MSD_Urban Design Thesis
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BINA BRAGA
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Urban development framework for contested informal settlements in Mega Cities of South-East Asia Dr. Amanda Achmadi Dr. Sidh Sintusingha
Gian Franco Valverde Espinoza
Silence voices of resistance...
Foreword 7
1 2 3 4 5 6
PART I
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
9
Existing literature 11 Key Terminologies 13
SITE CONTEXT
15
Historic Background 17
FIELD TRIP
19
Lower Stream Group 21 Key Findings 25 Urban Mapping 27
CONTESTED SITES
33
Problem Statement 35
PART II
BINA BRAGA
37
Bina Ruang 39 Thesis Statement 41
URBAN DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK
43
Rws Alliance 45 Kampung Braga 47 Our Common Plan 49 Testing site 51 Proposal Plan 55
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BUILDING CONTRIBUTION PACKAGE
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TESTING SCENARIOS
9 10 11
59
Built Form 61 Density Mix 62 Public Realm 63 Community Infrastructure 64
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Business as Usual 67 Public-Private Partnership 69 Incremental Co-Development 71
SCALE UP APPROACH
75
REFLECTIONS 83 BIBLIOGRAPHY 85
TABLE OF CONTENT
“To see the world, things dangerous to come, to see behind walls, draw closer, to find each other, and to feel. That is the purpose of life.� The Secret Life of Walter Mitty.
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
This thesis is a co-design process that have involved a Transdisciplinary approach between urban designers, urban planners, Landscape architects and architects from different cultural backgrounds and International universities. This had created a strong backbone for delivering an integrated and multi-focus research which offer an spectrum of creative design process that had been considered in the final elaboration of this Urban Development Framework for contested sites of informal settlements in Mega Cities of SouthEast Asia. The purpose is to create awareness and reflection about current governmental tools seeking to align with International best practices for Sustainable cities (C40) and to validate top-down urban development within vulnerable settlements in Indonesian riverscapes. The proposal advocates for a design activism with a bottom-up and people-oriented approach to include and legitimize Kampung collaborative practices within the existing governmental structure. To be more precise, I will answer the following question:
How can we design a process for spatial negotiations in contested sites like kampung Braga, and mitigate gentrification from private sector with co-development participation? With the amazing support from Senior Academics and Phd researches from Infur-hub (The University of Melbourne), Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) and The University of Stuttgart; and community groups, the project had been exposed to engaged discussions, in-depth reflections and changes that characterized the progress of this design adventure. A sincere thank you to all the genuine people involved in this travelling studio: master colleagues, subject coordinators, design and planning professionals from Bandung and Stuttgart, and RW community groups. Finally, a special mention to my beloved family and friends for putting your trust in me, and others who still dream awake with an everyday purpose of life.
With love, Gian.
Foreword p-7
Cikapundung River Kampung occupations in Bandung city p-8
PART I
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
1 p-9
Behind The postcolonial Architecture, Urban Space and political culture in Indonesia Abidin Kusno,2000 Chapter 5: Colonial replica. Urban design and political cultures Concepts: Neo-postcolonial vision , Social milieu, Kampung heritage, Autonomous village community.
Brill
Chapter Title: From Autonomous Village to ‘Informal Slum’ Kampong Development and State Control in Bandung (1930–1960) Chapter Author(s): Gustaaf Reerink Book Title: Cars, Conduits, and Kampongs Book Subtitle: The Modernization of the Indonesian City, 1920-1960 Book Editor(s): Freek Colombijn, Joost Coté Published by: Brill. (2015) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76ts6.13 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms
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Cars, Conducts and Kampongs The Modernization of Indonesian City, 1920-1960 Gustaaf Reerink,2015 Chapter: From Autonomous Village to Informal Slum Kampong Development and State Control in Bandung (1930-1960) Concepts: Autonomous Village, Informal slum, kampong improvement programme.
