PHD RESEARCH_2007-10

scaini industry

slaughterhouse

Ph.D.Thesis DECLINATION OF DENSITY IN THE MEDIUM SIZED CITY

safau area

Ph.D. Thesis DECLINATION OF DENSITY IN THE MEDIUM SIZED CITY

Giovanna Astolfo. Born 1980. Graduated as architect in 2006 at IUAV, School of Architecture, University of Venice, with final project “Places of silence”. In 2007, after the license exam, became a registered architect.

In the same year was Ph.D. candidate at the School of Architecture, University of Udine, with the research “Declination of density in medium sized city”. In July 2010 completed her Ph.D. From the graduation to the present day is Teaching Assistant in many different Design Courses and Workshops at the School of Architecture, University of Udine, focused in temporary housing design, transformation of small historical centers and redevelopment of abandoned industrial and military areas in medium and larger cities.

University of Udine - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture Ph.D. Course - XXII Cycle

Ph.D. Thesis

DECLINATION OF DENSITY IN THE MEDIUM SIZED CITY

Ph.D. Giovanna Astolfo, Supervisor Prof. Lodovico Tramontin, Co-supervisor Prof.Paola Pellegrini

Re-placing m-city after sprawl. The scope of the research is the project for the medium sized city, from the previous and larger debate about the phenomenon of dispersion/concentration that interests the European territory. What is the “mediacy” of medium sized cities? The research proposes the hypothesis that in mcity takes place a balance between livability and efficiency.

Re-starting with density in terms of quality. Density has gained new appeal nowadays, on the background of the debate about sustainable growth of the city. Abandoned areas in the city are the opportunity to test this, to find a different spatial declination of density, that reflects the existent proximities of the m-city.

Declining a different density in Udine. The research considers vacant areas in the medium city of Udine and draw a hypothesis of a system of interconnected open spaces. In this hypothesis the idea of a qualitative density takes form, providing the illusion of urban intensity and compactness without built matter.

coca cola industry

safau gallery

University of Udine - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture Ph.D. Course - XXII Cycle

Ph.D. Thesis

DECLINATION OF DENSITY IN THE MEDIUM SIZED CITY

Ph.D. Giovanna Astolfo, Supervisor Prof. Lodovico Tramontin, Co-supervisor Prof.Paola Pellegrini

2009/2010

Author’s e-mail giovanna.astolfo@gmail.com giovanna.astolfo@uniud.it Author’s address Università degli Studi di Udine Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Ambientale e Architettura (DRICAA) Via delle Scienze 206 33100 UDINE ITALY cell. +39 3398605097 4

Contents

Introduction

01 Re-placing the medium sized city - after sprawl “Invisible� cities Notion of medium city: what medium means?

An ancient idea: many small and medium cities or the North of Italy

02 Re-starting with density - in terms of quality Density revival Debate on density/dispersion Weak signals of dispersion Typings: projects that gave form to a (qualitative) idea of density

03 Declining a different density - in Udine Udine. The building of distances The opportunity of abandoned sites The Safau site: puzzle of specific issues Conclusions

Bibliography

5

Introduction

Re-placing m-city after sprawl. The scope of the research is the project for the medium sized city, from the previous and larger debate about the phenomenon of dispersion/concentration that interests the European territory. On one side, the most important current research seems to be focused on this debate; on the other side the question about the m-city seems to be neglected.

But small and medium sized cities are still the reality of Western Europe. So it would be of interest to recall attention to these settlements, reaffirming that they have not been overwhelmed or erased from dispersion or metropolisation.What is the “mediacy” of medium sized cities? The research proposes the hypothesis that in m-city takes place a balance between livability and efficiency.

This relationship is not quantifiable, but perceptible and affirmed in a lot of research: it expresses the quality of the medium sized city. The equilibrium between livability and efficiency can be translated into the capability of the city to meet the needs (mobility, security, accessibility, equipment..) on one side and the desires (beautiful places to live and stay..) on the other. To ensure this, the city builds a system of relations, proximities and distances. The evolution of the form of the city is tightly bounded to the research of the “right distances” between places, buildings, people, activities. If the city builds its own distances, not all the distances are planned. Abandoned areas, that are many in medium sized cities, build unplanned discontinuities in the urban fabric, in which proximities must be re-thought. In the recent past abandoned areas constituted great opportunities to re-think the “Grosstadt”; now it could be the same for the medium sized city.

Re-starting with density in terms of quality. Density has gained new appeal nowadays, on the background of the debate about sustainable growth of the city. In which terms can we speak 6

| introduction |

about density in the medium sized city? Which is the relationship between density, bounded to a certain idea of sustainability, and medium city, related to the hypothetical equilibrium between livability and efficiency? Is more density sustainable in the m-city?

What happens if densification is not supported by population growth or by the need to place new program? Are there any different strategies of density that not involve an increase of volume, but keep the illusion of urban density? Abandoned areas in the city are the opportunity to test this, to find a different spatial declination of density, that reflects the existent proximities of the m-city. So the key term of the research is density, re-conceptualized in terms of quality (instead of quantity). The research investigates some projects focused on density, not necessarily in small cities, that try to give form to a certain (qualitative) idea of density: the research on “mixitè” in MVRDV projects, the research on bidimensional density in Smithson’s “mat building”, until the Rem Koolhaas’ “density without matter”. Neglected areas would be the opportunity to decline these densities in the medium sized city.

Declining a different density in Udine. The object of the research are abandoned areas in the medium sized city, that are similar to fences suddenly being opened, that present a high level of transformation and are the pretext to experiment new distances (proximities) and new declination of density.The research considers vacant areas in the medium city of Udine, that are conspicuous in number, diffused in the closest perimeter of the city or inside the compact and densest nucleus.The research investigates accessibility, dimension and proximity of these areas and draw a hypothesis of a system of interconnected open spaces. In this hypothesis the idea of “density without matter” takes form, providing the illusion of urban intensity and compactness without built matter, 7

| introduction |

with different degrees of artificial/natural and indeterminacy/ determinacy: from the vacant lots left vacant to urban parks that have a few of nature and a lot of culture. In addition some punctual injection of density (parasite grafts and block infilling) were done.

8

01

RE-PLACING M-CITY after sprawl

9

“Invisible” cities

1 READING EUROPE, NAiM/Bureau Europa and A10 new European architecture (Hans Ibelings, Kirsten Hannema, Hans Larsson); http:// www.reading-europe.eu.

2 Marco De Michelis, Mcity! European cityscape, Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther Konig, 2006.

3 Considering only the demographic criteria, the six cities have from 100 to

It is often said that Europe is the urban continent par excellence, because most of its population lives in cities or in suburban areas.

Only five cities in Europe have the features of the fifty largest cities in the world: Moscow, Istanbul, London, Paris and Madrid1; three of the ten larger metropolises in Europe are conurbations (RhineRuhr, Randstad and Manchester-Liverpool); while medium sized cities, with a population of 100 to 500.000 inhabitants, represent a significative part of the European population (40%). Bordeaux, Kosice, Pilzen, Mons and Mechelen are typical medium sized cities; Europe has more than 500 of them. Despite their number and diffusion, it seems that m-cities are neglected by recent bibliography.

300.000 inhabitants (Graz 240; Lubiana 280; Trieste 205; Basel 170); except Prague (metropolis of 3 millions of inhabitants), Ruhrstadt (4 millions)which is a costellation of m-cities- and Cracow (756).

4 “Lo sprawl si impossessa delle periferie ma di solito non le soffoca” in R. Ingersoll, Eurosprawl, in Marco De

Mcity! was an exhibition held in the (medium) city of Graz in 2006 and the title of the publication that followed.2 The exhibition was based on six European medium cities3 (Graz, Trieste, Lubijana, Basel, Ruhrstadt and Cracow); these cities, different for their history and development, were proposed as bastions of resistance to the phenomenon of urban dispersion that interests European territory4. Despite the title, the exhibition and the volume are interested in this phenomenon rather in the medium city itself.

Michelis, Mcity! European cityscape, Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther Konig, 2006.

5 READING EUROPE, NAiM/Bureau Europa and A10 new European architecture (Hans Ibelings, Kirsten Hannema, Hans Larsson); http:// www.reading-europe.eu.

