8 NATURAL AND URBAN LANDSCAPES CONFRONTED IN THE AREA OF THE NATURAL RESERVE OF PLEMMIRIO (SR), ITAL

Proceedings of the 18th IPSAPA/ISPALEM International Scientific Conference Catania (Italy) July 3rd - 4th, 2014

NATURAL AND URBAN LANDSCAPES CONFRONTED IN THE AREA OF THE NATURAL RESERVE OF PLEMMIRIO (SR), ITALY Salvatore Giuffrida 1 Giovanna Ferluga 2 Maria Rosa Trovato 1 1 DICAR, University of Catania, Italy 2 Professional Abstract. The geographic complex comprising the peninsula of Maddalena and the island of Ortigia forms a landscape unit in tension, due to the topical opposition between the facts of nature and the narrations of culture characterizing it. The contribution provides a landscape analysis that intends to render its complexity through the extraction of the significant components according to the logic of a semiotic model combining its semantic and syntactic relations basing on the currently implemented Sustainable Development Plan.

Keywords: Landscape unit; semantic pattern; syntactic pattern; qualitative assessment; impact assessment.

1. Introduction The landscape complex comprising the Island of Ortigia and the peninsula of Maddalena, facing each other closing the large inlet of the “Porto Grande” (big harbour) of Syracuse, synthesizes in a multiple unity the duality of the landscape connotation, referring to the former intensely cultural, referring to the latter extensively natural. This opposition, of stories and geographies, forms a landscape unity in tension, unstable and dynamic, exposed to an irrepressible ferment of transformations, some of which are structural and irreversible as well, characterized by the contrast between the complex of the individual pressures (interests) and the one of the collective instances (values).

The planning instruments shaping these processes consist of the regulations of the “General Plan”, the specific regulations of the “Ortigia’s Masterplan” and the “Sustainable Development Plan”.

The enhancement of the harbour infrastructures, currently on its course, that will have a double impact, the one relating to the further modifications of the coastline of the whole port area, and the one relating to the transit and the mooring of the big liners, that will be allowed at the S. Antonio pier once it is extended, is a matter of particular concern for the definition of the landscape quality of the analysed area.

The individual enterprise is lobbying, in particular, for the development of the building activity on the North part of the water-front, with the construction of the touristic harbour, and of several new residential and commercial use 509

Salvatore Giuffrida, Giovanna Ferluga, Maria Rosa Trovato. Natural and Urban Landscapes Confronted in the Area of the Natural Reserve of Plemmirio (SR), Italy

buildings, some of them of relevant size.

In the Plemmirio’s park area instead, there are no planned transformative activities, but only those concerning the accessibility and the improvement of the accommodation capacity.

Referring to the actions included in the Sustainable Development Plan of the Syracuse Municipality, the proposed study intends to form a general instrument for the analysis and the evaluation of the landscape through a reading by systems and components, and a restitution by values referring to the characterization in terms of “natural structures, technological infrastructures and cultural superstructures” (Rizzo, 1999).

2. The peninsula of Maddalena and the Island of Ortigia The peninsula of Maddalena, located South of the city of Syracuse at the closing end of the large area of the “Porto Grande” (big harbour), is a calcareous miocene plateau of tectonic Horst origin, extending up to 50 m above sea level, and lowering slowly toward the sea as far as the edge cliffs, with a coastline characterized by a various and discontinuous morphologic structure: from Capo Castelluccio cape to Punta Traversa point it is characterized by short beach strips, with a shallow and uniform sea bottom in some parts, and very deep in some other parts; from Punta Taverna point to Capo Murro di Porco cape, it is high and bevelled, with important geologic features (caves, cavities, siphons, abrasion pools, deep networks of carsic origin conduits), archaeology features, like the prehistoric site Grotta Pellegrina cave, and the bronze age Punta della Mola necropolis, anthropologic features such as the six Latomie, linked to the ancient and no longer existing Plemmyrion sub-urban district, or the extensive underground tunnels of Punta Mola point, used as anti-aircraft base during the second world war, the network of the dry stone masonry walls of the local agriculture tradition, the “masserie” (traditional farmyards) and the Barone Beneventano del Bosco villa.