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
sustainability Article
Formalizing the Informal: Understanding the Position of Informal Settlements and Slums in Sustainable Urbanization Policies and Strategies in Bandung, Indonesia Paul Jones Urban and Regional Planning, Sydney School of Architecture, Design and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; paul.r.jones@sydney.edu.au; Tel.: +62-293-516-069 Received: 13 June 2017; Accepted: 11 August 2017; Published: 14 August 2017
Abstract: Sustainable urbanization policies and strategies are posited as a major tool by which to achieve the sustainable development of growing towns and cities. A major challenge for sustainable urbanization policies and strategies is how to address the complexity of urbanization, especially the ongoing growth of informal settlements and slums in developing countries. It is acknowledged that those living their lives in such housing and settlements suffer greater levels of spatial, economic and social exclusion from the benefits of urbanization that other segments of the urban population. Using a case study approach, this paper examines the range of challenges associated with the growth of informal settlements and slums, seeking to understand how they are positioned via upgrading policies in city urbanization plans and strategies in Indonesia’s third largest city, Bandung. The research finds that there has been a shift in kampung and slum upgrading policy from in-situ solutions to vertical housing towers which appear incompatible in accommodating the way of life practiced in kampung adaptive urbanism contexts. The manner in which city governments manage informal settlements and slums by seeking to reshape and restructure the lifestyles of residents to align with formal market measures has a major impact on existing disadvantaged communities. The paper concludes with a call for greater leadership, political commitment and recognition of contextual responses when developing slum upgrading policies set within urbanization policies and strategies branded as sustainable. Keywords: sustainable urbanization; informal settlements; slums; kampungs; Indonesia; plans
1. Introduction A major theme emanating from the United Nations Habitat 111 conference in Quito, Ecuador, October 2016, was that sustainable urbanization is now globally acknowledged as one of the major transformative drivers of the 21st century. In 2015, it was estimated that approximately 54% of the world’s population lived in cities, and it is expected that some 70% of the world’s population will be residing in urban areas by 2050 [1]. Economic change, population growth, and social and cultural activities are all increasingly being concentrated in towns and cities as populations seek an urban lifestyle with commensurate levels of services, infrastructure, amenity and livability. This transformation and continued evolution of the nature of urbanization brings with it many planning challenges in terms of an adequate and equitable supply of basic services, housing and land, employment, health, education, and protection of the natural environment [2]. Set within this context, a major Habitat 3 outcome was the adoption of the New Urban Agenda, a blueprint for achieving sustainable urbanization for the next twenty years. While the New Urban Agenda is non-binding agreement, it was formally adopted by 170 countries, thus setting out a path to realize a new urban vision on sustainable cities. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1436; doi:10.3390/su9081436
Formalizing the Informal: Understanding the position of Informal Settlement and Slums in Sustainable Urbanization Policies and Strategies in Bandung, Indonesia Paul Jones, 2017 Concepts: Sustainable Urbanization, informal settlement, Slum upgrading policy, Kampung Adaptive Urbanism
www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
THE 12th CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON URBANISM: BEYOND RESILIENCE Jakarta, 24 – 26 June 2019
CONTESTED RIVERSCAPES IN INDONESIAN CITIES: URBAN KAMPUNGS IN THE AGE OF DESIGN ACTIVISM AND THE IMAGE ECONOMY Amanda Achmadi , James Connor , Tahj Rosmarin , Sidh Sintusingha 1
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InfUR- Informal Urbanism Research Hub, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Independent, Independent, InfUR- Informal Urbanism Research Hub, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Masson Rd, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia aachmadi@unimelb.edu.au
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ABSTRACT Indonesian major cities are typically laced with rivers that are lined in part with urban kampungs and often subject to flooding. These kampungs play crucial roles in providing affordable housing as well as facilitating social mobility among the urban lower income groups whose labors and services remain essential in the operation of these cities and the everyday life of the upper-middle class populations. In recent years, urban environmental crises and the rise of image economy have subjected these largely hidden urban riverscapes to intersecting desires to erase the kampungs, control flooding, and construct a new green riverscape in a quest to become a modern and ‘green’ global city. Analyzing recent developments along Bandung’s Cikapundung River and Jakarta’s Ciliwung River, this paper considers the emerging image economy in these contexts as different types of design activism and engagements from professional design communities (architects and planners) are exercised, ranging from experimental housing projects, the visual reimagining of the kampung, creation of new public open spaces, and incremental architectural upgrading. The paper calls for a critical consideration of the silent but powerful transformative capacity of design and the embodied image economy. It will do so by highlighting how design activisms are effective in branding as much as in erasing, in revitalising as much as in disfiguring the socio spatial conditions and subjectivities whose existences are at stake. Keywords: design activism, image economy, Indonesia, informal urbanism, kampung.