6 http://www.europolis.equipement. gouv.fr/article.php3?id_article=2 7 M-city has 50 to 300.000 inhabitants

Most of the European research is also interested in medium cities; among them, Reading Europe5 is a long term program focused on analisys and interpretation of recent urban transformations in Europe. In 2009 it organized an exhibition; inside the section “city”, it found place even the medium sized city. Europolis6 is a project of the European Regional Development fund, that gathered nine m-cities7 in Nort West Europe. The project ended in 2006 with the conference “Managing urban growth in the medium sized cities in North-West Europe”, with the partecipation of 8 countries (Germany, Lussemburg, Holland, Belgium, England, France, Slovenia 10

| re-placing m-city after sprawl | 01

8

“Study

of

the

transferabili-

ty from one country into another” (4 countries partners: Belgium, Germany, France, England) and “Glossary of key concepts which were used during the workshops”. In “Europolis final report”, http://www. europolis.equipement.gouv.fr/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=41 9 Groupement de Recherches Economique et Sociale Bordeaux; researchers: Claude Lacour e Sylvette Puissant;

http://beagle.u-bordeaux4.fr/

portailgres/ 10 http://www.eurotowns.org. Eurotown organized the conference “Medium sized cities and Europe: new strategies to promote the innovation and knowledge economy”(22-24 February 2010, Barcellona) .

and Switzerland). The debate focused on the scale of the city and its sustainable growth.8 The research Medium-Sized Cities and the Dynamics of Creative Services, by a research group based in Bordeaux9, concerns some French m-cities and deals with the performances of m-cities related to upper metropolitan functions. In conclusion it seems that these functions are not only concentrated in large cities, but also in medium cities, in which a specific proximity and various forms of relation permit the existence of creative niches. The network Eurotown10 was estabilished in 1991 as European net for cities with a population of 50 to 250.000 inhabitants, with the aim of recognize the significative economical role of m-cities in the European normative and of develop a net of sustainable European m-cities as catalyst of urban renewal.

The 2009 IUFA11 conference, Mid-size city in the knowledge economy, took the city of Bologna as an emblematic model of medium sized city in the world; a key issue was the relationship between the urban context and the university.

The research La xarxa de ciutats mitjanes de l’Arc Llatí: caracterització, problemàtiques i reptes, undertaken at Universitat Autònoma in Barcelona, analyses m-cities of the latin arc (from Algarve, Portugal to Sicily, South of Italy); the results are presented in six thematic groups: population, economy, innovation, culture and communication. The project Innocité12 aims to make the small and medium cities under the influence of larger cities in the Alps competitives; it is an approach to a regional ecosystem that involves 9 countries: France (RhôneAlpes Region), Germany (Bavaria Region), Austria (Salzburg), Italy (Lombardia Region) and Slovenia (Primorska Region).

11 http://www.visible-cities.net/ 12

http://www.innocite.eu/Pages/

default.aspx

11

Notion of m-city: what medium means?

1 Even in the 80s there were studies dealing with the polycentric configurations of the “100 cities” in Italy, before the phenomena of dispersion took place. See: A.Clementi, Oltre le cento città, in C.De Matteis, P.Palermo, Le forme del territorio italiano,

Laterza,

2 See Microhistory 1.

Roma-Bari,1996.

Medium sized cities in Europe represent a conspicuous and resistent reality, as pheripherical cities as part of a regional network.

Despite of the current lack of literature on the subject, m-city has occupied some studies of urban geography1 in the 60s aimed to a internal classification. It seems appropriate to re-place that research in a different context, without classification aims.

What is the mediacy of m-cities? Mediacy is characterized by quantitative and qualitative parameters; the merely quantitative demographic criteria, together with density index, allows to identify the size of the city stable over time, its “stable shape”.

There is no coherent statistical data: each author and each country has its own range; some countries do not even use the notion of m-city2. In principle it is possible to take as reference a range of 80 to 250.000 inhabitants. Besides population and density, many other criteria contribute to describe mediacy: as economical and functional data (i.e. the relationship between city and the territory under its control, that permit to destinguish m-cities from regional capital or metropolis, because the second often has no relation with the territory due to its dimension); as quality parameters, like the level of livability. It is often said that a medium city is liveable, because it is able to satisfy some desires and simultaneously respond to the needs (efficiency). Livability is a perceptive characteristic, that can be described through quantitative categories (i.e. pollution and crime rate. When all these data are applied to the medium city, they lead to a “low sense of guilt”); the same can be said for efficiency. In a medium city there is an equilibrium between livability and efficiency due to its own dimension, to its mediacy and to its proximities.

M-city as a balance between “city-womb” and “city-machine”. The balance between livability and efficiency in m-city can be described through the two metaphors of the 12

| re-placing m-city after sprawl | 01

3 From M.Cacciari, La città, Pazzini Editore, 2004. It should be said that the metaphor of the “city car” is not necessarily only linked to the issue of mobility in the contemporary city, although it will have huge party, nor it necessarily coincides with the metaphor of the “city network” (a metaphor created in the 60s. See the research of A. and P. Smithson) 4 Urbanity as a collision between things and business (Robert Musil) 5 The “city car” is laconic, it is an expression of concinnitas, it is perfectly rational and as succinct as possible: close to the “buy-go-go” equation.

6 In P.Virilio, The Overexposed City,

city, “city-machine” and “city-womb”-introduced by M.Cacciari3 that are two extreme models, the first is radicated in the future and the second in the past, the first depends on needs (negotium4, acceleration, market economy laws, technologies..), the second depends on desires (otium, aggregation, social and cultural laws, aesthetics), the first is progressist and the second is reactionary.

The “city-machine” tends to remove any obstacles5 and tends to the disappearence of the city itself; the “city-womb” resists in its form and its form obstacles the completion of the “city-machine”.

These metaphors are introduced by Massimo Cacciari in the text “La città”. The “city-womb” is referred to the greek polis (polis is a medium sized city, that can not grow beyond a certain limit, or it looses the roots of genos), while the “city-machine” is the modern city that, on one side, tends to maximize the negotium through the removal of the obstacles and, on the other side, introject the character of roman civitas, opposite to the greek polis, and inclined to growth (augescens). M.Cacciari argues that the evolution of the city is based on this opposition between “city-machine” and “city-womb”, with the prevail of the first (“city-machine” is the archetype of the grosstadt and of the contemporary sprawl town), and the extinction of the second, until the disgregation of the city itself (disgregation of space and body6 in favour of time). If the “city-machine” is being built, the “city-womb” survives in the nostalgia of its citizens. Nevertheless medium sized cities still exist, with their dense and compact settlements, in which the ideal type of “city-machine” has not prevailed. In medium sized city the coexistence of the two ideal types is allowed to the size of the city itself and its proximities. “City-machine” and “city-womb” determine different and opposite distances in the city: at their completion, both determine an unliveable city.

1984.

13

An ancient idea: many small and medium cities or the North of Italy

The North of Italy has a cospicuous number of medium sized cities well described as follow: “In Italy, to the urban extension must be opposed two different types of cities, with more traditional features. The first is the traditional medium city of the North and the Centre of Italy.... better known as “Le cento città di Cattaneo1“, in which distinctive elements are the presence of a recognizable historical core, the specific urban equipment and the provision of public services. The richness of these facilities is from the many inherited ancient city structures, from the structures built by the civil engineers of the XIX century, from the Fascist period and from the post-war urbanistic reformism.

All these moments influenced the changing face of the city centers. Unfortunately more recently its historical nucleus underwent a process of parceling and turned into museums.

The hystorical city centers are parcelled out into commercial areas transforming their form and significance into mummified settings.”2 The research focused on the medium city of Udine.

1 C.Cattaneo, Per le Autonomie Locali.

2 A.Lanzani “Un paesaggio diversificato e intrecciato” in Paola Viganò, New Territories, Officina, 2004

14

02

RE-STARTING WITH DENSITY in terms of quality

15

Density revival

3

In

AAVV,

International

Inside colloquium

Density, on

Architecture and Cities, Brussels, 2003.

4 Considering the average density means deny the local conditions: an example is the average density calculated in New York (9500 inhabitants/ sq.km.) compared to the average density in U.S.A. (30 inhabitants/sq.km.).

5 “Density, as a built index, is a kind of slip device that helps shifting from a form to another, demonstrating at the same time how weak it is as a crucial element of the definition of each of these forms”. Piano progetto città, n.22, 2004 6 It is possible that densification leads to a more compact city, as it happens in the Critical Plan for Berlin (A.R.Burelli, P.Gennaro, La città come investitore. Il piano di ricostruzione

urbana,

Gaspari,

2007)

7 J.Jacobs, Vita e morte delle grandi citta’, Edizioni di Comunita’, 2000, original edition: The death and life of great American cities, 1961; M.Webber Order in Diversity: Community Without Propinquity, in Cities and Space: The Future Use of Urban Land, ed. L. Wingo Jr,Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963.

