Tpp portfolio

EDEN VALLEY: VALLEY OF WATER Stuart Walker

Content: Theory, Proposition & Place Location Data & Issues Personal Proposition on Group Work Maquette Representation of Proposition

Design Development 2 Absorption Strage Explained Location of Absorption Introduction to Built Elements

Development of Strategy Built Element 1

Design Development 1 Introduction to Strategy Strategy in Location Strategy in Detail Part of Strategy in Greater Detail: Absorption Part of Strategy in Greater Detail: Laminar

Built Element 2 Built Element 3 Built Element 4 Habitat Study Landscape Management

Location The centre of the Eden Valley is 100 miles north of central Manchester. The valley borders two national parks (Lake District and Yorkshire Dales) and one area of outstanding national beauty (The Pennines). Contained within the valley are two areas of significant population, Carlisle (70,000 people) and Penrith (15,000 people). The 21,000km2 valley has 12 tributaries to its main river, the river Eden, which flows from Kirkby Stephen north to Carlisle and into the Irish Sea.

River Eden Catchment Area

RIVER EDEN

N

Generic Axonometric

The Eden valley has unique geology that formed from its ancient past, for instance, the Penrith sandstone can only be found in this area and has been used in many of the buildings in the valley.

A glacier some 18,000 years ago shaped the topography of the valley, creating steep valley sides and relatively flat bottom. Its this topography combine with the geology of the area, that creates its character but also the valley’s issues.

A

PENNINES

LAKE DISTRICT

R. EDEN

+600m

300m +600m 300m

100m 100m

0m A

MILLSTONE GRIT

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE

BEE SANDSTONE

MUDSTONE

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE

ORDOVICIAN

PENRTIH SANDSTONE

AA

AA

Millstone Grit

Formed by compressing sand

BEE & PENRITH SANDSTONE Water filters through slowly

Natural filter

Erodes easily

Ordovician

Formed by compressing sand

BEE & PENRITH SANDSTONE Water filters through slowly FILTRATION

Used mainly in building and carving

Natural filter

Erodes easily

Stone Properties

Used mainly in building and carving

ABSORPTION LAMINEAR

FLOW

Mercia Mudstone

BEE & PENRITH CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SANDSTONE

Formed by a sea, layering sediment with high alkaline makeup

Acidic water dissolves the stone and creates caves, tunnels and reservoirs

Carboniferous Limestone Bee & Penrith Sandstone Millstone Grit Ordovician

Uses include cement ingredient, glass production and building material

BEE & PENRITH SANDSTONE MILLSTONE GRIT

Formed by Water filters compressing sand through slowly Formed by a low fresh Influences water, creating layers landform of sediment

Natural filter

Used mainly in building and carving Used for buidling, mill grind stone and rock climbing

Erodes easily

Water can be retained and transferred; Aquifer

CARBONIFEROUS MUDSTONE LIMESTONE

Formed by a sea, layering Acidic water dissolves the stone Uses include cement ingredient, glass Used create material Formedwith by ahigh shallow Contains particles sediment alkaline and createsRepels caves, water; tunnels and Water sits onproduction andtobuilding top of it creating clay bricks sea, creating layers of oil Aqutard makeup reservoirs lakes and rivers of sediment

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE BEE & PENRITH SANDSTONE

Formed by a sea, layering sediment with high alkaline makeup

Acidic water dissolves the stone and creates caves, tunnels and reservoirs

Uses include cement ingredient, glass production and building material

BEE & PENRITH MILLSTONE GRIT SANDSTONE FILTRATION

ABSORPTION

LAMINEAR

Formed by a low fresh Influences Water can be retained water, creating layers landform and transferred; Aquifer Formed by Water filters Natural filter Erodes easily of sediment compressing sand through slowly

Used for buidling, mill grind stone rockinclimbing Used and mainly

building and carving

FLOW

MUDSTONE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE

Formed by a shallow Contains particles Repels water; sea, creating layers of oil Aqutard of sediment Formed by a sea, layering Acidic water dissolves the stone sediment with high alkaline and creates caves, tunnels and makeup reservoirs

Water sits on Used to create top of it creating clay bricks lakes and rivers Uses include cement ingredient, glass production and building material

Rainfall Graphs & Section of River

The valley is one of the wettest area in Britain with 800mm of rainfall annually, the wettest area being the Lake District, the valley’s neighbour. Much of this rain falls mainly on its North East boundary in the Pennines, 600mm average annual rainfall. With this rain, an associated issue occurs, flooding in the lower reaches of the valley. The cause of this flooding is partly due to heavy down pours (115mm reportedly fell in just 24 hours in 2009), but also the geology and topography, these govern and control the water. Depending on the properties of the various stones and the gradient changes how the water is moving. An additional factor however, is human activity can change how the water flows over the landscape. Human activity has increased the flow rate of the water from where is falls (north east Pennines) to where it causes flooding (lower valley, Penrith to Carlisle).