1. INTRODUCTION Analysing recent developments along Bandung’s Cikapundung River and Jakarta’s Ciliwung River, this paper considers how the emerging image economy, manifesting as different types of design activism and engagements from professional design communities (architects and planners), are exercised. These range from experimental housing projects, the visual reimagining of the kampung, creation of new public open spaces, and incremental architectural upgrading.
Contested Riverscapes in Indonesian Cities Urban Kampungs in the age of design activism and the image economy Amanda Achmadi, James Connor, Tahj Rosamarin, Sidh Sintusingha, 2019 Concepts: Design Activism, Image Economy, Urban Kampungs
There is a large spectrum in how the designers and activists are responding to the need to revitalise these urban river-scapes. Some realise the importance of river-scapes and their role in supplying infrastructure to existing residents, while others see them as opportunities to carve new public spaces along dense urban edges, often referencing the Western models of river-edge-asspectacle design. Most attempts to develop river edges, regardless of their differing mechanisms and outcomes fall under the guise of ‘design activism’- that presumes to contribute and improve urban conditions for Indonesian citizens. This paper highlights these differing dynamics of urban image economy in the riverscape developments in Bandung and Jakarta and their effects that range from forced to voluntary demolitions, from full to selective displacement, and in some cases, survival and affirmation of the urban poor’s right to the city.
Existing literature p-11
Definitions of informal urbanism In general, It refers to the outcome of autonomous urbanization from planned urban framework where socio-economic factors are bottom up approach. (Sawira and Rahman, 2018) Autonomous village Its refereed to urban kampongs (Wertheim,1956) which has a high degree of autonomy known as desa autonomy. Where the population applies its own customary or adat law, administration, and justice. (Reerink, 2015) Informal Slums Indonesian government classification of kampong uncontrolled settlements in Bandung. Define as precarious substandard buildings, a lack of adequate infrastructure, poor access to public services, and informal arrangement land tenure and land use. (Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, 1999) Urban Resilience The ability of cities to manage and adapt to change including vulnerabilities. Informal settlements are dynamic hubs of resilience and adaptability used by disadvantage groups as normal response for managing and adjusting to change. (Jones, 2015)
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Concepts Place of Harmony It has a religious origin of Indigenous cosmic order about the social creation of space characterized by neighbourhood values. Kampongs set spatial relations of harmony which acknowledge space as willingness of living collective. (Santoso, 2019) Kampung Heritage Colonial vision of the kampung as a site that integrates traditional Indonesian values and social-economic milieu of the inhabitants. (Kusno,2000) Public Usable Space (P.U.S) It differs from formal public spaces, instead It refers in how, what and when community uses space as common. It extends from domestic to semi-public spaces like lane networks or vacant lots. (Ley, 2019) Participatory Slum Upgrading Program (PSUP) UN-Habitat best practice strategy for global housing policy recommends to adopt a programmatic city wider approach to aim integration of Slum and informal settlements into formal planning systems that govern the city. These current practices spans modalities from in-situ upgrading, eviction, relocation and resettlement. (UN-Habitat, 2016)
Key Terminologies p-13
Kota Bandung boundary
City of Bandung Historical eye-bird view p-14
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Kampungs in Braga
Alun Alun (Old square)
SITE CONTEXT
2 p-15
Bandung Municipal Plan 1933. Dutch colonization period recognized early “kampongs” settlements along the Cikapundung river and urban fringes. In black rectangle: Kampung Braga. Key Policy aspects • Colonial official policy acknowledged kampungs as autonomous villages that contained traditional Indonesian values. (Kusno,2000) • Town planning focused on the provision of modern infrastructure without influencing the socio-economic circumstances of inhabitants. • Kampungs improvement policy of Neo-colonization were characterized by ambiguity definitions of
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slums that stigmatized traditional settlements as illegal land occupations. • No state of governance since the independence had effectively took control over kampungs. Thus, policy regulation weren’t standardize, and suitable to those settlements to conform their policy. (Reerink,2015)
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Incremental processes of Land occupation • Migrant wave settled in Bandung densified existing kampungs and created new ones which had deteriorated their living conditions. • According to Reerink (2015), there were 2 types of occupation strategies: Illegal invasion of Private land like Dutch houses and plantations yards which had absence of land owner currently living in.
Illegal occupation on Public land such as Municipal, Railways and Cikapundung river which didn’t have strict control over land. Thus, new occupants reclaimed land by narrowing course of the river. • Tactics of invasion begun with scattered vacant lots, enclosed these plots, subdivided them, and lease or sold to future newcomers.