The notion of density occupies a central place in the history and theory of urban planning. Density was fixed in Physics in the XVIII century; through Geography and then it was introduced in urban planning and architecture, allowed architects not to deal with individual bodies but with masses. At the origin of urban planning it represented for the hygienists an indicator of public health; in the XX century it allowed to join different planning theories: from urban extension (Cerdà), to garden cities, to the zoning techniques; today it is a building index.

Most of time density is understood as quantitative parameter; it is defined by the relation inhabitants/sq. km. or built area/sq.km; we speak of density in terms of more or less dense, never in a absolute sense4. Density is often linked to non quantitative aspects: higher or lower density produces different settlement patterns and different ideas of urbanity. The link between density and urban form is complex and contradictory5. There is no correspondence between a certain index of density and a urban form: low density cities have a form, high density cities have another; cities with the same density could have different forms: the Ville Verte is dense, as it is a hystorical town. Otherwords, high density does not necessarily has to do with compactness of urban form6; as witnessed by the current phenomenon of densification of sprawled areas.

In the history of town planning both sides were taken alternatively, showing often a certain discontent with the inherited state of affair: a dense city aspires to be less dense and viceversa. High and low density are not bad or good in absolute, even when the debate becomes ideological and supports a certain idea of the urban. To high and low density have been attributed different degrees of urbanity; but if a denser area seems more urban, the same could be in a lower density settlement. The famous debate held in the 60s has seen Jacobs and Weber7 take opposite positions 16

| re-starting with density in terms of quality | 02

on density, proximity and urbanity. Jane Jacobs in the text “Great American cities” supports the idea that urbanity needs high density; Melvin Webber in “Community without propinquity” supports the idea that urbanity exists with or without form and density.

If urban planning history is pervaded of theories on density, on the “right distance” (often different from the inherited one) and on the debate density/urbanity, it occurs today a renewed interest in these issues, that are expecting a re-definition on the background of the recent transformation of the territory.

17

Debate on density-dispersion

1 B.Secchi, Veneto e Friuli, in C. De Matteis, P. Palermo, Le

forme del territorio italiano, vol.

2. Ambienti insediativi e contesti locali,

Laterza,

Roma-Bari,1996.

2 B. Secchi, La città europea contemporanea e il suo progetto, in Paola Viganò ed, New Territories: situations, projects, scenarios for the European city and territory, Q2 officina edizioni, 2004: “The concept of function dissolves; the concepts of compatibility and incompatibility slowly emerge. In the multiplicity and diversity of situations, the concept of homogeneous zone and hierarchy dissolves; the concept of porosity is slowly emerging. In the dispersion, the concepts of density and proximity dissolve and the concept of right distance is slowly emerging”. In P.Viganò: “The concept of density has inspired the modern city. Today it should be reworded”.

3 “Environmentalists have learned that instead of living in the countryside will be necessary to preserve the suburban nature we have left and begin to seek higher density. The same it is said by the authors of treatises on urban sustainable, by the recommendations of the British Government in the Plan-

The changes that have affected the European territory in the last mid-century concern the intensification of the phenomena of dispersion. “The main thrust of these changes is that of a progressive diffusion of the urban (residential, commercial, productive) matter, a dispersion that is opposed to the concentration at first sight that has characterised previous periods and that spread through the collective imagination of our time....1” This phenomenon takes on different variations in different European regions and is determined by economic, political, historical and social factors.

The dispersion is just a part of the contemporary European habitat history, but “it is the more noticeable” and it obsessed its contemporaries, producing a “pervasive descriptive anxiety” because “you can not understand it”; that anxiety can be also linked to inertia of the traditional instruments of the discipline (observational, cognitive, descriptive and interpretive) that adapt slowly to the changes underway or yet occurred and that should be reformulated2. The dispersion is not a new phenomenon, but long-term, even today of unusual scale, with very positive implications (such as improving the lifestyle or the gradual spread of wealth), but also with less positive aspects, which we identify in the progressive increase of land consumption and mobility.

Linked to this, it developed a new sensibility towards the territory3, embodied in certain strategies of densification, tendencies to build on the already constructed, reuse and recycling, demolition and reconstruction. If these strategies and policies for sustainable growth of the city can be fully shared in the view of the emerging ecological consciousness, on the other hand are nostalgic, outdated and inadequate when they are generated by fear of loss of a certain idea of urbanity (linked to traditional ideas of high density and proximity). This attitude refuses to recognize the changed conditions of the territory, the 18

| re-starting with density in terms of quality | 02

Fig.1 Point city/South city, project for redesigning Holland, Unlearning Hol-

changed idea of urbanity (and the legitimacy and irreversibility of it) that therefore stipulates the redefinition of density.

land (a study in density) Rem Koolhaas, SMLXL, Monacelli Press, 2002.

Construction of two extreme scenarios of density: in the first the entire Dutch population is spread along the southern border with the density of the city of Los Angeles, while in the second population is concentrated in one place with the density of Manhattan.

Density: a concept to be reconceptualized. The mere quantitative parameter, through which density has always been understood, is no longer sufficient to describe this territory “where it no more exists models of high density and low density but many shades in between and constantly changing”4; an area where very little space could identify itself as a dense urban area.

This new kind of urbanity that is not necessarily linked to high density (and in general to the density as quantity) necessitates the redefinition of the density, incorporating the needs of urban comfort, linked to the changed proximities and new criteria of sustainable growth. Density has to find a variation not only in quantitative terms (accumulation of things seen in their materiality and solidity) but also in qualitative terms, for example by binding to the idea of promiscuity and mixité (quantity and quality of urban functions) and intensity (between persons/urban).

ning Policies guidances that are concerned with the quality and quantity of residential houses at reasonable prices and by an Italian draft law which prohibits to build in non-urbanized areas”.

In Piano Progetto Città, n. 22, 2004.

4 “Europe is a grey continent: it is made of average densities” (P.Bozzuto, L.Fabian,S.Loddo,

G.Musante,

X-

treme Europe, in Paola Viganò, New Territories: situations, projects, scenarios for the European city and territory, Q2 Officina edizioni, 2004)

19

Weak signals of dispersion

1 G.Astengo, Rapporto sullo stato dell’urbanizzazione

in

Italia,

in

Quaderno di Urbanistica Informazioni, n.1, 1990; in C. De Matteis, P. Palermo, Le forme del territorio italiano, Laterza, Roma-Bari,1996; in Paola Viganò ed, New Territories: situations, projects, scenarios for the European city and territory, Q2 officina edizioni, 2004.

2 B.Secchi, Veneto e Friuli, in C. De Matteis, P. Palermo, Le forme del territorio italiano, vol. 2 Ambienti insediativi e contesti locali,

Laterza,

Roma-Bari,1996

3 Ibidem.

4 Ibidem.

5 It takes account of the abandonment of the city centers (by the middle class) and of the abandonment

of

mountain

areas.

6 Ibidem.

7 “For the Friuli Region, as for the Veneto Region, one can speak of “urbanized countryside” and “urban sprawl”.. In P. Pellegrini, Superfici diffuse: i piccoli aereoporti in Friuli Venezia Giulia, in P.Ciorra, F. De Maio, Piccoli aereoporti, infrastruttura città e paesaggio nel territorio italiano, Marsilio, Venezia, 2008 8 “For the Friuli Region there is still

Italy1 is also interested in those transformations defined as “a progressive diffusion of the urban (residential, commercial, productive) matter, a dispersion that is, at first sight, opposed to the concentration that has characterised previous periods and that pervades the collective imagination of our time...It is particularly evident in some regions. Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia Region are among these.2” If the phenomenon of dispersion that affects the Veneto Region is well documented, in the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region is much less; Friuli Region does not appear in texts devoted to the topic, perhaps because it shows some forms of resistance and delay in dispersion. To describe the structure of the Veneto Region it has been using two different images: “urban sprawl” and “urbanized countryside”; both evoke a (historically) oppositional condition. Or perhaps, rather than oppositional, it is an intermediate condition, neither urban nor rural nor suburban, but a little of everything mixed up following different logics. It is made of “urban materials”3 (as the isolated house on the lot, the shed, the road and the central places) which in turn are related to form shapes.The images of “urban sprawl” and “urbanized countryside” are also used to describe the Friuli Region, but made the necessary distinctions.

TheVenetian territory has always been a“sprawled”4 one, so that the current dispersion assumes the characteristics of a “densification of dispersion” and it is not intended as due to decentralization.

This process has been enabled by the fact that Veneto Region is accessible, usable and habitable in every part, thanks to an extensive and comprehensive network of infrastructure. The Veneto Region has been defined as “schedule”, or as a space of constant re-writes depository in which you can make a “broader use of the land“6.

Conversely, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region has not a long tradition of dispersion: for a long time the population was concentrated 20

| re-starting with density in terms of quality | 02

Fig.1 Urbanized areas in Italy, 1991.

