Building Technology I

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I (BLD 61403)

ASSIGNMENT ONE

INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS) BLOCKWORK SYSTEM

TUTOR: MR KHAIROOL AIZAT AHMAD JAMAL

GROUP MEMBERS: DAREN LAI KAM FEI ESTHER WONG JIA EN GAVIN TIO KANG HUI PRISCILLA HUONG YUNN WENDY LAU JIA YEE YONG PING PING

0332570 0332188 0333373 0332599 0333538 0332585

TABLE OF CONTENT

ii

table of CONTENT 1.0

INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

1.6

2.0

02 03 05 06

2.2

2.3

Proposed IBS System 2.1.1 Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Features and Fabrication Process of IBS Components 2.2.1 Cast In-situ Strip Foundation 2.2.2 Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Block 2.2.3 Precast Concrete Hollow Core Slab 2.2.4 Precast Concrete Staircase 2.2.5 Prefabricated Steel Roof Truss 2.2.6 Toilet Pod Sequence of Construction 2.3.1 Construction Process of Model

09 10

5.0

Architectural Plans Elevations Sections and Exploded Axonometric Structural Plans

45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

Cast In-Situ Strip Foundation Grouting and Reinforcements Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Post & Beam System Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Block Wall Precast Concrete Hollow Core Slab Doors and Windows Precast Concrete Staircase Prefabricated Steel Roof Truss

55 56 58 59 62 64 65 67

6.0

IBS SCORE CALCULATION

71

7.0

CONCLUSION

74

8.0

REFERENCES

76

20

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Block Wall Precast Curtain Wall Precast Dry Wall Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Columns and Beams Precast Hollow Core Slab Precast Staircase Prefabricated Doors Prefabricated Windows Precast Lintel

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

SCHEDULE OF IBS COMPONENTS 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

07 08

CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK 2.1

3.0

Introduction to IBS Types of IBS System in Malaysia Advantages and Disadvantages of IBS in Malaysia Standard Design Workflow of IBS Proposed IBS System: Blockwork System 1.5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Blockwork System 1.5.2 Types of Concrete Blocks in Malaysia Case Study 1.6.1 SMK Bandar Enstek, Negeri Sembilan 1.6.2 Bungalow House, Kota Bahru

4.0

24 29 34 38

chapter one

INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

INTRODUCTION TO IBS TYPES OF IBS SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IBS IN MALAYSIA STANDARD DESIGN WORKFLOW OF IBS PROPOSED IBS SYSTEM: BLOCKWORK SYSTEM CASE STUDY

INTRODUCTION TO IBS

1.1

Introduction to IBS

Industrialized Building System (IBS) is a construction technique whereby the fabrication of these building components are carried out within a controlled environment, either on site or off site in a factory plant. It is then transported and assembled into a structure with minimal-to-zero site work. The primary reasons for introducing IBS into Malaysia were to reduce the dependency on foreign labour and to boost productivity. The construction process is also independent from weather conditions as most of the construction processes of IBS is completed in the factory.

The Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) was formed in 1994 and they have been actively promoting the application of iBS in the Malaysian construction industry ever since the Cabinet of Ministers endorsed the IBS Strategic Plan as the blueprint for total industrialisation of the construction sector in 1998. They also aim to educate contractors with the usage of IBS as “assemblers of components” rather than “builders”. The IBS Score system was also implemented into the construction industry by CIDB to measure the level of IBS usage in buildings.

The implementation of IBS can be done in two systems, which are the open IBS or closed IBS system. Open IBS system allows the combination of prefabricated building components from various manufacturing plants and the components are compatible with each other. For this system to be effective, a modular coordination is required. Closed IBS system is defined by which all building components are custom made to design for specific individual projects. This system does not allow interchangeability of components from different plants.

INTRODUCTION

02

TYPES OF IBS SYSTEMS IN MALAYSIA

1.2

03

Types of IBS Systems in Malaysia

Precast Concrete System

Formwork System

Steel Framing System

Precast concrete system is the most popular used IBS method in Malaysia. It consists of precast concrete columns, beams, slabs , walls, ‘3D’ components such as balconies, toilets, lift chambers and refuse chambers, lightweight precast concrete and permanent concrete formworks.

Formwork system consists of tunnel forms, tilt-up system, beams and columns moulding format, permanent steelwork forms. The IBS formwork an be re-used 20 times minimum up to maximum of 80 times.

Thus, it is suitable for multi-storey building as most design is repeated in every floor of the building.

Steel framing system consists of steel beams and columns, portal framing systems and roof trusses. It is extensively used in the fast track construction of skyscrapers. The light steel trusses consisting of costeffective profiled cold formed channels and steel portal frame system are used as alternatives to the heavier traditional hot-rolled sections.

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF IBS SYSTEMS IN MALAYSIA

1.2

04

Types of IBS Systems in Malaysia

Prefabricated Timber Framing System

Blockwork System

Innovative System

This system involves prefabricated timber roof truss,timber frames beams and columns. It is cost eďŹƒcient and is usually made up of multiple wood modules. It is widely used for aesthetic purpose such as chalets and resorts in tourism areas.

Block work system is an alternative system to the traditional brick laying technique and is mainly used for non-structural wall. This system consists of interlocking concrete masonry unit (CMU), lightweight concrete blocks which may include hollow cores to reduce the weight while improving insulation properties.

Innovative system integrates various green elements which are considered innovative in this system. The examples include mixture of polystyrene and concrete to produce IBS components of a wall to strengthen thermal insulation. Other materials such as gypsum, wood wool, polymer, ďŹ berglass and aluminium are also introduced based on IBS components.

INTRODUCTION

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IBS IN MALAYSIA

1.3

Advantages and Disadvantages of IBS in Malaysia

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Long Run Cost Reduction

High Initial Cost

The formwork of IBS components mostly consist of materials that can be used repeatedly such as steel and aluminium, which reduces the construction cost for having to build formwork for each project.

The initial cost to invest in the IBS construction is high as it requires specific machines to cast the components which results in a high capital cost.

Shorter Construction Time

Need for Specialised Labour

IBS speeds up the construction process because the casting of precast elements at factory and foundation work on site can occur simultaneously, while the work later on site is only to assemble and erect these IBS components.

Although the overall numbers of workers are reduced, the quality of workers has to be maintained to a certain standard. IBS system is easy to assemble yet risky to do so if workers are not properly trained with the necessary skill sets.

Transportation Inflexibility

Better Site Environment IBS reduces the wastage on the site as the usage of the formwork and tools are greatly reduced, allowing for an overall neater and organized appearance of site.