Historic Background
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THE CITY IN-BETWEEN Designing with Urban Informality
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
FIELD TRIP
3 p-19
Who we are?
Lower-stream Group. Graduate students from Landscape Arch., Urban Design and Planning, and Architecture from 3 international universities: Australia, Indonesia and Germany.
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How we Collaborate?
Transdiciplinary approach The combined knowledge between disciplines created an opportunity to shift from multi- to trans-disciplinary method which crossovers and transgresses limits of one-side thinking. According to Nissani (1997) it aims to facilitate creativity, faster identification of errors and fills communication gaps.
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
This frames a multi-scale of analysis which integrates high-skill mapping and observation techniques as key searching tools to discuss who, where, when, what and how we design processes.
Lower Stream Group p-21
BRAGA ST
Where did we Go? VIADUCT
IARAJA J L S UN
JL A BRAG
AJA
Y NCEU JL. BA
JL KE JA K
RW
JL ABC
JL CIKA
BAGRA ST.
ASIA-AFRIK A
C D
Kampung Braga Cikapundung River Shopping street and Landmarks Site Boundary
PUNDU NG
E
JL. BANCEUY
JL. OTOIASKAR DINA TA
JL A BC
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NIA R
ST
JL PENCINAN LAMA
B
SU
B C D E
Pasar Baru Trade Centre Great Mosque Alun-Alun Cikapundung Riverspot
ST
KSAAN
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Key Kampung Braga Cikapundung River Point of Interets A Bandung Station B Pasar Baru Trade Centre Site visits had involved trips to the Lower stream Great Mosque C Cikapundung part of the river in Bandung city. Braga Street is a historical axis for tourism where Alun-alun D kampung traditional settlements exist and are organized in a numeric order of RWs 03, 04, 07&08. Cikapundung Riverspot E micro-scale These are level of administration groups of households distributed across the lower stream part the Cikapundung Afrika St. river. F ofAsia
G Braga St.
Those settlements are subject to displacement by pressure from big private developers who seek gentrification process to occur in vulnerable dwellings and instead create new vertical shopping malls, hotels and others retail opportunities facing Braga shopping and tourism activity.
Lower Stream Group p-23
Who is our Target ?
Community Groups. Mothers association from RW 07 run a children learning centre for kids coming form different RWs settlements nearby. Community survey and listening to different group members had evidenced that eviction had forced collective responses from affected settlements without support from higher local governance like the Kelurahan.
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
No unified vision is perceived after interviews to RW leaders and community groups. However, there is a knowledge-capacity to build, access to planning tools are needed to monitor development progress after demolition and set up measures for
Intangible heritage links are still in practice between residents who strongly support collective form of living such as look after to each other, support local trading economy and children safety. (Santoso,2019)
kampungs well-being data collection.
Key Findings p-25
pu ka Ci
g un nd
v Ri
er
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Morphological mapping method Informal urbanity can be track by micro-scale analysis of interrelations among density, grain size, and mixed use of built environment in response to sociocultural context. (Kamalipour, 2016)
Urban Mapping
*All following maps are adapted from the Lower stream group, 2019.
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pu ka Ci g un nd v Ri
er
Wall boundaries Demolished sites Riverfront relationships Commercial pressure
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Demolished sites
Wall boundaries
Riverfront relationship
Urban Threads p-29
pu ka Ci g un nd v Ri
er
Informal trading Urban greening and sound-scape Play-ground network Motorcycle appropriation
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Street art Street network
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Informal trading
Play-ground network
Urban greening
Motorcycle appropriation
Urban Flows p-31
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
CONTESTED SITES
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Braga Street
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Braga Citywalk shopping C. Screen walls diminishes mobility and access to sunlight and ventilation.
Apandi alley Eviction and displacement affects existing access from kampung to Braga street.
Electronic Market Fencing walls block access to key community entrances.
Existing neighbourhood node Vacant lots nearby vulnerable households create uncertainty to development speculation.
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Kampung (in) Braga Established settlements (RW 03,04, 07 & 08) sit in strategic locations like Braga St. are subject to constant threads of eviction and demolition from external urban pressures which interrupts the harmony link between livelihood and built form of traditional Indonesian settlements.
