolerate extremes of temperature, sand burial, scouring, drought, immersion in salt water and nutrient stress.

They also have the ability to bind the sand and promote mycorrhizal fungi growth with their root systems, triggering the process of succession. These characteristics enable them to survive within the artificially crated environment of Accretion Park, forming the base of its terrestrial ecosystem.

The establishment of phase 1 planting within the coastal edge of Accretion Park.

Once started the ecosystem of the park should be allowed to develop naturally through the stages of succession. This process will be managed with a second phase of planting building on the foundations of phase 1. As the process evolves the fledgling ecosystem should be managed on a micro-environmental scale, promoting diversity within the dune habitats and preventing the development of a monoculture.

Once the new ecosystem is established within the artificial landscape of Accretion Park, the richness of life within the coastal waters and landscape surrounding the park should provide the necessary resources through the processes natural dispersal to allow the parks

The succession of phase 2 planting within the coastal edge of Accretion Park.

Landform Management: succession

Initiation

Colonization

Establishment

Competition

Stabilization

Climax

Tidal Basin

Ecological niches established within the Hybrid Zone landform

Landform succession: initiation

Succession is a directional change in plant and animal communities with time. Primary succession occurs on sites that have not previously been occupied by vegetation. The environmental conditions tend to be harsh and unfavorable, and the process is typically slow because of this.

To initiate the process of primary succession within the Hybrid Zone landform the environment must first undergo changes on a microscopic level that will allow colonization to begin. Within saltmarsh this process begins with microscopic algal growth in the form of Cyanobacteria. The Cyanobacteria consolidate the sediment and help resist erosion and as a result the height of the sediment will increase allowing the next stage of colonization to begin.

Cyanobacteria

The Hybrid Zone landform at the stage of initiation, 1:500 @ A1

Landform succession: Colonization

Seeds and spores arrive on the site, germinate and develop. These can be carried in by wind, waves, birds, animals etc. Physical conditions are unfavorable, vegetation is described as “open� (lots of open space between plants). The plants that are able to grow in these harsh conditions are specialized to their environment, and are termed pioneer species.

Pioneer species Suaeda maritima (left) and Salicornia sp. (right)

Pioneer species Spartina anglica

The Hybrid Zone landform at the stage of colonization, 1:500 @ A1

Landform succession: establishment

Species become more established on the site. The physical conditions have been modified and improved by the presence of the community, so there is an increase in the variety of species. The vegetation is becoming “closed� and the height of the marshland increases creating areas with dryer conditions.

Establishment species Aster tripolium

Establishment species Puccinellia maritima

The Hybrid Zone landform at the stage of Establishment, 1:500 @ A1

Landform succession: competition

The number of species on the site is increasing, and plants have to compete for space, light, and nutrients. Opportunistic pioneer plants often die out at this stage, to be replaced by equilibrium species which tend to be better competitors.

As time passes the height of the mud increases. There are more species taking up more space and less bare ground.

Competition species Armeria maritima

Competition species Halimione portulacoides

The Hybrid Zone landform at the stage of Competition, 1:500 @ A1

Landform saltmarsh succession: stabilization

Few, if any, new species are added as competition resolves itself and the community becomes balanced. Each species occupies its own niche, and therefore avoids having to compete strongly with other species.

The community stabilizes and remains much the same over time.

At this stage we would not expect too many changes to occur. The height of the ground has increased to such an extent that it gets immersed much less frequently.

Stabilization species Limonium humile

Stabilization species Cochlearia officinalis

The Hybrid Zone landform at the stage of Stabilization, 1:500 @ A1

Landform saltmarsh succession: climax

No new species are added and the community remains the same over long periods of time (theoretically forever). The vegetation is said to be in equilibrium with the environment.

At the top of the salt marsh species like Juncus maritimus and Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani become the climax species and in the damper bits Festuca rubra.

Juncus maritimus climax species within the dryer conditions

Festuca rubra climax species within the wetter conditions

The Hybrid Zone landform at the stage of climax, 1:500 @ A1

Landscape Management

The development of the vegetation structures within the landform of Accretion Park follows the natural coastal colonisation and progression established in Design Development 1 with the creation of salt marsh communities within the tidal basins.

Min

Wind Exposure

The next sequence of planting to be introduced to the new landform is the establishment of sand dune communities within the artificially created dune structures.

The native sand dune species of the region are highly adapted to the harsh climatic conditions found within the park. The pioneer species being particularly adapt to the artificial nature of the environment, having the ability to stabilise and transform sand and fine grade aggregate into embryonic soil conditions through their ability to promote mycorrhizal fungi growth and increase the organic content of the nutrient poor sand with their extensive root structures.

The abilities of the pioneer species combined with the use of slow release fertilizer pellets developed from sewage sludge (which could be achieved at the near by waste water treatment plant using technology developed by Ostara Nutrient Recovery Technologies) will be used to enrich the artificial sand used for planting within the site, allowing for secondary planting and natural colonisation to establish throughout the site depending on micro climatic conditions.