Fig.2 Dispersion in the Friuli Region (P.Pellegrini, Superfici diffuse: i piccoli aereoporti in Friuli Venezia Giulia) time. Enough, then, with the con struction of houses and warehouses.”

From

the

conference

“La

città

come investitore, pubblico e privato dopo la fine dei talismani ideologici”,

Udine,

May

16,

2007.

9 Referred to: B.Secchi, Friuli Venezia Giulia, par.3, Il riconoscimento dei telai insediativi, in Clemente, De Matteis, Le forme del territorio italiano; P.Pellegrini, Superfici diffuse: i piccoli aereoporti in Friuli Venezia Giulia, in P.Ciorra, F. De Maio, Piccoli aereoporti.

10 In P.Pellegrini, Superfici diffuse: i piccoli aereoporti in Friuli

Venezia

F.

De

Giulia,

Maio,

in

Piccoli

P.Ciorra, aereoporti.

11 G.Barbina, La recente espansione della città di Udine e l’urbanizzazione del territorio circostante, in G.Ferro, Città e campagne d’Italia, Atti del congresso, Roma, 1969; F.Battigelli, La frangia urbana rurale udinese, in A.Bianchetti, Trasformazioni territoriali ed evoluzione

in the cosmopolitan Trieste, while the rest of the regional area remained rural, underdeveloped, little known and sparsely populated. The marginal condition of this region and its position on the border made it a place of transit, but the international trade has encouraged the migration of population, rather than the production of wealth on the site. The region has not been able to benefit from being a crossing point, which has worsened even more in the years of the Cold War, with the presence of a large quantity of military settlements. These and other factors have led to a delay in development and industrialization of the region.

Since the 80s it has seen a transformation and modernization similar to that of the Veneto Region, based on the formation of a network of small and medium-sized enterprises born in continuity with the craft sector (the furniture industry, the chair or the knife district..) that was accompanied by a spread of settlement.

The dispersion in Friuli Region now takes forms similar to those of the Veneto model7 (of “urban sprawl” and “urban country”) as “slow” and “delayed”8. Apart from some urban sprawled areas,9 (a dense network of connections built around Pordenone, on the border with Veneto, or from Udine to Gemona) are still visible the conformations of individual nucleus10: the compact urban centres, large (as Udine11, Pordenone and Trieste) and small (like Gorizia, Monfalcone, Cividale, Gemona and Tolmezzo), the linear urban formations near the main regional routes (as along the Tagliamento, between Codroipo and Monfalcone or between Udine and Grado) and the homogeneous network of small towns with regular and constant size that is within the quadrangle formed by the Tagliamento River, Udine, Gorizia and Monfalcone.

delle strutture agrarie in Friuli, Pordenone, 1986; F.Tentori, Mille anni di sviluppo urbano, Udine, Cassamassima, 1983.

21

Typings: projects that gave form to a (qualitative) idea of density

2 It would be useful to recall here the concept of porosity, as opposed to the debate dispersion/density and to talk about density in urban areas (in the m-city); it is a useful concept for understanding the contemporary urban condition; it tends to make explicit

the

complex

relationship

between empty and solid and it includes the density without excluding diversity, complexity and promiscuity.

3 “Density as strategy has appeal in the contemporary debate”. In A. D’Hooghe, Post metropolitan Density, in AAVV, Inside Density, International colloquium on Architecture and Cities, Brussels, 2003.

Some research projects, new and not so new, but still present, have tried to trace several figures of density1 (vertical stacking, horizontal stacking and density without) and different meanings of the density beyond the notion of denser/less dense, trying to include diversity, complexity, promiscuity2. Starting from the Manhattan congestion theories of Rem Koolhaas, that reinterpret the density as a vertical collection of square meters and combination of different programs; through the MVRDV’s study on high density and programmatic mixité, but still declined in the sense of vertical accumulation; through the Alice Smithson’s mat building research in the 70s that tries to answer questions on horizontal density and promiscuity; ending with a well-known Koolhaas’ project of the 80s in which the New York’s theories on congestion find out an European application declined, however, with no accumulation of matter.

Congestion. The issue on the density was reintroduced3 by the OMA reference generation4. The term Koolhaas5 initially used is that of congestion, which is not a synonym for high density, but it concerns the effects. A high index of volumetric density is obtained with the vertical stacking of square meters; the state of congestion is obtained through the overlap, clash and (random) combination of different programs within those square meters (indeterminacy). In other words, congestion is a perceptual parameter, related to the quantitative data of density (vertical accumulation of square meters) and qualitative data of promiscuity (vertical accumulation of functions).6

4 Ibidem.

5 Rem Koolhaas, Delirious NY, Marco Biraghi ed, Electa, Milano, 2000 6 Koolhaas often refers to the term of “social condenser” (Soviet and Le Corbusier’s projects).

22

| re-starting with density in terms of quality | 02

Fig.1 Gothics. Study for the densification of the centre of Amsterdam, MVRDV,1996 MVRDV, Farmax, Excursion on Density, 010 Publishers, Rotterdam, 1998

1 MVRDV, Farmax, Excursion on Density, 010 Publishers, Rotterdam 1998 2 B.Secchi speaks of “Megacity, territory of the dispersion and North Western Metropolitan Area”. He does not ever speak in such negative terms as those of MVRDV; infact he talks about “new modernity” meaning a new form of city. When he speaks of this area, he argues that its creation was the result of a deliberate policy (of nonconcentration: large funds were fostered for excellent quality family houses) and that it facilitated the creation of a dense public transport network that still works perfectly (most people use public transport not private).

In B.Secchi, Medium-sized cities and the new forms of the European metropolis, in Marco De Michelis, Mcity!

3 Ibidem: “an area as large as Paris, but with different form…it is not a collection of cities but a new city, a sort of

Density and mixitè. The Dutch group MVRDV proposed for several years the issue of density: first with the “Excursions on the density” in 1998 (involving the Netherlands, the region with the highest average density in Europe) and then with a workshop on the Iberian coast in 1999 (a large coastal area with monocultural, touristic and seasonal vocation), in both proposing models that allow free development of the ground; then again in 2002 with a professional job of planning in which certain assumptions are made for restructuring of dense clusters in the Ruhr area.The first twoyear study, Farmax-Excursion on Density,1 is related to the phenomena of dispersion in Europe, with the observation of a broad strip of territory between the European cities of Brussels, Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Cologne (Randstad). This area, “icon of a new form of European metropolis”2, presents the world’s highest average density: 350 people on sq. km. (as if to say that the 8 million people who live in New York are coated the entire surface of the Netherlands). The Randstad is not too different from California: a continuous construction carpet3, with a high density of infrastructure, an “autotropolis”. This landscape, which is critically described as “gray matter” (suburban matter), seems to be too expensive in ecological, economic and social terms (lack of public spaces, land privatization, individualism, phobias...); it seems necessary to make an effort to oppose its advance: the idea is to compress the population and free up more space. This hypothesis seems to be strongly in favor of empty, non-built and landscape.

Using a method initially very innovative, starting from the manipulation of statistics pertaining to geographers and planners to transform the data in the form, the Dutch group have come to define a far max, a maximum floor area ratio, which describes the relationship between the built and the area available.

inhabited parc with denser nucleus”

23

| re-starting with density in terms of quality | 02

Fig.2 Highrise of homes, urban city, 1981, SITE. The

image

is

taken

from

the

review“Talking Cities”. This project is based on the premise that the inhabitants of the planet, especially those who live in megacities, need an identity in the density. Rather than perpetuate the tradition that the architects have the monopoly on the imagination of the spaces where people live, they should rather be limited to the design of a skeletal matrix, within which to accommodate the invasion of the (more interesting) individual housing choices.This project was also designed to take advantage of abandoned buildings in large metropolitan areas.

4

MVRDV,

Gothics,

study

for

the densification of the centre of Amsterdam, Farmax, 010

1996,

Excursion

Publishers,

in on

MVRDV, Density,

Rotterdam

1998.

This formula is available in the earlier studies for the densification of the center of Amsterdam4, providing an increased density extruding the free space inside the blocks; the solid extrusion is then “sliced” according to the visual projection axes (rules for the Dutch city centers, “Monuments Act”: the historic facades are to be protected by the sight of new buildings).