Visualizing the connection between social-spatial practices in Kampungs (self-organized settlements) and external pressures of private sector in Bandung raises concerns about future development scenarios. These neighborhood villages live in a traditional relation of harmony which are intangible links manifested in the spatial negotiation between informal and formal interactions within and beyond kampungs. However, the urban pressure such as physical barriers, eviction and demolition represents a constant thread to the harmony link between livelihood and built form of these existing settlements.
Problem Statement p-35
Build, develop and foster kampung Braga Vision
Community Development plan to strengthen social and spatial connectivity Objective
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PART II
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
BINA BRAGA
5 p-37
Bina Warga
Foster the people By Iqbhal ADAM Master of Urban Planning This part develops a proposal restructure of local governance organization and sets up a planning policy framework to allow a comprehensive kampung’s social development.
Bina Ruang
Develop the space By Gian Franco VALVERDE ESPINOZA Master of Urban Design This section focus on spatialize the planning regulation through an Urban Development framework that sets up design guidelines to new developments in contested sites.
*This is a co-design thesis produced in two booklets. This one provides the Urban Design framework.
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Bina Ruang Develop the Space
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
The thesis aims to deliver a comprehensive Development Framework that offers an opportunity to set up new spatial arrangements through design guidelines to secure community benefits within future private development on vulnerable sites. The statement focus on answer the following questions: • How can we design a process for spatial negotiations in contested sites like kampung Braga, and mitigate gentrification from private sector with co-development participation? • How we envision a harmony (balanced) organization and development within kampungs? • What type of urban contributions from private development can benefit community spatial
nity-led development and a scale-up approach to improve spatial connectivity across settlements in the Cikapundung river. This is achievable by delivering a building contribution package to new developers investing on vacant lots, or contested sites, where settled communities exists. The document provides clear built form guidelines, public realm and funding schemes, and community infrastructure supply to be applicable before the design stage, during and after the construction encouraging an affordable building density which offers a slight transformation of kampung’s low-rise and high-dense environments
needs? The existing neighbourhood node is the testing ground for alternative development scenarios to evaluate, modify and refine flexible design processes that better suit kampungs incremental socio-spatial practices. The design strategy provides spaces for commu-
Thesis Statement p-41
#1
·Kampung Braga application·
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
URBAN DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK
Building affordable density
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Issues • Disperse community group organizations • Ineffective communication governance • Speculation of private development in Kampungs
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
GOAL- Shared Vision • Strengthen community alliance • Simplify channel of communication
Rws Alliance Restructure of Social Governance p-45
GOAL-Urban development process • Public and Private Involvement Investment • Kampungs co-development participation • Master and Precinct plan production
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Kampung Braga
MASTER PLAN
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C L Civic precinct
B Apandi alley
precinct
A L
Neighbourhood centre
Streetscape improvements Gate/entrances interventions Node interventions
Community landmarks Proposed Precincts Public usable space New development opportunity Tree placement Neighbourhood trading character Braga Shopping character
D L Cikapundung
Riverfront
Environment significance Kampung Braga Study site Arterial road network Lane network Pedestrian Bridges
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0 15 30m
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Our Common Plan
Neighbourhood centre
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D
C B
A
Existing conditions-Ground floor Street network Existing community facilities Environmental significance Cikapundung River
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0
5
10m
Setbacks (working & living) Wall & fences Car parking and loading Development opportunity (Vacant lot)
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
A
B
Restricted open space. Existing car-parking blocks access and views to riverfront.
C
D
Landmarks. View of the RW03 office and the only pedestrian bridge that connects settlements across the river with Braga street.
Testing site p-51
2
1 1
Vacant lot attach to RW office is currently use as common space for laundry and other public services.
Fenced lots create blank frontages diminishing opportunities for social encounter and stationary activities.
2
Community outdoor events evidence a need to congregate residents in large spaces with high-visibility from the street.
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Community signage interventions expresses a place attachment over existing vacant space and bridge access.
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Socio-spatial interactions p-53
B B
A A
0
Proposal-Ground floor Development opportunity Pedestrian links (ROW) Active frontages Upper front line (setback)
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PUS (Public Usable Space) Community infrastructure Social setback function Building mass
5
10m
Street network Existing community facilities Environmental Activation Cikapundung River
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
New development B
New development A
Public Usable Space (Funded by Development A)
Lane Kampung
Section A-A
Children-care (Development contribution)
Public Usable Space
Lane
RW03 office
Section B-B
Testing Site Building affordable density p-55
New outdoor spaces for community well-being Development contribution supplies community infrastructure like children-care or common spaces to facilitate places for community events
Affordable living, working and playing options Development aims to preserve neighbourhood street character by aligning building frontages on the edge and offering setbacks for working and living functions.