Min

Max

Ground Water

Artificial Dune Microenvironments

Min

Max

Temperature Fluctuation

Min

Max

Nutrient Availability

Min

Salinity

Artificial Dune

Ecological niches established within the Hybrid Zone landform

Max

Max

Landscape Management - artificial sand

The construction of the landform within Accretion Park relies on the re-processing of construction waste and spoil that would often end up as landfill. The construction waste and spoil is used to build up the landmass, create rock armour revetments and as aggregate within concrete structures.

The majority of the re-processing can be achieved on site using mobile crushing and grading machinery. This processes produces a lot of fine grade dust as a by-product and it is this sand like material that is to be used as artificial sand within the dune growth / drainage channels and swales.

Dune growth / drainage channel formed using artificial sand Swale formed using re-processed construction waste

Sediment accretion basins and artificial dune system along the coastal edge of Accretion Park at the point of construction.

Landscape Management - Phase 1 pioneer species

Embryo dunes are characterised by pioneer plants such as sand couch (Elytrigia juncea) and/or lyme grass (Leymus arenarius) and strandline plants including sea sandwort (Honckenya peploides), sea rocket (Cakile maritima), prickly saltwort (Salsola kali), sea mayweed (Tripleurospermum maritimum) and various orache (Atriplex) species. These Plants stabilise the embryo dune with their roots and encourage accretion (sediment build-up) with their aerial parts.

This is an extreme environment where colonising plants have to tolerate or avoid extremes of temperature; sand burial and scouring; lack of water and nutrient stress. The natural abilities of these plants makes them ideal for the first stage of planting as a seed mix throughout the artificial sand beds of the park.

Honckenya peploides

Tripleurospermum maritimum

Salsola kali

Elytrigia juncea

The establishment of phase 1 planting within the coastal edge of Accretion Park.

Leymus arenarius

Cakile maritima

Landscape Management - Phase 1 pioneer species environmental adaptations Environmental Factors Max

Wind Exposure

Min

Min

Ground Water

Max

Max

Temperature Fluctuation

Min

Min

Nutrient Availability

Max

Max

Salinity

Min

Dune habitat: Windward Face & Crest

Dune habitat: Mid-Dune & Leeward Face

Dune habitat: Leeward Face & Swale

Species: Honckenya peploides (sea sandwort) Salsola kali (prickly saltwort)

Species: Elytrigia juncea (sand couch) Leymus arenarius (lyme grass)

Species: Cakile maritima (sea rocket) Tripleurospermum maritimum (sea mayweed)

Adaptations: - Grows through sand when buried - Succulent leaves store water - Waxy cuticle helps to retain water as does reduced leaf area - Extensive rooting system, lateral and vertical, helps plant to reach moisture from summer showers (laterals) and from the water table deep down (verticals) - Prostrate habit protects against wind - Rounded leaves reduce drag from wind - Tolerant of short periods of immersion

Adaptations: - Tolerant of occasional immersion in salt water - Tolerant of accretion rates of up to 30cm/yr - Stomata are sunk in pits. When the leaves dry hinge cells cause the leaves to roll up closing the stomata hence reducing water loss - ‘Tramlines’ along the leaves have downy hairs along them which trap moisture - Grows vertically when buried in sand - Has quick root elongation, deep vertical roots reach wetter sand - Can propagate from rhizome fragments - Mycorrhizal associations on the roots help to obtain nutrients from nutrient poor sand

Ecological position within Artificial Dune structure

Adaptations: - Grows through sand when buried - Has very long tap roots to reach moisture - Succulent leaves store water - Waxy cuticle helps to retain water as does reduced leaf area - Obtains most nutrients from decaying debris

Landscape Management - Phase 2 planting

After the Phase 1 pioneer species have become established and the artificial sand has stabilised (approximately 5–10 after years seeding), Phase 2 planting can commence as a secondary seed mix.

At this point the abiotic factors that were so extreme in the artificial dunes should ameliorate. Water retention in the substrate will have increased and the nutrient status of the ‘soil’ will have improved, but the artificial sand will have retain high levels of alkalinity due to the high proportion of crushed concrete within it. The impact of salt spray and wind scour will also have decrease due to the shelter provided by the pioneer species.

The micro climatic conditions within the dune structures will lead to natural variation in the Phase 2 planting as the plans become established. With different plants becoming dominant in each area of the dune structure.

This process should be managed on a niche scale promoting diversity, ensuring the mature dune ecosystem supports a of variety plants and associated wildlife.

The succession of phase 2 planting within the coastal edge of Accretion Park.