2009

2000-2012 Overlay

3.79m

Recorded on the 12/01/2009

225

115.4mm of rainfall

Flood Likely 2.75m

AVERAGE

150

LOW

75

1.75m

0.20m

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h rox p Ap

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ove sea level 90m ank ab b of ht g ei

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Rainfall mm

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Approximate River Heights of River Eden near Penrith 300

HIGHEST RECORDED

20042004

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2009 2009

verlay

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2000-2012Overlay Overlay 2000-2012

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*Data from Met Office Weather Station in Penrith

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Rainfall Graph from 2000-2012

Peaks in the rainfall graph often correlate with flood events in the valley, specifically Carlisle.

The rain does not fall predominantly in Carlisle and cause flooding, the majority of the rain falls in the hills of the Pennines and quickly collects in the Eden river. This process of runoff is increased by human activities in the hills. During the Second World War this land was drained and its natural blanket bog habitat destroyed for grazing land for sheep. This land could retain water much better with its natural ecology; the land drains currently there merely decrease the time water takes to get to the Eden. By draining the land, the peat content in the soils decreases and this is what gives the soils their quality to retain water.

The water flow rate also increases due to the steep sides to the valley and agricultural practices in the lower valley, which have little vegetation that could slow the water.

2000-2

Rainfall for Eden Valley 2000-2012 300

Rainfall mm

225 150 75 0

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*Data from Met Office Weather Station in Penrith

8

Generic Problems throughout the Valley

4. Water Abstraction 1. Intensive farming

Issues within the valley are related directly or indirectly to water, sometimes water is the cause of the issues, however it is often humans interventions that causes many of the problems associated with water. The topography and geology govern where these issues occur and how often in the valley.

5. Drought 2. Erosion

6. Climate Change 3. Flooding 7. Pollution 4. Water Abstraction

Erosion of Land

Erosion occurs particularly after heavy rainfall, but also due to agricultural processes. Sediment build up in water can damage aquatic habitats.

• Grazing removes vegetation from banks and increases erosion rate by 60% • Heavily grazed areas increases water runoff by 9 times more than lightly grazed areas

1 2

8. Obstacles 5. Drought 9. Invasive Species 6. Climate Change 7. Pollution

3

River in the Eden catchment have had 15% of their length effected by erosion from livestock

2

5

Obstacles (dams, weirs etc.)

Ostacles are used to control flooding effects, but can interfere with the breeding patterns of aquatic life which use the rivers as passageways.

• Eden River Trust installed 5 fish passes, allowing access to 60,000m2 of previously inaccessible spawning grounds

4 6 5

98

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7 9 •

There are 8 major barriors in the Eden catchment and several smaller ones, preventing spawning fish

8. Obstacles 9. Invasive Species

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1. Intensive farming

Water Abstraction

This can upset the natural water cycle, by removing water out of a system it effects other areas of that system. Effects such as loss of aquatic habitat or rivers drying out.

2. Erosion

4. Water Abstraction

20 MILLION

LITRES ABSTRACTED DAILY

5. Drought

90% of water abstracted is taken from the valley...

8. Obstacles

8

5

Water Available No Water Available Over Licensed Over Abstracted Not Assessed

6. Climate Change 7. Pollution

4

1

3. Flooding

...10% of water abstracted is used in the valley.

2

6

9

Abstraction Map of Eden Valley Catchment Area

Generic Problems throughout the Valley

4. Water Abstraction

Intensive Farming Activities

Climate Change

rming6. Climate Change 8%

4

1

100%

7. Pollution CROP

23%

8. Obstacles DAIRY

9. Invasive Species

raction

69%

GRAZING LIVESTOCK

76% of land in the Eden valley is Grade 2 or 3 agricultural land

2

1

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5

UK’s average temp. set to increase by 0.9-2.00C in the next decade.

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4

Drought

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From long, hot summers, can significantly reduce water levels. However abstraction of water contributes to this.

Significant drought periods in the region are 1995, 2003 and 2009. Although not often, the effects are severe.

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River Derwent at Seathwaite, Lake District 2003 0%

8

A large scale global issue, but the effects can be noticed at a much smaller scale, such as weather extremes. The ice caps are melting due to rising temperatures, this raises the sea level, which changes the way lower parts of the valley work in a few years, such as the Carlisle area.