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
and social encounter opportunities. Self-housing improvement provides extra room accommodation and retail opportunities to attract visitors and workers from new developments.
Soft design improvements in shopping alleys accommodates outdoor furnishing and weather protection that support local businesses and street vendors to operate long hours.
What is the benefit? p-57
This framework document provides design guidelines to development opportunity which includes built form regulations, public realm and funding scheme provisions, and community infrastructure supply.
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
BUILDING CONTRIBUTION PACKAGE
7
SPATIAL NEGOTIATIONS
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Right of Way
Top view
B01
Provide direct pedestrian access to the street network
• Keep alleys or desire paths that are crucial to settled communities. • Include short cuts within the building lot to connect with key point of interest. • Ensure links have day light exposure and comfortable width dimensions.
Axo view
Fine Grain Size
B02
Secure compact building mass to fit within existing neighbourhood character Top view • Sized-down blocks larger than 40m length. • Align building size with surrounding dwellings facing streets. • Amalgamation should not join more than 2 lots and subdivision not shorter than 3 lots.
Axo view
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Active Frontages
B03
Ensure frontages have socio spatial relations with streets
Top view
• Build frontages on the edge of lot boundary. • Provide pedestrian entrances and direct windows to services functions the ground-level. • Avoid long glass-walls in the building perimeter. Refer to B04.
Axo view
1.2m
Multiple-storey front section 2.4-3m
Social Setback Function
B04
Encourage existing living and working options on ground-floor
• Set a range of setback sizes from 1.2m to 3m deep according to building typology. • Ensure setback locations have access to natural light and ventilation for supporting living and working opportunities. Refer to B01.
Double storey front section 1.8m Single storey front section 1.2-2m
Built Form
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Horizontal Building Mix
Working
D01
Encourage slight storeys height and block form diversity within the lot
Living Top view
• Provide affordable living and working uses on and above the ground-level. • Ensure buildings within a block has diverse land use character and ownerships. Refer to B02. • Distribute proportionally storey heights (or plot area ratio) among buildings within the lot.
Axo view
Affordable Ground-level Tenancy
D02
Access to small living and working options within lot subdivision
• Provide a mix of sizes and rental options to local business on ground-level with access to street network. • Set up 30% of sublease ground-floor area to incremental living for low-income dwellers.
% 30
• Offer a range of small subdivision sizes for affordable dwellings. Refer to B02. t ree St
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Density Mix
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
Public Usable Space P01
A+B+C B
C
Secure funding options to deliver new common spaces
A
• Set up a building contribution fee based on lot size and/or floor square meter.
Top view P.U.S
B C A
Axo view
200
50%
Funding 25% Lot/m2 100 • New open space should acquire vacant lots where existing community activities take place, Refer to C01 • Or deliver small-middle size open space in the building. Refer to P02. • Provide clear pedestrian access to surrounding streets.
Environmental Significance
Top view
P02
Preserve and activate existing trees within site or surroundings
• Create a green buffer setback from existing vegetation. • Ensure ground-level access and building frontages to form pocket courtyards. • Provide appropriate design for passive ventilation and light. Refer to C01.
Axo view
Public Realm
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Water Management C01 WSUD Efficient distribution of water-storm supply to the community. Top view • Set an adequate radius catchment of water supply to affected dwellings. • Include a water sensitive urban design for new and existing green spaces. • Built or upgrade existing water tanks and pipe networks within the developments and open spaces. • Ensure a cycle maintenance to water and sewer infrastructure and other commons. Refer to C02. Axo view
Community Facilities
C02
Provision of common infrastructure for non-profit uses ren ild Ch re Ca
.S P.U
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• Built or upgrade existing common services like water tanks, toilets, laundry services and others. • Create community buildings that facilitate social and well-being such as children-care, pocket libraries, playgrounds and other public shelters. • Set up a community engagement plan to coordinate, evaluate and monitor progress with added infrastructure. Apply and refer to P01.
Community Infrastructure
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
TESTING SCENARIOS
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WHAT WORKS BEST?
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RW3
Lot subdivision • A single land ownership per lot. • Unaffordable to small working-living spaces. • P.U.S is fully funded by one developer. • Lack of semi-public spaces within the building.
