Waters Groundwater - underground water, lying at greater depths than the subsoil water. It is not a subject to the direct influence of the weather, is filtered and therefore can be used for the food industry purposes. This water is not a subject to temperature changes during the day as it is characterized by thermal equilibrium. Its temperature varies depending on the season. This water is found deeper than vadose zone.
• Characteristics Water resources in the aquifer are fed by rainwater which penetrate through the permeable layers to water and are not able to penetrate deeper over impermeable layers. The level of groundwater depends primarily on the amount of rainfall, but also on the atmospheric pressure and the water consumption. The groundwater requires tens or hundreds of years to be accumulated; therefore vast groundwater use results in its deficiency. Cleanliness of groundwater may be threatened by pesticides used in agriculture, or waste water and industrial wastes.
Chemical composition.
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Groundwater contains the following components:
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Gases: Oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3), hydrogen (H2) gases - helium (He), argon (Ar), neon (Ne), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon (Rn). Main components: bicarbonates (HCO 3), sulfates (SO42), chlorides (Cl), sodium (Na +), potassium (K +), calcium (Ca2 +), magnesium (Mg2 +). Additional components: a mineral form of nitrogen (NO2 , NO3, NH4 +, CN-, NH 3 in polluted water), iron (Fe), silicon (Si), organic substances.
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Surface water
Surface water - water that is present on the surface of the planet such as in a stream, river, lake, wetland, or ocean which can be easily collected. Division of surface water: brackish - water in estuaries, as well as the waters of the Baltic Sea (most of inland waters) - water flows like rivers, streams, or stagnant water like lakes, marshes, ponds are the rest 3% of the whole brackish water reservoirs. The major pollutants of the surface water are: phosphates and nitrates, heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium), surfactants, pesticides, phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs and other toxic organic substances).
• Surface waters include lakes, rivers, canals, reservoirs, ponds and the group of few lakes. The most of them are located in the northern part of the country. It is the largest lake district in Poland. They were formed about 10,000 years ago as a result of the deglaciation - the effect are the depressions in the ground which were then filled with water. Lakes can also be found in other parts of Poland, for example in the mountains. They differ - the lakes found on the lowlands are generally large, their water is not transparent, there is a welldeveloped biological life like aquatic plants (algae) and animals (invertebrates and fish). The lakes found in the mountain areas, also known as ponds, are clean, cold and deep. Due to the Polish inclination river flow in Poland is from south to north and north-west part of the country. Polish drainage system includes two major rivers - the Vistula River (with a length of 1047 km) and the Odra River (854 m) and its tributaries. Almost all of Poland (99.7% of the country) belongs to the catchment area of the Baltic Sea.
• The deepest lake in Poland is the Hańcza Lake - up to 108.5 m of depth. For comparison, the deepest lake in the world is the Baikal Lake with the maximum depth of 1620 m. Lakes are reservoirs with an area of more than 1 ha (roughly the surface of two football fields), which were not built by man but were created naturally. There are 9300 lakes of this kind in Poland. The most famous Polish lake districts are Masuria, Pomerania and Greater Poland which are located in the northern part of the country. Some rivers have dams and barrages and the artificial reservoirs were created as the effect of building these structures. There are 150 dams in Poland. They combine the features of stagnant and flowing water. Their function is retention of water (collecting water), they facilitate irrigation, have anti-flood function, and are the power source of hydroelectric plants. The country's largest dam reservoir is on the San Solina in the Bieszczady Mountains. Unfortunately about 40% of cities in Poland do not have any sewage treatment plant in the area so the polluted water contaminate local rivers and lakes.
Deep-sea water • Deep-sea water it cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. They are not renewable. As a rule, it is highly mineralized and therefore it is not suitable for consumption purposes. It often has high salinity level. • Types of deep ocean water depending on its origins: relic - from the ancient geological epochs: Sedimentation - infiltration water, trapped in the consolidated sediments, Infiltration - water trapped in rocks in past geological epochs as a result of mass movements, Juvenile - water of lava origin that comes from condensation of water vapor from udnderwater volcanic exhalations; Metamorphic - resulting in the processes of transformation of rocks.
Thank you for watching our presentation GROUP 2 Patrycja Orman- Poland Wiktoria Waniak – Poland Zuzanna Pruchniak -Poland Gloria Fernández Barbusano - Spain Alba García Gómez - Spain Eduardo González Anelo - Spain Abraham González Guisado - Spain Janet González Rodríguez - Spain Adriana Mañero Santana - Spain Pascal - Germany