There are a lot of associated problems with intensive farming, and it can lead to monocultures and a loss of biodiversity.

In the Eden valley, issues arise from over grazing largely.

5. Drought

4

1

3. Flooding

•

1995 the region only recieved 50% of its average annual rainfall

5

Sea levels rise by 3mm annually.

Time

9

8 7

JUNE 2010 HAWESWATER IS 60% FULL WHEN EXPECTED TO BE CLOSER TO 80%.

DIFFERENCE OF 15,320ML

ht

e Change

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5 ve Species Pollution

6

2005 CARLISLE FLOOD

9

225mm

150-200mm fell in just 72 hrs in 2009

EFFECTING 27,000 HOMES

150mm

Average level a rainfall per day 80mm

£400 MILLION IN DAMAGE

3

300mm

230mm UK’s average rainfall for the entire winter

75mm

7

0mm

% of each pollutant agriculture is responsible for... nt s ime horu en r p d g s o ro se ph nit of of %

of

There are many sources of pollution within the valley, the most significant is from agriculture and will be the focus of the project as it contributes the most to the issue.

HIGHEST RECORDED - 32mg/l

75%

cles

9

20 %

4

6

2

There is a high flood rate in the valley, especially in Carlisle, this is due to high rainfall. The wettness of the region can be linked to its topography.

61

on

Flooding

EDEN VALLEY RIVERS Na Na Na Na Na Na Na NaNaNa Na Na NaNa NaNa Na Na NaNa NaNa Na Na Na Na 12 SITES EXCEEDED NOT SAFE TO DRINK LEVEL - 30mg/l Na Na Nitrate levels in water Na Na NaNa Na Na NaNaNa Na NaNa Na Na NaNa Na Na NaNa Na Na Na Na NaNa Na Na NaNa NaNa in 5 Na Na 9m Na Na N a Na Na Na Na Na on

Na Na Na NaNa Na Na Na Na Na

Na Na

Na Na

Na Na

Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na NaNa Na Na NaNa Na Na Na Na Na Na Na es Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na a

sit

7

Na Na

25 SITES HIGH LEVELS - 6mg/l

ed or

it

Na Na

cr

NATURAL LEVEL - 0.6mg/l

os st he Ede n Va lley

Na

Na

Na

Na

Na

Na

AA

Millstone Grit

Carboniferous Limestone

Bee Sandstone

Fast flow of water Obstacles try to slow the flow Abrstaction of water

FARMLAND

Western edge of Pennines High rainfall Low peat content Fast water runoff Sheep farming

STEEP HILLSIDE

HIGHLANDS

A Picking up pollutants Eroding fields Obstacles obstructing flow Flood plane, high house prices Crop and livestock farming

The Waters Journey to Sea A As previously mentioned the issues in the valley are related to water, yet governed by the topography and geology in where they occur. In the Pennines the there is a problem of fast runoff, in the lower valley farmland there is a problem of pollution and erosion of land. In Carlisle there is the problem of flooding and obstacles in rivers causing fish not being able to reach spawning grounds.

Precedent: Detroit, USA. Showing relationship between water and land use.

A key image in the development of this project.

Na

Pb

P

P Na Na

K

Pb

P

K Pb

K Pb K Na Na Na

Pb Na

Na

Pb Na P

Penrith Sandstone

Bee Sandstone

Pb

Na P K

K

Na Na Pb

K

K Pb Pb

K

Na Pb Pb

Mudstone

Flood plane Competing with sea and river levels Flood defences

IRISH SEA

Flooding Pollutions Obstacles Flood defences

LOWLAND

Flood plane High house prices Flood defences

CARLISLE

AA LOWLAND

Pb

Rising in sea levels caused by the melting of ice caps due to climate change

FR MING INDUSTRY S

S TH LOS

INC O LOO C E E F OF BIODIVERSITY REA

C

N NCE ON ONE INDUS G ON T R TIO NDE Y E EP

IVERSITY CD F MI MIC D R O N B U O I LD AG I NO ON N I L E EC

URN OWNT

FLOOD E Y S ING RI NOM D PLANE

D

C E H T ANG A M I E CLIN SEA LEVELS

PO

NOMIC CLIM A T ECO

E T HIGH

ER E

E S MARKET L E A C NT ING K C CES VE US DEFEN EROS ABS OF O T I O R N HO OD A

R RIST A F OU HOUSE PRICES

GHT

O N FL UTIO LL

Issues within the valley relate to water, many have been mentioned already. However, what has not is the economy. The local economy in the valley, has too main sources; agriculture (specifically dairy and beef) and tourism.