The sea bottom is full of archaeology remains as well, due to the intensity of Syracuse’s trading exchanges in the ancient past. Many archaeological finds have in fact been discovered in this area, and they are safeguarded in the Paolo Orsi museum in Syracuse.

In the area comprised between Punta Castelluccio point and Cala delle Rive Bianche bay some phenomena of erosion and collapsing of the cliff occurred, with rock crops sliding to the sea, and the danger of further subsidence.

The central and southern areas of the peninsula are characterized by an intense holiday homes and farmyards building activity; moreover it has a footpath and road network on dirt or stone ground, that may be redeveloped for tourism or leisure purpose (fig. 1).

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Figure 1. Landscape Systems and Landscape units

The SIC called “Saline di Siracusa e fiume Ciane” – ITA 090006 is located South of the estuary of the rivers Anapo and Ciane; the one called “Capo Murro di Porco, Penisola della Maddalena e Grotta Pellegrino” - ITA090008 (79/409/CEE e 92/43/CEE directives) is located in the eastern side of the Maddalena peninsula; in this area the Natural Reserve of Plemmirio (1435 ha) was established by Decree of the Ministry of the Environment on 15/09/2004.

The urban and monumental dimension of the Ortigia island, and in particular the relevant feature of the Maniace castle, constituting the architectural background in front of which the natural contest of Plemmirio acquires an even more relevant landscape value, works as counterpoint to the naturalistic dimension of the Maddalena. A heterogeneous set of landscape units in conflict is located alongside the coastline between these two features: the industrial area of Pantanelli in course of progressive dismantling, extending from the seaplane base to the estuary area of Ciane and Anapo rivers; the Anapo-Ciane Oriented 511

Salvatore Giuffrida, Giovanna Ferluga, Maria Rosa Trovato. Natural and Urban Landscapes Confronted in the Area of the Natural Reserve of Plemmirio (SR), Italy

Natural Reserve, run by the Regional Province of Syracuse, comprising the EU interest site of the “Pantani delle Saline” (bogs of the salines) South of the estuary of the two rivers; the southern part of the gulf (via Lido Saraceno – via La Maddalena), colonized by sprawling cottages, extending along the system of promontories and small bays between Punta Faro point and Punta Castelluccio point, where an important hotel complex is located. The eastern coastline of the peninsula, extending from Punta Mola point to Capo Murro di Porco cape, is preserved free of constructions in an average 350 metre width belt.

3. Strategic projects of the Strategic Sustainable Plan (SSP) The SSP (2006) includes five strategic projects (SP) aimed at enhancing the landscape value of this area and increasing the awareness of it: SP 4: Urban Center and the Centre for Research and Environmental Education, comprising some administrative offices and “cultural facilities” (Forte, 2011) to be arranged within the former Enel buildings in need for renovation, located in Malta Street; SP 5: Renovation of the Pantanelli coastline water front, including interventions concerning the removal of some inappropriate buildings, pavements, street lighting and furniture; SP 6: Cycling lane 1, a 34 km long cycle path connecting Ortigia with the Anapo-Ciane Natural Oriented Reserve; the plan includes a footpath, some small bridges, signage, street furniture, a whole redevelopment of the beach; SP 7: Cycling lane 2, a 23 km long cycle path connecting Anapo-Ciane NOR with the Maddalena peninsula, located within some existing roads or in natural lanes to be rearranged; signage and street furniture are included.

SP 8: Maddalena Natural Park, a 235.7 hectare area extending from Castelluccio Cape to Milocca Cape, connected with the Plemmirio Restricted Sea Area, and including the CIS ITA A090008 “Capo Murro di Porco, Penisola Maddalena e Grotta Pellegrino” located in the eastern part of the peninsula.

4. Method As a landscape unit (Carta, 2010; Magnaghi 2005; Tempesta, 1989), the studied territorial complex can be meant as a semantic field, a set of signs linked to each other by communicative relations whose single modification influences the meaning (the value) of the other ones. Inside this textual structure the signs (objects or processes) are distinguished, and are characterized as consonant or dissonant, constructive or destructive, convergent or divergent. These judgements are assigned referring to the criteria that realize a “multiple” form of perception, stratified in structural, infrastructural and superstructural terms: the semantic relations cross this stratification vertically defining the internal, or casual coherence, based on evidences or habits, the syntactic ones cross it 512

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horizontally, defining the external or motivational coherence, based on values and perspectives.