The XIX century block, with a far of 0.8, can be filled internally and bring to a far of 7.8. Projects of this type are not uncommon today in the historic centers of Europe; but while they tend to trace the ancient practice of parasitic reuse of a built space (with a view to sustainable growth of the city that builds on itself), on the other side are affecting the very identity of the city.The identity of the historic city lies in its ability to transform itself continuously, while those emptying and re-infilling of hystorical shells (masks) tend to create an illusory reality, freezing the image of the city to tourist use (staged authenticity5 or taxidermy). To get a far max, you need not only to densify (vertical stacking, purely quantitative) but also to mix functions and types (housing, offices, parking...), in order to rationalize the use of space and light. Parking does not need light, offices a little and houses a lot; only through a rational combination of these functions, you have a far max. This operation allows to overcome the typical plan (segregation of levels), to vary continuously the plan and the height, including different types and sometimes entire landscapes or artificial ecologies in the same level (which also evokes Site’s experiments in the 80s).

5 Emptying the residential historic centers is due to several factors, including the establishment and management of tertiary functions, the question of pensions (building renovation is done to increase the property value), the

24

| re-starting with density in terms of quality | 02

Fig.3 Country Estates in Weddington The Netherlands, MVRDV,1997.

MVRDV, monographic issue, El Croquis.

These questions about the link between density and promiscuity are investigated in a number of high-density residential projects with negotiation formula, both experimental (284 homes for Berlin, 1991 and Rural Residence, 1997) that built (Silodamm, 1995 and Uthrecht house, 1997).The Silodamm6, built in the Amsterdam harbour, is a mixed block with 165 residential units and offices. Inside has sought to promote interdependence among the spaces, creating vertical neighborhood units that avoid the segregation of classes: the larger apartments are mixed with smaller ones, while the number of dwellings and their positions have undergone a process of negotiation with residents.

tourist invasion (residential structures are being replaced with accommodation), the presence of universities, whose students, in the absence of campus, find the apartments on the open market. See also the project of Ian + for Rome city center, presented at the Venice Biennale, which has the same characteristics: the project involves the demolition of buildings under-utilized, while maintaining their facades.

6 MVRDV, Negotiations in a housing silo, mixed dwellings and business units, IJ channell, Amsterdam, 1995, in MVRDV, Farmax, Excursion on Density, 010 Publishers, Rotterdam 1998.

25

| re-starting with density in terms of quality | 02

social stratification?

mix?

apartheid?

Fig.4 Negotiations in a housing silo.

Mixed dwellings and business units, IJ channell, Amsterdam, MVRDV, 1995 Fig.5 Proximity, 284 houses, Berlin, MVRDV,1991 Fig.6 Therapy, Double house,Utrecht, MVRDV, 1997 MVRDV, Farmax, Excursion on Density, 010 Publishers, Rotterdam 1998

7

The unbuilt project 284 homes in Berlin houses a collection of ideal units (apartment without walls, Catholic unit..) stored in a single volume, according to a principle of joint that evokes the game of tetris and leading to extreme consequences the principle of negotiation and customization of housing. The project is accompanied by the image of a man and a woman leaning against the door frame, that is significantly called Proximity. The idea is then applied in the Double House in Utrecht7, a single volume that houses two “twisted” units in which the wall that separates them is called “therapeutic first move.”

MVRDV, Therapy, Double hou-

se, Utrecht, MVRDV, 1997; ibidem.

26

| re-starting with density in terms of quality | 02

Fig.1 Berlin Free University,1963 Candilis, Josic, Woods. Model AAVV, Inside Density, International colloquium on Architecture and Cities, Brussels, 2003 1 T.Avermaete, Mat building. Smithson’s concept of 2d Density, in Inside Density. International Colloquium on Architecture and Cities, Brussels, 2003.

2 A. Smithson, How to recognize and reading Mat Building, Architectural

Design

9,

1974.

3 T.Avermaete defines the mat building as a specific way of analyzing the architecture; the mat building does not have a formal or sylistic denominator: “To be able to recognize the phenomenon calls for a specially prepared frame of mind ..to deliberately not to look too closely at the detailed language”(A.Smithson). In T.Avermaete, Mat building.

4 G. Camerino, Candilis, Josic e Woods e il progetto per la Berlin

Freie

Building,

Universitat: Ph.D.

The

Thesis,

MatIUAV.

5 The idea of continuity between the city and the building features of Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital, which is a continuation of the urban Venice (Venice itself is a mat building).

Two-dimensional density. It seems that the debate on density has remained for long uniquely focused on the vertical accumulation of people, functions and buildings. The research introduced by Smithson in the 70s instead recalls the concept of horizontal accumulation and two-dimensional density.1 Alice Smithson, in an article appeared in the review Architectural Design in 19742, entitled How to recognize and reading Mat Building, introduces the idea of mat building, which is neither a type, nor a category of building, but rather an attitude3 of urban and architectural design that can be traced (a posteriori) in some buildings. Starting points are the Berlin Free University4 of Candilis, Josic and Woods built in 1963 and the project for the orphanage in Amsterdam of Van Eyck in 1960; to continue with other projects of Candilis, Josic and Woods in Fort-Lamy, Bochum, Frankfurt, Bilbao and Toulouse; through the Le Corbusier’s project for the Venice hospital5 and the museum “a croissance illimitee”; to finish with some examples of Mies van der Rohe (the 50s Court Houses and the IIT buildings); this attitude is visible even in some contemporary projects.

Mat, as many of the terms used in the article by Alice Smithson, including weave and knit web, also has to do with the weave. A building is a dense mat of connections between objects tightly interwoven, as defined by the progression of stem (branches) and clusters (groups). The generating element is the way (stem) that becomes building and then city, in a blurring of the boundary between architecture and urban design: the mat building is urbanized architecture and architectonic urbanism6, but it has nothing to do with the city model as a compilation of individual buildings and articulation of volumes; it is a unique, continuous, isotropic, non-hierarchical, potentially infinite (and sprawled) system; opposed to the view of tectonic architecture, 27

| re-starting with density in terms of quality | 02

Fig.2-3-4 Frankfurt competition entry,1963. Candilis, Josic, Woods.

AAVV, Inside Density, International colloquium on Architecture and Cities, Brussels, 2003 The project is located in the west lagoon; it interacts with the water and it is in part amphibious; with a maximum height of 13, 66 meters, this sprawled hospital is structured on three levels, and it is rooted to the ground by connecting the three road systems: water, pedestrian and road. H.Sarkis, Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital and the mat building revival,Prestel, New York, 2001.

6 “The time has come to approach architecture urbanistically and urbanism architectonically” In A.Smithson, Team

the mat building has no scale nor type or style. Looking at the pictures of models in the Berlin Free University and other matbuildings of the same period is evident that they are something totally different from the city for which they are designed.

Mat building reloaded. The long list (itself a ribbon) of Alice Smithson’s mat buildings ends with the Old Nijo Palace in Kyoto, a Japan centenary building; you can find some current examples of mat building, as the Villette competition project by Tschumi and Koolhaas, 1982, or the Nexus World Housing project by Koolhaas,1991, the Yokohama Port Terminal by FOA in 2002, or the Spacefighter ideograms by MVRDV, 20077.

In the process of emancipation of the mat building from the 60s to today, it remains the conceptual matrix (overlapping of forms, program and areas, indeterminacy and density of the fabric) but it changes the formal configuration: the didascalic system through which the diagram of the mat were translated into Cartesian geometry is abandoned and the mat building, freed from orthodox and static forms, is re-woven into a new state of flux and complexity. at different levels. The building is disappeared, there remains only the matrix of a endless network.

10 Primer, Mit Press, Cambridge, 1968.

7 In Y. Zhu, Neo mat building, intervention at the 4th International Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism “The new urban question: urbanism beyond neo-liberism”, 2009, Amsterdam/Delft.

He lists

the most recent mat buildings, as the Thermal Bath in Vaals, by P.Zumthor, (1997) and

the

MVRDV’s

Villa

VPRO. In T.Avermaete, Mat building.

28

| re-starting with density in terms of quality | 02

Fig.1 Downtown Athletic Club, Nyc. Section. Architects: Starret and Van Vleck, 1931 Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 1978 1R.Koolhaas, matter,

Congestion

competition

without

project,

La

Villete,1982 and Elegy for the vacant lot, 1985, in SMLXL, Monacelli Press.

3 The matter about program indeterminacy constitutes one of the central of Koolhaas’ works, three of which are key concepts: the confrontation between architectural determinacy and program indeterminacy; the possibility of the diminishing of architectural determinacy that generates a rising of density; the possibility to have a program indeterminacy through the coming together of different systems and a lessening of determinacy through erasure. For what

Density without matter. Koolhaas’ theories on congestion were theorized in the text “Delirious New York”, 1978, and reinterpret the density as a vertical accumulation of square meters and a clash between different programs within the high-rise, defined as social condenser. The theories find its European translation in the Parc de la Villette competition project, Paris,1982.