Both have felt the effects of water or weather.

Tourism is obviously down while the weather is bad and agriculture suffers if little sunshine is to be had. Water however, can offer solutions, such as a way to diversify the economies sources of income.

R TE

W T SEVERE WE A N E U A TH D Q R O U E

‘Onion’ Diagram of Issues

Water: Issues within the valley are linked to water, either directly or indirectly National Issues

Issues

Current Solutions to Issues Outcomes from Current Solutions

Introduction of Heterogeneous Group treaty position: Heterogeneous is NOT always positive.

Personal proposition: Water creates issues between the anthropocentric and biocentric, and heterogeneous could resolves these.

THE HETEROGENEOUS RANGE Order

Anthropocentric

Biocentric

Chaos

Adaptability

Homogeneous

DWELLING PATTERN

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TRANSPORT STRUCTURE

LAND DIVISION

WATER REGULATION

Within the valley, there is tension between the human world (anthropocentric) and the natural world (biocentric), caused by water. These issues however could be resolved by the anthropocentric working in similar way as the biocentric.

The biocentric works with an ordered chaos, by having this chaos element, the biocentric can adapt and change with unpredictable events like weather changes or climate. This is in turn creates heterogeneity, a variety of solutions for different situations.

The anthropocentric however, has a low capacity to adapt to unexpected change; such as surges of high rainfall causing flooding. This low capacity derives from its ordered nature and is much more homogeneous.

The aim is to resolve the issues related to water, through manipulating topography, geology and ecology to form a more heterogeneous landscape.

FLOOD DISARRAY

LEAF MAYHEM

RANDOM MUTATION

TOPOGRAPHY CREATION

WOODLAND JUMBLE

Maquette

Complex ideas about the anthropocentric and biocentric world can be simplified by a chemistry analogy. A substance can react quicker, better and with greater number of other substances if it has a greater surface area. Therefore if we think of the anthropocentric as having a low surface area, so a low capacity to react with other substances, it is uniform and regular. Whereas the chaos element is very irregular, large surface area and therefore a greater capacity to react with other elements. The biocentric has elements of both in its system, an ordering element that helps govern processes and hierarchy, but also this chaos element allows it to adapt better to situations.

Order

Regular Uniform Controlled Unadatpable

Choas

Irregular Dissimilar parts Adaptable

Biocentric System Mixture of order and chaos elements.

Maquette

The aim of this scheme is to increase the anthropocentric ‘surface area’ or increase its capacity to adapt to unpredictable change.

This will lead the anthropocentric working in a similar way to the biocentric and reduce the tension between the two. Unpredictable changes within the Eden valley caused by water. Therefore by having a greater number of options or greater heterogeneity a better water system can be created.

Order

Current anthropocentric tends towards order.

Choas

The biocentric ends towards choas.

Goal of Project for the Anthropocentric Greater capacity to adapt with greater ‘surface area’.

Ordered choas High capacity to adapt Cope with unpredictable events Similar to biocentric

CO2 Retention

Here. Here.

Diverse Economy

Biodiversity

Water Retention

Throughout.

Here.

Fast flow of water Obstacles try to slow the flow Abrstaction of water

Bee Sandstone

FARMLAND

Western edge of Pennines High rainfall Low peat content Fast water runoff Sheep farming

Carboniferous Limestone

STEEP HILLSIDE

HIGHLANDS

Millstone Grit

Here.

Drought

+ -

Picking up pollutants Eroding fields Obstacles obstructing flow Flood plane, high house prices Crop and livestock farming

Adaptability

Throughout.

Flexibility

Throughout.

P

Here.

P Na Na

K

Pb

Here.

Bee Sandstone

CARLISLE

Flood plane High house prices Flood defences

Obstacles

LOWLAND

Pollution

Penrith Sandstone

Here.

Flooding Pollutions Obstacles Flood defences

P

K Pb

K Pb K Na Na Na

Pb Na

Na

Specific Aims of Project Due to the topography and geology, various issues have arisen at different points in the water cycle within the valley. As a result different aims have been set out for different areas along the water system.

Pb Na P

Pb

+ -

Na P K

K

Na Na Pb

K

K Pb Pb

K

Mudstone

Flood plane Competing with sea and river levels Flood defences

IRISH SEA

Pb

LOWLAND

Na

Flooding

Pb

Capacity for Change

Throughout.

Rising in sea levels caused by the melting of ice caps due to climate change

Na Pb Pb