On these grounds, the proposed model for the valuation of the actions of PSS functions as an impact matrix whose value section is composed by two integrated modules, a semantic one, and a syntactic one.

The semantic module associates to each Landscape Unit (LU) a value -meaningconsidering the level of participation to the formation of the landscape context and of the LU specie.

The syntactic module links the signs to each other, individuating the existence of interactions between the meanings of the LU, and the sign of this interaction.

The result is a coaxial matrix model composed by: the vector of the valuations assigned to the 52 LUs: an impact matrix with 15 columns (5 actions x 3 impact types) and 52 lines; an interactive matrix with 52x52 elements that quantifies the influences between the LUs (fig. 2).

1 coastal/geomorph 2 vegetation 3 functional

1 2 3

4 residential 5 cultural-symbolic

4 5

results

impacts

interactions

valuations

calculation

modifications

8 - nature park

7 - cycling lane 2

6 - cycling lane 1

5 - water front

4 - urban center-crea

project module 5 cultural-symbolic

4 residential

3 functional

2 vegetation

assessments

1 coastal/geomorph

syntactic module

characteristics

systems

weights

semantic module

interaction rates

Figure 2. General valuation pattern scheme

4.1 Semantic module. The semantic module (Giuffrida and Gagliano, 2014) formalizes the vertical relation of significance that binds the characters of the landscape, the signifiers, to their value, significance. The module includes: 1. identification of the LU, ui, that are the sign units inside which the signification relations are realized, and that “give back”, by means of the alteration of these relations, the modifications included in the project actions; the LU are grouped in five systems (Blanksona and Greenb, 1991): 1. Coastalgeomorphologic, 2. Vegetation, 3. Functional, 4. Residential, 5. Cultural; 2. weighing of the LU through the definition of a “level of assiological participation” expressed by the coefficient, function of three , importance, , resilience, (Davoudi, terms referring to extension, 2012; Folke 2006; Gunderson, Allen and Holling, 2010; Peterson, 2002), each of them weighed by a factor, therefore: ; each these components is normalized in a dimensionless scale from 1 to 5, while for the factors restriction is valid; (Dyer, 2005; Ishizaka and Nemery, 2013) the 3. characterization of each component regarding its belonging to the natural 513

Salvatore Giuffrida, Giovanna Ferluga, Maria Rosa Trovato. Natural and Urban Landscapes Confronted in the Area of the Natural Reserve of Plemmirio (SR), Italy

structures, , to the technological infrastructures, , and to the cultural superstructures, , that means to the quality of value, mainly naturalistic, =1condition; functional or cultural, according to the 4. valuation, assigning to each unity, , a score on a standard scale from 1 to 5; the score is assigned referring to a condition considered normal; the significance is defined referring to the whole perception of the semantic field, and to the function the landscape unit performs, and might perform, in the perspective of an ideal configuration. . This value is The value, , of each landscape unit, is: modified by the actions included in the plan, as explained in paragraph 5.2.

4.2 Syntactic Module. The syntactic module formalizes the horizontal relations, (communication), binding between themselves several signs, LUs, representing the axiological interactions activated by the foreseen modifications. It is the last passage of the whole valuation, and reanalyzes the judgements assigned to the single components, considering their complementarity with all the others; therefore it provides a different valuation according to the type of connection and the entity assigned to it. It is articulated in three activities, the first organizational, the second instrumental, the third of verification.

1. Individuation of the interactions. The organizational activity consists of the description of the interactions between the landscape units, starting from their aggregations in systems (Weinstoerffer and Girardin, 2000) in one double entry matrix where the LUs are put in line and in column. The cells contain a(from 0 to 2), that quantify the syntactic connections dimensional scores, between the different systems by means of the description of the interactions between each LUs component of one system and those of another one. When there is no interaction the coefficient will be 1, if the i unit has a positive impact on the j unit the multiplier will be > 1, and in the opposite case it will be < 1.

