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What we grow is usually dictated by what we love to eat and what our climate permits us to grow. Some people stay within their comfort zone; the average outdoor summer garden has tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, peas, beans, lettuce, kale, broccoli, zucchini, and cabbage, the usual suspects. The more adventurous gardener will try something new every year. Peanuts, passion fruit, heirloom anything, and hope that the weather cooperates for their project. More and more gardeners are also adding medicinal properties to that decision-making process.

This edition will inspire you to add plants that can provide that extra something when you need it most. Jennifer Cole shares “The Coles Notes on Herbal Tisanes,” and I explain how I cultivate ginger and turmeric in Autopots all year. Simply spending time in the garden is beneficial for our health!

I also recommend adding mushrooms to your list of exciting things to grow. There is a mushroom out there to suit every type of gardener! No matter where you live, starter kits are available online, enabling you to grow delicious mushrooms like oysters, shiitake, lion’s mane, and chestnuts, or medicinal mushrooms like reishi, turkey tail, and cordyceps.

If you’re considering mushroom cultivation for the first time, I recommend delving into the expertise of our featured writer, Alex Field. His articles “Bucket Tek” – An Easy Way to Grow Oyster Mushrooms at Home” and “How I Became A Mushroom Grower” provide invaluable insights and practical tips for beginners.

Growing mushrooms can be tricky, as they desire a particular environment and prefer sterility. One of the most common problems novice growers encounter is trichoderma fungi. In Succeed…Trich, Trich Again?!” fungi and their green spores are all too often destroying the dreams of mushroom growers. But Trichoderma is also a gardener’s friend, and in “We Like Trich: Remediating a Reputation,” redeems the benefits of this fantastic fungi and explains why it is one of the most used biological inoculants.

Happy gardening,

Eric 3

Special thanks to:

Adam Clarke, Alex Field, Andrea Keddy, Anne Gibson, Av Singh, Catherine Sherriffs, Dustan McLean, Eric Coulombe, Everest Fernandez, Jennifer Cole, Luke Sumpter, Martyna Krol, Regi Oneton, and Xavi Kief.

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AAlex Field

lex Field is the newest writer to grace the pages of Garden Culture Magazine, and we are so thrilled to have him on board! Mushrooms are turning heads around the globe as we learn more about their benefits for people and the planet. If you want to learn more about them or grow your own, Alex is your guy, and we’re excited to share his knowledge with you in this edition and beyond.

Do you have a favorite mushroom variety?

I love Oyster Mushrooms for their sheer determination and how they can help us clear up the planet. Oyster mycelium can eat oil spills, clean contaminated rivers, decompose plastic and even digest atomic waste. And then grow mushrooms from it! Although maybe I wouldn’t eat those ones…

Oyster growing kits have been deployed to disaster zones to grow from rubble, old clothes and cardboard to provide food for those in urgent need. They’re hardy, nutritious, resilient, and they taste fantastic. And you can learn to grow them in this issue!

What are some of your favorite meals to make using mushrooms?

Lion’s Mane ‘steaks’ are pretty unbeatable. They taste a bit like lobster and go great with new potatoes and greens. Shiitake mushroom stew gets me excited. And Oysters. In. Anything.

Oyster mycelium can eat oil spills, clean contaminated rivers, decompose plastic and even digest atomic waste

How would you encourage others to dabble in the world of mushroom growing?

Did I mention Oysters? They’re a great place to start as they’re easy to grow and give abundant harvests with little need for fancy kits. Be warned, though – I think of them as a ‘gateway’ mushroom, as it’s hard to stop there once you’ve caught the fungi bug. Be prepared to sacrifice your spare bedroom to your future mushroom empire!

Do you have any future travel plans or destinations on your bucket list?

I’d love to go back to India. There’s a lot in the outlook and way of life there that nourishes me – along with the challenges of being in a very different context. Cows are revered in India – and it has been suggested that a reason for this is the very special mushrooms that grow out of their dung…

If you had a superpower, what would it be?

To be fully present all the time. To love everything that I find inside myself and in the world. Also, teleportation sounds like fun. 3

Alex is the founder of Fungi Tribe. He loves empowering people to grow their own food and medicine. He has taught over 6,000 students worldwide to cultivate mushrooms at home. For more information, visit: fungitribe.com or follow Alex on Instagram at instagram.com/fungi_tribe

Are you interested in writing for Garden Culture Magazine?

We’d love to hear from you! Send us an email introducing yourself with a sample of your work editor@gardenculturemagazine.com

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Atlantic Cultivation

Introducing CANNA Rootplugs, the cultivator’s secret weapon for superior cuttings and seedling rooting. Use Rootplugs for seamless integration with natural substrates like coco and peat-based mixes.They guarantee rapid and vigorous root development as they absorb water rapidly while maintaining precise humidity levels, setting the stage for thriving crops from the very start!

• Suitable for all plant seeds and cuttings

CANNA Rootplugs Hurricane Fans

• Quick and easy water absorption

• Easy transplanting & fast rooting, cutting down pre-veg time

• Perfect balance between aeration and moisture retention

• Fully compostable and degradable

• Packaged dry for a longer shelf life

Use CANNA Coco Professional Plus, CANNA Coco Flex, and CANNA Terra Professional Plus for the best results.

Available in Canada through BioFloral. Visit Bioforal.com to find a retailer near you.

A Winning Combination!

If you want a bloom that exceeds your expectations, a Bloombastic and Rokzbastic combo is your best choice.

These powerful bloom boosters will produce beautiful, large flowers thanks to their high concentration of phosphorus, potassium, and microelements. They also contain plant extracts that enhance this phase.

Bloombastic and Rokzbastic have certain similarities but respond to different needs for the same crop. Start with Bloombastic for early flower formation and switch to Rokzbastic for late flowering.

Bloombastic and Rokzbastic are already making waves in the USA and will soon be available in Canada.

Check out ATAMI.com for more information.

Now a Hydrofarm Exclusive!

Hydrofarm is thrilled to announce a major partnership with Hurricane, making Hydrofarm the exclusive distributor for all their Hurricane Fan products.

With over 45 years of leadership in controlled environment agriculture, Hydrofarm brings unparalleled expertise to the table.This collaboration means easier access to Hurricane Fan products for growers everywhere, empowering them to succeed in their indoor gardening ventures.

Learn more at Hydrofarm.com

Discover Biobizz Bio·Bloom

This 100% natural liquid fertilizer is the ideal for mula for great taste. Unleash your garden’s potential with this meticulously crafted fer tilizer. Its blend of Potassium and phosphorus works in harmony with your plants’ natural rhythm, optimizing growth for bulbs, caly ces, and petals, day and night. Bio·Bloom will add seamless har monization by working in tune with your plant’s substrate, foster ing robust growth and vibrant blooms. This potent formula, enriched with trace elements of vegetable origin, promotes sturdy stems and vigorous flowering, ensuring a bountiful harvest.

Whether nurturing indoor or outdoor flowers, BioBizz’s Bio•Bloom guarantees a steady stream of balanced nutrients throughout the plant’s lifecycle.

Cover your plants’ needs, from flowering to harvest! Check out Biobizz.com to learn more.

OPTIMUM HYDROPONIX ® SUPERMAX

A seaweed-based fertilizer that stimulates and promotes vigorous, healthy plant development from seeds to flowering. Combined with a regular feeding program, SUPERMAX reduces the risks of transplant shock.

• Works as an overall tonic to improve and sustain plant health through all stages of development.

• Relieves transplant stress in rooted cuttings and small plants.

• Promotes lush, vigorous vegetative growth.

• Helps prevent and correct deficiencies.

Optimum Hydroponix® SUPERMAX acts as an all-purpose tonic providing benefits to plants through all stages of growth. Available from BioFloral in 500ml, 1L, 4L, 20L and commercial sizes.

Check out Biofloral.com for the com plete line of Optimum products.

Grodan Starter Plugs™

Fluence SPYDR Series

The Fluence SPYDR Series was designed for single- or multi-tier growers who want to optimize their grow space for maximum yield while producing the highest quality crops. Available in three sizes and 10+ rack mounting options, the SPYDR can illuminate all types of vertical racks and grow tables

Give your cuttings and seedlings the perfect start in life with Grodan Starter Plugs™ - the trusted, soilless propagation solution of horticultural professionals worldwide. Healthy and vigorous cuttings lay the foundation for consistent and high-quality harvests. These plugs have a tapered bottom for improved transplanting.

Grodan’s top-selling 1.5” A-OK plugs are 1.4”x1.4”x1.6” in size and are now also available pre-cut and loose in a carton.There are 2,310 units per carton.They are available through retail and wholesale distributors, including BFG Supply, Griffin, Grow Gen, Hydrofarm, Sparetime Supply, and Quality Horticulture.

Learn more at Grodan101.com

Grove Bags

Mossy Giant, A.K.A. Pieter van Tongeren, is an actual Giant of a man who lives in a small coastal city in the Netherlands. His daily routine of painting, drawing, and design produces detailed artworks recognizable by many.

The latest collaboration between Grove Bags and the Mossy Giant is titled A Trip Through the Terpene Forest - the fourth installment of the four-part limited series. His archetypal characters, the Hippie and the Bear, make a comeback as they wind through the moonlit terpene forest in their VW T1.

Grove Bags is proud to announce that 50% of the proceeds from every purchase of these limited-run bags go directly to supporting the artist Mossy Giant.

Go to Grovebags.com to order yours today!

“The best and most cost effective nutrition program on the market, we won’t grow with anything else!”

BLUE HARBOUR ORGANICS

This program is the easiest, most concentrated, low cost program on the market. The pH stability is so reliable you can mix and set your reservoir on a given day and it will read exactly the same (+- 0.05) seven days later with no adjustment in between.

We have tested and refined the program over the past 2 years in large indoor rooms with 18 different cultivars to ensure maximum performance over a wide variety of feeding types and it ticks all the boxes.

Cultivators looking for a clean, pH stable, low cost nutrient that hits numbers while also achieving that APTUS standard of quality and flavour… this is it!

Visit our website aptus.us for product info and store locations

Gro Pro® Essential Round Fabric Pots

The Gro Pro® Essential Round Fab ric Pots with handles are constructed from high-quality non-woven fabric.This fabric provides great support while al lowing air to travel into the root system. Gro Pro Essential Round Fabric Pots fea ture breathable fabric, allowing for faster plant growth through better access to oxygen. Air flow prunes the root structure for a healthier and happier plant. Gro Pro® Essential Round Fabric Pots will not trap water, which can help prevent overwatering of plants. They also keep your roots cool in the heat.

Ask for Gro Pro Essential Round Fabric Pots at your local grow shop. Available commercially from Quality Horticulture.

A unique hypochlorous acid product, Activator is designed to be used as a descaler for commercial agriculture facilities growing in soil, Hydroponics, or Aeroponics. This product has repeatedly been shown to increase yield, re duce grow cycle times, and level canopies while eliminating the need for Hydrogen Peroxide, Peracetic Acids, and irrigation line cleanouts. Al ready used by North America’s leading Licensed Producers and Commercial Hydroponic Oper ations, Activator is a facility’s secret edge over the competition.

Grow more and clean less with Activator.

Specialized Predator Mite Solutions

Spidex (Phytoseiulus persimilis), Spical (Neoseiulus californicus), or a combination of the two, are highly versatile and effective in almost all situations. Phytoseiulus persimilis, found in Spidex Vital, Spidex Red, and Spidex Boost, is a type 1 specialized predator mite particularly adapted to hunting in heavy webbing. It also has the highest numeric response to spider mites. Unlike other predatory mites, the Phytoseiulus persimilis does not require specialized plant hairs to lay eggs on, so it is better able to reproduce on plants lacking these hairs, such as cannabis or many ornamentals.

Check out: duboischemicals.com

Check out this article from Koppert.ca to learn how to choose the right predator: retail.koppert.ca/blogs/news/spider-mite-predators-choosing-the-best-for-your-situation

Ultra fast-acting silicon nutrient. For all plants, in all settings.

For strength, yield increases, faster growth, and stress resistance:

• Apply weekly at 0.3 ml per 10L of water or nutrient solution.

• Use from seed germination or cutting propagation to a few weeks before harvest.

• Apply biweekly as a foliar spray.

• Use from germination/propagation to just before harvest with fruits, vegetables, salads, herbs, and cut flowers.

Available from BioFloral in 10ml, 100ml, 250ml, 500ml and 1L sizes.

Visit Biofloral.com for more info.

Hydrofarm is thrilled to announce its new distribution partnership with Quest!

This new distribution partnership is a testament to Quest’s commitment to providing the gold standard in climate control solutions for indoor agriculture. Hydrofarm’s extensive distribution network and expertise provide easier access to Quest products and support nationwide, helping cultivators achieve optimal growing conditions, healthier yields, and lower utility bills.

Rainmaker Battery Powered Backpack Sprayer ®

The Rainmaker® Battery Powered Backpack Sprayer is an allpurpose sprayer ideal for herbicides, pesticides, liquid fertilizer, and many home applications.This sprayer requires no manual pumping and is powered by a removable and rechargeable lithium-ion battery pack (included) that can last for hours on one charge, making it ideal for large jobs. Other features include a high- and low-speed flow-rate switch and three different sprayer nozzles.The trigger has a lock-on option that can be engaged for continuous spraying.

Ask for the Rainmaker Backpack Sprayer at your local grow shop.

Available commercially from Quality Horticulture.

Visit Qualityhort.com to find out more.

WHAT IS MYCORRHIZA?

Symbiosis between fungi (myco-) and plant roots (-rhiza)

Assists 90% of plant species

Exists for 400 million years, known for 150 years, extensive research over 50 years

Effectively extends (10-100X) plant root system

Obligate mycotroph plants, require mycorrhizae to grow optimally

Rarely found in commercial growing media

a unique blend of mycorrhizae, Mycorrhizae Helper Bacteria (MHB), and biostimulants - supports plants throughout the entire growth cycle. With mycorrhizae underpinning your rhizosphere, beneficial bacteria availing nutrients for your plants, and bio-stimulants enhancing growth, DYNOMYCO Spark gives your plants a head start with ongoing benefits.

HIGH CONCENTRATION = FASTER INOCULATION AND POTENCY

3600 endomycorrhizal propagules/g

Beneficial bacteria including Mycorrhizae Helper Bacteria (MHB)

Growth enhancers & biostimulants

THE DYNOMYCO® DIFFERENCE

BEST OF BREED

World's leader in Mycorrhizal production

Decades of R&D

DYNOMYCO Spark's unique wettable powder formula is easy to use. It is designed for use as a drench or in irrigation systems with a filter size greater than 250μm (less than 60 mesh).

Unlock Peak Plant Performance With Lactic Acid Bacteria

Even if you’ve never heard of lactic acid bacteria, known more simply as LAB, these friendly microbes play an essential part in your daily life. They live in the human digestive system and help extract nutrients from food. They also work hard in the garden, cycling soil nutrients and fueling growth. Just as people take probiotics to populate their bodies with beneficial bacteria, gardeners can positively influence the microbiome of their plants to improve vigor and productivity by applying homemade LAB. Using them as a foliar spray or root drench can help to protect plants from disease, give them better access to nutrients, and facilitate superior yields. Discover why LAB are such a practical organic input, how to make them easily at home, and how to apply them to your plants.

LAB as a Biofertilizer

As a biofertilizer, LAB enhance the growth of plants by boosting the supply of available nutrients. These bacteria release a cocktail of enzymes into the soil and accelerate the breakdown of organic matter, such as decomposing plants and other microbes. In speeding up this natural cycle, LAB liberate bound nutrients and make them available to living plants. Adding these beneficial microbes to your soil will reduce the time it takes for compost, organic fertilizers, and mulches to impact crops positively. LAB also add fertility to the soil. As living microbes, they accumulate nutrients such as nitrogen. Predator species in the soil food web, including nematodes and earthworms, consume these bacterial cells and excrete nutrients in a plantavailable form.

LAB as a Biostimulant

Agriculture increasingly uses biostimulants to improve nutrition efficiency, stress tolerance, and crop quality. As a biostimulant, LAB produce enzymes to digest their food and manufacture plant hormones. These substances can alter the physical properties of plants, including root and shoot length. In addition to freeing up nutrients in the soil, these microbes drive plant proliferation by serving as a source of growth-stimulating hormones.