Large IBS components will pose a problem in transporting from one place to another. This will potentially increase the construction cost and time.

HIgh Quality and Aesthetic Values

Limited Source Supplies

The quality of the IBS components are guaranteed a certain standard as it is prefabricated within a strict environment. It has good aesthetic value too as it is cast using steel formwork which gives it its smooth even surface.

The application of IBS system is not that widespread in Malaysia’s construction industry because not many existing manufacturers of IBS building components are available.

Smooth Construction Operation

Decrease in Job Opportunities

The construction process will not be affected by the weather conditions because most of the construction operation of IBS is done in factory.

The fabrication of IBS building components are largely done by automated machineries which decreases the demand for manual labour leading to lesser job opportunities available in the market.

INTRODUCTION

05

STANDARD DESIGN WORKFLOW OF IBS

1.4 1

Standard Design Workflow of IBS Design Consideration

4

The first stage is design phase, where the design of IBS components are carried out according to the specification stated in MS 1064.

2

Production Line

When the components reached the site, they are assembled with the assistance of a crane tower.

Due to the precast components, there is less on-site work, thus reducing construction waste and having a cleaner site.

5

Completion Finishes such as plastering and painting are done to add aesthetic value to the completed unit.

Then, the components are precast off site, at a manufacturing plant according to the specified dimension and details. Quality control of the end products are strictly supervised throughout the fabrication process.

3

Assemblage on Site

Delivery to Site The IBS components are then transported to the construction site from the manufacturing plant for assembling stage.

INTRODUCTION

06

PROPOSED 1BS SYSTEM: BLOCKWORK SYSTEM

1.5

07

Proposed IBS System: Blockwork System

Blockwork system is a construction of concrete or concrete blocks larger than standard clay or concrete bricks. The block system consists of lightweight concrete block and interlocking concrete masonry unit (CMU) blocks. The blocks are manufactured through an automated manufacturing process of mixing materials, layering the material in the mold and then transfering the unit to the curing operation.

CMU blocks are rectangular blocks made of concrete with hollow cores in order to make them lighter and increase their insulation capacity. The blocks are available in a range of densities to suit different applications, mostly used to build load-bearing wall pile and wall components. The blocks are different from conventional bricks as they do not require mortar for brick application work. Their convenience and cost effectiveness have made them a popular alternative to traditional clay bricks.

1.5.1

Advantages and Disadvantages of Blockwork System

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Long Run Cost Reduction

High Material and Transportation Cost

It does not require high initial cost as the costly and time consuming plaster work can be eliminated.

The cost of concrete blocks fluctuates but is generally more expensive than lumber and transporting prefabricated blocks require higher transportation fee.

Shorter Construction Time

Familiarisation

Concrete blocks are prefabricated off site, and only need to be erected on site.

Faster construction ultimately leads to lower labour costs.

As it is a relatively new technology to construction industry, workers who are inexperienced are required to undergo training.

Appearance

Better Durability Can withstand severe weather and last for centuries if it is maintained well.

Blockwork system also requires

Commonly plain and unappealing appearance, unless facade design is introduced.

Although you can paint the concrete, not much can be done to change the general texture or pattern.

Fire Resistant

Low Strength

Concrete is fireproof and is often used as a firewall between rooms and other structures. It is also ideal for wet environments as it resists moisture.

It adds a lot of weight to the foundation. Therefore it increases the stress of the foundation which in which a stronger foundation is needed to support the blocks.

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKS IN MALAYSIA

1.5.2

08

Types of Concrete Blocks in Malaysia

Solid Block

Hollow Block

Cellular Block

Blocks which contain no formed voids. They are commonly used for load bearing and exposed work in industrial building. They are available in large sizes compared to bricks. Therefore, lesser construction time is required compared to the brick masonry.

Hollow blocks have one or more hollow cores. These cores reduces the total cross-sectional area of the block by at least 25 percent. Standard hollow concrete blocks come in full and half sizes. Full size blocks are rectangular and have two cores. Half size blocks are cubical and have one core.

Block which contains one or more formed voids which do not fully penetrate the block. It is lower weight alternative to solid dense blocks with improved thermal properties.

Example of Solid Blocks:

Example of Hollow Blocks:

Example of Cellular Blocks:

Half block (Male)

Half block (Female)

200 column

300 column

Half block (Standard)

Corner

400 column

300 bond beam

Stretcher

400 bond beam

INTRODUCTION

CASE STUDY

1.6

Case Study

1.6.1

SMK Bandar Enstek, Negeri Sembilan Project: SMK Bandar @Enstek, Negeri Sembilan Construction Period: 24 months Architect: Syed Ahmad Ibrahim Associate Architects Sdn. Bhd. IBS System: Load Bearing Blockwork System IBS Products/Components: Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) IBS Manufacturer: Integrated Brickworks Sdn. Bhd. Introduction: SMK Bandar Enstek is a secondary school consisting of 11 buildings which include classrooms, laboratories, workshops, administrative offices, canteen, security points and others. The school hosts more than 1000 students and disabled students from both science and art streams. It is considered one of the largest projects applying the IBS system of load bearing blockwork system whereby the columns and beams are integrated into as part of the load bearing walls as well. Overall the project cost was reduced by almost 30% comparing to the conventional method, and also with lower foundation costs.

Types of building components Conventional Construction In-situ concrete raft foundation

Blockwork Components Load bearing CMU block wall

Structural Precast concrete slab Precast metal roof truss Wall blockwork system

IBS Factor

The uniform sizing of modular units allows the construction site and building appearance to look clean and organised.

Stacked bond arrangement of CMU blocks reduces cost of cutting into half blocks.

However its weakness is that this masonry bond is weaker and less robust compared to running bond.

Sequence of construction Precast Components Precast concrete staircase Precast concrete slab Precast metal roof truss Precast door and window frames

IBS Factor (in reference to CIS 18 : 2010) Component

09

Analysis

0.8 1.0

Full IBS Factor Full IBS Factor

0.5

Partial IBS Factor

Firstly, raft foundation was constructed, which also functioned as a large concrete slab for the ground floor.

Steps 1 to 3 are repeated until 4 floors are completed.

The prefabricated steel framed roof with metal decking is then installed.

The wall is built up with CMU blocks and rebar for reinforcements.

Prefabricated doors and window frames are installed.

Upon completion, finishings are not added to allow for the clean, raw appearance of the load bearing blockwork wall.