2. Connection with the semantic model. The instrumental activity consists in the definition and choice of the most suitable algorithm to take into account the relations described by the coefficients. In the present case the model of the Interactive Matrix proposed by F. Rizzo (1989, 2003, 2007) was chosen. In this case the connection between the system of the interactions and the values , called levels of action of placed on the main diagonal of the matrix, , where is the “total level of action of the criteria, is provided by the criterion”, and therefore, in this case, the semantic value of the landscape unit, which is influenced by the interactions with all the other ones.

3. Analysis of sensitivity and of scenario. The verification activity includes: analyses of sensitivity, concerning the variation of the interactions, performed through a multiplier that modifies them, in order to individuate the LUs that are more influenced by the system effect; scenario analyses, consisting in the implementation of the different “axiological strategies” through the variation of 514

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the weights associated to the different landscape units and integrating those calculated in the semantic analysis. The weights have an higher project intentionality, and are utilized in the phase of choice between options, participating in the calculation of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;total assessment levelâ&#x20AC;?, .

5. Implementation and results 5.1 Semantic module. The value map given by the semantic analysis highlights a heterogeneous framework of the landscape disunity due to the juxtaposition of excellence and decay. The valuation model highlights the highest quality areas and the criticalities, their absolute or intrinsic value, and the relative or extrinsic value they acquire by the different records of weighing and scoring. The map represents the prevalence of the cultural features in Ortigia, of the functional and environmental disvalues in the industrial and harbour area, the building parasitism of the zone underlying the the salines, the seizure of the highest quality area, the system of inlets between Castelluccio point and Mola point; the latter closes the large inlet of Porto Grande harbour, and faces Maniace Castle, claiming the function of natural counterweight. Compared to this wound to the potential best combination of the whole unity, the Reserve of Plemmirio, despite being appropriate and even necessary, becomes a mere alibi. The value map partly indicates the forms of axiological non congruity of the different systems compared, and the conflicts of the different, sometimes divergent development lines as well. A graphical/numerical representation of it (fig. 3) may be attempted, indicating with a different colour for each of the five systems the value (y axis) of each landscape unit (x axis) (Trovato and Giuffrida, 2014). systems coastal vegetation functional residential symbolic

1 3,3 0,0 3,2 2,2 0,0

2 3,4 0,0 4,1 3,7 4,7

coastal!

3 2,4 2,2 4,1 4,4 2,6

4 2,2 0,0 2,6 4,4 3,7

5 1,5 2,2 2,6 3,7 3,4

landscape!units 6 7 8 0,9 1,1 2,3 1,7 0,9 4,1 2,0 1,0 1,0 1,2 1,2 1,2 0,9 0,9 3,8

vegeta on!

func onal!

9 2,0 1,0 1,3 1,6 1,2

10 4,3 1,6 1,5 2,3 1,2

residen al!

11 4,2 1,2 0,7 1,0 1,2

symbolic!

5!

4!

3!

2!

1!

0!

Figure 3. The value map: graphical/numerical representation

515

12 3,5 0,6 0,4 1,0 1,2

13 2,3 0,6 0,4 1,6 1,2

Salvatore Giuffrida, Giovanna Ferluga, Maria Rosa Trovato. Natural and Urban Landscapes Confronted in the Area of the Natural Reserve of Plemmirio (SR), Italy

5.2 Syntactic module. The results of the interaction analysis highlight the value system of the landscape complex, and allow assessing the difference between the valuations of the single elements and those of their combinations in unities.

Among the examples of LUs integration, the one between Maniace castle and Punta Castelluccio-Punta Mola points is the most significant: considered separately they assume respectively the residential and symbolic functions, while in the syntactic context of the territorial unity they acquire the maximum landscape tension (geographical, historic and symbolic), at the peak of the constructive opposition between nature and culture. As a consequence the building activity on Punta Castelluccio point turns out incongruous, as it attenuates this opposition. In a context in tension even punctual modifications can break the chain of the signs compromising the significance of the context.

This effect can be represented only with a landscape meaning.

The comparison of the two assessments without project, no-interaction (Vninp) and with-interaction (Vwinp) is shown in fig. 4, where all the landscape units are displayed in the x-axis, and the valuations in the y-axis.