LAB Helps to Fortify Plant Defenses

Pests and diseases are two of the biggest challenges gardeners face throughout the growing season. Fortunately, LAB provide an organic approach to dealing with some of the most common problematic insects and pathogens. Research has shown that LAB act as a biopesticide against certain nematodes and winged drosophila—an insect that targets soft fruits such as strawberries and raspberries. Applying LAB can also be a potential treatment for late blight on potatoes and fusarium on tomatoes. These friendly microbes are helpful in these situations because it’s in their interest to compete for food. LAB churn out substances such as bacteriocins that inhibit the growth of other bacteria and fungi to establish dominance in specific niches throughout root zones and leaf surfaces.

Germination Optimization

Soaking seeds in a LAB solution can help gardeners gain an edge at the start of the growing season. These microbes induce germination and quickly inoculate emerging tap roots and shoots. Through their action as biostimulants, they drive the early growth of tissues. As biopesticides, they combat common seedling diseases, such as fungi that cause damping off.

Even if you’ve never heard of lactic acid bacteria, known more simply as LAB, these friendly microbes play an essential part in your daily life

How To Make LAB for Your Garden

LAB have a long list of benefits when used in grow rooms and gardens. Thankfully, it doesn’t take much to make them at home and put them to use. Discover a simple step-by-step recipe below to make LAB in your kitchen:

1. Soak rice grains and strain the cloudy water into a clean jar, making it roughly 1/6 full.

2. Cover with a paper towel and a rubber band or piece of string. Write the date on the paper towel with a marker pen.

3. Place the jar in a cupboard at room temperature and away from light for three days. During this time, the solution will develop a slightly sour smell—a surefire sign of microbial

4. After three days, pour in enough milk so the total amount of liquid fills the jar by 4/6, leaving the culture enough room to expand in the coming days.

5. Secure the paper towel back over the top of the jar and place it in the cupboard for three to five days more.

6. The mixture will separate into yellow liquid and white solid fractions. Strain the yellow liquid into a clean jar and place the solid fraction into your compost pile.

Loosely cover the jar with a lid and store your LAB solution in the fridge until you’re ready to use it.

How To Use LAB on Your Plants

Dilute your LAB before using it in your grow room or garden. Add water at a ratio of 1:1000, or 1ml per liter, before applying it as a root drench, foliar spray, or seed-soaking solution. 3

BIO Luke has been a horticulture writer for over 10 years, covering soil science, cultivation, plant nutrition, integrated pest management, and organic practices. Fascinated by natural processes, he spends much of his time reading the latest scientific research on how microbes can help humanity grow better food without using chemicals. He’s growing produce in the north of England using a no-dig approach and homemade organic inputs.

Agroecology promises climate change-resilient food systems that support consumers, growers, and the land on which the food is grown. It’s a tall order, but some farms prove it’s possible.

Creating a Balanced and Resilient Food System

BY JENNIFER COLE

Without farmers to grow food, we won’t eat.

Without farmers to grow food, we won’t eat.

So, we must pay attention when world leaders start discussing the connections between farmers and how food is grown and distributed.

In the fall of 2023, worldwide leaders met in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, for COP28. They discussed creating more sustainable and resilient food systems to combat climate change. It’s a hot topic, especially considering that total food production (farming, processing and transportation) accounts for 26% of global green house gas emissions (GHG) [1]. Building resilient food systems to keep people fed is necessary, with a global population projected to hit 9.7 billion by 2050 [2]

Drought, excessive rain, heat, and temperature extremes relat ed to climate change have caused massive crop failures. Since 2022, over 36 million people in East Africa have been or are impacted by drought [3]. Smallholder farmers and their families are facing hunger as their ability to grow food or generate the income necessary to grow dwindles. Crop loss leads to less food and unemployment. The world’s agrifood systems employed over one billion people in 2019, and half of the world’s population lives in households linked to agrifood systems [4] .

There’s a lot at stake. Many believe the answer is agroecology. Advocates say agroecological food systems elevate food security, repair broken supply chains, promote soil health and biodiversity, and sequester carbon while securing the rights of small farmers,

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report says that agroecological farming could cut carbon and greenhouse emissions by 2.8 - 4.1 GtCO2e per year [5]. The UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) echoes this by saying that agroecological food systems are better positioned to avoid market and supply chain disruptions caused by climate and societal shocks, such as pandemics [6]

• Soil degradation

• Runoff of chemical inputs and waste products

• Air pollution

• Job loss from mechanisation

• Low wages and exploitative labor practices

• Inhumane conditions

• Disconnect between farm and community

By incorporating pollen-based banker plant systems, growers enhance the effectiveness of natural pest management strategies and protect crops in a more sustainable and eco-friendly way

Natural Growing

Other growing methods, like regenerative agriculture, have a set list of rules for growing food. On the other hand, agroecology is not easily defined by one strict set of practices.

Karla Cox of Plot Twist Farms in Penticton, British Columbia, practices agroecology on her farm and compares it to a program running in the background [7]. The overall growing concept has the space to support practices such as permaculture, regenerative growing, and biodynamic farming.

For Cox, agroecology is simply about working with nature and gently allowing what she grows to adapt to the surrounding conditions. Systems that mimic nature are traditionally considered more adaptable to changing conditions and can provide farmers more stability during climate disasters, such as excessive rain or drought. Just as nature is diverse, so is what Cox plants.

In 2023, the scientific journal Environment Management published the paper Agroecology Can Promote Climate Change Adaptation Outcomes Without Compromising Yield In Smallholder Systems. Researchers analysed 77 cases of agroecological treatments compared to conventional practices. Crop yields using agroecological methods, including organic nutrient sources and diversifying systems with legumes, showed higher yields in 63% of cases [8]

A Growing Movement

But agroecology is more than just a practical growing guide. Canada’s National Farmers Union (NFU) advocates for agricultural policies that ensure dignity and income security for farm families [9]. NFU’s former youth vice-president, Ayla Fenton, writes on the NFU’s website that agroecology is more than what it seems. It is also a political and social system, a way of life, a form of resistance against corporate control of the food system and the only means of achieving food sovereignty. Jessie McInnis of Spring Tide Farms in Nova Scotia is a national youth representative for the NFU and an agroecological farmer [10]

“Agroecology is more of a way of life than a set of farming practices,” she confirms. “It involves just as much off-farm political work as on-farm ecological practices.”

To understand agroecology better, she suggests taking a look at its history. The term was first coined in 1928 by American agronomist Basil Bensin [11]. Ecology studies the interrelationship of organisms and their environments, and agroecology was initially designed to examine those interactions as it applies to agriculture. In 1993, as a way to counter the industrialization of food systems in Latin America and how they were disrupting the

ecological relationships and traditional balances between people, land, and food, agricultural workers formed the grassroots movement La Via Campensia, the grandfather of modern-day Agroecology [12]

Balanced Ecosystems

La Via Campensia’s Declaration of the International Forum of Agroecology lays out the basic tenets of 21st-century agroecology [13]

Along with the NFU, they imagine a food system that protects access to land, water, knowledge, farmers and food culture. For example, using ecological growing practices that naturally nurture the soil, inputs such as fertilizer and pesticides are unnecessary. This eliminates the corporate supplier that profits off the small farmer’s needs and reduces GHG emissions. In 2023, synthetic nitrogen fertilizers for growing contributed to 5% of global GHG emissions [14]. The rights of small farmers and agricultural workers and their ability to care for the land, health, and access to a fair living wage are prioritized. This links back to the consumers because if farmers can’t work, we don’t eat.

“When you start a farm or garden, you create a community, below and above the soil,” Cox explains.

The microbes in the soil bring nutrients to the plants, which grow and provide nectar for the bees and insects that pollinate the crops. It’s a diverse ecosystem in which everything plays an equally essential and balanced part, supporting all its components. This is what agroecology hopes to achieve for the environment, the people who grow food, and those who eat it. 3

Plot Twist Farms

Location: Penticton, British Columbia

Instagram: @plottwistfarmsbc

Farm philosophy: To empower, transform and grow as a community holistically and naturally.

What we grow: Beans, beets, broccoli, broccolini, green cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, turnip, salad greens, radicchio, leeks, onions, peas, peppers, jalapeños, potatoes, squash, and 14 varieties of heirloom tomatoes, flowers and herbs.

Growing method: Biodynamics

How we use agroecology on the farm: “I aim to create a balance with nature to allow the ecosystem to thrive by making small adjustments and encouraging a multitude of species to coexist, recognizing that biodiversity creates resilience.”

– Karla Cox: Plot Twist Farms.

Footnotes:

1. Environmental Impacts of Food Production - Our World in Data (ourworldindata.org)

2. Population | United Nations (un.org)

3. The world cannot afford to ignore drought in the Horn of Africa (unicef.org)

4. Almost half the world’s population lives in households linked to agrifood systems (fao.org)

5. Food-system-transformation-at-COP28.pdf (pan-uk.org)

6. Overview | Agroecology Knowledge Hub | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (fao.org)

7. PLOT TWIST FARMS BC (plottwistfarms.com)

Spring Tide Farms

Location: Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia

Instagram: @springtide.farm

Farm philosophy: Sustainability. Organic. Local.

What we grow: Cabbage, radishes, turnips, carrots, beans, cucumber, peppers, leeks, tomatoes, celery, assorted herbs, fennel, eggplant, potatoes, and 60 varieties of cut flowers.

Growing method: Regenerative, no-till agriculture.

How we use agroecology on the farm: “It’s a holistic approach to food production that uses and creates social, cultural, economic and environmental knowledge to promote food sovereignty, social justice, economic sustainability, and healthy agricultural ecosystems.”

– Spring Tide Farms.

8. Agroecology Can Promote Climate Change Adaptation Outcomes Without Compromising Yield In Smallholder Systems - PMC (nih.gov)

9. National Farmers Union | Strong Communities. Sound Policies. Sustainable Farms. (nfu.ca)

10. HOME | Spring Tide Farm (springtidefarm.ca)

11. What is agroecology, and how can it provide solutions to crises that plague our food systems and create food democracies? | IATP (iatp.org)

12. Via Campesina: Globalize the Struggle, Globalize Hope! (viacampesina. org)

13. The Declaration of the International Forum for Agroecology (foei.org)

14. Fertilizer emissions could be cut to ‘one-fifth’ by 2050 | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)

How I Became A

Mushroom GROWER

How I got here...

Some of my earliest memories are of hanging out with my mum in our garden. Together, we would plant seeds and watch the baby plants poke their heads above the soil—and I knew that life was good.

Moving to a city, I forgot about the real magic that takes place when food grows from the soil. I took my veg for granted, and life was busy. Who has space for growing food in a city anyway?

In my 20s, I discovered microgreens at a farmers’ market. I was impressed that the ‘superfood’ baby salad leaves had been grown hydroponically on shelving units in an indoor ‘vertical farm’. I fell in love with these tiny – and expensive – plants and

Some of my earliest memories are of hanging out with my mum in our garden

Why Mushrooms?

Mushrooms have been around for over a billion years – long before plants and animals existed. They’re getting a lot of attention now – among foodies, health seekers and ecologists alike – and this is good news. We need their help.

Fungi have been used as foods, medicines and spiritual tools

King oyster (Pleurtus eryngii ) mushrooms growing from a small plastic tub

They’re getting a lot of attention now – among foodies, health seekers and ecologists alike – and this is good news. We need their help

Now, I teach other people to grow mushrooms at home, and I’ll tell you more about how to do it in future copies of Garden Culture Magazine. First, let’s look at how mushrooms are commonly cultivated indoors.

How to Grow Mushrooms at Home

Most mushrooms can be grown relatively easily at home with little equipment. Different species have varying appetites and specific preferences, but generally, most mushrooms are cultivated using the three stages below.

Stage 1. Making Mushroom “Seeds”

Mushrooms don’t have real seeds - but grow from mycelium - so this needs to be cultivated in a highly nutritious environment to act as ‘seeds’ for planting. A common way to do this is to inject spores into sterile grain - and store them in a warm, dark place for a few weeks until the grain turns white. At this stage, spores germinate and ‘colonize’ - so that each grain becomes filled with energized mycelium.

Sterile grain, part - ‘colonized’ with mushroom mycelium

When your grain is white, you can break it up and mix it with a ‘substrate’ (mushroom ‘soil’), which differs depending on the variety of mushrooms being grown.

Then your ‘seeds’ are ready for stage 2...

Stage 2. Planting and Nurturing “Seeds” in “Soil”

When your grain is white, you can break it up and mix it with a ‘substrate’ (mushroom ‘soil’), which differs depending on the variety of mushrooms being grown. Examples of different ‘soils’ are straw, hardwood pellets (or actual logs), coconut coir, vermiculite and manure. The soil/seed mix is poured into a container like a lunchbox, tub or bag and left for a few more weeks until it has all turned into a white block.

Pouring grain spawn and substrate into a growing container

Then, you’re ready for the exciting bit...

Growing - or “Fruiting” - Mushrooms!

Now is the moment to take your container out of its ‘underground’ phase and encourage it to push out some mushrooms! At this stage, you will effectively simulate Autumn/Fall by introducing light, slightly reducing the temperature, and increasing the humidity and fresh air inside your container. You can use ambient daylight (or LEDs), ‘waft’ fresh air into your containers, and humidify with a water mister.

Now, all that’s left is to harvest, preserve and enjoy. You can put your container back into fruiting conditions as they often produce multiple flushes of mushrooms.

Stay tuned for more specific guides from Alex in future issues of Garden Culture Magazine. You can download your free Healing Mushrooms Grow Guide from Alex’s website and check out his latest growing course at fungitribe.com Follow on Instagram: @fungi_tribe 3

BY

Greenhouses are excellent for expanding your food selection year-round and can be done on a budget

Greenhouses come in many shapes and sizes and have different designs for various applications. However, in general, the purpose of a greenhouse is to extend the growing season; growers can plant earlier and harvest later. Greenhouses are excellent for expanding your food selection year-round and can be done on a budget.

I have been playing with simple greenhouse operations for a few years. However, the goal has always been to produce food locally for longer. Your first greenhouse will empower you to feed yourself.

The Planning Stage

Start at the end and work backwards when considering how to build your greenhouse or what materials you’ll need. Here are some questions you’ll need to answer:

• What do you want to grow?

• What is your budget?

• Is it possible to find used gear?

• How much do you want to grow?

• How much space do you have available?

• What are your light sources?

The key to all successful building projects is knowing what you consider a success and finding a way to make it happen. For this article, we will consider only budget-friendly greenhouses and what you need to succeed. These small-scale structures are perfect for an urban backyard or a larger-size semi-rural lot.

Materials

When considering materials for a greenhouse, three in particular come to mind:

• Polyplastic (potentially fiberglass reinforced).

• Glass.

• Polycarbonate.

Choosing poly for the structure will likely be the most cost-effective option. For most people, glass can be a budget buster. However, I suggest using only sliding glass doors if you can access used building materials. They are typically double-pane, provide some insulation, and can often be found for free or cheap second-hand. Glass panels can be constructed into a wood frame and make for a great greenhouse structure.

Most DIY people will decide to go with a small premanufactured kit with a polyplastic roof. If you are in an area with many trees, I’d suggest using the fiberglass-reinforced poly option, which is easier to repair if damaged. My experience with polycarbonate greenhouses is they are simply not worth the investment. You’ll watch it fly across your yard in the first big windstorm. At least, that’s what happened to me.

Potential Problems

The primary issues you will face in your greenhouse are temperature and humidity control. You will, of course, need pest control and will have to handle various diseases, but you can only handle those once you have conditions in specification. Most greenhouses come with vents to remove heat from the space. Some of these are passive with gas dampers, and others need manual intervention, such as side vents that grower opens and closes themselves. Regardless of your greenhouse type, you must address venting. Hitting very high temperatures in your greenhouse in the summer will result in lost flowers and drastically diminished food production. Temperature and humidity monitoring is essential. I also recommend heat and water sources for added humidity.

A

greenhouse

We have succeeded in cooling the greenhouse in the summer by using direct evaporative cooling and misting water into the air. Bringing warm, dry air inside and misting water into it prevents the greenhouse from overheating. I suggest using a small RV-style pressure pump and a dehumidifier. When the temperature gets too high, the misters turn on and cool the space. We light our greenhouses for winter operation, which helps with the heat but doesn’t provide enough warmth. So we use a small wood-burning fireplace. We built a hearth around the fireplace and put a table in the building. With this addition, we can heat the greenhouse and have a fun spot to hang out on colder evenings when you want to be outside, but it’s just a bit too chilly.