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
RW3
Built form • Monolithic density form contrasts kampungs fabric. • Vertical division of living and working (above and below). • Standardize shop frontages facing R.O.W.
Business as Usual
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RW3
Lot subdivision • Public-Private land ownership. • Limited options for small working-living spaces. • P.U.S are partly fund by diverse stakeholders.
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• Semi-public spaces are shaped by different building typologies.
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
RW3
Built form • Fixed compact density limits kampungs selfgrowth form. • Horizontal land-use block • Affordable shop-fronts sizes facing R.O.W
• New on-top spaces and shared facilities within buildings.
Public-Private Partnership p-69
1st Phase
B01 B02 P02
RW3
What is the common benefit? This scenario suits better kampung’s future development due to a gradual fine-density approach that allows dwellings to co-design infill processes and secure P.P.P funding to long-term common infrastructure.
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Framing a flexible layout capacity for incremental process • Diverse lot sizes and land occupancy formats. • Affordable long-term lease for working-living.
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
2nd Phase
B04 C01 P01
Child-care A A+B+C B
RW3
C G
D
E F
Laundry
E+F+G Creating common spaces with stakeholders participation • Co-funding participation to secure PUS. • Co-design community facilities and strategic locations.
Incremental Co-Development p-71
3rd Phase
B03 D01 C02 D02
LIVING 1165 m2 of housing-mix typologies 499.5 m2 (30% Gross Floor Area) for affordable dwellings WORKING 166.5 m2 (30% Ground Floor Area) for small shop tenants and street trading PLAYING / VISITING 30-50 m2 of community facilities 155 m2 of new Public Usable Space
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Exponential growth of affordable living and working • Incremental infill density according to household income. • Ground-level shop typologies intensify public use of space.
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
10 year / Outcome
Strengthening social capital and place-attachment • Co-development built character. • Hybrid form suits kampung’s socio-economic practices. • A replicable affordable development model to other lots.
Incremental Co-Development p-73
This win-win approach balances a harmony development between the participation of private-public partnership and the alliance of community organizations (RW) to catalyst social capital in kampung’s livelihood network. Rather than a fix architectural object, It designs processes for testing-locations, adaptable building structures and public usable space which suits the dynamic cycle and needs of the Kampung’s environment.
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MSD_Urban Design Thesis
SCALE UP APPROACH
9
HOW TO REPLICATE?
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JL
ja ra a i n Su
JL Ba nce uy Empty lots Vacant buildings Development speculation (Probable heights)
Goal: Implement the 1st pilot plan within the selected vulnerable site. • Action: Localize, measure and monitor opportunity developments in kampung Braga within 5 year period.
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Key stakeholders • RWs alliance (RW03,04,07& 08), Kelurahan leader, and external parties.
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
1
Bra ga
St.
Neighbourhood centre
JL
C AB
THE PILOT Neighbourhood centre p-77
JL
ja ra a i n Su
Neighbourhood centre
JL Ba nce uy
Goal: Advocacy for a National level policy readjustment • Action: Develop and implement a National Land Affordability regulation to scale up the model to other contested sites in Indonesia.
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Key stakeholders • State level departments and City of Bandung Government, NGOs, Universities and Private sector.
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
2
LAND UTILIZATION SCHEME Access to equal land opportunity Utilization of vacant land owned by governBra ment, private or individual ga : St. Right of use • Long-term lease agreement (up to 10 years) for non-profit land occupation. • Private or individual landowner receive incentive tax deduction for leasing land for public benefit.
AFFORDABLE MIX PROVISIONS Support affordable living & working Options
New development opportunities by P.P.P JL
C AB
land ownership scheme must include: Small business rents • Ground-floor leasable area to small tenant occupancy and street trading.
Housing and temporal accommodation • Keep 30% of total floor area to shared housing options and self-built occupation.
FILLING THE GAP Policy Readjustment p-79
JL
ja ra a i n Su
Local Civic Centre
JL Ba nce uy
Student Village Goal: Create a network of incremental co-development process. • Action: Apply and evaluate the Development framework according to master plan and new opportunity developments.
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Key stakeholders • RWs alliance, Kelurahan leader, and external parties.
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
3
Apandi Craft Market
Bra ga
St.
JL
C AB
Neighbourhood C.