Vwinp-Vninp

Vninp

Vwinp

8 6 4 2 0 -2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

-4

Figure 4. Comparison of the with-interaction and no-interaction assessments

The graphic highlights in grey the effect of the interactions as difference in terms of landscape value: in a positive sense, an advantage of the residential and symbolic-cultural system of the less fine areas, (47-50) that anyway are beneficiaries of a favourable context; in a negative sense a disadvantage: of the natural, geomorphologic and vegetation system, due to the urbanization of the coastline area comprised between the seaplane base at the estuary of AnapoCiane rivers, and the streets Sacramento-Maddalena (4-6; 9-11; 18-23); of the symbolic-cultural system of the monumental southern area of Ortigia, as a consequence of the building activity and of the seizure of the naturalistic system comprised between Faro point and Castelluccio point from public use.

The sensitivity analyses concern the variation registered in Total Action Degree as effect of the variation of the weights in order to individuate the most 516

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influential criteria, while the analyses of scenario concern the TAD variation regarding the modulation of strategies, that value from time to time the natural structures, the technological infrastructures and the cultural superstructures. The results are reported in fig. 5. ext imp res

TAD

elasticity

NS

TI

CS

elasticity

1 0,3 0,0 0,7 100,25

1 1,0 0,0 2,0 108,14

2 0,3 0,2 0,5 101,10

2 1,0 0,5 1,5 104,36 min

3 0,3 0,3 0,3 101,95 0,85%

3 1,0 1,0 1,0 101,95 med -6,4%

4 0,3 0,5 0,2 102,79

4 1,0 1,5 0,5 100,92 max

110

110 TI/CS

imp/res

-3,5%

CS/NS res/ext NS/TI

0,3%

5 0,3 0,7 0,0 103,64

5 1,0 2,0 0,0 101,27

6 0,7 0,3 0,0 97,81

6 2,0 1,0 0,0 101,16

7 0,5 0,3 0,2 99,88

7 1,5 1,0 0,5 100,69 min

8 0,3 0,3 0,3 101,95 2,12%

8 1,0 1,0 1,0 101,95 med

8,4%

9 0,2 0,3 0,5 104,01

9 0,5 1,0 1,5 104,93 max

4,5%

10 0,0 0,3 0,7 106,08

10 0,0 1,0 2,0 109,63

11 0,0 0,7 0,3 107,77

11 0,0 2,0 1,0 103,43

ex/imp 105

105

100

100

-0,5%

12 0,2 0,5 0,3 104,86

12 0,5 1,5 1,0 102,52 min -0,9% 13 0,3 0,3 0,3 101,95 -2,70% 13 1,0 1,0 1,0 101,95 med -1,5% 14 0,5 0,2 0,3 99,03

14 1,5 0,5 1,0 101,72 max

15 0,7 0,0 0,3 96,12

15 2,0 0,0 1,0 101,84

0,1% 95

Figure 5. Syntactic assessment module: results and sensitiveness analysis

6. Implementation of the project and discussion on the results The implementation of the five projects, articulated in the different actions that turn out relevant for the modification of the landscape value, as described in the semantic-syntactic model, produces the impacts represented in the graph of fig.

6, that highlights the different characteristics of the 52 landscape unities as above described.

0,6

Iwi-InI

no interdependences Impact

with interdependences Impact

0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 -0,1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

-0,2

Figure 6. Caption

The modifications of the different actions on the landscape units are represented, in terms of percentage value variation, by three viewpoints, the one of the impact intensity, the one of the impact reversibility (or duration), and the one of 517

Salvatore Giuffrida, Giovanna Ferluga, Maria Rosa Trovato. Natural and Urban Landscapes Confronted in the Area of the Natural Reserve of Plemmirio (SR), Italy

the impact ramification (space-time extension of the indirect forecasted or expected effects).