If you run your greenhouse all year in Canada, expect to use a lot of wood! However, the experience is worth the time to keep the greenhouse warm. A couple of words of caution to people running a greenhouse 365 days a year: bugs suck! If you do not have a very good indoor pest control plan, you will likely be attacked by aphids. Don’t get me started. We could beat them back, but not after the damage was already done. If you don’t have proper pest control throughout the winter, I recommend letting the temperature in the greenhouse drop below freezing to kill off some of the nasty bugs. Otherwise, you’ll start hating aphids as much as me.

Final Words of Advice

Get creative, look online, and see what you can build that fits your location. Greenhouses are an incredible way to create food security and grow plants how you like. Most importantly, it’s a lot of fun to be in a warm greenhouse at -15°C outside, wearing a T-shirt, enjoying all your plants and artificial light. 3

Bio Adam has provided planning and design services for cannabis and hemp cultivation and processing facilities over the last seven years with Stratus. His projects involve outdoor cultivation, indoor cultivation, drying, processing, extraction, storage, bottling and packaging, and more. Living on a hobby farm, Adam loves all plants, including flowers, vegetables, and microgreens, but is most passionate about hemp and is in awe of the fast-growing plant and all of the benefits it offers to humans and the environment alike.

The Galiano Greenhouse

Herbal tisanes tisanes

The process of planting, growing and distilling the flavors of herbs into a healthy tea isn’t just good for individual wellbeing; the connections between people and the garden during the process are equally important for good health.

Katie McGillivray is a horticultural therapist who promotes health, healing and well-being through plant and garden activities.

“Whether I have access to a sprawling garden or a few pots of herbs on a balcony, herbal brews are one of my favorite therapeutic horticulture activities,” she says.

Many of McGillivray’s clients are elderly and experience the joys of fresh air and working in a garden setting. Their physical health is improved by brewing herbs like chamomile into a tea. Harvard Health says this popular garden brew made from the flowers of the chamomile plant contains a myriad of antioxidants and minerals that can lower the risk of heart disease and slow bone density loss [1]. But don’t make the mistake of calling it tea!

Tisanes Vs. Tea

Heather A. Webb is a trained tea sommelier, avid gardener, and author of the Tea in the Garden book series, which includes herbs, teas, and tisanes [2]

“For the brew to be a true tea, it has to contain the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant,” she explains. “If you are making tea from herbs, it is called a tisane, not tea.”

Originally a French word, tisane is the crushing, cutting, and tearing of various dried flowers, fruits, or herbs steeped in boiling water. Originating from the Greek “ptisane,” meaning crushed barley, the term refers to the barley infusions plus other herbal concoctions the ancient Greeks used to treat and maintain good health [3]. In the 1st century, Greek physician Dioscorides listed almost 600 medicinal plants that could be steeped in water to create healing infusions [4]

Throughout history, tisanes have continued to be associated with healing and well-being. In Europe during the Middle Ages, monasteries grew and dispensed herbs with specific instructions on making them into tisanes to treat everything from colds to stomach aches [5]. The sun-loving hyssop, with its tall purple spikes attractive to bees and hummingbirds, was once used to treat respiratory disorders. Even today, research published in the Journal of Food Science promotes hyssop to help maintain a healthy digestive system [6] .

Growing a Tisane Garden

If you grow herbs for savory dishes, you can grow them for tisanes. Some herbs, such as peppermint and basil, can be grown indoors during the winter, so you will always have that much-needed soothing cuppa on those cold, dark winter days.

Harvard Health says this popular garden brew made from the flowers of the chamomile plant contains a myriad of antioxidants and minerals that can lower the risk of heart disease and slow bone density loss [1]

The popular variety of basil known as holy basil or tulsi is the only variety suitable for tisanes. It flourishes outside in climates where the year-round temperature stays moderate, between 70 and 85°F (20-32°C) [7]. During winter in cold climates, keep the plant on a bright, warm windowsill and use it to relieve the symptoms of colds and flu.

Although most herbs can tolerate some shade, a spot inside or out that gets four hours of sunlight daily is ideal. Of course, soil matters. A loamy, well-draining garden soil is perfect for growing herbs. Most will thrive in an open garden bed with perennials or a dedicated herb garden. Some, however, such as lemon verbena or mint, will want to spread their wings and can become unruly in the orderly garden bed. Containers one to three times the diameter of the height of the plant’s foliage at maturity are great options for these herbs. Especially since keeping them is well worth the effort. The Journal of the International Society of Sports and Nutrition indicates that lemon verbena’s crisp, refreshing flavor may help prevent and heal muscle injuries [8]. Research is limited, but peppermint oil in peppermint tea may improve memory [9][10]

The best time of day to harvest herbs for tisanes is in the morning. The plants have been fed by overnight dew and are at their peak of flavor. Pick the leaves or flowers of the herb and either brew it right away or hang it to dry. The quickest way is to tie the stems up in little bundles—no more than an inch thick– and then hang them upside down in a dry place with good ventilation. After drying, store the herbs in an air-tight container and label with the herb’s name and the date harvested. Dried herbs typically last up to three years [11]

Due Diligence

McGillivray says therapeutic horticulture is about the process rather than the result. The experience of growing, harvesting, and blending herbs is as essential for overall well-being as the tisane itself.

There is no end to the herbs, fruits and other plants that can become a tisane.

“I love watching my clients taste a new flavor for the first time, such as lavender or other concoctions we dream up together,” McGillivray says.

Integrative medicine specialist Yufang Lin, MD of the Cleveland Clinic, writes that lavender tea has the biggest bang for your buck [12]. Making a cup is a form of self-care, getting you into a me-time mindset. A lavender tisane is excellent for sleep and de-stressing.

But, before brewing your garden-grown herbal tisane, research or consult a herbalist so you don’t get sick. The compounds in plants are potent and, if brewed improperly, will cause poisoning. Some herbs are a contraindication for specific medical conditions or don’t interact well with medications. Online courses on herbs are offered through community colleges or Naturopathic schools. Once you have researched, growing a garden full of herbs and turning them into refreshing tisanes will be even more enjoyable.

McGillivray says therapeutic horticulture is about the process rather than the result. The experience of growing, harvesting, and blending herbs is as essential for overall well-being as the tisane itself.

“There are few things more magical in the garden than harvesting a bouquet of aromatic herbs and transforming them into an infusion of flavors and experiences that you can taste and share,” she says. 3

Footnotes:

1. The health benefits of 3 herbal teas - Harvard Health (health.harvard.edu)

2. Heather A. Webb (heatherawebb.com)

3. tisane | Etymology of tisane by etymonline (etymonline.com)

4. Pedanius Dioscorides | Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (rcpe.ac.uk)

5. Medieval History – Herbal Medicine in the Middle Ages (historymedieval.com)

6. Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potential of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extracts in Cooked Pork Meat - Fernández- López - 2003 - Journal of Food Science - Wiley Online Library

7. 5 Health Benefits of Holy Basil (clevelandclinic.org)

8. Effects of lemon verbena extract (Recoverben®) supplementation on muscle strength and recovery after exhaustive exercise: a randomized, placebo-controlled trialPubMed (nih.gov)

9. 12 Science-Backed Benefits of Peppermint Tea and Extracts (healthline.com)

10. Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylangylang - PubMed (nih.gov)

11. Do Spices Expire? Shelf Life and When to Toss Them (healthline.com)

12. Lavender: Health Benefits and How To Use It (clevelandclinic.org)

BIO Jennifer Cole is a writer and garden enthusiast with a bachelor’s degree focused on history from Simon Fraser University, and a freelance writing career spanning two and half decades. Jennifer lives in Vancouver British Columbia. Her by-lines have regularly appeared in the opinion section of the Toronto Star and her portfolio includes articles in various newspapers, magazines, and websites across Canada. When not writing her own blog or visiting local garden centers, you can find her puttering, planting, and nourishing her own urban garden oasis.

Mushroom Cult

The use of mushrooms as medicine dates back thousands of years and is increasing in demand as we once again begin to understand the vast benefits for our health.

Cultivating mushrooms is a growing industry, but it can be challenging. Depending on the species and the overall set-up for cultivation, you may encounter some pests that are also interested in the benefits of mushrooms with little regard for your yields.

Cultivating mushrooms is a growing industry, but it can be challenging

Without proper sanitation, you risk bringing bugs into your cultivation room, a perfect environment for them to feast and reproduce

Purple Springtails Collembola on the fruiting body of the mushroom.

ivation

and the Problem with Pests

Decomposers

Many mushroom pests fall into the category of decomposers. Flies in the sciarid, phorid and cecid families are known decomposers found throughout the world. Springtails, mites and nematodes are often present in the growing media needed for certain varieties of mushrooms. While the role of decomposers is critical in the environment, they can make mushroom cultivation near impossible when sanitation precautions are lacking. These annoying pests are drawn to the smell of composts and mushrooms, have a fast reproduction rate, and can infest all stages of mushroom cultivation. If present at the spawning stage, they might make it challenging to get a crop to harvest.

Keep it Clean

Sanitation is critical to healthy mushroom cultivation. Your set-up must include exclusion methods like screening on all vents, light traps for flying adults, and pasteurization of growing media. These pests’ larval stages cause the most damage, with eggs likely found in the growing media. Without proper sanitation, you risk bringing bugs into your cultivation room, a perfect environment for them to feast and reproduce.

Pest Problems

The sciarid and phorid flies will feed on the compost media, the mycelium and mushrooms, while the cecid flies will focus on the mycelium and stipe. When there is an attack at the pin head stage, development often stops, and the pin heads eventually die. Flies in the sciarid family are also known to spread spores of fungi such as Trichoderma that may be pathogenic to cultivation. Mites may be introduced on poor quality compost or be spread by the phorid flies. That’s right; mites will attach themselves to the phorid flies and travel around using the flies as a private plane. Springtails are connoisseurs of mycelium and can cause the mycelium to disappear completely. They also feed directly on the gills of oyster and shiitake species.

The Solutions

If you face unwanted visitors, some biological-based solutions can be applied to mitigate the infestation while the crop grows. Beneficial nematodes such as Steinernema feltiae are well-known to control flies in the sciarids family. This beneficial nematode can be applied directly to the growing media and will infect the larval stage of the sciarids, liquefying their innards. Soil-dwelling predatory mites such as Stratiolaelaps scimitus spend their days hunting out the larval of sciarids, springtails, mites and other insects in the media. They can survive without a food source for seven to eight weeks. Because they can go without food for so long, this predatory mite can be applied preventatively to new growing media after pasteurization. This is the preferred biological control as it targets a wider variety of potential pests that may be present in the cultivation area.

After Harvest

Once the harvest is complete, clean the growing area thoroughly. Heat treatments in the empty growing area can kill pathogenic fungi spores and insects hiding in small cracks and crevices uneasy to reach with disinfectants. Spent compost should be disposed of far away from the cultivation area to avoid pests from returning. Trapping methods for flying insects should be included in your preventative measures. For every adult female caught in a trap, you’ve removed dozens, if not hundreds, of her offspring from breeding in your crop. While sanitation is the most critical aspect of avoiding these pests, there is some comfort in knowing that not all is lost should they appear. 3

Gardening for Life

A Natural Alternative ‘Medicine’ for Health

Gardening offers many options for an enjoyable form of alternative medicine

Mental and physical illness and health care costs are rising globally. Optimum health isn’t just physical wellness without the symptoms of chronic illness. Wellness also encompasses a positive mindset and the ability to fully

function daily; this includes social and emotional health, personal enrichment, improved diet and nutrition. Significant and compelling evidence shows that gardening improves health and wellbeing.

Gardening offers many options for an enjoyable form of alternative medicine. Global studies show gardening improves our health and wellbeing at all ages, particularly in aging adults. An extensive and growing body of research verifies that interactions with nature in the garden can prevent and reduce the impacts of many diseases. With populations getting older, escalating mental illness, and urbanization contributing to many health problems, gardening is recommended to governments as a practical way to reduce the impact and cost of health care.

We garden for various reasons—to beautify our properties, grow food, for leisure, to eat healthier and save money, to connect with the community and wildlife, and more. However, we may not realize how beneficial half an hour of moderate exercise in the garden is to our health or that spending time outside with nature can boost our quality of life.

Garden Therapy and Grief

I know from personal experience how powerful a role the garden plays in lifting the spirits and combating depression, anxiety and grief. I provided palliative care for my mum for the last six months of her life during stage 4 cancer. It was an incredibly stressful time. Terminal illness takes a massive toll on the patient and the carers, especially the family. It was physically and emotionally confronting and demanding with 24/7 care. Trying to stay positive and happy when the days of someone you love

are limited is challenging. It’s like looking into a dark tunnel with no light at the end.

One of the ways we coped was garden therapy. Mum was in pain and unable to walk long distances. She needed a wheelchair or walking aids, so she couldn’t enjoy my large garden’s beauty. We discussed her favorite plants, colors and flowers. I established a mini garden so she could access it easily. I set up containers with fragrant, beautiful and colorful blooms on my patio under the shade of a lovely tree. We spent time outdoors looking at the view and smelling the flowers daily. It was incredibly healing to the mind, body and soul. Listening to the birds and insects, the visual stimulation and enjoying a cup of tea in the garden together helped us both. I could pot up or water a few plants close to the house, giving me a sense of purpose and staying connected to my garden in a small way. I sowed seeds, and we watched them grow together, a daily reminder there’s hope for the future and joy each day.

After she passed, I could finally venture out to my large kitchen garden, which had been neglected for six months. I cried and grieved. I expected it to be a wild mess with dead plants. However, the incredible gift was seeing that those dead plants had self-sown and hundreds of new seedlings were growing in their place. They filled the gap, and seeing new life gave me hope for healing and helped me through my grief.

Beyond this experience, there are impressive research findings that help our health in many other ways.

Having a common interest in gardening promotes meaningful social connections and health outcomes

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Social connections and improved mental health are benefits of participating in community gardens and nature therapy

What do studies reveal?

These are just a few of the key outcomes:

• Faster healing and fewer pain medications (1,3)

• Reduced stress, depression, fatigue, anger and anxiety symptoms (1, 2)

• Preventative medicine (3)

• Better sleep and improved diet (3)

• Reduction in sickness, mental health conditions and death (3)

• Reduced dementia risk (5, 6)

How Gardening Benefits Health

Planning and designing a garden imparts a sense of purpose, which is vital for mental health. Nurturing and raising plants provide the opportunity for creativity, problem-solving, learning, mental stimulation, enhanced self-esteem, self-reliance, and self-sufficiency. These opportunities are even more critical for older adults as they retire or have less contact with their families and work colleagues. Gardens provide an outlet for a wide variety of skills, personal expression and values, a sense of identity, the ability to contribute to improving the environment and a practical way to continue leading a productive life.

Instant and Ongoing Benefits

Multiple studies have found exciting health benefits of gardening for any time. Three studies revealed that only several hours of exercise in the garden can immediately benefit health, such as reducing depression and anxiety symptoms (Hayashi et al., 2008; Rodiek, 2002; van den Berg and Custers, 2011) (2)

An extensive list of other studies (2) has confirmed that horticultural therapy with patients suffering severe depression and impaired cognitive function found there were health benefits from gardening activities three months after therapy. Seven studies (2) on daily gardening outcomes found participants had reduced stress and BMI (body mass index) and increased general health and life satisfaction. Repeated short-term exercise from daily gardening activities resulted in a “cumulative effect on health.”

Some of the responsible factors identified for these positive outcomes include:

• Direct contact with nature.

• Physical exercise.

• Healthier diet with more fruits and vegetables.

• Interactions with other gardeners in a social context (allotment and community gardens).

Community Gardening Health Benefits

Gardening in a social context provides an opportunity for enhanced enjoyment and friendships, supporting mental health outcomes. Community gardens, garden groups and clubs, and communal gardens in aged care facilities allow older adults to engage in gardening activities in various physical capacities despite limitations. For example, even if a gardener can’t physically manage the heavy lifting of pots or soil, others are willing to help. Instead, there are light exercise activities like sowing seeds that don’t require physical strength. The ability to adapt to these social garden environments is vital to maintaining mental health and avoiding depression and lack of self-esteem due to a loss of capacity.

Community gardening involves collective effort. Studies show direct contact with nature in a garden setting has positive effects on mental health due to “its tranquil, restorative, and social nature.” (4)

INTRODUCING

home growers.

• Consistently Run 10C Cooler than Leading Brands

• Switch Between Veg and Flower Spectrum

• Daisy-Chain up to 4 Units Together (Cables Included)

•

• 5-year Warranty Supported by American Team

INTRODUCING

tent designed to grow plants anywhere indoors year-round.