The first floor in-situ concrete slab sits above the ground floor walls and are reinforced with rebar.

INTRODUCTION

CASE STUDY

1.6.2

10

Bungalow House, Kota Bahru Project: Bungalow House, Kota Bahru Construction Period: 3 weeks IBS System: Load Bearing Blockwork System IBS Products/Components: Lightweight Blocks Introduction: The case study features a two-storey high bungalow house and is of private ownership. The construction includes the lightweight block, lightweight precast panel slab and roof trusses without column. This construction design is unique due to the inclusion of ‘lintel beam’ which allows extra extension work or renovation to be carried out in the future.

The application of IBS system in the bungalow demonstrated its competency and efficiency in which the bungalow only took a mere 3 weeks to complete its construction with minimal use of manpower.

Sequence of construction

Types of building components Conventional Construction

Blockwork Components

Precast Components

In-situ concrete raft foundation

Load bearing lightweight block wall Lightweight block staircase

Precast lightweight concrete slab Prefabricated timber roof truss

IBS Factor (in reference to CIS 18 : 2010) Component

Structural Prefabricated timber roof truss Load bearing lightweight block wall system

IBS Factor

Lightweight blocks (masonry aggregate blocks) have a running bond, which is stronger than the stack bond arrangement.

These blocks reduces cost and time of construction greatly.

However, its drawbacks is that the blocks have lower strength than dense blocks.

Analysis

1.0

Full IBS Factor

0.8

Partial IBS Factor

Raft foundation is used for the base due to the low bearing capacity on site, helping to reduce differential settlement.

Construction of the first floor proceeds with precast lightweight concrete block walls which require minimum time for the concrete to reach its targeted strength.

The wall is erected, featuring a running bond pattern.

Construction of staircase to the first floor is also expedited even though the main structure of the first floor is still in progress.

Integration of lightweight block system with fenestration design also enables the construction to be carried out smoothly.

After completing the first floor structure, lightweight floor slab panels with accurate dimensions are installed into place, replacing the cast in-situ method which also effectively reduces material wastage eg. formwork.

Following this, roof trusses, ceiling frame and later roof tiles, are installed onto the building.

INTRODUCTION

chapter two

CONCEPT & FRAMEWORK 2.1 2.2 2.3

PROPOSED IBS SYSTEM FEATURES AND FABRICATION PROCESS OF IBS COMPONENTS SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION

PROPOSED IBS SYSTEM

2.1

12

Proposed IBS System

Precast concrete system is the most popular used IBS method in Malaysia. It consists of precast concrete columns, beams, slabs , walls, ‘3D’ components such as balconies, toilets, lift chambers and refuse chambers, lightweight precast concrete and permanent concrete formworks.

PREFABRICATED COMPONENTS

● ● ●

BLOCKWORK COMPONENTS

Steel roof truss Doors Windows

● ● ● ●

PRECAST CONCRETE COMPONENTS

● ● ●

Hollow core slab Staircase Lintels

Walls Beams Columns Railings

CAST IN-SITU COMPONENTS

●

CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK

Strip foundation

CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU)

2.1.1

13

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) supplier Malaysia has been doing well due to its versatility, easy to be installed and cost effective to builder.

Its longevity, appealing finish, require no further treatment in term of paint makes it quick to build. It can also produced by natural green materials or recycled materials which does not have or contain low volatile organic compound (VOC).

Concrete masonry units are manufactured from very dry, stiff concrete mixtures. The “no-slump” or “low-slump” material is placed into molds, vibrated and compacted, and demolded quickly. Units are stiff enough to hold their shape as they enter the curing chamber.

Afterwards, they are palletized and readied for shipping. Factories through the country manufactured concrete masonry units, adding to local economies and meeting sustainable criteria for availability.

CMU block

Sizes, Components and Configurations

Installation, Connections, Finishes

Sustainability and Energy

CMU are modular. The most common size is a nominal 8-by-8-by-16 inches. Door and window openings are positioned to minimize cutting of units. Walls that contain one vertical layer of units are called single wythe and two layers are double wythe.

Masonry is laid by skilled masons. They place mortar between units to tie them together. Masonry requires little machinery for placement: a mason and a trowel are the two main things necessary.

Concrete masonry is sustainable for a number of reasons. It can contain recycled materials. It is made from local materials and usually shipped short distances to a project. These aspects often contribute toward credits in green rating systems.

Walls, within and between them, are tied together with reinforcement. Joint reinforcement may be used along mortar joints to help control cracking in the wall.

Anchors, plates, and other items that are common with other construction are used in masonry, too.

Masonry construction is energy efficient, providing thermal mass to help moderate temperature in buildings. Lighter weight units are made with lightweight aggregate to help provide added thermal resistance. In addition, masonry walls can be insulated in a wide variety of ways.

It is most common to build single or double-wythe walls. When wythes are separated by a continuous vertical space, the assembly is known as a cavity wall. Units are held together by mortar.

Reinforcement is placed into horizontal and vertical cavities as needed, with grout placed around it. This helps walls to carry loads and resist other forces acting on them.

Single wythe wall

Finishes are often simplified when using masonry. It can be sealed or painted. It can be plastered for aesthetics and improved moisture resistance. But in many cases, it is left exposed. This can be done with plain or architectural units. Some finishes are made specifically for durability in moist exposures, like locker rooms, pools, or kitchen or laundry facilities. These masonry surfaces are often brightly colored to provide a hard, attractive finish.

CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK

Fire Safety Concrete Masonry Walls do not burn. Depending on the thickness of the wall, the density of the units and the amount of grout used, concrete masonry walls can provide up to a four hour fire rating. Additionally, concrete masonry walls pass the hose stream test unlike other fire rated wall systems.

Sound Control Concrete Masonry Walls provide a high level of sound control. This can be advantageous if used in either interior walls between units such as apartments or dormitories or even on exterior walls as the backup to control unwanted outside noise. CMU walls can provide Sound Transmission Class (STC) ratings up to 63 depending on the wall thickness, density of the units and whether they are fully grouted or not.

FEATURES & FABRICATION PROCESS OF IBS COMPONENTS

2.2

Features and Fabrication Process of IBS Components

2.2.1

Cast In-Situ Strip Foundation

14

Suitability In our case, a combination of post and beam blockwork system and load-bearing blockwork walls are chosen to form the main structure of the designed three-storey high apartment building. The post and beam blockwork system is proposed to complement the initial load-bearing blockwork wall system.

This consideration is based on two points, which are climatic control and load resistance.