The combination of these assessments gives the value of the impact for each landscape unit, calculated by taking into account the interactions ( ) or not ( ): ; Due to the types of action, the total impact on each landscape unit is mostly positive. The main impact concerns the actions supposed for: the area of the Urban Center, which some positive effects are expected from, all over the S. Antonio neighborhood, especially in terms of real estate increase in value; the area of Plemmirio Natural Park, where both naturalistic and cultural interventions and initiatives are envisaged. Although positive, the impacts, due to the small dimension of the interventions, are irrelevant, and a comparison between with and without project statuses is scarcely significant. The difference between “with-interaction impact” and “no interaction impact” valuations highlights: the negative effects of the Pantanelli industrial district on the nearest Ciane-Anapo CIA area (18), the negative effect of the enhancement of the harbour area on the Darsena (26); the modifications needed by the improvement of some naturalistic areas of the Park (33); the impact of the modification of the waterfront in the area of the Foro Italico; the effect of an improvement of tourism on some natural areas (45-47). The valuation of these areas is higher if interactions are not considered.

7. Conclusions The proposed model works as a platform for an analysis finalized to orientate “landscape regeneration strategies” (Ronsivalle, 2007), identifying, on the one hand, their most sensitive elements, that are influenced negatively by the interactions, on the other hand the most capable ones, that are influenced positively by the latter.

Basing on the performed valuation, we deduce that the actions envisaged by the planning instruments don’t deal in depth and extensively as necessary with this territorial complex in its most peculiar aspect, the landscape one, and propose instead punctual and linear interventions with a scarce engaging capacity, considering the inertia of a territory whose strong antropization would demand, in some of its large areas, consistent reconversion actions. As a consequence, relevant criticalities persist, and among them: - the presence of the large Pantanelli area that, apart from the semantic poverty and the syntactic strangeness to the context, generates physical, environmental and functional necrosis; - the increasing pressure of the large scale harbour activities in the area of S. Antonio pier and Foro Italico; The construction activity aggression in the part of the coastline suitable for 518

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bathing.

In the articulation of the valuation path, the semantic analysis allowed to start a reflection on landscape in terms of value instead of elements, while the syntactic analysis allowed, in extensive sense, to reason on the landscape in terms of relations, and to consider it, therefore, as form instead of image of the territory.

Despite operating in the folds and shadows of a structural information incompleteness, the model allowed to keep the process of attribution of the value judgement in a general level useful to compare heterogeneous territorial aspects, and to perceive the coalescence to an aim: the landscape as substance of the value of the inhabited territory.

Summary The landscape context embracing the gulf of the Porto Grande harbour of Syracuse consists of the Ortigia island, where the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historic centre is located, the coastline zone comprising the industrial area of Pantanelli, the estuary area of the rivers Anapo and Ciane, the bogs of the Salines, the coastline belt as far as Faro point, the peninsula of Maddalena, a landscape relevant area with great recreational and cultural potentials where the Natural Reserve of Plemmirio has been established. The PSS of Syracuse deals with the many criticalities of this context, marked by effects of decay and construction activity aggression, pointing to the quality of naturalistic aspects to start virtuous processes of regeneration that may be compatible with tourism and the economic activities connected with it.

The valuation of the actions is carried out through a model of valuation of the landscape impact articulated in: a semantic module, including the individuation and characterization of the landscape systems, their characterization regarding the natural, infrastructural and cultural consistency of their unity components, and their valuation employing a MAUT; a syntactic module that connects, through an interactive matrix, all unities and their parts, and allows to define a value before and after the project and with and without the contribution of the interactions; an impact model that connects the actions with the landscape unities allowing to represent the variations in terms of value.

The valuations allow to assess how the actions envisaged by the PSS have only a superficial incidence, at least in the short-medium period, on the main criticalities of this landscape complex, whose regeneration would require considerably more consistent structural actions.

Acknowledgements. Salvatore Giuffrida edited paragraphs 1, 4, 4.1, 5.1 6 and 7, and figures 3-5 and 7; Giovanna Ferluga edited paragraphs 2 and 3, and figures 1 and 2; Maria Rosa Trovato edited paragraphs 4.2 and 5.2, and figure 6.

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Salvatore Giuffrida Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture University of Catania, Italy E-mail: sgiuffri@dica.unict.it Giovanna Ferluga Professional E-mail: gio.ferluga@virgilio.it Maria Rosa Trovato Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture University of Catania, Italy E-mail: mrtrovato@dica.unict.it

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