• 200 lbs max weight capacity

• All-Steel Design and Framework

• 1680D Light-Proof Oxford Fabric

•

Age or physically challenged adults can find creative ways to connect with a garden for health benefits

Maintaining

We spent time outdoors looking at the view and smelling the flowers daily. It was incredibly healing to the mind, body and soul

An interesting 2020 urban-based Singapore study (4) finds community gardens have a more positive impact on mental health than home gardens. This is likely due to the combined effects of physical activity, connection to nature, gardening experiences, shared sense of achievement and social exchange integrated into community gardening activities.

My dad is still gardening at 95 years of age in his retirement village. He weeds, prunes and plants several days a week. He enjoys creating a beautiful environment for other residents to enjoy. I’ve seen firsthand the joy, personal satisfaction and sense of wellbeing this contribution has for him and others. Despite a mild heart condition, he paces his activities to his physical capacity. Regular physical exercise builds his strength and maintains his health. Many of the elderly residents are unable to take part but enjoy the views from their balconies. The attractive ornamental and edible gardens are part of their everyday conversations. This common interest also builds community and a sense of belonging to something bigger, giving residents a reason to get outside and be more active so they can walk around the gardens.

BIO

Gardening is undoubtedly medicine for the soul and the body. Community and home gardens play an essential role in health care. Based on the evidence, gardening is cost-effective preventative medicine and an enjoyable therapeutic hobby that improves physical and psychological wellbeing. I dig that! 3

References

1. Ecotherapy – A Forgotten Ecosystem Service: A ReviewPMC (nih.gov)

2. Gardening is beneficial for health: A meta-analysis

3. Exploring the health and wellbeing benefits of gardening for older adults

4. Community Gardening: Stress, Wellbeing, and Resilience Potentials - PMC (nih.gov)

5. Lifestyle factors and risk of dementia Dubbo Study of the elderly

6. Vitamin D deficiency and leisure time activities in the elderly: are all pastimes the same?

Anne Gibson, The Micro Gardener, is an author, speaker and urban garden community educator on the Sunshine Coast, in Queensland, Australia. Anne is passionate about inspiring people to improve health and wellbeing, by growing nutrient-dense food gardens in creative containers and small spaces. Anne regularly presents workshops, speaks at sustainable living events, coaches private clients and teaches community education classes about organic gardening and ways to live sustainably. She has authored several eBooks and gardening guides. Anne shares organic gardening tips and tutorials to save time, money and energy on her popular website - TheMicroGardener.com

a garden improves physical health and mobility

BY ANDREA KEDDY

Watering Watering as an IPM Tool as an IPM Tool

My mentor was adamant about watering skills when I was a young apprentice grower in a commercial ornamental greenhouse. We followed the rule that you can always add more. Over-watering can cause many issues for a grower, from increasing pests and disease to upsetting the oxygen balance in the root zone. We spent hours irrigating, watering lightly according to the expected weather that day and returning to add more as needed. It was labor-intensive but saved us much time over the entire growing process. We reduced the chance of needing dry-down periods and kept pest and disease problems from taking over.

A Common Problem

As a pest management consultant, I often see water-related issues, particularly insect pests living in the root zone. Fungus gnats and shore flies can reach high numbers when the root zone is consistently moist. In low populations, these pests will likely leave your roots alone, preferring to eat organic materials, fungi, and algae. But when the environment tips in favor of the insects and is soggy for prolonged periods, we see a population explosion, and they may feast on the plant roots. The more we reduce the soil’s oxygen content by over-watering, the greater root death we see, which increases the food source (dead root tissue) for the larvae of these pests. This is especially damaging to young develop-

Fungus gnats and shore flies can reach high numbers when the root zone is consistently moist

A task that appears so simple is an art form that requires practice and diligence

Over-watering can cause many issues for a grower, from increasing pests and disease to upsetting the oxygen balance in the root zone

ing plants. The attack on young root hairs reduces the uptake of water and nutrients for the plants and creates a wound for pathogens to take up residence.

Plant Pathogens

Pythium is one of many plant pathogens commonly found in greenhouses and root zones. It flourishes in wet environments. Once the hyphae develop inside the plant tissues, they release destructive enzymes that absorb nutrients. Pythium is extremely difficult to control without systemic fungicides and often causes plant death.

As these pests’ larvae develop into adults, they fly around and move from plant to plant. They carry pathogen spores on their feet and bodies, and the Pythium pathogen remains viable as it passes through the insect’s gut and spreads through excrement. If this happens, treating the insects carrying the disease and the disease itself is essential, or this vicious cycle will continue.

Valuable Lessons

I am grateful to my mentor for these lessons in proper watering techniques. A task that appears so simple is an art form that requires practice and diligence. Remember, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. 3

BIO Andrea has worked in the horticulture industry for over 20 years and specializes in using beneficial insects as the primary defense against pests. As a technical consultant with Koppert Canada, she works with growers advising on pest management strategies in crops such as greenhouse-grown vegetables, ornamentals, and cannabis. Andrea loves being in nature and is passionate about growing various food crops while supporting a biodiverse regenerative ecosystem.

Growing Ginger and Turmeric in Autopots

Look no further if you are looking for superfoods that are easy to grow at home. I discovered ginger and turmeric are easy to grow and produce surprisingly large yields indoors in the Autopot system. If you are unfamiliar with Autopots, they are a gravity-fed bottom watering system. I mention them instead of growing conventionally because ginger and turmeric grow bigger and faster in this system. I tried regular pots and hand feeding, but it wasn’t the same. I have also tried to grow them outside, but they prefer the consistent tropical conditions of my grow room: 26°C and 50-60% RH.

Accidental Growing Ventures

Ginger was my first interest, and I grew it by accident. One day, I noticed an old piece of ginger on the counter sprouting a green shoot. I had been harvesting some plants that week and had my Autopots sitting without plants but still full of soil with a cut trunk. I nestled three pieces around the trunk and gave it some plain water.

Within about a week, I noticed the plant was growing. So, as I cleaned up the rest of the garden, I kept my ginger project going and planted two other pots. The plant grew and grew. Within two months, I had grown an impressive-looking plant. Ginger looks like tall grass when it grows, and knowing what prize could be lurking under the soil kept my interest piqued.

The Harvest of all Harvests

I let the plant grow for another six to eight weeks and knew it was time to harvest because all the sides of the pot were warping out under the pressure of growing roots. I had no idea what to expect with that first plant, and I was blown away! I harvested three and a half pounds of the most beautiful ginger ever. Ginger from a supermarket is brown with tough skin. But freshly harvested ginger is off-white, pale yellow, and purple when first picked. It develops the skin over a week or so when exposed to the elements.

Have you met Turmeric?

About two months into the project, I realized I needed to start more roots. I went to my local health food store because I assumed organic ginger would root better than the regular supermarket variety. I have since discovered that it all grows well, and finding ginger with little sprouts is best. Searching for the perfect ginger is how I ended up growing turmeric. It was just sitting beside the ginger, and I thought, what the hell? Turmeric grows differently

than ginger; unlike the thin grass-like structure, turmeric has broad leaves similar to a palm. It takes up more room than ginger, so consider the size when planting. It takes about four to five months from root to harvest, like ginger.

Medicinal Staples

It has been seven years since my first batch of these medicinal crops. Ginger and turmeric are staples in our house and we consume them regularly. Turmeric boasts many health benefits. Curcumin, its active compound, possesses potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. These attributes make turmeric a powerful natural remedy for alleviating joint pain, reducing inflammation, and combating oxidative stress. Studies suggest it helps in managing conditions like arthritis, heart disease, and even certain cancers. Additionally, turmeric is linked to improved cognitive function and mood regulation.

Ginger, revered for centuries in traditional medicine, also offers various health benefits. Its bioactive compound, gingerol, provides the same benefits as curcumin. This root also alleviates nausea, eases digestive discomfort, and relieves muscle pain. Ginger may help lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels, contributing to heart health. Research suggests it possesses antimicrobial properties, potentially bolstering the immune system.

I discovered that ginger and turmeric are easy to grow and produce surprisingly large yields indoors in the Autopot system

Whether consumed fresh, dried or as a tea, both roots can provide a flavorful and natural boost to overall health and well-being. Plus, they are easy and fun to grow! 3

BIO Eric describes himself as a pretty happy person, and how could he not be? He’s a husband, a father, a soccer coach, and he’s also a proud Canadian. Not to mention, he’s been working in the incredibly exciting and dynamic indoor growing industry since 2002. He saw the enormous potential for expansion long ago and decided he wanted to watch the market evolve while also being apart of it. He joined Garden Culture Magazine in 2012 and in 2014, he became the owner. He has been sharing his love and passion for growing ever since.

BY MARTYNA KROL

A Fungal Revolution A Fungal Revolution

The world has undergone a true fungal revolution in the last few years, accelerated mainly by the Netflix production ‘Fantastic Fungi’. Like mushrooms popping up after the rain, we see brands offering medicinal products and local growers turning empty rooms into fruiting chambers. We enjoyed listening to Merlin Sheldrake’s captivating voice as he described the world’s wonders beneath our feet, and we’ve witnessed discoveries by Paul Stamets and his engaging reels.

Max Mudie is my favorite ‘myco-persona’ of the United Kingdom, offering an intimate glimpse into the microscopic world through his stunning macro photography. Hidden behind his catchy Instagram handle, allthingsfungi, Mudie presents tiny mushrooms under magnification, revealing vibrant colors, intricate textures, and shapes that genuinely transport us to an otherworldly realm. While many of us perceive the fungal kingdom as nothing more than brown, slimy, odd-looking, fruiting bodies, Mudie’s photographs reveal a world of intricate details and beauty, a universe unfolding beneath the surface.

Spores of Wonder

Mudie first encountered the fascinating world of mushrooms 20 years ago. In those early days, he would cycle through the countryside, spotting peculiar dotted fungi that piqued his interest. Information about mushrooms was scarce then, and nothing he found satisfied his curiosity.

He eventually moved to a rural area teeming with mushrooms, and his background in photography proved fortuitous. After all, the best way to identify any specimen is to take a picture and examine it closer. Little did Mudie know that his mushroom photography would be magazine-cover-worthy one day, and thousands of followers would appreciate his discoveries.

Mudie’s approach to his newfound passion was one of hyperfocus, a trait shared by many in the mushroom enthusiast community. Fortunately, he has access to habitats where mushrooms thrive, and he’s observed them keenly over the last six years whenever he’s not at work.

This immersive journey has led to encounters with individuals willing to mentor and guide him, including Iona Frazer, a mycologist with nearly two decades of experience teaching identification in the Ash Downs region of Sussex. Together, they ventured into numerous forays in the area, rubbing shoulders with experts capable of naming 20 species of fungi growing on a single nettle stem. Despite everything he’s learned over the years, Mudie remains humble.

Mudie encountered these creatures while exploring the microscopic depths, and he was instantly captivated by their incredible beauty

Foray: A foray is an outing or expedition, typically to search for or study something in its natural environment. In mycology, a foray refers to a trip taken by mushroom enthusiasts into the outdoors to hunt for, identify, and observe various fungi species growing in the wild.

“The more I’ve learned, the less I feel like I know about it,” he admits.

His pursuit was never about science or mycology; it was pure play, a childlike exploration of the natural world.

“Being observant is the best thing you can do,” he says. “Notice things. When you’re a kid, you have that sense of wonder, which feels amazing. As you grow older, you lose that. But it’s all still there; all you need to do is look at things, especially through the lens of magnification.”

Mycology - A Passion, Career, or Both?

While Mudie has not yet had any groundbreaking discoveries, he has been meticulously testing some promising samples. Further DNA sequencing and analysis are required to confirm their novelty. Meanwhile, the mycological community eagerly awaits the results.

Hidden behind his catchy Instagram handle, allthingsfungi, Mudie presents tiny mushrooms under magnification, revealing vibrant colors, intricate textures, and shapes that genuinely transport us to an otherworldly realm

Fungi Everywhere

Experts estimate that a staggering 90% of fungi species have yet to be identified and cataloged, with a mind-boggling 1.5 billion species potentially existing worldwide, including rusts, yeasts, smuts, and molds.

Alas, the field of mycology needs more funding, and its devotees often pursue their passion outside their regular employment. Mudie juggles a full-time job paying the bills while dedicating his free time to studying and appreciating fungi. He has also co-founded Petrichor (aptly named after the earthy scent that permeates the air after rainfall), which aims to conduct surveys at Sites of Special Scientific Importance. Recently, Petrichor spent three days meticulously studying grassland fungi, a pursuit that yielded an extraordinary discovery: four species previously unknown to science. Although they did not directly observe the fruiting bodies, soil analysis revealed their presence.

Beyond their research, Petrichor is committed to making their knowledge accessible to the public. They offer fungi and plant identification teaching sessions, ecology surveys, and microscopy services. Moreover, they aim to harness the restorative power of nature by conducting sessions focused on mental health and rehabilitation through building a connection with the natural world.

The wonders of the fungal kingdom are everywhere. Mudie recalls visiting a friend in Brighton, where, despite having only a modest 2x3-meter courtyard, they found two species of fungi and a slime mold thriving.

“If we can find it in the center of Brighton, everyone can find it. Nature finds a way,” Mudie says.

Mudie fervently advocates bringing these natural marvels into one’s home. He encourages enthusiasts to collect organic materials, such as leaf litter or bark, and incubate them in moist conditions; the chances are high that something will grow.

For those truly dedicated to pursuing mycology, Mudie suggests collecting herbivore dung and watching the coprophilous fungi (those that thrive on dung) sprout. But for anyone seeking a more accessible introduction, observing the daily transformations within a leaf and bark setup can be equally captivating. It reveals the intricate world of springtails, mites, and the eventual release of spores back into their natural habitats.

Once the initial fascination takes hold, Mudie recommends connecting with a local mycological society, immersing themselves in a community of like-minded enthusiasts and seasoned experts. Within these societies, individuals often specialize in particular areas, such as ascomycetes or microfungi. In contrast, others focus their studies on heart rot fungi, brackets, or even the enigmatic universe of slime molds.

Mycena acicula

He encourages enthusiasts to collect organic materials, such as leaf litter or bark, and incubate them in moist conditions; the chances are high that something will grow

Slime Molds

While many have become familiar with fungi, Mudie’s fascination extends to the lesser-known yet equally fascinating realm of slime molds. These peculiar beings, classified as amoeba-protists (single-celled organisms), are an entirely separate mushroom entity. Initially drawn to the study of microfungi, Mudie encountered these creatures while exploring the microscopic depths, and he was instantly captivated by their incredible beauty. Leaning on his background in photography, he began capturing them in exquisite detail, revealing a world often overlooked.

Estimated to encompass approximately a thousand species, the diversity of slime molds is nonetheless dwarfed by that of fungi, with many more species awaiting discovery. This area remains understudied despite the possibility that slime molds play more significant roles in their ecosystems than we know.

Like their fungal counterparts, slime molds create sporocarps and release spores, but the similarities essentially end there. The life cycle of a slime mold begins with spores released from a fruiting body. These spores then transform into myxamoebae or flagellated cells, undergoing intricate fusion processes that eventually form the plasmodium – the mobile, creeping stage that forages across the forest floor. Some plasmodia are visible, while others remain hidden, appearing when conditions are favorable. During their forays, they exhibit a mesmerizing phenomenon known as cytoplasmic streaming, wherein fanlike projections extend from the organism’s leading edge, their movements visible both at the periphery and through the pulsing of the interconnected tubular networks.

Additionally, myxamoebae or flagellated cells contribute to the intricate soil food web, raising fascinating questions about the role slime molds possibly play within the soil even before forming their distinctive plasmodial stage. Once the plasmodium emerges, it creeps across forest floors, feeding on bacteria and fungi while providing a habitat for numerous invertebrates.

Slime Mold and the Cosmos

In Japan, researchers are actively investigating the potential medicinal properties of slime mold’s chemical compounds. Even NASA has harnessed the remarkable capabilities of these organisms, employing them to help map the intricate filamentary networks of dark matter throughout the universe. By studying the efficient ways in which slime molds aggregate and form complex networks to locate food sources, NASA scientists have developed algorithms that aid in charting the largest-scale structures of the cosmos.