Firstly, due to the hot climatic condition in Malaysia, it is best that the thickness of the blockwork wall is kept within a suitable range to ensure cool interior spaces. The post and beam blockwork system is able to reduce and share part of the original load supported by solely blockwork walls, which allows for thinner walls. Secondly, the post and beam system is effective at resisting lateral loads, mostly due to application of beams. This would help to add a form of bracing and extra support to the blockwork walls.

Construction Method Construction Materials

The blockwork wall is still the main feature of this IBS system with the posts and beams integrated together with the wall. Therefore strip foundation can effectively transfer these point and uniformly distributed loads from the superstructure into the ground with reduced risk of differential settlement.

: Cast in-situ : Reinforced Concrete with Rebar

Strip foundation is a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide a continuous, level strip of support to a linear structure such as wall that is built centrally above it. The uniformly distributed loads from the walls are then transferred evenly to the concrete strip that have been laid on earth. The strip will distribute the concentration of load sideways into a wider sub-strata to reduce settlement and bearing stress to an allowable limit.

A trench is required to be excavated on site the strip foundation construction. Grout is used to fill the cells without any voids. For there to be a continuous load path, rebar extends from the foundation and laps the wall rebar in the same cells, in the lowest courses of the walls.

Concrete is then poured into to secure and stabilize the reinforcement bar.

Advantages ●

More economical as less excavation and building materials are required.

●

Reduces construction time as lesser time is required for concrete curing due to the small surface area.

CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK

FEATURES & FABRICATION PROCESS OF IBS COMPONENTS

2.2.2

15

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Block Advantages ● ● ● ● ●

High Durability due to being compacted by high pressure and vibration Easy and fast to install due to their uniform size and shape Cost effective as one concrete hollow block replaces five traditional bricks Flexibility when comes to design as it offers incredible amount of versatility Reduces maintenance cost as it has high longevity and low maintenance unlike materials, such a wood which is susceptible to damaging effects of moisture

Fabrication Process In our case, post and beam system and main exterior walls are constructed using the CMU blocks rather than lightweight concrete blocks. Our columns and beams made of the blocks are the main structural system that will bear the load of the whole building. CMU block with higher compressive strength will make the structure of the post and beam stronger.

Construction Method Construction Materials IBS Factors

: IBS - Blockwork system : Concrete : 0.5 (Half IBS Factor)

Concrete masonry unit (CMU) is a standard size load bearing block. Blocks may be solid or hollow with two or more cores. This feature reduces the cross-sectional area of the block by about one quarter. The advantage with this material is that its lighter weight makes it easier to work with. It can also be reinforced with rebar, either horizontally or vertically, depending the plans.

1.

Preparation of raw materials

2. Crushing and mixing of raw materials

The concrete commonly used to make concrete blocks is a mixture of powdered cement, water, sand, and gravel. This produces a light gray block with a fine surface texture and a high compressive strength. However with different ratio of raw materials mixed during fabrication process to cater to the different design of blocks, the compressive strength of the blocks will vary as well.

3. Moulding and pressing the concrete mix

4. Concrete curing

Suitability In our case, post and beam system and main exterior walls are constructed using the CMU blocks rather than lightweight concrete blocks. Our columns and beams made of the blocks are the main structural system that will bear the load of the whole building. CMU block with higher compressive strength will make the structure of the post and beam stronger.

5. Cubing and packing CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK

6. Stocking and delivery to site

FEATURES & FABRICATION PROCESS OF IBS COMPONENTS

2.2.3

Precast Concrete Hollow Core Slab

Fabrication Process

1.

Construction Method Construction Materials IBS Factors

Preparation of casting beds

: IBS - Precast Concrete System : Reinforced Concrete : 0.8 (Full IBS Factor)

Precast Concrete Hollow Core Slab have between 4 and 6 longitudinal cores running through them, the primary purpose of the cores being to decrease the weight, and material within the floor, yet maintain maximal strength. To further increase the strength, the slabs are reinforced with steel strands running longitudinally.

3. Pouring concrete and forming slab around the reinforcement

2. Pulling and attaching prestressing wires or strands

4. Marking and cutting notches, openings

Suitability In our case, the hollow core slabs with lightweight properties are chosen instead of the common precast concrete slab to reduce the structural weight. As post and beam block work system and block work walls are chosen as the main structure, the hollow core slab allows the insertion of reinforcement rebars that connects to the hollow block wall and columns. The reinforcement bar strengthen the structural integrity of these components.

5. Inspection

Advantages ● ● ● ● ● ●

Fire resistance, disproportionate collapse and sound insulation.

Light weight structure with high-load capacity.

Long span up to 15 meters without intermediate support.

High efficiency by eliminate need to drill into slab for electrical and mechanical runs.

Fast construction during installation compared to wet concrete solutions.

Less vibration compare to other common precast concrete slab.

CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK

7. Lifting, loading and final inspection

6. Cutting slabs according to delivery lengths

8. Delivery to site and proceed to installation

16

FEATURES & FABRICATION PROCESS OF IBS COMPONENTS

2.2.4

17

Precast Concrete Staircase Advantages ● ● ● ● ● ●

Eliminates the need for temporary stairs during construction.

Safety rails and handrail can be pre-installed prior to installation.

Better quality control of the finished products.

Need no curing on site, installation process is clean and neat.

Can usually be positioned and fixed by semiskilled labour.

Saving space on site as formwork storage space and fabrication space is not required.

Fabrication Process

Construction Method Construction Materials

: IBS - Precast Concrete System : Reinforced Concrete

Precast concrete staircase usually span longitudinally into the landings at right angles to the stair flights or span between supporting beams. Half landing with integral flight precast concrete stair flights are cast in either timber or steel moulds and trowel finished.

Reinforcement rebars are also added into the fabrication of concrete staircase to strengthen

1.

Assembling timber formwork as staircase mould.

2. Cleaning mould and preparation for moulding

its structure.

Suitability Concrete stairs are superior to using other materials for an access solution. Due to their high strength and durability required the least maintenance among all materials. Its raw materiality can be crafted to create a beautiful aesthetic feature. Precast concrete faster construction built time, staging and cost of on-site installation which result in more economical way to construct instead of timber framework.