La Villette area, which houses a former slaughterhouse, is described as a terrain vague between the old town and the banlieu plankton and is considered the field for a possible application of the European culture of congestion, but with one difference: in this project there is no use of “matter”. The project is described in the texts Congestion without matter (1982) and Elegy for the vacant lot (1985)1; the first describes the design process, while the second, written three years after, points out the continuity between the Manhattan culture of congestion and the French competition project. The project consists of overlapping systems containing different programs.The layers that make up the project are five: Strips consists of a series of parallel strips 50 meters wide, containing several functions and arranged at random; their internal functions are distributed, not concentrated; the nature is part of the program and then it is treated as a “strip”. Point grids or Confetti consists of a series of small-scale elements (bars and kiosks) arranged according to need and calculated mathematically; for the mere fact of overlap, the confetti generate unpredictable effects: indeed parks are centered on the relationships between random/ chaotic, theme already treated by some avant-garde in the early years of 1900. Access and circulation consists of a boulevard that runs north to south, open at night, which intersects with a concentric promenade. The final layer contains existing buildings, which, because of the scale, can not be included in the previous layers.

Each layer is perfectly controlled at the planning stage, what is not 29

| re-starting with density in terms of quality | 02

2. THE STRIPS

3. POINT GRIDS

Fig.2-3-4 Parc de la Villette, Paris, Competition, 1982, Rem Koolhaas SMLXL, Monacelli Press, 2002.

concerns the first key concept, Koolhaas writes: “ I was looking for an answer to what they (Alison and Peter Smithson) left without a solution: how to combine indeterminacy with architectural determinacy”. This theme has been discussed many times, besides than in the Smithson’s reasearch,

4. ACCESS AND CIRCULATION

controlled is the final result produced by their overlap.The result is a congested state, similar to that of the American skyscraper. Each layer (strips, confetti..) is like a level of the skyscraper; Koolhaas imagines to spread, or to translate, the three-dimensional section of the Downtown Athletic Club (New York’s skyscraper) over the entire extension of the vacant lot of La Villette: the sequence of stacked floors of the skyscraper - each with its own program - is transposed in the overlapping layers of the park; this transposition generates, as it happens in the skyscraper, a congestion (of events) and the park could be defined as horizontal social condenser, with the difference that in Paris there is no architectonic obstacle, there is no “matter.” So you can have congestion without matter and this is because the congestion is related to the program and the clash of different programs3, regardless of the physical building.

This effect can be defined density without (matter), a qualitative variation of density (or a quality of density?), that referred to the perception of density and not the density as quantity and that is obtained through promiscuity, intensity of use and indeterminacy.

Paradox. Colin Rowe in his book “Collage City” writes: the parks are the places where an urbanity is built without the use of buildings4. The Parc de la Villette competition project, which was the pretext for theorizing the density without matter (appendix to the culture of congestion) is a theme park. Does density without matter exist without parks? The answer is probably not, because, except for the parks, the density without matter is a paradox.

also in the literary artistic avant-garde of the early 1900s, that have surveyed for a long time the effects of casual meetings of different systems.

4 MIT

Colin

Rowe,

press,

Collage

Cambridge,

city, 1984.

30

| re-starting with density in terms of quality | 02

Fig.7 Parc de la Villette, Paris, Competition, 1982, Rem Koolhaas

Provisional conclusions. Today, in the background of certain phenomena that affects the European territory, the problem of density on one hand is tied to the sustainable growth of the city and on the other to a new idea of urban comfort, based on changed proximities. What is the relationship between density (related to certain sustainability criteria) in the m-city (assumed as a equilibrium between livability and efficiency)? In other words, is densify sustainable in the m-city? Can the increase in density conflict with the character of livability (that allows its survival)? If it is true (sometimes) that high density can be associated with a decrease in environmental impact, how do we know if a denser center is more livable than a less dense suburb? Can an injection of density alter the distances that seals the (assumed) equilibrium of the m-city?

What happens if, next to the physical density (volumetric density), other variations of density (programmatic density, two-dimensional density or density without) are injected into the medium-sized city?

31

03

DECLINING A DIFFERENT DENSITY in Udine

32

Udine. The building of distances

1 Regarding the transition from the idea of proximity to the idea of “right distance” see the Micro-history.

2 “The history of European city concerns the search for the “right distance”.

The transition from one city form to another is about the change of the idea and practice of the “right distance”. In B.Secchi. La città europea contemporanea e il suo progetto, Paola Viganò, New Territories: situations, projects, scenarios for the European city and territory, Q2 officina edizioni, 2004

Udine is a medium sized city. In the assumptions made in the first chapter, the medium-sized city is defined within a balanced relationship between livability and efficiency, which, in terms of value, means a balance between the needs and desires. This balance can perhaps be investigated through the proximities within the city, or the distances1 that city, in its evolution, builds.

Each model of a city corresponds to an idea and a practice of distances2: the “city-womb”3 (the extreme livable city) corresponds to certain distances, while in the “city-machine” (the extreme efficient city) there are others. The “city-womb” resembles the historic town: small, compact, with large, beautiful and comfortable public spaces; while the “city-machine” carries out the aspirations and the perversions of the contemporary perpetual need for mobility (though that of the mobility is only one aspect of the history of the contemporary city). The evolution from one form to another (a continuous “oscillation”) is not always linear: new distances are built on old ones following patterns and models each time incremental, cumulative and inclusive or exclusive and selective, resulting in erasures or overwriting for homogeneous parts or fragments. In this perennial “oscillation”, we consider only a few distances, more evident in the construction of the “city machine”, which led to a shift away from the idea of distance itself (from the physical proximity to the temporal one): the destruction of the rue corridor, the XIX century creation of the boulevards, the expulsion of some services from the urban center, the overlap of the urban rail network following a model very close to an ideal scheme, the destruction of the block, the application of hygiene standards in relation to distance from boundaries and the abandon of former industrial sites4.

3 M.Cacciari, La città, Pazzini Editore, 2004

33

| declining a different density in Udine | 03

IGM 1906

IGM 1927

IGM 1932

Through the overlap of some historical maps (I.G.M.) these distances are traced in the m-city of Udine: from the structures inherited from the ancient regime (the walled city), to the XIX century engineering achievements (the avenues), to the post-war urban reform with its standards and services, to the multifunctional peripheral tissue to the recent urban restructuring.

4 “The analysis of historical maps show the highest consumption of soil due to the expansion of settlements that has occurred in the north and west of the original urban core; in this area most of the community facilities were built (the stadium, the hospital, the universities). The southern portion was occupied by productive areas; among these settlements there is still a part used for agriculture. The eastern portion has remained predominantly rural. The expansion of the city was also influenced by the presence of significant military areas, some of them abandoned, following the downsizing of military forces on a national scale.

With the continued growth of residential areas, many productive activities were found to be incorporated into the city and then moved into more strategic positions outside the municipal area, leaving large areas of unused and abandoned buildings in the inner urban area.“ A. Astori, RSA, Udine 2005.

34

Udine NEW DISTANCES Today, beyond the extensive growth of the city, there are a number of changes within the city leading to new and different distances: these include the processes of abandonment of some industrial and military areas. Such areas may provide an opportunity to test the hypothesis in research: a densification that declines in qualitative terms, taking into account existing and future relations of proximity and distance in the city. In fact the city was built in each period for different distances; every age has superimposed new layers of distances to the previous layout of the city.

Also nowadays we look for our layer, the one which meets our needs and desires.

35

The opportunity of abandoned sites

1 “The first industrial sites began to be abandoned during the 70s in Northern Europe. In the mid-80s in Paris brownfield sites amounted to 10 million square meters in the city centre and the number increased considerably in the suburbs. In Germany, in the Ruhr basin, there were about 25 million square meters; in the UK there were 22 million and about 6.4 million in Italy.” In G.Righetto, L’ecosistema urbano. Sviluppo razionale ed utilizzo delle aree dismesse, Piccin, 1996.

2 “In Italy, the military property occupies 783 sq. km. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the opening of borders with Slovenia in 2004 these territories have been gradually abandoned by the Italian Army. Since the late 80s most of the

barracks

have

been

closed.

According to a survey of 2001, in F.V.G. Region, there are more than 400 military goods: huge structures and unsustainable costs for remediation, especially for administrative realities of small size” www.primulecaserme.it 3 “Since the mid-90s in Italy the phenomenon involved

of

abandonment

approximately

100

mil-

lion sq.km. of industrial areas: al-

The term“abandoned areas” generally indicates neglected areas that formerly had industrial1 or military2 use, localized predominantly in urban and peri-urban context; the phenomenon of abandonment has affected the industrial and post-industrial city from the postwar period to date. This phenomenon was initially regarded as a serious problem (for its complexity and scale3); then instead it became an opportunity for intervention in congested urban areas4 through redevelopment programs that have come to coincide with the major urban transformations that occurred in the last 30 years.