Euphorbia portlandica

Salix repens

Potentilla anserine

Euphorbia paralias

Eryngium maritimum

Calystegia soldanella

Hydrocotyle vulgaris

Landscape Management - Phase 2 planting environmental adaptations Environmental Factors Max

Wind Exposure

Min

Min

Ground Water

Max

Max

Temperature Fluctuation

Min

Min

Nutrient Availability

Max

Max

Salinity

Min

Dune habitat: Windward Face & Crest

Dune habitat: Mid-Dune & Leeward Face

Dune habitat: Leeward Face & Swale

Species: Euphorbia paralias Euphorbia portlandica (Portland Spurge)

Species: Calystegia soldanella (Sea Bindweed)

Species: Hydrocotyle vulgaris (marsh pennywort)

Adaptations: - Tolerant of high levels of alkalinity - Tolerant of high levels of salinity - Tolerant of low levels of nutrients - Succulent leaves store water - Waxy cuticle helps to retain water as does reduced leaf area - Tolerant of drought - Rounded leaves reduce drag from wind

Adaptations: - Tolerant of alkalinity - Tolerant of salinity - Tolerant of low levels of nutrients - Prostrate habit protects against wind - Climbing nature increase the surface stability - Requires full sun

Adaptations: - Tolerant of alkalinity - Tolerant of shade - Tolerant of short periods of immersion

Ecological position within Artificial Dune structure

Landscape Management - Phase 2 planting environmental adaptations Environmental Factors Max

Wind Exposure

Min

Min

Ground Water

Max

Max

Temperature Fluctuation

Min

Min

Nutrient Availability

Max

Max

Salinity

Min

Dune habitat: Windward Face & Crest

Dune habitat: Mid-Dune & Leeward Face

Dune habitat: Leeward Face & Swale

Species: Eryngium maritimum (Sea Holly)

Species: Potentilla anserine (Silverweed)

Species: Salix repens (creeping willow)

Adaptations: Adaptations: - Tolerant of high levels of alkalinity - Tolerant of high levels of salinity - Tolerant of low levels of nutrients - Requires full sun - Tolerant of drought - Tolerant of maritime exposure

Adaptations: - Tolerant of alkalinity - Fine surface hairs on the leaves reduce transpiration losses - Horizontal stems that creep over the ground and tangle up with other plants and help increase the surface stability - Tolerant of water logging

Adaptations: Adaptations: - Tolerant of high levels of alkalinity - Extensive rooting system, lateral and vertical, helps plant to reach water and nutrients in the nutrient poor free draining sand - Leaves form a dense litter which contributes detritus, humus and nutrients to developing soil.

Ecological position within Artificial Dune structure

Landscape Management - Fresh water reservoir

The fresh water reservoir is to be planted with pre-established native aquatic species using Coir pallets attached directly to the tiered underwater gabion structure of the reservoir (see Dune Construction).

Coir pallets are composed from coir fiber which is a sustainable waste product from the husk of the coconut shell. The pallets are planted at a high density and grow on at the nursery to ensure that the vegetation has a dense and hardy cover. The aquatic plants should be appropriate to the water level the pallet is to be installed (see Planting Plan) and contain a mixture of the following species: Hottonia palustris Callitriche palustris Ceratophyllum demersum Myriophyllum spicatum Potamogeton crispus Ranunculus aquatilis Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Phragmites australis

Coir Pallets newly installed on a stream margin

Coir Pallets after months growth

Weathering Steel Sheet Piling Coir Pallet Installation Zone

Contaminated Construction Waste & Spoil Fresh Water Reservoir

Contaminated Soil Existing Dock Structure

Contamination Dune Section

Ramsden Dock

Landscape Management - Phytoremediation Zone

The construction of the landform within Accretion Park relies on the reshaping of the artificial land the dock was originally created from. Much of this land contains contaminated material from the heavy industries based within Barrow at the time.

High levels of heavy metals and perchlorates have been found within the soils of the area. These contaminated soils are to be treated using phytoremediation within restricted planting areas established within the park (see Contamination Dune Construction Detail), these areas are known as Phytoremediation Zones The species used within the Phytoremediation Zones are Salix caprea and Tamarix tetrandra. These tree species are have the ability to absorb contaminants through the process of phytodegradation, rhizodegradation and phytoextraction. They are also well adapted to the coastal conditions of the site.

The unpredictable and toxic nature of the contaminated soil requires the trees to be planted as cell grown saplings at a high density of 2 meter centers (see Planting Plan), this is to allow for the high failure rate expected within the harsh conditions of the soil and site.

Salix caprea

Tamarix tetrandra

As the trees mature they should be allowed to retain their natural form and the structure should be finned as required to allow the most vigorous specimens room to grow to their full potential.

Phytoremediation Zone

Weathering Steel Sheet Piling

Contaminated Construction Waste & Spoil Fresh Water Reservoir

Contaminated Soil Existing Dock Structure

Contamination Dune Section

Ramsden Dock

Planting Plan