3. Moulding and pressing the concrete mix

5. Cubing and packing CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK

4. Pouring and vibrating concrete

6. Lifting and deliver to site

FEATURES & FABRICATION PROCESS OF IBS COMPONENTS

2.2.5

Prefabricated Steel Roof Truss Advantages ● ● ● ● ● ●

High strength-to-weight ratio Designed for optimum strength at minimum cost to meet building industrial demand High tensile strength with extremely lightweight High durability which resistance to termites and rusting Non-combustible material that offers continuous fire resistance Energy efficiency by keeping homes cooler

Fabrication Process

Construction Method Construction Materials IBS Factors

: IBS - Prefabricated Steel Framing System : Steel - Galvanised C-channel roof truss : 1.0 (Full IBS Factor)

1.

Feeding of metal strips by automated decoiler into roliformer

2. Bending of metal strips by rollformer into C-channel steel profile

Prefabricated steel roof truss offers a high strength, lightweight roof system that can be installed quickly upon arrival on site from manufacturer. As compared to timber trusses, steel roof trusses last more longer due to its resistance to termite. Its high strength properties required less maintenance although the initial cost is more expensive. There are many types of steel profiles used for roof trusses which includes, rectangular hollow section (RHS), Cchannel, etc.

Suitability In our case, by applying C-channel steel profiles with lightweight properties as main material for roof trusses instead of rectangular hollow section (RHS), to maintain the structural integrity. C-channel steel trusses are used in both gable and hip roof in this designed apartment block due to its easy installation, therefore reducing the completion time for the entire construction.

3. Cutting, punching and measuring C-channel steel profile to exact dimensions

5. Connecting all parts manually using bolts and screw guns CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK

4. Assembly of individual parts to form a roof truss

6. Quick fabrication and finished roof truss is easy to lift and deliver

18

FEATURES & FABRICATION PROCESS OF IBS COMPONENTS

2.2.6

Toilet Pod Installation of toilet pod

1.

Construction Method

The finished pods are delivered to the project site by truck. Heat shrink wraps are used for protection when transporting the unit.

2. The pods are removed from truck and hoisted into the building using cranes.

: Prefabricated System

Toilet pod is a pre-engineer, prefabricated and pre-fitted bathroom. It is delivered ready for installation with “Plug and Play” concept that is meant for the fast-paced construction industry.

Suitability Toilet pods work on modular design, which makes them dynamic enough to fit in wide range of spaces. As each module is prefabricated for easy installation on site, quality result and minimum downtime is guaranteed.

3 . Toilet pods are placed in the building structure prior to the exterior facade going up.

4. Mechanicals and partition walls have been installed and slided into its final location.

5. The area above the bathroom is framed to the ceiling to integrate the pod fully within the room.

6.

Advantages ● ● ● ● ● ●

Quick and easy installation on site High standard of quality control Flexible design Elimination of on site health and safety issue Cost effective over traditional on-site construction Minimal on-site skilled labour required

CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK

The exterior part of the toilet

pod receives the same finishings as the rest of the room and blends seamlessly.

19

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION

2.3

Sequence of Construction

2.3.1

Construction Process of Model

1.

Excavation

Excavation of site according to the strip footing layout offset .

4. Ground Floor Hollow Core Slab Precast hollow core slabs secured by reinforcement bars from the vertical hollow block walls and grouted with concrete.

2. Strip Foundation

3. CMU Ground Beam

Strip foundation is casted on site of the excavated land.

Installation of hollow core slab is secured with reinforcement bars that are connected to every block vertically.

5. CMU Column

6. CMU First Floor Beam

Installation of cmu column strengthen reinforcement bars and concrete infill.

CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK

by

Two layers of U-block assembled to act as beam on the topmost height of wall before installation of slabs.

00 20

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION

2.3

Sequence of Construction

2.3.1

Construction Process of Model

7. Toilet Pod Prefabricated toilet pod lifted using crane and placed in the exact location.

10. First Floor Hollow Core Slab Precast hollow core slabs secured by reinforcement bars from the vertical hollow block walls and grouted with concrete.

9. Door and Window

8. Wall and Lintel Hollow block walls are then continued to be erected row by row together.

11. First Floor CMU Column Installation of cmu column strengthen reinforcement bars and concrete infill.

CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK

Prefabricated doors and windows are installed below the lintels.

12. Precast Staircase by

The precast concrete staircase is installed using a crane to connect ground floor landing and first floor landing.

00 21

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION

2.3

Sequence of Construction

2.3.1

Construction Process of Model

13. First Floor Construction Repetition of step 6 to 12 on the first floor.

16. Metal Roof Batten C-channel battens which placed on top of steel roof trusses to support the loads.

14. Second Floor Construction Repeating step 6 to 11. Gypsum board ceiling is placed later after the roof truss is installed.

17. Corrugated Metal Roofing Corrugated roofing sheet are laid on the roof structure before the completion.

CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK

15. Metal Roof Truss Prefabricated lightweight steel installed as roof trusses.

18. Finishes External work are executed, such as wall painting.

00 22

chapter three

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

ARCHITECTURAL PLANS ELEVATIONS SECTIONS AND EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC STRUCTURAL PLANS

ARCHITECTURAL PLANS

3.1 architectural plans

3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4

GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN ROOF PLAN

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

24 00

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

25 00

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

26 00

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

27 00

ROOF PLAN

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

28 00

ELEVATIONS

3.2 elevations

3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4

NORTH ELEVATION SOUTH ELEVATION EAST ELEVATION WEST ELEVATION

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

29 00

NORTH ELEVATION

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

30 00

SOUTH ELEVATION

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

31 00

EAST ELEVATION

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

32 00

WEST ELEVATION

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

33 00

SECTIONS AND EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

3.3 sections and exploded axonometric

3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3

SECTION A-A’ SECTION B-B’ EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

34 00

SECTION A-A’

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

35 00

SECTION B-B’

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

36 00

EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC NTS

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

37 00

STRUCTURAL PLANS

3.4 structural plans

3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5

FOUNDATION PLAN GROUND FLOOR STRUCTURAL PLAN FIRST FLOOR STRUCTURAL PLAN SECOND FLOOR STRUCTURAL PLAN ROOF STRUCTURAL PLAN

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

38 00

FOUNDATION PLAN

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

39 00

GROUND FLOOR STRUCTURAL PLAN

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

40 00

FIRST FLOOR STRUCTURAL PLAN

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

41 00

SECOND FLOOR STRUCTURAL PLAN

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

42 00

ROOF STRUCTURAL PLAN

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

43 00

chapter four

SCHEDULE OF IBS COMPONENTS 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) BLOCK WALL PRECAST CURTAIN WALL PRECAST DRY WALL CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) COLUMNS AND BEAMS PRECAST HOLLOW CORE SLAB PRECAST STAIRCASE PREFABRICATED DOORS PREFABRICATED WINDOWS PRECAST LINTEL

CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) BLOCK WALL

4.1

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Block Wall

Block Work (Walls) Component B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

190

Isometric 190

190 190

190

190

90

90

90

90

90

Plan 390

390 390

Quantity System

7410

483

1733 Blockwork System

SCHEDULE OF IBS COMPONENTS

390

95

390

114

45 00

PRECAST CURTAIN WALL

4.2

Precast Curtain Wall

Walls Curtain Wall

Component C1

C2

C3

2600

2600 2600

Isometric

100

100

100

Plan 2600

Quantity System

6

3600

3 Precast Concrete System

SCHEDULE OF IBS COMPONENTS

4600

9

46 00

PRECAST DRY WALL

4.3

Precast Dry Wall

Walls Dry Wall

Component C1

C2

C3

D1

2600 2600

2600

2600

Isometric

Plan

100

100 1750

Quantity System

9

100 2600

9 Precast Concrete System

SCHEDULE OF IBS COMPONENTS

100 3600

4600

15

6

47 00

CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) COLUMNS AND BEAMS

4.4

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Columns and Beams

Component

Column

Component

Block Work (Beams)

Isometric

Isometric 390

Plan

390

190

Plan

190

190 190

Quantity

90 columns = 2340 blocks

Quantity

7170

System

Block work system

System

Blockwork System

SCHEDULE OF IBS COMPONENTS

48 00

PRECAST HOLLOW CORE SLAB

4.5

Precast Hollow Core Slab

Slabs Component S1

S2

S3

S4

Isometric

Plan

900 3000

Section

200

System

26

900 6000

5000

4000

200 900

Quantity

900

900

200 900

10 Precast Concrete System

SCHEDULE OF IBS COMPONENTS

200 900

900

13

15

49 00

PRECAST STAIRCASE

4.6

Precast Staircase

Staircase Component ST1

Staircase Landing

Isometric 250 200 160

1600

Plan

2350

1250 2750

Quantity System

6

3 Precast concrete system

SCHEDULE OF IBS COMPONENTS

50 00

PREFABRICATED DOOR

4.7

Prefabricated Door

Doors Component D1

Isometric

2100

D2

2100

D3

2100

Plan

800

Quantity System

12

900

18 Prefabricated Doors

SCHEDULE OF IBS COMPONENTS

1000

6

51 00

PREFABRICATED WINDOW

4.8

Prefabricated Window

Windows Component W1

W2

600

1400

Isometric

100

100

Plan

Quantity System

600

1800

12

18 Prefabricated Windows

SCHEDULE OF IBS COMPONENTS

52 00

PRECAST LINTEL

4.9

Precast Lintel

Block Work (Lintels) Component L1

L2

L3

L4

Isometric 100

Plan

100

500

System

12

100

500

500 800

Quantity

100

500 1400

1000

12

2000

24 Precast Concrete System

SCHEDULE OF IBS COMPONENTS

18

53 00

chapter ямБve

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8

CAST IN-SITU STRIP FOUNDATION GROUTING AND REINFORCEMENTS CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) POST & BEAM SYSTEM CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) BLOCK WALL PRECAST CONCRETE HOLLOW CORE SLAB DOORS AND WINDOWS PRECAST CONCRETE STAIRCASE PREFABRICATED STEEL ROOF TRUSS

CAST IN-SITU STRIP FOUNDATION

5.1

Cast In-Situ Strip Foundation Foundation to Wall Connection Cast in-situ strip foundation is erected below the ground level. Grout is used to ďŹ ll the cells without any voids. For there to be a continuous load path, rebar extends from the foundation and laps the wall rebar in the same cells, in the lowest courses of the walls.

Concrete is them poured into to secure and stabilize the reinforcement bar.

Reinforcement bar is inserted vertically to secure rows of blocks in place.

Concrete is poured to secure and stabilize the reinforcement bars within the hollow core.

Slab

Concrete footing erected below the ground

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

55 00

GROUTING AND REINFORCEMENTS

5.2

Grouting and Reinforcements Joint Reinforcement

Control Joint

Joint reinforcement is used in addition to horizontal steel bars when bond beams are spaced at more than 1200mm. It is a ladder of 9 gauge (3.7mm) galvanized wire installed in the mortar joint, which positions a wire in the centre of each block faceshell. It is spaced at either 600m, 400mm for stack pattern, or at 400mm in seismic zones. Joint reinforcement resists wall cracking and can contribute to the horizontal steel area in the wall.

A control joint is a continuous vertical joint ďŹ lled with mortar, but with a bond breaker on one side so that tensile stress cannot develop across the joint. A concrete masonry wall may crack when there is an absence of control joints as it will shrink over time.

Grout & Reinforcing where required

Vertical reinforcement as required

Horizontal reinforcement as required Terminate horizontal joint reinforcement at control joint

Control joint

Metal lath, mesh, or wire screen placed in bed joints under bond beam courses to prevent ďŹ lling of ungrouted cells Caulking joint

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

00 56

GROUTING AND REINFORCEMENTS

5.2

Grouting and Reinforcements Low Lift Grouting Procedure Grouting techniques have been developed to ensure that walls are completely grouted. Low-lift and high lift grouting are both traditional grouting methods, with the difference being the height of lift. Lifts five feet or less are considered low lift while lifts greater than five feet are considered to be high lift.

Stop grout 1’’ form top of pour to create shear key

Vertical reinforcement for closed-end concrete masonry units can be set after wall has been laid.