Many have heard the intriguing tale of how Japanese researchers used slime molds to assess the efficiency of their underground rail network. Remarkably, the slime mold constructed a strikingly similar pattern within a mere 24 hours, confirming the decency of the existing infrastructure. So captivating are these creatures that they have even inspired a slime moldthemed wristwatch, akin to the once-popular Tamagotchi digital pets, where the wearer must maintain optimal conditions for the watch to function.

Arcyria slime mold

Mycena

Meet Slimon

Among Mudie’s most cherished companions is Slimon, his pet slime mold that continues to provide endless entertainment. Slimon’s precise species remains a mystery; a slime mold’s identity can only be reliably determined once it matures.

This process requires a meticulous examination of microscopic characteristics, such as spore size, ornamentation, and the intricacies of the peridium. The peridium is the delicate structure that ruptures to release the spores, revealing further clues about its identity in the form of the capillitium, a network of threads that supports the spore mass.

Even with such scrutiny, accurately identifying a slime mold can prove elusive. Mudie points to Flammulina, a genus of fungi commonly known as the Enoki or Velvet Shank mushrooms. British mycologists lumped multiple species under Flammulina velutipes for ages, only for taxonomists to subdivide the group into six distinct species.

“We’ve been misidentifying things in the UK for a long time based on morphological features,” Mudie acknowledges.

However, with the advent of advanced techniques like DNA sequencing and PCR technology, our understanding of this complex world is rapidly improving. The world of mycology continues to reveal its boundless wonders. As Mudie and his fellow mycophiles forge ahead, their unwavering dedication and childlike sense of awe promise to unearth discoveries, rewrite our understanding of the natural world, and cultivate a deeper appreciation for what it offers. 3

Experts estimate that a staggering 90% of fungi species have yet to be identified

Mycophile: A mycophile is a person who loves or is interested in fungi, including mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. Mycophiles are passionate about studying, collecting, photographing, and learning as much as they can about the amazingly diverse fungal organisms found in nature and

BIO Martyna Krol is a vegetable grower, natural beekeeper, and edible spaces designer. She is a lover of all soil and urban farming techniques and is the former head of growing at Incredible Aquagarden.

How I Got Roots Five Days Faster With MIICROBIAL MASS PRO

As Head of Cultivation at Ritual Green Cannabis, my primary responsibility is to grow great weed. Everything starts there, but there are also certain imperatives to consider when it comes to large-scale cannabis cultivation. It is relatively easy to grow good cannabis at a small scale, but in order to succeed as a licensed cannabis producer in a competitive business landscape, I have to run my facility efficiently day after day, month after month, and year after year. This is why we are hyper-focused on maximizing the consistency of our crops while minimizing our costs. We have built our systems and processes from the ground up to allow us to achieve these goals. And most importantly, we have an amazing team of highly skilled growers who know how to crush it and always deliver their best.

From the beginning, we have benefitted from the simple, effective, and predictable results of running a “sterile” cultivation system. Our plants are grown in rock wool cubes and fed a precise mixture of synthetic nutrients through drip irrigation. This approach allows us to really take control of conditions within the root zone and steer our crops to the desired outcomes. In general, we avoid organic inputs in order to remove any unnecessary sources of variability and minimize biofilm buildup in our tanks and water lines.

“By running MIICROBIAL MASS PRO, I am able to eliminate transplant shock and go into every crop with a room full of good, strong, healthy plants with no runts or stragglers.”

There is, however, one organic product that I have come to rely on as a major contributor to our success. MIICROBIAL MASS PRO is a clean microbe product that is uniquely suited to our growing style. When we first brought it in, we used it as a way to improve our results during propagation and cloning. First, we introduced it to our mothers and immediately saw a dramatic improvement in rates of growth and overall health. Then we started presoaking our rock wool cubes in MIICROBIAL MASS PRO during cloning. The combination of these two changes reduced the rooting time of our clones from 11 days to 6 days. We also significantly increased the percentage of cuttings that successfully rooted, and reduced the number of weak clones that had to be culled out. The simple addition of this one product represented a major improvement in the efficiency of our cloning stage and significantly reduced our overall costs during propagation.

By Wesley Allen

Once the clones are ready for vegetative growth, my entire focus is on the consistency of the crop. We produce monocrop sea-ofgreen grow rooms which allows us to tailor conditions to each strain and bring out the ultimate expression of our genetics. But growing successfully in this style requires a high level of uniformity among the plants. I need to see an even canopy in every room, and each plant needs to be the same height and have the same structure. This will mean that every plant will receive the same amount of light, and every plant will have the same water and nutrient requirements, allowing us to efficiently manage production across the facility. By running MIICROBIAL MASS PRO, I am able to eliminate transplant shock and go into every crop with a room full of good, strong, healthy plants with no runts or stragglers. This provides a solid foundation for a strong, uniform flowering cycle, and allows us to consistently hit our goals for both yield and potency, crop after crop.

When growing commercially at scale, there are a million small decisions that can lead to success or failure. By focusing on consistent, repeatable results, our awesome team is putting in the work and establishing us as a leader in the industry. I can’t wait to find out what the future has in store for us!

At Ritual Green, we are obsessed with consistency and driven by passion. Since 2019 our purpose-built grow facility has produced world-class results with proprietary strains and advanced growing and curing methods that produce top quality cannabis right here in Nova Scotia.

BY EVEREST FERNANDEZ

Triacontanol

Chances are, your ‘secret sauce’ contains a little triacontanol

Everest Fernandez looks at the natural plant growth regulator Triacontanol and its use in ‘bloom booster’ products.

Triacontanol, sometimes abbreviated as “TRIA,” is a naturally occurring fatty alcohol located in the epicuticular wax of plant leaves. This biodegradable and non-toxic substance is found in the highest concentrations in sugarcane and alfalfa. Bees’ wax is another noteworthy natural source. It can also be derived from worm castings fed on a diet of 15% alfalfa meal.

Five Key Benefits of Triacontanol

Extensive research has corroborated the significant role triacontanol plays in plant development. This compound is known to augment photosynthesis, increase plant biomass, enhance the efficient use of water and nutrients, and improve both the quality and yield of agricultural produce.

Triacontanol induces the swift synthesis of adenosine, which serves as an intracellular signal within the plant cells, triggering an array of physiological reactions conducive to growth. This incredible capability to simultaneously influence several key biochemical processes is triacontanol’s superpower, making it a potent agent for regulating plant growth and energy metabolism.

Does your preferred bloom booster claim to have a ‘secret ingredient’ that will elevate the quality of your produce straight to the top shelf? Chances are, your ‘secret sauce’ contains a little triacontanol.

1. Enhanced Photosynthesis: Triacontanol turbocharges the activities of enzymes related to photosynthesis, sending them into overdrive. This helps plants produce more of the glucose they need to grow big and strong. More fuel for growth is always a good thing!

2. Increased Biomass: After treatment with triacontanol, plants are visibly boosted, and biomass notably increases. Growers often report enlarged foliage—leading to higher photosynthetic rates—more robust stems, and a general increase in physical robustness.

3. Improved Nutrient Uptake: This organic plant growth regulator is well-known for enhancing a plant’s efficiency in extracting and using the available nutrients from the soil and in hydroponic environments.

4. Stress Resistance: Triacontanol can help plants tolerate harsh conditions better by improving their stress resilience. Your crops can power through when the going gets tough.

5. Yield Enhancement: With improved growth metrics and stress resilience, plants treated with triacontanol generally produce higher yields with increased secondary metabolite production.

This compound is known to augment photosynthesis, increase plant biomass, enhance the efficient use of water and nutrients, and improve both the quality and yield of agricultural produce

Triacontanol Products

Triacontanol can be applied as a root feed or via a foliar spray. It is insoluble in water, so emulsify it first by dissolving the compound in organic solvents or blending it with surfactants and wetting agents.

While commercial triacontanol products are available in largescale agriculture (e.g. wheat and rice production), tracking down triacontanol at your local hydroponics and indoor gardening store might be more complex, depending on your local regulatory environment.

Several products branded as ‘bloom boosters’ and ‘terpeneenhancers’ in the UK and Australia contain triacontanol. “Sumo Boost” and “Sumo Active Boost” by Shogun in the UK both openly contain triacontanol. “Nirvana” by Advanced Nutrients contains triacontanol derived from alfalfa meal. (Note that this product was recently rebranded to “Tasty Terpenes”.)

There are many other products rumored to contain triacontanol, including SuperThrive and other popular boosters marketed to cannabis cultivators.

But, appositely enough, as soon as we call out cannabis, that’s when things start to get sticky. This is because cannabis is consumed within varying legal landscapes around the world. Countries like Canada have a federally legal and regulated cannabis market which proscribes the use of any form of PGR (natural or otherwise). Consequently, since Canada legalized cannabis, triacontanol has been quietly removed from the formulation of some bloom booster products available there. (Nobody seems to have noticed.)

In the US, things are done differently with fertilizers and additives regulated at the state level. Cannabis cultivators should check with their local cannabis board. Generally, US state regulators have set limits that mirror concentrations typically found in nature. This means that organic living soil cultivators using alfalfa meal in their soil mixes (a natural source of triacontanol) should have nothing to worry about. Foliar-feeding triacontanol, especially close to harvest, is more likely to create residue issues than root feeding.

Application, Assimilation, and Fate

A little triacontanol goes a very long way! Around 0.1 mg/L or 0.1 PPM is considered an efficacious dose for root feed.

When triacontanol is root-fed, its fate within the plant system is primarily determined by its role as a plant growth regulator and its physicochemical properties:

1. Absorption and Translocation: Triacontanol is absorbed by the roots from the growing medium. Once inside the root cells, it can be translocated through the plant’s vascular system, particularly the xylem, which transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from the roots throughout the plant.

2. Physiological Effects: As already mentioned, triacontanol can promote various physiological responses once inside the plant, such as increasing chlorophyll content, enhancing photosynthesis, stimulating the production of proteins and nucleic acids, and improving the efficiency of nutrient usage.

3. Growth Promotion: These physiological effects contribute to the overall growth promotion observed in plants treated with triacontanol, such as increased root and shoot biomass, larger leaf area, and sometimes earlier or more abundant flowering and fruiting. Note that some studies have also found that the effect of triacontanol can also be enhanced by additional magnesium. (Moaaarrrr calmag! )

4. Metabolism: Like other plant-derived compounds, triacontanol undergoes metabolic processing within plant tissues. The exact pathways and transformations in cannabis specifically are not extensively detailed in scientific texts. However, it is postulated that it could convert into various compounds, potentially impacting plant growth and morphogenesis.

Tracking down triacontanol at your local hydroponics and indoor gardening store might be more complex, depending on your local regulatory environment

5. Residual Fate: Given triacontanol’s organic origin and affinity for fats, it will likely integrate into the plant’s waxy surface layer or other fat-rich structures. Its susceptibility to biological decomposition implies a reduced likelihood of remaining within plant tissues or the environment over an extended period.

6. Harvest and Quality Effects: Triacontanol has been observed to have implications on the harvest’s attributes, potentially amplifying yield and affecting the levels of cannabinoids and terpenes. Research conducted by Dr. Callie Seaman has indicated that applying triacontanol at the root level resulted in a notable uplift in CBD concentration, with a single treatment showing a 28-37% rise and dual treatments showing a 37-42% increase relative to untreated samples. Interestingly, despite the observed uptick in terpene synthesis, such enhancements were not statistically substantial in her findings.

Growers typically start incorporating triacontanol into their nutrient regimes at the beginning of flowering once actual flowers emerge. While some triacontanol-containing bloom additives recommend use throughout the flowering period, many growers discontinue use by week five or six of flowering. There are some anecdotes of overuse or late use of triacontanol contributing to a ‘muddy’ flavor in harvested flowers.

So—in summary—a little TRIA goes a long way! Use it as a root feed for the first four or five weeks of bloom and then discontinue. And, if you’re growing cannabis within a regulatory framework, be sure to check whether TRIA is permitted or not. 3

BIO Everest Fernandez is a well-respected industry educator, veteran hydroponic grower, and grow light enthusiast based in France. He works primarily as a marketing and cultivation consultant and was the founding editor of Urban Garden Magazine in the UK, US, and Canada. He also writes and researches for the popular hobby horticulturist YouTube channel, Just4Growers.

ECO-OPTIMISM

Mushroom Monday Enters the Weekly Meal Rotation

Mushrooms are healthy, delicious, and dang good for the environment. Need we say more? This edition’s eco-optimism feature encourages you to incorporate these gems into your meals. Bon appetit!

We’re already addicted to Taco Tuesday; now it’s time to jump on the Mushroom Monday bandwagon! Mushroom Monday is celebrated at restaurants and homes worldwide as people look to eat

more healthy, earth-friendly foods. Mushroom cultivation is sustainable and can boost food security because it happens 24/7 and 365 days a year. Unlike greens, mushrooms don’t need light to grow and don’t require much water, either. According to The Mushroom Council , growing one pound of ‘shrooms only takes about 1.8 gallons of water. The growing cycle is quick; mushrooms double in size daily! Nutritious, delicious, and sustainable? We’re putting Mushroom Mondays into our weekly meal rotations. How about you?

Nutritious, delicious, and sustainable? We’re putting Mushroom Mondays into our weekly meal rotations. How about you?

The Mushroom Council (@mushroomcouncil ) offers plenty of tasty recipes for easy weeknight meals, including pasta with creamy mushroom sauce, beef & broccoli with mushrooms, and three mushroom and garlic grilled pizza. For mushroom enthusiasts serious about their culinary adventures, Krista Towns is releasing a beautiful cookbook called Mushroom Gastronomy: The Art of Cooking with Mushrooms . A member of the North American Mycological Association, Towns knows mushrooms. She’s the editor of FUNGI magazine and the culinary advisor and recipe developer for Circular Farm in Jackson, South Carolina. Her book is perfect for those curious about new mushroom varieties and their health ben -

efits, and those concerned about the environment and wanting to eat less meat. It features gorgeous photographs and information about 25 of the most popular edible mushrooms and their unique nutritional values, ideal cooking methods, and flavor pairings. Learn how to make mouth-watering meals like Black Trumpet Mushroom and White Bean Bisque, Morel Mini Quiche, Chicken of the Woods Saltimbocca, Matsutake Tempura, and more. We’ll get you started with one of the book’s recipes, Lion’s Mane Bolognese.

Serves 3 to 4 I Vegetarian

A flavor-rich bolognese is usually well worth the time it takes to prepare. Luckily, this mushroom bolognese takes less time than the traditional meat version, but still, it’s absolutely necessary to patiently allow the layers of flavor to develop slowly by caramelizing the vegetables at each step. And don’t forget the Parmesan rind!

• 2 tablespoons olive oil, divided

• 1 tablespoon butter

• 1⁄2 onion, finely chopped

• 1⁄2 teaspoon kosher salt, plus more as needed

• 1⁄2 fennel bulb, finely chopped

• 1 small carrot, finely chopped

• 3 garlic cloves, minced

• Pinch of red pepper flakes

• 8 ounces lion’s mane mushrooms, finely chopped (about 3 1⁄2 cups)

• 2 tablespoons double-concentrated tomato paste

• 1⁄2 cup dry white wine

• 14 ounces (about 2 cups) passata or San Marzano tomato sauce

• 1 cup roasted vegetable stock or chicken stock, divided

• 1 cup whole milk or cream, divided

• 1 Parmesan rind

• Freshly ground black pepper

• 12 ounces dried spaghetti or another long pasta

• 1⁄4 cup grated Parmesan cheese, plus more for serving

Heat 1 tablespoon of the olive oil and the butter in a large saucepan over medium heat. Add the onion, a pinch of salt, and cook for 2 to 3 minutes, or until translucent. Add the fennel, carrot, and a pinch of salt and sauté for 10 to 12 minutes, or until the vegetables are softened and carmelized. Stir in the garlic and pepper flakes and cook for an additional minute.

Add the remaining 1 tablespoon of olive oil to the pan, stir in the mushrooms, 1⁄2 teaspoon of salt, and cook, until the mushrooms turn golden brown, 5 to 6 minutes. Add the tomato paste and cook, stirring often, for 3 to 4 minutes, or until the mixture is thickened and the paste has lost its bright color. Stir in the wine and cook until it reduces by half. Add the passata, 1⁄2 cup of stock, and 1⁄2 cup of the milk and stir until combined. Add the Parmesan rind and cook at a low simmer, for 45 to 60 minutes, adding a little more stock and milk as the mixture cooks down, until the flavors have developed and the sauce has thickened. Remove the Parmesan rind, and then taste and adjust the seasoning with salt and pepper.

Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil over high heat. Add the pasta and cook for 7 to 10 minutes, or until al dente. Drain the pasta, reserving 1⁄2 cup of the pasta water. Add the pasta to the pan with the sauce and toss to combine. Add a little of the pasta water and continue to toss and cook—the pasta sauce should cling nicely to the pasta. Add the grated Parmesan cheese and toss thoroughly. Serve with additional Parmesan cheese.

Mushroom Gastronomy: The Art of Cooking with Mushrooms, written by Krista Towns, is published by Gibbs Smith and available online and in bookstores everywhere. 3

Krista Towns

unicorn Hypochlorous Addressing the in the Room

Unequivocally, the best-kept secret that many people have been shouting about for over 190 years is hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Commonly referred to as “Electrolyzed Water”, HOCl is an aqueous solution with concentrations that range from 1000 ppm to as low as 1 ppm and ideally has a near-neutral pH. This simple compound that includes hydrogen, oxygen, and chloride can address everything from powdery mildew and smelly shoes to SARS-CoV-2, acne, the eggs of spider mites, and even bad breath!

Not all hypochlorous acids are created equally...

HOCl has never been registered as a pesticide or a fungicide; instead, widespread testimonials have witnessed its efficacy in many pests and pathogens, plant health, and vigor. More likely, HOCl is commonly registered as a disinfectant. The “magic” behind this unicorn transcends agriculture and is routinely used in hospital sanitation, wound irrigation, cosmetics, and the industrial cleaning of commercial spaces.

More Stability

Despite HOCl being discovered in 1834 and recognized as one of the most potent and safest disinfectants, it has yet to receive favor over other products like isopropyl alcohol and bleach due to its lack of stability. In years past, manufactured HOCl generated from the electrolysis of water containing either noniodized salt (NaCl) or hydrochloric acid (HCl) would quickly revert into its component parts, making it ineffective. Proprietary technologies have now created HOCl solutions at various concentrations that can be shelf-stable for over a year. The variability in shelf stability highlights one of the other reasons why HOCl has not garnered widespread acceptance, as not all hypochlorous acids are created equally. People wrongly assume that all HOCl is the same. HOCl in an aqueous solution can have a wide range of pH and purity (i.e., removing much of the NaOH - sodium hydroxide), which can have a bearing on its stability and ability as a disinfectant.

The Rumor Mill

cell walls and enter cell membranes to exert bactericidal effects on pathogens while causing little or no harm to plants and humans.

All Mammals Produce It

When we consider using chemicals as disinfectants or pesticides, we tend to think of these created by people wearing white lab coats and appropriate PPE (Personal Protective Equipment). Ironically, HOCl is something all mammals produce as a first line of defense against pathogens. White blood cells (neutrophils) chase down invading pathogens, releasing chemicals like the most powerful oxidizing agent—HOCl. HOCl produced in our bodies remains stable for seconds but can kill bacteria, fungi, viruses, and perhaps even viroids in plants.

This simple compound that includes hydrogen, oxygen, and chloride can address everything from powdery mildew and smelly shoes to SARS-CoV-2, acne, the eggs of spider mites, and even bad breath!

Even more exciting about all mammals producing HOCl is that in appropriate concentrations, many of the beneficial microbes we find on our skin, mouths, and gut microbiome are not impacted by HOCl. Many beneficial microbes are the same as those found in and on our plant leaves and soil. For example, gram-positive endospore-forming beneficial bacteria like Bacillus subtilis are not killed by HOCl when using recommended rates and contact time. This suggests that growers and gardeners seeking the benefits of microbes associated with nutrient cycling and plant protection can use HOCl in moderation.

HOCI in the Garden

Misleading information is another major factor that has limited HOCl from being recognized as a disrupter technology. Many have concluded that HOCl in water is no different than a sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution, a common bleaching agent. They do not consider that bleach contains harmful chloramines and stabilizers such as sulfates and phosphates that promote algal blooms. Stable HOCl remains as HOCl, while in contrast, NaClO will dissociate into having hypochlorite (ClO-) ions which can be very corrosive to humans and metals. Interestingly, many argue that the disinfectant efficacy of bleach comes from the presence of HOCl. The electrical neutrality of HOCl, especially when designed to have a near-neutral pH, can penetrate plant

The myriad uses for HOCl in other sectors, such as personal, health, and dental care, are ever-increasing. However, agriculture is the focus of this article, and I am sharing information gained through personal experimentation, anecdotal observations, and communication with other growers. Although not a paid advertorial, my comments are based on five Canadian HOCl products registered as disinfectants, foliar fertilizers, fruit and vegetable washes, or cleaners and descalers.

Most adopters of HOCl are initiated by using it in their sanitation program, but it’s not an easy entrance. For many growers, the notion that “something non-toxic is going to disinfect better than something toxic” is hard to swallow.

Hypochlorous acid, when generated at pH neutral, is that magical unicorn that shows promise to revolutionize disinfection and, to some extent, cultivation practices, safeguarding crops and consumers alike

For many growers, the notion that “something non-toxic is going to disinfect better than something toxic” is hard to swallow

However, the efficacy, albeit vastly superior to alcohol, quaternary ammonium, bleach, or hydrogen peroxide, is not the only factor in their decision. The safety of their workers plays a significant role in choosing HOCl. In contrast, with products like alcohol and bleach, HOCl requires no PPE and leaves no residue or odor. The contact time for most pathogens is relatively short, so using a fogger or mister works well. There is no safety issue as one might have with an electrostatic sprayer and isopropyl alcohol.

Moreover, several scientific papers claim HOCl does not appear to cause pathogens to mutate, like bleach, alcohol, or hydrogen peroxide. This may lead growers to use HOCl to help slow the mutation of plant pathogens. Within the realm of sanitation, HOCl is more readily accepted as an irrigation and filter cleaner, removing biofilm and scale deposits. Many hydroponic, aeroponic, and deep-water culture systems titrate low concentrations that keep fertigation lines clean and provide root protection, allowing for healthy roots.

HOCI on Seeds and Cuttings

The less chartered waters for HOCl, and frankly more interesting than surface sanitation, is what growers and gardeners worldwide have been experimenting with by using HOCl on plants. For some growers, HOCl starts with the seed or the cutting (clone). Low concentrations as a seed soak help reduce pathogens that may have established, like fusarium or botrytis, while having minimal impact on the beneficial seed microbiome. Similarly, in clones, HOCl helps oxidize the wound from the cutting action and reduces the probability of infection. It is important to note that chloride is also an essential element that can help drive good vegetative growth.

Exciting Rewards

Perhaps an expanded interpretation of the fruit and vegetable wash label or using HOCl as a foliar fertilizer, several growers use HOCl as a prophylactic mist throughout the growing cycle and are reaping some exciting rewards. Expectedly, diseases like powdery mildew and botrytis are non-existent, but many growers have noticed fewer pests like aphids, thrips, fungus gnats, and spider mites. Most interestingly, testimonials stating shorter growing cycles and increased flavor and aromas (terpenes) have been commonly reported. Mushroom growers mist cultivation rooms, growing media, and mature fruiting bodies to establish a sterile environment and prolong shelf-life.

Cannabis growers, including tissue culture labs, use HOCl in their quarantine program to establish plant health and vigor pre- and posttransport. Some cannabis producers will mist HOCl just before harvest to ensure a lower pathogen load prior to drying and curing. Similarly, outdoor cannabis growers will use HOCl as a flower wash to reduce the microbial load post-harvest.

Magical Solutions

As a non-mainstream agronomist, you get accustomed to being presented with some truly “magical” solutions that would be gamechangers, only to be frustrated by people unwilling to try an alternative but still complain about the dysfunctional status quo. Hypochlorous acid, when generated at pH neutral, is that magical unicorn that shows promise to revolutionize disinfection and, to some extent, cultivation practices, safeguarding crops and consumers alike. 3

Av Singh, PhD, PAg is an advocate of regenerative organic agriculture serving various organizations including Regeneration Canada, Navdanya, and the Canadian Organic Growers.

Notes From A Dirty Old Gardener

Garden Apathy

Iregularly get upset and, more often than not, emit an angst that most find unpalatable. The same can be said for plants with people. We have gotten so far from the navel of nature that we don’t even know what a rose smells like anymore. You have heard it in these articles on many occasions: my tomatoes taste like utter garbage, the bees are dying, and the salt on the highway is messing with my oregano. Welcome to Garden Apathy. Your post-coitus love affair with botany has turned sour; the soil is acidic. The old lover isn’t hitting those spots anymore, and the return on investment is dwindling. “Regi, this poetry has to stop,” said my editor never.

Feeling Hangry?

I don’t know if I am hungry or angry, but we all know it’s the same feeling. I am unsure whether it’s the upcoming spring toil or the fact I haven’t planted a seedling for the summer season that has my testicles in a bunch, but holy crap, am I feeling apathetic towards my garden. If you ever want to dismiss someone, tell them you feel “apathetic” towards them. You will destroy them. Apathetic is defined as the complete absence of interest or will to interact. Based on how my garden has reciprocated my love over the past few difficult seasons, I feel flagrantly and fastidiously apathetic towards my acre. I look outside to my land’s crusty corners without real excitement. Sounds like I haven’t shaken off the winter depression. I haven’t been shopping for nitrogen in months, and my crop is weeping for a parent with some resolve. Come on, old man! Find some courage and tell everyone something insightful or entertaining.

Like an absentee father, you simply plant the seeds in a random place that hasn’t proven viable and simply walk away like the stress of fatherhood is too much.

Shaking Things Up

Trying to stay excited in the garden is an everlasting battle. One way to remain dedicated and focused is new genetics. I got tossed a few UGOs (Unidentified Garden Objects) a while back that looked like spicy kidney beans. I’m curious, and it’s the one contender in my museum of oddities that has me interested enough to toil in any amount of shit and shrimp shell. A few years in the same location means I have a repertoire of plant runs I have to accomplish. Whether it be ass-blasting peppers or bushels of beautiful basil brewing in bounties of bubbling terpenes, I have to get out there. The damn tomatoes won’t grow themselves, and a poor apathetic gardener has got to eat. Jesus Christ, someone send me a Valentine’s card or something. I seem to have a zucchini-induced depression.

Regi’s absentee father analogy is what most people call chaos gardening. Give it a try! Read our feature article from the last edition:

Another way I am finding some motivation is by playing a game called “going out for a pack of smokes”. How do you play, you might ask. Well, it’s easy. Like an absentee father, you simply plant the seeds in a random place that hasn’t proven viable and simply walk away like the stress of fatherhood is too much. If, by some miracle, the bastard plant survives and produces fruit, I will be back in its life, like Amy Winehouse’s father after she became famous. No muss, no fuss. No babying the plant, no worrying about water or sun or college. If the little shit survives, then good. If not, then Papa has more shots to fire off. The pressure to have a bumper crop or general success in the garden often overshadows the pleasure we should get from it. Give it a try, plant the seed and walk away. Tell them you are going for smokes and don’t come back until they make something of themselves…the plants, I mean.

I regularly get upset and, more often than not, emit an angst that most find unpalatable.

Fun Projects

Mixing soil and tending beds isn’t the only thing you can work on in your slice of paradise. Start adding permanent garden features like rock gardens or permanent planters. If you are feeling brave, consider a tiny pond or birdbath. If you have an engineer in the family, get creative and turn your garden into the world’s largest bong through a series of tunnels. Last year’s garden could be leaving you underwhelmed and under-stimulated. So, take a break from the plants and work on their environment. It’s like organizing the tools in the garage before you work on the next project or re-wiring the studio before you write the next album. Organizing and building up your environment can help ease the garden apathy that grows in all of us. I was thinking about building a greenhouse, but now the garden tunnels have piqued my interest, and I will start sketching out ideas after I submit this article to my editor.

Anti-Social Space

If you are anything like me, you don’t like seeing your neighbors. I don’t even want to look at you, let alone ask you about the weather. The probability of you asking me for a cup of sugar makes me anxious. They say tall fences make for good neighbors, and I agree. As an extension of building garden features, one should be a “quiet place” somewhere on the property or a small sanctuary enveloping you in a blanket of privacy. Create a privacy wall that grows perennially with a hammock or place a favorite chair next to a rock wall. Back in the day, I would see my grandfather sitting in the middle of a row in his garden, eating an orange. I thought he was nuts, but now I know he was just in his “quiet place”.

Finally, my friends, there is no shame in just saying “fuck it” for a season and taking up pickleball or something. Michael Jordan took

a few seasons off to toss around a baseball before he returned to the NBA to win multiple championships. Taking a break and returning next year to slam-dunk some produce is okay. If there was a literary award for working Michael Jordan into a gardening article, I think this is a contender. Taking a season off is like taking a break from a lover starting to get on your nerves. Perhaps the time apart will make you grow fonder. Punn intended. If the neighbors ask why you aren’t in the garden, have some fun with it. Tell them you are at war with the gophers on your land and are trying to starve them out this season or say the city has asked you not to garden anymore because you are making all the neighbors jealous. Simply telling them to kick rocks works, too.

Well, my little bean sprouts, whether you get out there this season or not, remember to take a few deep breaths and enjoy the outdoors. Try planting like an absentee father or making a working bong out of a garden bed. In any case, happy growing. 3

BIO Regi Oneton is a multi-disciplinary artist and daytime executive. He’s been a member of Socan since his first album release at the age of 20, and is a self-taught audio engineer and self-proclaimed studio rat. Regi is a late-blooming street artist and painter whose works can be found hanging in the offices of Burton and Vans Canada. Long-time contributor to the Under Pressure Graffiti Festival and lover of the Arts. As the years plow forward, he has added botanical enthusiast/plant father to his litany of passions. His interests include writing and spending too much time looking at his phone.

Is there a silver lining when Trichoderma mold invades a mushroom cultivation project?

If At First You Don’t Succeed…

Trich Again?! Trich,Again?!Trich

Trich,

Anyone who’s dabbled in mushroom growing has been warned: green Trichoderma mold, aka “trich” (rhymes with “bike”), is a crop destroyer. Get it out of your cultivation space, pronto, and improve sanitation protocols. You may as well write off any substrate contaminated by this aggressive species and absorb the loss.

I’ve seen aggressive enzymatic production, immune response and remarkable recovery despite Trichoderma’s presence on oyster mycelium-cultured blocks of grain. However, I’d never recommend resuming the harvest of mushrooms from quarantined samples. Doing so will almost certainly enshrine Trichoderma spores in the growing environment.

There is a reason why Trichoderma exists and why mushroom growers everywhere seem to encounter it. Consider consoling yourself by becoming familiar with some of the advantages of working with the mold in responsible cohabitation with the rest of nature.

If you’ve got Trichoderma riddled substrate on your hands, you can use it as a compost accelerator. In small quantities, you can merely add it to a kitchen composter or give it away to a friend or a neighbor whose veggie scraps could use a hand breaking down.

Urban community gardens are another good place to donate trich-laced grains. Often, these spaces are transitional and can use all the help they can get to restore and build living soil.

Making this connection with folks in your neighborhood could be an opportunity to participate in a revised food and medicine supply chain, promoting resilience and supporting grassroots environmental education and wellbeing. You get to move the mold away from your clean rooms, people and pollinators (and others!) enjoy invigorated botanical spaces, and the trich itself gets to live where it’s appreciated. That’s a win-win-win!

What is Trichoderma ?

Trichoderma var. is a group of fungi prevalent in ecosystems worldwide. The ubiquity of these species results from co-evolution as incredibly beneficial partners of land plants. Powerful both in the soil and on the surface of growing vegetation, Trichoderma fungi are included in about 60% of registered biopesticides (Mukherjee 2013).

What does it look like?

Trichoderma forms a woolly-looking white structure. It does not mature to bear mushrooms but reproduces via bright green conidia (spore).

Why is it so common as a ‘pest’ in mushroom cultivation?

Mainly, it’s because Trichoderma appears almost everywhere. The standard protocols against all types of mold are generally considered the most effective against Trichoderma. We do not usually consider it an endophyte, persisting inside living vegetation. However, some species may pair with grain-bearing plants and be inherited as part of the seed microbiome. Pressure cooking and surface sterilization should be enough to stop Trichoderma in its tracks, but more resilient types could survive a less-than-perfect sterilization protocol and respond quickly to populate the nutrient-rich substrates and optimal growth conditions provided by mushroom growers.

Chemical treatments that destroy it are also unhealthy for the cultivated species, and some common disinfec tants are not allowed in organic facilities.