The debate on abandoned areas reached its peak in the 90s, whereas there is lower interest alive today. This is due to the fact that the phenomenon is chronic and that many policies, especially in the large city, have been completed and are currently under budget. This does not mean that the phenomenon is less actual5, especially in the medium sized city, where some issues remain to be resolved, including the relationship between the (large) size and the large number of discarded sites with the (medium) size of the city.

If in large cities the reuse of industrial areas has resulted in many cases a renewal and urban regeneration, due to the size of the areas, there is no guarantee that, even in the medium city, there are the conditions for this to occur. “Big cities can absorb elements of crisis, often the same can not be said for a small town”6. First, small towns often lack the economic resources and entrepreneurial skills to cope with the transformation of areas so large; second, medium city as Udine, with no significant population growth, has no particular need to place or move large urban functions7.

The transformation of areas large enough to cover almost half of municipal territory can produce what is called “celibate project”8, which make it particularly difficult the acceptance by the city itself; against the bigness are often shattered the ambitions of the architects, in the difficulty to foresee and run a single large project, because 36

| declining a different density in Udine | 03

Fig.1 Victims, J.Hejduk,1986 J.Hejduk, Victimas, Lib. Jerba, Murcia,1993 most from Rome to New Delhi.”

In A. Bondonio, Stop & Go. Il riuso delle aree industriali dismesse in Italia.

30 casi studio, Alinea, Firenze, 2005 5 “..the debate on brownfield sites is still open, even more so now that the recovery of abandoned areas is closely

the construction process of the city is incremental and fragmented in space and time10; this is perhaps even more so for medium sized cities. One wonders whether it is possible to investigate an alternative strategy to that of infilling (infilling of “urban voids” - abandoned sites, that are not really void - with functions and cubage) and if there is a strategy capable of maintaining the illusion of urban density, necessary to the city, without a volume constraint.

related to the sustainable management of the unstoppable urban growth” In U.Leone, Dismettere per rigenerare, in Aree dismesse e verde urbano. Nuovi paesaggi in Italia, Patron, Bologna, 2003.

6 In P.Pellegrini, La dimensione urbana degli interventi di riconversione, in Rottami, Progetti per l’ex Safau, 2008, Università di Udine (pending publication) 7 “The urban dimension of the intervention is important mostly in small towns, where resources are scarce and where a huge inflow of new poorly designed structures could overwhelm the existing neighborhoods.” Ibidem.

8 “The brownfield sites and their related capital are still too large, and their simultaneous release in the market would have destabilizing

consequences...”

B.Secchi.

10 The temporal dimension enters the project with the aim of fragmenting the large space and make it acceptable. In “Victims”, J. Hejduk.

37

| declining a different density in Udine | 03

Deserted industrial sites: total surface

Deserted industrial sites: total lenght

704.038 mq

3 km

1 “A comprehensive set of more or less large sites to redevelop: areas of industrial origin (Safau, Bertoli, ex-Domenichelli,

Cold-stores

Slaughter-house...),

disused

and

Abandoned areas in Udine. In Udine there are a great number1 of industrial and military2 abandoned sites.

The industrial sites are smaller and less numerous than the military ones, which arrive to cover a large portion of the regional territory (this diffusion is due to the strategic location of the Friuli Region in the Cold War period).

railway

yards and abandoned barracks. These areas are of significant size if taken together and in relation to the size of the

According to the census conducted in 19973 (including any updates in 20074), the abandoned areas were 42: 14 industrial areas, 8 railway lines and 20 military areas.

city, mostly very interesting because of their location-close to downtown.�In P. Pellegrini, La dimensione urbana degli

interventi

di

riconversione.

Of the 14 industrial areas, some have since been recovered (Moretti, Bertoli, Italcementi) or are in a recovery phase (Dormisch and Slaughterhouse).

2 The relatively recent phenomenon of abandonment of military areas has been badly shaken in 2001 when the barracks were transferred by the state to local authorities.

Of the 20 military areas, the Piave barracks (which is waiting for a project), the Osoppo barracks (already acquired by the municipality8), the Friuli and the Caverzerani barracks (currently on sale9) are effectively abandoned.

3 P. Cigalotto, M. Santoro, Preliminary study of urban planning related to industrial and military abandoned sites, 1997. The research identifies a number of topics under which deserted sites

According to the census of 2007, the areas to be converted amount to 46 (including areas already abandoned and that have to be abandoned) of which 20 are industrial5, 9 are railway lines6 and 17 are military7.

are considered to be strategic for: industrial system, mobility system, environmental system and central places. One in particular interested in this research: the environmental system

with

the

creation

These areas, extremely heterogeneous in size, position and type, are not concentrated but rather pulverized in the urban surrounding, forming a sort of crown equidistant around the city (in its immediate suburbs).

of

central parks (Moretti, Dormisch,

Despite the proximity to the city center, they are not really 38

| declining a different density in Udine | 03 Bertoli officine viale Tricesimo

Laminatoio Safau Safau, via Milazzo

Moretti viale Venezia

Surface area 317,581 square meters Covered area 140.00 sqm Built in 1813 Now demolished Park “Terminal Nord” (completed 2008, Gregotti Associati)

Surface area 75,810 sq.m.

Covered area 30,206 sqm Built in 1939 Currently demolished P.P. Udine South-West S.T.U. 2007; Variant PRG 167 and 17

Surface area 91,180 sq.m.

Built in 1859 Currently demolished Park “Fano”, Housing “Moretti Park”, parking lot.

part of it, because at present day they are not accessible and they are often unknown to the citizens themselves.

Refrigerator, Slaughterhouse, Safau and military areas in the east) and green connections in east-west di rection linking the Cormor and Torre

The condition of introversion and self-reference assimilates these sites morphologically to fences and metaphorically to islands in a peri-urban archipelago.

territorial parks (railway lines, Berghinz barracks, Safau area, Piave barracks, Refrigerator,

Italcementi

area).

4 P. Del Rosso, Plan for Udine, 2007.

5 The following areas were added:

Basevi,

Domenichelli,

Sola-

Some industrial areas and most of the military are distinguished by their large size (especially Safau, Bertoli and the barracks to the east), that is simultaneously an opportunity and a problem, if there are no economic resources and business to invest or the real needs of locate major new functions.

ri, Coca Cola, Galvani, via Muzzana,

Rizzani-De

Eccher,

Enel

storage and Midolini. The Moretti and Storti-Menazzi have been re-built.

6 The Deposito Ferroviario was added.

Some of these areas have very poor conditions of accessibility: the case of some industrial areas, whose location was linked to the system of irrigation channels and railroads within which today are landlocked (in particular the Safau area and Italcementi).

7 The Birago airforce base was added; Carabinieri, Target Shooting, Lawns Cemetery, military housing and Guar-

Some areas have serious problems of contamination, which has a significant impact on the preservation of existing buildings.

dia di Finanza were not in the list.

8 that li,

D.L.102/2003.

The

were

transferred

Osoppo,

Piave

barracks are:

and

Friu-

Duodo.

9 Sole 24 ore, April, 12, 2010 10 “Along the irrigation channels has developed the production system: the heavy industries in the north (Bertoli and Modotti), the pasta factory in the south (Storti, Mulinaris, Menazzi) and the bre

The problem arises particularly in industrial areas, where existing structures are related not only to an identity of the neighborhood, but also to the historical memory of the city (take the case of Safau Steel Industry in which many generations worked11); the same can not be said for the barracks, whose presence is relevant to the economics of the neighborhood12, but it did not affect significantly the collective imagination of the citizens, while it probably recorded in the national one, since entire generations have a memory of the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region linked to the period of military service.

39

| declining a different density in Udine | 03

Fig.6 Emptiness, GRA Roma, Ian+.

The image is taken from the review

If the barracks are the first “construction of the vacuum”, the industrial areas, while empty of matter (at present, if demolished because of contamination), are not at all empty of meaning.

“Talking cities”: “They propose installing a wall for the time period of 100 years, which is a time infinitely small if understand at the time scale of the city. In this way these uncultivated fields would

So, despite the degree of transformation of these areas is extremely heterogeneous, many of them have a great solution of continuity in them and put up a very low degree of resistance to the transformation: in them anything can happen.

survive the present and become spaces of waiting enabling nature to wake”

weries in the west (Dormisch and Moretti)” In P.Cigalotto, M.Santoro, pag. 9.

11 “For several decades Safau has played the role of the myth of the factory: prestigious, large source of employment and then bread for many families in Udine. And the location within the city of Udine, near the railway station, in addition to operating profit, has given it also a symbolic aspect” In Safau, steel signs” Arti Grafiche Friulane, 1995.