U-block units with solid bottom at bond beam course

Grout in bond beams & reinforced vertical cells placed in top of wall after wall has been laid up

Cells containing reinforcement are filled solidly with grout. Vertical cells should provide a continuous cavity free mortar droppings

Rebar positioner, wall tie or other device to position vertical reinforcement, as required

Horizontal reinforcement placed in bond beams as wall is laid up

Metal lath mesh or wire screen placed in mortar joints under bond beam courses to prevent filing of ungrouted cells

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

57 00

CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) POST AND BEAM SYSTEM

5.3

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Post and Beam System Column to Beam Connection

Steel bar

Beam to Beam Connection

CMU Bond Beam

Concrete inďŹ ll

Full block series BOND BEAM

Beam steel bar overlapped by CMU horizontal reinforcement

Bond beams to be grouted together with RC beam

BEAM AT END SPAN

BEAM AT MID-SPAN CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

58

CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) BLOCK WALL

5.4

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Block Wall Blockwork Wall to Drywall Connection

Wall to Floor Slab Connection

Top of wall to accommodate floor/roof deflection

Blockwork Wall

Wood blocking

Backer rod and sealant

Edge trim L bead Drywall

Vertical reinforcement as required

Horizontal joint reinforcement as required

Dowel length required

Tied junction Cavity stop

as Internal masonry wall

Separating wall type 2

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

59

CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) BLOCK WALL

5.4

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Block Wall

Wall to Wall Connection Advantages Block System ● Easier fixing ● Higher thermal insulation properties ● Good heat and sound insulation, energy saving ● Lower density ● Lower construction cost ● Provides a suitable key for plaster and cement rendering Block produced by Machine ● Better strength ● Consistent size and compaction ● Quality control ● No cracks Speed of erecting block wall ● 3 to 4 times faster than conventional method ● Environmentally friendly, less formworks ● Consistent size, less wastage

50% interlocking to bond walls

Control joint

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

60

CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) BLOCK WALL

5.4

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Block Wall Running Bond Blockwork Arrangement Blockwork is used as the structural frame of the design. Thus the arrangement for the infill walls of the structures are running bond. Running bond is the most used bond and is composed of stretchers offset by ½ brick per course. Metal ties are used as there are no headers in this bond. Running bond is widely used in cavity wall construction and veneered walls of brick, and often in facing tile walls where the bonding may be accomplished by extra width stretcher tile.

Vertical reinforcement for close-end concrete masonry units can be set after the wall has been laid

Rebar positioner, wall tie or other device to position vertical reinforcement, as required

Horizontal reinforcement placed in bond beams as wall is laid up

Running Bond

Cells containing reinforcement are filled solidly with grout. Vertical cells should provide a continuous cavity free of mortar droppings Metal lath mesh or wire screen placed in mortar joints under bond beam courses to prevent filing of ungrouted cells

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

61 00

PRECAST CONCRETE HOLLOW CORE SLAB

5.5

Precast Concrete Hollow Core Slab

Slab to Beam Connection

Solid block

Hollow core slab

U block (bond beam)

Reinforcement bars are bended into hollow core slab to secure placement of the slab

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

62

PRECAST CONCRETE HOLLOW CORE SLAB

5.5

Precast Concrete Hollow Core Slab Slab to External Wall Connection This detail shows a precast hollow core concrete slab bearing at an exterior CMU wall. The wall has horizontal joint reinforcement at 16” o.c vertically. The slab has reinforcement and grout at the keyways, and the floor bears on a concrete masonry unit (CMU) bond beam. The wall is grouted and reinforced vertically as required, and the bars are lapped to achieve sufficient development strength per structural design.

1 3 2

4

5 6 Legend 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Grout & vertical reinforcing as required Lap vertical bar splice above slab level Horizontal joint reinforcement Precast hollow core slab to bear on bond beam 2’-0” horiz x 2’-0” vertical dowels and grout at slab keyways 50mm structural concrete screed Cavity filled solidly with grout 3” min bearing & bearing strip Solid CMU “soaped” set in mortar before grout is poured Bond beam Fill joint solidly with grout Reinforcing bar placed at specified intervals Fill cell solidly with grout

7

9 8

13 10

11 12

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

63

DOORS AND WINDOWS

5.6

Doors and Windows Precast Concrete Lintel A lintel is a structural horizontal block that spans the space or opening between two vertical supports. Lintels should be installed with minimum end bearing of 150mm, bedded on mortar and levelled along its length and across its width.

Min 150mm

Min 150mm

Horizontal joint reinforcement

Precast Concrete Lintel

Precast concrete lintel

Door / Window frame

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

64 00

PRECAST CONCRETE STAIRCASE

5.7

Precast Concrete Staircase Precast Concrete Staircase Overall Detail

Structural Shim Packers

Structural screed by others Shimmer

Angle plate Precast concrete landing

Dowel Hole

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

00 65

PRECAST CONCRETE STAIRCASE

5.7

66

Precast Concrete Staircase

Precast Concrete Staircase

Mild steel angle fixed to stairflight

Type of staircase: U-shaped staircase Storey height: 3000mm Total staircase width: 3050mm Thickness: 150mm

Precast stair

Tread width: 1500mm Rise: 150mm Run: 250mm Landing: 2000 (w) x 3050 (l) mm

Precast landing unit

Sleeve Non shrink, non metallic grout

Slab Bar embedded

Starter Flight to Floor Slab Connection

Top Flight to Floor Slab Connection

Plate Block wall

Structural shim packers

Precast landing Precast hollow core slab

Landing to Wall Connection

Precast stair

Staircase Flight to Landing Connection

PREFABRICATED STEEL ROOF TRUSS

5.8

67 00

Prefabricated Steel Roof Truss On-Site Construction Process

1. The steel trusses are prefabricated in the steel coasting yard.

2. Trusses are lifted by a crane and aligned into position and which is bolted into place.

3. Prefabricated roof trusses are secured onto the building through anchor bolts and welded.

4. The C-channel battens are then welded onto the rafters.

Roof Truss Joint Connections Top chord

Bolts Apex Joint

Web Joint

Steel Gusset Plate

Heel Joint

Web Joint

Bottom chord

Bearing Stiener

Self Drilling screws

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

PREFABRICATED STEEL ROOF TRUSS

5.8

Prefabricated Steel Roof Truss Truss to Truss Connection

00

1

2 00

00

1 Gusset plates are thick sheets of steel that are used connect truss members. It can be fastened to a permanent member either by bolts, rivets or welding to strengthen the joint.

00

2 Legend 1.

2.

Gusset plate as a connecter for trusses

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

Gusset plate Truss

68 00

PREFABRICATED STEEL ROOF TRUSS

5.8

Prefabricated Steel Roof Truss Steel Roof Truss to Beam Connection

1

2

3

5 4

Concrete fixing cleat is bolted down to the concrete fill blockwork as beam to support trusses and beams to resist vertical and horizontal loads.

Legend 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

C-channel roof truss Steel bolt Angel steel plate Block as beam Reinforcement bars

69 00

PREFABRICATED STEEL ROOF TRUSS

5.8

Prefabricated Steel Roof Truss Roof Layering

Batten and Batten to Roof Connection

Cladding to batten connection ( Crest fixed) Cladding to batten load transfer through self-drilling screw

1 3 2 4

3 5

2

1

4

6 Batten to truss connection Batten to rafter load transfer through self-drilling screw

Legend

Legend 1.