SCALE UP & SCALE OUT Development p-81
Part I Informal settlements in Indonesia have site specific attributes which are characterized by on-going contested processes from colonial period to present independent governance. The resilience ability of their inhabitants to adapt to hostile changes have demonstrated an incremental knowledge-capacity to built a dense fine grain environment. This has implications to their social and economic activities over space. As an example, kampung Braga in Bandung evidences the following: • Recognition of Kampung heritage as places where Indonesian values are practice (Kusno,2000). • Micro-level of organization groups benefit social cohesion and well-being of different agegroups. • Incremental housing development of household have income growth based on economic participation. • Ground-level has a complex layout of social-economic network that supports affordable living, working and playing on walking distance. • Informal trading as major source of local economy which supports progress of formal business sectors. • Spatial negotiation occurs constantly between residents in transitional shared spaces and vacant lands.
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Spatial practices of government regulations and ordinances from post colonial to current adoption of international sustainable policy (New Urban Agenda, UN-Habitat) has occasioned detriments to kampung’s prosperity and well-being: • Imposing an economy image as city vision without kampungs life value recognition which is manifested in top down implementation of physical-oriented infrastructure by excluding an existing livelihood (Achmadi et al, 2015). • City government and private sector are major decision makers in land sharing arrangements , public housing, community infrastructure, provision layout of commercial space in informal settlements (Jones, 2017).
Part II The urban pressure such as eviction and displacement generate faster alliance responses of kampung RWs seating in a strategic site-context such as Braga case. This required to advocate for the following: •Government authorities must recognized site-specific group of RWs as one broader identity within local government administration. •Existing spatial arrangements between affected settlements with big developers create a precedence to write comprehensive urban policy and design guidelines to harmonize development. •Simplify administration scheme below Kelurahan governance is a priority to strength community awareness and inform decision-making to all levels. •External parties are powerful stakeholders to kampung development prosperity in form of building contribution and funding common facilities where its required. •Affordable living rights are global cases to rewrite access to land and build development with people-oriented approach. The Incremental co-development scenario highlights a direction to further investigation to analyse: •A balanced development opportunity which includes affected community concerns within the decision-making of spatial readjustment of land and building regulations.
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
•A soft scale-up and scale out approach allows a gradual process of living, working and playing improvement qualities to the urban fabric. •Set up a win-win approach where government policy aligns a share vision for kampungs and allows external parties to play a contribution role. •Suggest a trust-based model of co-development with more stakeholders involved in long-term facilitation of land affordability and to slightly adapt spaces for younger families to born, raise and stay.
REFLECTIONS
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• Achmadi, A., Cook, B., & Dovey, K., (2019). Contested Riverscape in Jakarta. flooding, forced eviction and urban image, Space and Polity, 14701235. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562576.2019.16 67764 • Dovey,K. , Pafka, E. & Ristic M. (2017). Mapping Urbanities: Morphologies, Flows, Possibilities. (pp. 223-249). New York: Routledge. • Dovey, K., & King, R. (2011). Forms of informality: Morphology and visibility of informal settlement. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/ stable/23289768 • Jones, P. (2016). Unpacking Informal Urbanism: Urban Planning and Design Education in Practice, Bandung: Penerbit Press. • Jones, P. (2017). Formalizing the Informal. Understanding the Position of Informal Settlements and Slums in Sustainable Urbanization Policies and Strategies in Bandung, Indonesia. In Sustainability 2017, 9 (8), 1436, doi: 10.3390/su9081436
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• Kamalipour, H. (2016). Urban Morphologies in Informal settlements: A case study. Contour journal , 1(2). doi: 10.6666/contour.v1i2.61 • Kusno, A. (2000). Colonial Replica: Urban Design and Political Cultures. In T. A. Markus, & A. D. King (Eds.), Behind the postcolonial: Architecture, urban space and political cultures in Indonesia (pp. 120143). London: Routledge. • Reerink, G. (2015). From Autonomous Village to “Informal Slum”: Kampong Development and State Control in Bandung (1930-1960). In F. Colombin and J. Coté. (Eds.) Cars, Conduits, and Kampongs: The Modernization of the Indonesian City, 1920-1960.The Netherlands: Brill. • Sawira, S., & Rahman, T. (2018). An observation on the quality of interfaces in order to understand the complexity and coherence of informal settlement. A study on Tamansari Kampung in Bandung. Earth and Environmental Science, 158. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/158/1/012002
MSD_Urban Design Thesis
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Gian Franco Valverde Espinoza Master of Urban Design M: (+61) 0450713733 E: gfve91@gmail.com
Melbourne School of Design The University of Melbourne