When you’re part of a cultivation campaign strategy team tasked with placing good actors in positions of influence, you could do much worse than Trichoderma spp.

We Like Trich

Remediating a Reputation

Perhaps your mushroom substrate chose to write in its own candidate, or you’re not a fungi cultivator but know someone who is. The most obvious source of a well-connected Trichoderma culture is rapidly growing locally.

If you’ve ever tried the natural farming technique of collecting and developing Indigenous Microorganisms (IMOs), it’s safe to assume you’ve partnered with at least one type of Trichoderma.

Plant Growth Promoting Microbes (PGPM) are known to work in a consortium, and benefits are exponential when the plants themselves assemble the species through the call-and-answer of biochemical signals. Much of this activity goes on in the rhizosphere. Lab analyses of these wild collaborations consistently identify beneficial bacteria in the Bacillus and Pseudomonas groups in the mix, while Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Dark Septate Endophytes (another kind of fungi that live inside plant roots) also participate.

If you’ve ever tried the natural farming technique of collecting and developing Indigenous Microorganisms (IMOs), it’s safe to assume you’ve partnered with at least one type of Trichoderma

With this in mind, it’s wise to be humble and create conditions conducive to the garden plants’ recruitment strategies. Providing the least environmental stress and the greatest access to resources (non-chemical nutrition, water with a near-neutral pH, well-structured soil, good air circulation, and appropriate lighting) is a baseline for supporting the plant holobiont (see last issue) throughout its lifecycle.

In commercial or specialized settings where a single plant species or subtype is the primary focus and economic driver, specifically formulated PGPM preparations are an investment worth considering. A lot of work and money has gone into studying and selecting symbiotic species and strains while under the scrutiny of quality control and safety regulations in agriculture.

When selecting products that contain living organisms for crop inoculation, be familiar with the intended use, dilution ratios, application guidelines, and exposure/disposal instructions.

Campaign Promises: More Than Hot Air

For the last quarter-century, serious attention has been given to Trichoderma spp. as a potent ally in sustainable agriculture. Demonstrated areas of expertise include:

• Limiting damage by other fungi.

• Inducing plant growth.

• Improving nutrient availability.

• Increasing drought stress tolerance.

1. Displacing and Consuming our Competition for the Harvest

Trichoderma are exceptional mycoparasites. Investigations into the genetics of these species suggest they likely evolved from ancestors with voracious appetites for other fungi and arthropods. They boast a heightened aptitude for detecting and degrading chitin, the substance that makes fungal cell walls and insect shell walls so strong.

Trichoderma break down the protective outer structures of other fungi, decreasing their ability to proliferate through the soil and access food. They can sense the presence of potentially crop-damaging species in the rhizosphere and engulf and feed upon them.

Trichoderma are effective as a group because they display various tactics to gain favorable positions relative to available nutrition and space. Species specialize in making different types of secondary metabolites, which achieve similar aims but by varied courses of action. Trichoderma are better at disguising themselves from plants or share a secret passcode, allowing them to avoid generalist anti-fungal defense mechanisms. In the process, they displace disease-causing, resource-exhausting, immunity-stressing competitors.

Botrytis cinerea, the grey, plant-melting bane of cannabis, strawberry, tomato, and many other valued crops, is inhibited by Trichoderma. So are many kinds of Fusarium, Pythium, Verticillium, and Pellicularis fungi, which cause blights, mildews, and rots.

Trichoderma are also known to repel the decomposers and the shredders (think nematodes and snails) in the root zone away from vital tissue, allowing plants to thrive undistracted by the need to repair damage and divert energy to immune-system responses.

2. Inducing Rapid Plant Growth

Robust roots and shoots of plants grow more speedily in the presence of certain hormones and other secretions. Auxins abundant in sea plants are one example of external sources that can supplement a garden. Trichoderma exude auxins and other organic compounds, which can directly benefit plant root development. Their presence contributes to greater branching of the roots, providing more surface area through which nutrients and water can be absorbed.

3. Improving Nutrient Uptake Through Improved Solubility

One of the most important macronutrients for food and medicine growth is phosphorus. Even where it naturally occurs, the field may be considered deficient for farming because the phosphorus is bound up with iron and aluminum in acidic soils and calcium in alkaline soils. Research is ongoing but points to multi-step processes involving Trichoderma, which profoundly affect solubilizing phosphorus and releasing it for plant uptake.

4. Improvements in Water Use and Drought Tolerance

Trichoderma are also known to repel the decomposers and the shredders (think nematodes and snails) in the root zone away from vital tissue

Trichoderma also show promise in the urgent call for better agricultural balance in water conservation. Their root growth-promoting benefits and participation in mechanisms that regulate water loss through leaves are pragmatic reasons to ensure Trichoderma species are available for plants to call upon in times of need.

No More Party Lines: How to Work with Trichoderma

Mushroom cultivation substrates hosting Trichoderma can be used most simply by breaking them up and adding them directly to compost piles or garden beds. Using mixed cultures such as these in already living, self-regulated growing environments is best.

Should you need to bulk up your supply, employ a more scientifically rigorous method involving microscopy and sterile techniques to isolate the trich from other organisms and food sources. Like in mushroom cloning of other targeted species, grow on a solid or liquid medium, and either dry or bottle the culture for later use. The viability of these products will vary depending on temperature, moisture, and length of storage.

Just as you would for any living organism, like seeds or spore syringes, it’s best to refresh supplies regularly rather than expect indefinite utility.

Kissing Babies, Shaking Hands: When Should Trichoderma Be Introduced to a Crop?

Some Trichoderma are reported to aid in dormancy-breaking and germination of seeds. You can start using PGPM inoculants from this early growth stage by surface-coating seeds with a dilute solution in powdered form or pre-soaking the planting medium.

The first transplantation of rooted cuttings or young seedlings is also a good time to perform a root dip, ensuring beneficials have the upper hand against damping off and other attacks. Root drenches with PGPM at regular intervals, particularly when plants are stretching and feeding heavily to grow flowers, fruits, or seeds, are also a good idea.

Can indoor growers use Trichoderma?

Growers in highly controlled conditions quickly discover the benefit of supporting rhizosphere PGPM, even in hydroponic setups. Cultivating resilience with non-destructive fungi like Trichoderma primes indoor gardens’ immunity responses rather than assuming all environmental management systems will always be optimized and 100% effective. An increase in root mass is generally associated with an increase in total bulk yield, while some of the metabolites from Trichoderma reduce the ratio of stalk/leaf: flower bud weight, improving totals for phytochemical harvest in a given area. Different ways PGPM can be used indoors depend on the irrigation system designs and type of substrate used, especially with soilless mediums (Rockwool or clay pellets, for example, by contrast to coir). Typically, hydroponic fertilizers are specifically formulated so that macro and micro-nutrients are bioavailable to roots without the help of microbes to unlock them from the soil. Diligent data collection and analysis relating to dosing are vital to ensure PGPMs and bottled foods are not being applied in excess, over-accumulating, or simply running to waste.

With intent and open minds, we can relegate good-fungi/bad-fungi politics to the past, look beyond one crop cycle, and collaborate with Trichoderma to survive and hopefully thrive in a shared regenerative future

Their presence also lends effective action in drawing up copper and other metals from the roots of plants into the flowering heads. While this is not desirable for any intended consumer of those plants, it does remove those residues from the soil without requiring tillage and removal of the below-ground parts. Intentional plantings and harvest for non-food or medicinal purposes (fiber production, e.g.) may be part of a strategy to heal farmland and other sites of historical applications of chemical herbicides and insecticides. Over the last century, we’ve learned much about good intentions (not to mention greed and desperation) when applying scientific innovation in agriculture. Wildcrafters and growers alike need to be judicious about the possibility that prior human interventions, lifestyle norms (like using leaded gas and paint) and even the disturbance of naturally occurring mineral sources may have created highly concentrated zones of toxicity.

Serving Multiple Terms and Diverse Constituents

Trichoderma fungi are powerful dismantlers of molecules that contain environmental toxins. These activities are not found only in Trichoderma that have been previously exposed to these substances, but are innate to their ecosystemic roles. Though not considered an adaptation to survive the harshness of this specific type of contamination, Trichoderma persist and degrade several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chemical pesticides like glyphosate and DDT.

Similarly, even though Trichoderma-based biocontrols are generally considered very safe for use, we should be wary as to whether industrial applications of any substance, whether at unnatural intervals or high exposure rates, pose a threat to the health of workers and locals. Checks for product allergenicity, infectivity, pathogenicity, and toxicity are done, but effects on immune system health are less often evaluated, and this remains a subject in need of greater inquiry. Findings from one study suggest that one Trichoderma-based fungicide used in cocoa production held the potential to cause damage to innate immune response systems in people. This research also raised the question of whether or not Trichoderma could be used in developing novel treatments relating to immunomodulation. It’s yet another reminder that the distinction between medicine and poison often comes down to dose.

Trichoderma in test tubes

PRODUCT SPOTLIGHTS

With this in mind, be careful when working with Trichoderma in volume, especially in powdered forms that can be more readily inhaled.

Learning from Our Missteps

Returning fertility to damaged ecosystems is a primary factor in improving food sovereignty and access to earth medicines. We must recognize the balance nature is always trying to find and align our goals with that harmony rather than attempt to dominate it. Unlike economically important crop plants, which command commercial attention and “pay the bills”, it’s easy to focus on acquiring and utilizing isolated and “improved” versions of PGPM.

We must recognize the balance nature is always trying to find and align our goals with that harmony rather than attempt to dominate it

We Like Trich

Advances in genetic analysis prove no singular plant species thrives without its community of symbiotic microbes. We’ve learned from attempts at monoculture that fixating on the needs of only one varietal and bending the lived environment to suit its ideal cultivation parameters requires a lot more resources and can result in the establishment of vulnerable, easily destabilized populations.

References:

Thankfully, region-specific participatory plant breeding programs and the rapid identification of unique phytochemicals (including those related to nutrient density and absorption, flavor, protein content, and antioxidant activity) are underscoring a cultural shift toward measuring yield and input efficiency through quality, not merely quantity.

Since trich are nearly everywhere we haven’t sanitized, it makes sense to expect and value the presence of subspecies locally adapted to abundantly producing and fertile regions.

Identifying, protecting, and working with PGPMs from nearby sources is one dimension of an intersectional strategy for land healing and future-focused environmental stewardship. With intent and open minds, we can relegate good-fungi/bad-fungi politics to the past, look beyond one crop cycle, and collaborate with Trichoderma to survive and hopefully thrive in a shared regenerative future. 3

• Ahmed, Heba & Al-Quraishy, Saleh & Hassan, Ahmed & Abdel-Baki, Abdel-Azeem & Abdel- Tawab, Heba. (2023). Biocontrol Potential of Trichoderma harzianum against the Land Snail Monacha cartusiana: Lab and Field Trails. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 30.10.17957/IJAB/15.2061.

• Guzmán-Guzmán, P., Porras-Troncoso, M. D., Olmedo-Monfil, V., & Herrera-Estrella, A. (2019). Trichoderma Species: Versatile Plant Symbionts. Phytopathology, 109(1), 6–16.

• https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-18-0218-rvw

• Kakabouki, I., Tataridas, A., Mavroeidis, A., Kousta, A., Karydogianni, S., Zisi, C.,

• Jan, U., Feiwen, R., Masood, J., & Chun, S. C. (2020). Characterization of Soil Microorganism from Humus and Indigenous Microorganism Amendments. Mycobiology, 48(5), 392–398. doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2020.1816154

• Kouneli, V., Konstantinou, A., Folina, A., Konstantas, A., & Papastylianou, P. (2021). Effect of Colonization of Trichoderma harzianum on Growth Development and CBD Content of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Microorganisms, 9(3), 518. doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030518

• M.T. Fernández-Sandoval, M. Ortiz-García, Galindo, E., & L. Serrano-Carreón. (2012). Cellular damage during drying and storage of Trichoderma harzianum spores. Process Biochemistry, 47(2), 186–194. doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2011.10.006

• López-Bucio, J., Pelagio-Flores, R., & Herrera-Estrella, A. (2015). Trichoderma as biostimulant: exploiting the multilevel properties of a plant beneficial fungus. Scientia Horticulturae, 196, 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.08.043

• Lucilla Silva Oliveira-Mendonça, Érica Araújo Mendes, Julyanna Oliveira Castro, Mylene Melo Silva, Santos, A., Carla Martins Kaneto, Sandro Oliveira Dias, Ivan Bezerra Allaman, Vannier- Santos, M. A., Juneo Freitas Silva, Augusto, D. G., Oliveira, D., Santos, S., Kamila Pontes Lima, Maria Fátima Horta, George Rego Albuquerque, Cardoso, G., Jardim, S., & Lima, J. (2022). Trichoderma stromaticum spores induce autophagy and downregulate inflammatory mediators in human peripheral blood-derived macrophages. Current Research in Microbial Sciences, 3, 100145–100145. doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100145

• Mccoy, P. (2016). Radical mycology: a treatise on seeing & working with fungi. Chthaeus Press.

• Shahzad, R., Khan, A. L., Bilal, S., Asaf, S., & Lee, I.-J. (2018). What Is There in Seeds? Vertically Transmitted Endophytic Resources for Sustainable Improvement in Plant Growth. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00024

• Yao, X., Guo, H., Zhang, K., Zhao, M., Ruan, J., & Chen, J. (2023). Trichoderma and its role in biological control of plant fungal and nematode disease. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14.

Iwant to welcome you to a new series called The Potential of the Plant, where I will discuss how far we can push the potential of hemp and cannabis through selective breeding. Future topics in this series include Improving Cultivars for Storage and Long-Distance Transport, Breeding Cannabis to Beat the Opioid Crisis and Pheno Hunting Hemp Cultivars for Land and Environmental Remediation.

As I’ve made my way in the cannabis space - both in the legacy and legal markets - I’m continually impressed when I hear about discoveries involving the plant and just how powerful the potential of cannabis can be in so many areas of our lives. In this issue, I will be discussing how cannabis cultivars are being bred to survive and thrive in unfavorable environments and harsh climates all over the world.

Cake and Pie

In 2021, I worked with my mentor, Ron Herrington, at a licensed cannabis facility in Alberta, Canada. While Alberta is fantastic for growing numerous crops, cannabis isn’t one of them unless it’s a fast flowering or autoflower cultivar. After moving from California to Alberta, Ron focused on creating cultivars that would survive Alberta’s climate. Ron had a Cherry Pie and Foundation Wedding

Cake he brought up with him and we were running those as crops in the facility where we were breeding. We noticed the Cherry Pie used less water than most cultivars I’ve grown. It was smaller in flower size but filled with beautiful trichomes. Ron saw through his work that his FWC also took less watering and seemed more adaptable to the drier Alberta climate. So, we decided to reverse the Cherry Pie with STS (silver thiosulfate) spray and cross it with the Foundation Wedding Cake to create a plant ready for what Alberta and similar climates could throw at it.

To say we achieved what we were looking for is an understatement. Cherry Cake, as it was named, is a game changer. Once the Cherry Cake seeds were harvested and ready to grow, we began a pheno hunt for anything unique that caught our eye. We also sent seeds to my good friend and researcher Sylvain Gaudreau at UQTR in Quebec so he could do some testing and analysis.

A Cactus of Cannabis

What he discovered through his growing studies and what we saw in our facility shocked all of us. Cherry Cake, on average, took up 30% less water - this could result in a much lower water bill for indoor facilities and less manual irrigation for outdoor operations. More shockingly, the plants lived after an average of 28 days without irrigation (yes, you read that correctly) and still came back. This told us the cultivar was extremely drought-resistant and could be grown in places worldwide with drier climates where water is scarce and has to be conserved. A cactus of cannabis.

Many of us in the cannabis industry want to lower our environmental footprint as much as possible - having a drought-tolerant cultivar like Cherry Cake and passing the traits onto others will be very important to the cannabis industry in the future as the climate changes and more extreme weather patterns emerge around us. I look forward to seeing how this incredible plant will be developed and pushed to its full potential to help the world in numerous capacities. The potential of the plant is endless. 3

Cherry Cake, on average, took up 30% less water - this could result in a much lower water bill for indoor facilities and less manual irrigation for outdoor operations.

cannabis cultivars are being bred to survive and thrive in unfavorable environments and harsh climates all over the world

BIO With 30 years of cultivation experience, Dustan has dedicated a good portion of his life to medicinal plants. He was a founding partner and Head of Cultivation/Master Grower for Parkland Flower Inc. He is now the Head of Cultivation and Master Grower for Big League Cultivation in Alberta, Canada. He provides incredible genetics to Canadian producers and selected flower and concentrates for the international market.