2.

3.

4.

Corrugated roofing Roof batten Rafter Bolt and nut

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Structural deck External membrane Rigid gypsum roof boards Insulation Vapour retarder Supporting steelwork

70 00

chapter six

IBS SCORE CALCULATION PART 1 PART 2 PART 3

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM WALL SYSTEM OTHER SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS

IBS SCORE CALCULATION: PART 1 AND 2

6.0

72 00

IBS Score Calculation

Elements

Area (m²) or Length (m)

IBS Factor

Coverage

IBS Score

238m²

0.8

238/1087.28 =0.22

0.22 x 0.8 x 50 = 8.8

Part 1 : Structural System Ground Floor Load bearing blocks post and beam system With precast concrete slab

First Floor Load bearing blocks post and beam system With precast concrete slab

238m²

Second Floor Load bearing blocks post and beam system With precast concrete slab

238m²

Roof Roof truss with prefabricated metal roof truss

Total Part 1

373.284m²

0.8

238/1087.28 =0.22

0.8

238/1087.28 =0.22

1.0

373.284/1087.28 =0.34

1087.28m²

0.22 x 0.8 x 50 = 8.8

0.22 x 0.8 x 50 = 8.8

0.34 x 1,0 x 50 = 17.0

1.0

43.4

Part 2 : Wall System Exterior CMU blockwork system CMU blockwork railing (half wall) Curtain wall with full height glass panel

68700m x 3 = 206100m 20300 x 2 = 40600 22600m x 3 = 67800m

0.5 0.5 1.0

(206100/431500) = 0.48 (40600/431500) =0.09 (67800/431500) = 0.16

0.48 x 0.5 x 20 = 4.8 0.09 x 0.5 x 20 = 0.9 0.16 x 1.0 x 20 = 3.2

Interior Drywall system

39000m x 3 = 117000m

1.0

117000/431500 = 0.27

0.27x 1.0 x 20 =5.4

1.0

14.3

Total Part 2

431500m IBS SCORE CALCULATION

IBS SCORE CALCULATION: PART 3

6.0

IBS Score Calculation Elements

Area (m²)

IBS Factor

Coverage

IBS Score

Beams: 100% comply with MS 1064 Part 10

-

-

100

4

Columns: 100% comply with MS 1064 Part 10

-

-

100

4

Walls: 99% comply with MS 1064 Part 10

-

-

99

4

Slabs: 62% comply with MS 1064 Part 10

-

-

62

2

Doors: 83% comply with to MS 1064 Part 4

-

-

83

4

Windows: 90% comply with MS 1064 part 5

-

-

90

4

Vertical repetition of structure = 100%

-

-

100

2

Repetition of floor to floor height - 100%

100

2

Horizontal repetition of structure = 100%

100

2

Part 3 : Other Simplified Construction Solutions

Total Part 3 Content score of Project ( Part1 + Part2 + Part3 )

IBS SCORE CALCULATION

28 85.7

73 00

chapter seven

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

7.0

Conclusion

This assignment has allowed us to gain more knowledge and understanding regarding the benefits and suitability of the proposed blockwork IBS system in the modern construction industry. We have gained valuable insight regarding the role and importance of this system in the construction evolution through various research studies, readings and investigations.

We were also able to better grasp the construction methods of IBS system by physically assembling the model that is a representation of the actual on-site construction, allowing us to analyse how the various building elements are assembled and fitted together to construct a standalone building.

Based on the IBS scoring system, a total IBS score of 85.7% was determined, justifying that the three-storey apartment block has complied to and achieved an optimum use of the IBS system. This demonstrates a coherent understanding of the application of IBS components in the design of the building which are fabricated within a controlled environment. The IBS system applied includes precast concrete blockwork, precast hollow core slabs, prefabricated steel trusses, doors and windows which have contributed towards our IBS score.

In conclusion, the IBS system promises numerous and far-reaching benefits that can enhance construction sustainability and contribute significantly towards the Malaysian construction industry. Reduced construction time, better site management and reduced wastage are just the few out of many other benefits that will ultimately bring improvement to the country, hence the IBS system ought to be brought into full practice in Malaysia.

For the IBS system to be even more effective, the concept of modular coordination must be applied. Moreover, the establishment of a long term comprehensive policy towards IBS will create a more efficient use of components and encourage more IBS friendly designs from consultants.

CONCLUSION

75 00

chapter eight

REFERENCES

REFERENCES

8.0 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

References Ahamad, M. S. (n.d.). Constructability of IBS Blockwork System for Bungalow House. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/21345725/Constructability_of_IBS_Blockwork_System_for_Bungalow_House.

MS 1064 - Preferred Sizes. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/doc/95009462/MS-1064-Preferred-Sizes.

Factory Cartoon PNG - Transparent PNG Image. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.pngfly.com/png-c6wlq0/.

MS 1064 - Part 1. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/360547476/MS-1064-Part-1.

Mills, N., Mills, N., NRM Consultants, & NRM Consultants. (2019, March 25). Why Precast Concrete? Retrieved from https://nrmconsultants.com.au/why-precast-concrete/.

Concrete blocks -Walls. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://civilconstructiontips.blogspot.com/2011/06/concrete-blocks-walls.html.

Designing Buildings Wiki Share your construction industry knowledge. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Strip_foundation.

Stair Configurations. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.forterra.co.uk/bison-precast-concrete/stairs-and-landings/stair-configurations.

About Us. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.offsitesolutions.com/about-us/what-are-bathroom-pods.

Bathroom Pods Installation. (2017, January 9). Retrieved from https://www.cellulebagno.com/en/bathroom-pods-installation.

SurePods Bathroom Pod Installation On Site. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.surepods.com/factory-built-bathrooms/on-site/.

Wooden formwork concrete strip foundation for a cottage. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.123rf.com/photo_108595368_wooden-formwork-concrete-strip-foundation-for-a-cottage.html.

Construction, 360. (2017, March 23). Strip Foundation - Excavation & Reinforcement. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5LfHmaH8O0.

Stock footage that brings your stories to life. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.videoblocks.com/browse/stock-video-footage.

Construction, 360. (2017, March 23). Strip Foundation - Excavation & Reinforcement. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5LfHmaH8O0.

Elkink, A., & Elkink, A. (2013, December 1). Concrete foundation wall reinforcing. Retrieved from https://www.buildmagazine.org.nz/index.php/articles/show/concrete-foundation-wall-reinforcing

REFERENCES

77 00