Oysters

Oare among the easiest mushrooms to cultivate at home

yster mushrooms will boost your culinary game. They’re versatile, tasty and loaded with vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. They’ll flourish on your kitchen counter or garden with a few simple ingredients – in under four weeks from start to finish. You’ll likely get multiple ‘flushes’ of mushrooms from the same container, too. Introducing “Bucket Tek”!

Why Oyster Mushrooms?

Oysters are among the easiest mushrooms to cultivate at home. They’re hardy, fast-growing and not picky about their food source or growing conditions. They’ll grow happily on straw inside a bucket with holes in the side – the mushroom clusters will grow out of these when ready.

How does it work?

In nature, mushroom spores germinate on something nutritious –like soil, a dead tree, or manure. Throughout the summer, mycelium will spread through that area (usually turning it white). When it’s fully ‘colonized’ in the autumn/fall, mushrooms will grow out of it to spread their spores; this is what we’re replicating with “Bucket Tek”:

1. Introducing mycelium to a warm, wet ‘underground’ space to colonize inside a bucket.

2. Changing to a cooler, humid ‘fruiting’ stage where the mushrooms appear.

Which Oyster to Grow?

Any ‘side-fruiting’ oyster will work using this method. Pink and Yellow oysters grow well in hotter climates, while Grey/Blue Oysters do better in cooler places. Avoid King oysters, as they like to grow on a flat surface.

Oyster mushrooms will boost your culinary game. They’re versatile, tasty and loaded with vitamins, minerals and antioxidants

What will I need?

INGREDIENTS

• Oyster Mushroom Grain Spawn - This is the equivalent of mushroom ‘seeds’; a quick Google search will find many options. 100g is enough for a 10-liter bucket, but you can use more if you want to.

• Straw - This is the ‘substrate’ or ‘soil’ from which the mushroom mycelium will eat and grow. Chopped straw is best, although any will do. Pet shops are a good place for this.

• Gypsum (optional) – Also known as calcium sulfate, this adds nutrients for a better harvest. If you use it, aim for around 5% of the dry weight of the straw you use.

• Boiling water – for pasteurizing straw.

EQUIPMENT

• A mixing container – This can be a large cooking pot with lid or a PP5 plastic bucket with lid.

• A large metal spoon

• A container for growing in – A plastic bucket with a lid, a well-washed yogurt pot or any other solid plastic container.

• Drill – This will make the holes the mushrooms will grow out of.

• Medical tape – This breathable tape will cover the holes while the mushrooms are ‘colonizing’ (the ‘underground’ stage of growth).

• A spray bottle – to humidify your mushrooms as they grow.

Over 35 years of large scale mushroom cultivation experience

How to do it

Pasteurizing Straw

Pour your straw into a clean mixing container. If you are using gypsum, add it to the straw. Add boiling water and mix to cover the straw. Leave the whole thing to cool.

Drain the excess water from the container when it’s back at

Preparing Growing Container

Drill 12mm holes 4 inches apart around the outside edges of the growing container. A little smaller will work if you don’t have a drill bit that big. Cover each hole with medical tape. Drill several tiny holes in the bottom of the bucket for drainage – leave these open.

Mixing in the “Seeds”and the “Underground” Phase

Massage your grain spawn through the bag to separate each

With clean hands, put a layer of the prepared straw in the bottom of your container. Follow this with a scattering of grain spawn. Make a ‘lasagna’ from layers of pasteurized straw and grain spawn until you have filled the whole container. Put on the lid and leave in a warm, dark, and relatively clean place for two weeks. A good temperature range is 21-24°C (70-70 °F), but each strain will have its favorite colonization temperature, so check you’re meeting its requirements.

The “Overground” Phase –Growing Mushrooms!

1. After two weeks, open the container and ensure the whole surface is white. If so, it is time to put your container into “fruiting” conditions.

2. Remove the medical tape from the holes and move your container into a cooler place in daylight to encourage the mushrooms to grow. This can be inside or outside – out of direct sunlight.

3. Keep the outside of the bucket humid by misting it with a water sprayer a few times a day. If you live in a dry place, you can spray the inside of a plastic bag and put it over the container to create a humidity ‘dome’. Make sure to remove this regularly to introduce fresh air and extra humidity.

4. After a few days, you will hopefully see baby mushrooms appear in the holes. Around five days after this, your mushrooms should be ready to harvest!

Pasteurizing the straw

Layering straw and grain spawn

Substrate ready for fruiting

Making holes in the bucket

Taping over the holes

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– And Getting a Second Flush

1. Your mushrooms are ready when the edge of their caps flatten or turn upwards.

2. To harvest, grab a cluster and gently twist it until it comes away from the container. You can harvest mushrooms when they are ready.

3. When you have harvested your bucket, rehydrate it – soak it in a bigger bucket of water for around four hours – and then return it to fruiting conditions for the next “flush”. You may get many “flushes” of mushrooms from one bucket.

Enjoy!

Always cook before eating. Oysters are excellent in soups and stews or torn into strips and fried. For a more succulent mushroom, broil them in a bit of water until the pan goes dry – and then throw in some oil to crisp them up on the outside.

If you have too many mushrooms to eat right away, you can store them in a plastic tub with the lid open in the fridge. If you want to preserve your harvest, you can dry them in a dehydrator until cracker-dry, then store them in an airtight container for when you want to rehydrate.

A warning for the big growers – if you intend to cultivate lots of oysters, it’s a good idea to ventilate your fruiting space, as Oyster spores can cause aggravation if inhaled. Large-scale growers use some kind of “fruiting chamber” to achieve optimal conditions in a closed environment – and remove spores using an extractor fan. 3

BIO Alex, the founder of Fungi Tribe, loves empowering people to grow their own food and medicine. He has taught over 6,000 students worldwide to cultivate mushrooms at home. For more information visit fungitribe.com or follow Alex on Instagram at instagram.com/fungi_tribe

Always cook before eating. Oysters are excellent in soups and stews or torn into strips and fried.

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Local Growers

WHO’S GROWING WHAT

WHERE USA & Canada

Sawmill Herb Farm Montague, MA

Sawmill Herb Farm is a dream for lovers of flavorful meals and natural medicines. The certified organic farm cares for people and the planet, specializing in locally grown and respectfully wild-harvested culinary and medicinal plants for the community.

Susan Pincus spearheaded the farm in 2013 on unceded land of the Nipmuc and Picumtuc people, known today as the Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts. Susan is deeply committed to sustainable land stewardship and working with Nature to grow healing crops for people. The farm also serves as a community hub, creating educational material and resources to encourage people in their healing journeys.

The fresh herbs (flowers, stems, leaves, and roots) are available via a weekly CSA program from May through October. Members can select from seasonal herbs like stinging nettle, dandelion, mullein, and plantain in early May and motherwort, yarrow, and red cover at the beginning of June. Calendula and elderflowers, St. John’s wort, and prickly lettuce are available throughout the summer, and goldenrod, anise hyssop, and blue vervain go into baskets at the end of August. Members can reap the benefits of herbs like horsetail, lemongrass, marshmallow, and burdock root in the fall.

Everything in the boxes can be enjoyed alone or combined for an immune-boosting treat. The farm sends out a newsletter before every share with information about the herbs and recipes to help people make the most of their deliveries, whether a salve, tincture, oil, vinegar, or homemade tea.

Sawmill Harb Farm offers several educational opportunities to those interested in further exploring their love affair with medicinal and culinary herbs. The talks, walks, medicine foraging, crafting, and movement workshops are aimed at boosting community awareness of various approaches to holistic health while helping them connect to Mother Nature and become more self-reliant, saving money by making their own food and medicine at home.

Beyond the CSA, tea blends, bulk-dried herbs, and small-batch health products can be purchased online year-round. While many operations use machines and mills to grind their herbs, Sawmill Herb Farm processes everything by hand to ensure the best quality and potency. In the spring, the farm’s greenhouse is filled with organic vegetable, flower, and herb seedlings for gardeners wanting to plant pharmacy or kitchen gardens at home.

After a season with Sawmill Herb Farm, your apothecary will burst with goodness to keep you healthy and satisfied.

Learn more: sawmillherbfarm.com facebook.com/SawmillHerbFarm sawmill_herbfarm

Local Growers

WHO’S GROWING WHAT WHERE

USA & Canada

Little Fields Farm

Nothing is more satisfying than enjoying food grown or raised with love and care, and Little Fields Farm provides precisely that. Using regenerative techniques, the small-scale, lowcarbon farm grows vegetables, cut flowers, pastureraised chicken, turkey, pork, and eggs. Farmers Claire and Adam are passionate about sustainable agriculture and empowering local communities with knowledge about working with nature to produce nutritious food.

Claire founded Little Fields Farm in 2015 after interning on organic farms across Canada. A first-generation farmer, her love for real food drew her to the art of growing. Adam’s grandparents were farmers, and he was inspired by them to carry the torch toward community-based agriculture. He spent 11 years co-managing the Working Center Market Garden, a non-profit urban farm in Kitchener, ON. With Bowie, the dog (the farm’s welcoming committee and critter control), and beautiful Phoebe, the couple’s one-year-old daughter, Claire and Adam work hard in the fields to benefit their neighbors.

Little Fields Farm is in Bright, Ontario, on the traditional lands of the Haudenosaunee, Anishinabek, and Attawandaron peoples. The farm’s produce, meat, flowers, and eggs are available via a CSA farm share program and the online store, with pickups at the farm and several locations in nearby communities. More than 50 different seasonal fruits, vegetables, and herbs grow on the farm; some are kitchen staples, and others are unique crops people may never have tried. Members can also sign up for a share of fresh-cut flowers, which, like the food crops, are grown following sustainable and low-till farming practices that feed the soil and nurture biodiversity. Pasture-raised chicken, pork, turkey, and nutrient-dense eggs are available from the farm; the animals live their best lives in the fields, foraging for greens and bugs and eating organic and non-GMO grain. Their stress-free, natural environment results in delicioustasting meat and eggs.

Would you like to be featured as one of our local growers? If you’ve got a garden, grow room, or farm and have a story to share, contact us at growers@gardenculturemagazine.com.

The summertime CSA runs from the end of June through the end of October. A shorter CSA is also available to those who want to eat locally throughout the Canadian winter. It begins in November and runs for 16 weeks through the end of February. By joining the Little Fields Farm CSA, people support their local farmers, Claire and Adam, and strengthen the local food economy. They’re also securing access to the freshest vegetables possible and encouraging low-carbon, regenerative farming that is good for people and the planet, which is exactly what the doctor ordered.

Learn more: littlefields.farm facebook.com/littlefieldsfarm littlefieldscsa

Bright, ON

WAYS

Mushrooms Help Boost Human Health

Are mushrooms a go-to in your kitchen? Extremely versatile, flavorful, and an excellent meat substitute, it’s no wonder they’re a culinary staple. What makes them even more appealing is that they pack a massive nutritional punch and are vital to keeping our bodies healthy and functioning correctly. Mushrooms are medicine! The health benefits seem endless, but we’ve narrowed the list down significantly for the sake of space. Enjoy our list of 5 Cool Ways Mushrooms Help Boost Human Health.

Vitamin D Superpowers

Did you know that mushrooms are the only food in the produce aisle containing vitamin D? This essential vitamin is typically produced by the sun and keeps us strong by helping our bones absorb calcium. Unfortunately, most of us don’t get enough vitamin D; our daily intake is far below the recommended amount. The Mushroom Council explains that mushrooms are unique from other foods because they can naturally increase their vitamin D levels through exposure to sunlight. As a result, mushroom farmers let UV light hit their crops during the growing process to increase vitamin D production. Varieties like crimini and portabella have higher levels of the plant sterol ergosterol, which converts to vitamin D when exposed to light. For example, a raw crimini mushroom grown under some light has 128% of the daily recommended value of vitamin D. We’re still huge proponents of getting vitamin D from the great outdoors, but why not get a little more by adding some mushrooms to your stir-fry, too?

Immune Boosting 2

There is no shortage of mushroom tinctures and capsules available at your local health food store, which you can use for daily immune support. Seriously, you’ll need some time to go through it all! These tinctures and capsules often contain five to seven different species of mushrooms, ranging from chaga, lion’s mane, and cordyceps to reishi, turkey tail, and more. Don’t feel like taking a tincture or capsule every day? Good nutrition plays a vital role in building our immune systems, and you can reap all the same benefits by enjoying mushrooms in your meals. Mushrooms are an excellent addition to your dinner plate because they’re low in calories and sodium and are free of fat, cholesterol, and gluten. They contain vitamin B6, copper, zinc, selenium, betaglucans, and more, protecting the body from infection against bacteria and free radicals. Incorporating these delicious gems into your weekly meal plan will help keep you healthy through the seasons and more than satisfied at dinner time.

Boost Gut Health 3

Dieticians are all about gut health, and for good reason. A healthy gut breaks down our foods and absorbs the nutrients so the body functions properly, improving overall health and mood. There are many ways to maintain gut health, and experts say eating mushrooms stimulates the growth of healthy bacteria in our bodies. According to UCLA Health, polysaccharides are the most abundant carbohydrate in mushrooms and pass through the stomach unchanged. As a result, they reach the colon and encourage healthy bacteria growth there. Mushrooms are high in fiber and contain prebiotics essential to a properly functioning gut. Reishi, chaga, coriolus, maitake, and lion’s mane mushrooms are excellent options to get the job done.

Cancer Prevention 5

Better Brains 4

We all have a lot on our minds, from obligations to family and friends to job performance, exercising, maintaining a home, and everything in between. Mushrooms can help clear the fog and keep our brains in working order. UCLA Health points to a study in Singapore that found that people who ate two cups of mushrooms a week were 50% less likely to develop mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MCI is considered an early sign of Alzheimer’s disease and causes issues with memory and language. Researchers offered study participants a wide range of mushrooms, including golden, oyster, shiitake, and white buttons. But when it comes to brain health, the lion’s mane mushroom is a shining star. With roots in Chinese medicine, this mushroom has potent antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, increasing blood flow to the brain. As a result, lion’s mane mushrooms help improve focus and clarity and can help grow and repair damaged nerves. Preliminary studies show they might even prevent depression and anxiety.

Regularly including mushrooms in your diet may help prevent your risk of developing cancer. Research by Pennsylvania State University finds that people who eat just two medium-sized mushrooms a day, or about ⅛ of a cup, have a 45% lower risk of cancer compared to those who don’t eat them. The paper was published in Advances in Nutrition and looked at cancer studies from 1966 to 2020.The driving force behind this theory is that mushrooms contain ergothioneine, an amino acid and antioxidant that helps protect the body’s cells from damage. Shiitake, oyster, maitake, and king oyster mushrooms have the highest levels of ergothioneine. The World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) says the study by Penn State is exciting but that further research is needed to determine whether mushrooms help reduce the risk of all cancers or just some, in addition to proper dosage, mushroom type, and whether or not eating them raw or cooked makes a difference. In any case, the WCRF says the research proves that nutrition (or lack thereof) has an impact on our risk of developing certain forms of cancer. 3

Sources:

• The Mushroom Council (mushroomcouncil.com)

• 7 Health Benefits of Mushrooms (uclahealth.org)

• The Best Mushrooms for Gut Health (guthealthydietician.com)

• 5 Incredible Benefits of Lion’s Mane Mushrooms (foragehyperfoods.com)

• World Cancer Research Fund - Should we eat mushrooms to prevent cancer? (wcrf-uk.org)

Llion mane mushroom

Oyster mushroom

Brandon Mailer Master Grower / Owner Kootenay Quantum Cannabis

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PROFESSIONAL BIO:

Brandon Mailer is a veteran grower with 25 years of cultivation experience. He perfected his craft by growing medicinal cannabis in the West Kootenay region of British Columbia and has never lost his passion for the plant. He is thrilled to be able to share his love of cannabis as one of the master growers at Kootenay Quantum Cannabis, a company that he owns and operates with his closest friends.

Kootenay Quantum Cannabis is a craft producer focusing on small batch, high-end cannabis for the discerning consumer. Growing unique cultivars to the highest standards, everything they do is geared toward producing the very best cannabis possible. Their passionate team of veteran growers love what they do, and their greatest joy is watching their customers cracking a jar of their products and getting hit with a wave of intense terps.

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