12 “Whole generations have a memory of the Friuli Region linked to the period of military service. Many people have moved during the 60s, they created there their family and future. Many companies and businesses were born and developed around the “military system”.

In www.primulecaserme.it

40

Udine ABANDONED AREAS In Udine there are a great number of industrial and military abandoned sites.

Industrial areas:

The industrial sites are smaller and less numerous than the military ones, which

1. Officine Bertoli

arrive to cover a large portion of the regional area (this diffusion is due to the

2. Area Safau

strategic location of the Friuli Region in the Cold War period). According to

3. Parco Fano-Moretti

the census conducted in 1997 (including any updates in 2007) the abandoned

4. Domenichelli

areas were 42: 14 industrial sites, 8 railway lines, 20 military areas. Of the 14

5. Encia

industrial areas, some have since been recovered (Moretti, Bertoli, Italcementi)

6. Italcementi

or are in recovery phase (Dormisch and The Slaughterhouse). Of the 20 military

7. Bonometti

areas, the Piave barracks (which is waiting for a project), the Osoppo (already

8. Fabbrica Dormisch

acquired by the municipality), the Friuli and the Caverzerani (currently on sale)

9. Fabbrica Coca Cola

are effectively abandoned. According to the census of 2007 the areas to be con-

10. Azienda Solari

verted amount to 46 (including areas already abandoned and areas that have to

11 Macello comunale

be abandoned) of which 20 are industrial, 9 are railway lines and17 are military.

12. Scaini 13. Telca 14. Frigorifero comunale 15. Pisulin Military areas: a. Area addestrativa Cormor b. Caserma Spaccamela c. Caserma Caverzerani d. Caserma Breghinz e. Caserma Osoppo f. Prati del cimitero g. Caserma Piave h. Reginato i Caserma di Prampero l. Savorgnan e Duodo m. Comando carabinieri

f a e

n. Caserma via Buttrio

c

o. Caserma Friuli h

i Railway tracks:

l

I. Squadra Rialzo

IV. Scalo Partidor V. Scalo Sacca

VIII

o

II. Udine Parco III. Udine centrale lavaggio

b

d

V VI

III

I

n II

VII

g

VI. Scalo S.Rocco VII. Scalo Gervasutta

IV

VIII. Area via Peschiera

41

Bertoli sq.m. 280.747+36834

Udine ABANDONED INDUSTRIAL AREAS 1.Officine Bertoli The industrial buildings have been demolished, the surface area is square meters 36834+280747. The re-development project includes the park “Terminal Nord”, a residential building completed in 2008 and residential buildings for the settlement of 1700 inhabitants (completion scheduled for 2012). 2.Acciaieria SafauThe industrial buildings have been demolished for the most part, the surface area amounts to square meters 75810.

Safau

The area is currently unused. 3.Birreria Moretti The buildings were demolished, the surface

sq.m. 75.810+47000+36.210+14.000*

area amounts to square meters 91180. There was built the housing building “Park Moretti,” the “Foni urban park” and a parking lot in 1997. 6.Italcementi The building was demolished, the surface area amounts to 39,936 sqm. There was created a new small-scale commercial center. 7.Bonometti One of the main building was demolished, the surface area amounts to 36,308 sqm. The area is completely unused. 8.Fabbrica di birra Dormisch The first building has been demolished, the second has been abandoned and unused. The surface area amounts to square meters 27418+6436, the covered area to sq.m. 5184.5 +7735.

Moretti

The PRG provides an area for commercial facilities, storage type, extensive residential units

sq.m. 91.180

and private gardens. The first lot is under construction. 11.Macello comunale Surface area amounts to 17,304 square meters, the covered area to sq.m. 3343.2. The buildings are partly used by the Red Cross; there has been a competition to re-functionalization of

Italcementi

the area and existing buildings in 2007.12.Scaini The surface area is 14,491 square meters,

sq.m. 39.936

thecovered area is 7249 sq.m. The area and the buildings are unused.13.Industrie Telca The surface area is square meters13598, the covered area is 3479 square meters, the buildings are unused. 14.Frigorifero The surface area is square meters 10,280, the covered area is

Bonometti

4280 square meters. The area is unused15.Pisulin The surface area is 3486.5 square meters,

sq.m. 36.308

the covered area is1509. The area is unused, the PRG provides intensive construction.

Dormisch sq.m. 27.418+6436; covered area: sq.m. 7735+5184,5

Macello sq.m. 17.304; covered area: sq.m. 3343,2

Scaini sq.m. 14.491; covered area: sq.m. 7249

Telca sq.m. 13.598; covered area: sq.m. 3479

Frigorifero sq.m. 10.280; covered area: sq.m. 4280

Pisulin sq.m. 3486,5; covered area: sq.m. 1509

42

Abandoned areas levels of accessibility These areas, extremely heterogeneous in size, position and type, are not concentrated but rather pulverized in the urban surrounding, forming a sort of crown equidistant around the city (in its immediate suburbs). Despite the proximity to the city center, they are not really part of it, because at present they are not accessible and often unknown to the citizens themselves. The condition of introversion and self-reference assimilates these sites morphologically to fences and metaphorically to islands in a peri-urban archipelago. Some industrial and most of the military areas are distinguished by their large size (especially Safau, Bertoli and the barracks to the east), that is simultaneously an opportunity and a problem, because there are no economic resources to invest or the real needs of locate major new functions. Some of these areas have very poor conditions of accessibility: especially in the case of some industrial areas, Military areas in the East End

whose location was linked to the system of irrigation channels and railroads within which today are landlocked (in particular the Safau and Italcementi area). accessibility high level medium low

South-West Area

South-East area

43

The Safau site: puzzle of specific issues

The abandoned industrial area of the Safau Steelworks is located within an area bounded on the north and west of the railroad lines; to the south is bordered by a series of tracks built to serve the same Safau, by the Piave barracks and the Scaini abandoned area; to the east the limit is defined by the Marsala Road, which leads to the Milazzo Road, a road that ends with the main entrance to Safau.

The now almost demolished steel plant consisted of a main building derived from the sum of several buildings that are grouped around the structure of the gallery which was about 500 meters long, surrounded by a series of smaller buildings with various functions, including buildings with masonry and covered with wooden beams, a palace of the early 1900, the chimney and the furnace.

Historical note. Historically, the railroad was created as a physical barrier and fracture of the territory not only between the north and the south of the city (most of the public facilities are located north of the city) but also between the south and the neighboring communities: infact the city have grown radially along the axis of penetration running north-south (as Palmanova, Marsala and Lumignacco Avenues) allowing agricultural land to go right into the urban area and create wedges of open space, some useful for setting up of industrial areas, strategically located close to the city center and to main infrastructure. In one of these wedges, a steel works was built in 1939 equipped with an electric oven, which took the name of “Società per Azioni Ferriere di Acciaierie di Udine”, S.A.F.A.U. The smelter was joined by a machine shop, an oxygen factory, a drawing workshop and service maintenance; in 1949 was begun the construction of the furnace, in 1952 the factory was linked to the railroad tracks through an internal network; until in 1977 plants were transferred to the new home of Z.I.U., south of Udine, in response to the need to 44

| declining a different density in Udine | 03

Fig.1 Rottami

modernise equipment and get a position close to the roads.

Book cover, L.Tramontin Ed, Rottami,

The area is currently abandoned, as well as the surrounding areas, previously occupied by Piave barracks to the south, by the Scaini Factory to the east and by the Sacca and Gervasutta railway lines; on the whole these areas occupy a total area of 170 thousand square meters (Safau 75,810 sq.m, Piave 36,210 sq.m; Gervasutta 14,000 sq.m, Sacca 47,000 sq.m).The area is a problem area for excellence in the city, because it is marginal, due to its vast size and its complexity derived from being a kind of “town historical memory storage” (there are many generations who worked there). Marginality and bigness are invariant characteristics of industrial deserted areas.

progetti per l’ex Safau e altre dismissioni, Udine, esperienze del Laboratori e corsi coordinati 2005-2008, Università degli Studi di Udine (pending publication)

1 Railway infrastructure has not an architectural scale, but territorial; in view of their dimension, they struggle to produce a representative space and they are accepted as necessary and functional spaces, but removed from the collective imagination. Yet

Near/far. The presence of railroad tracks has been instrumental in locating the area; historically seen as a resource, it has become today the main reason for exclusion from the body of the city.

Despite the proximity to the center, the area is peripheral, as wrapped by tracks that prevent access. Visible only by the train passengers, it is recognised as the back1 of the city. The issue of accessibility of the area should be declined in terms of reconnection with the road system and with the historical center.

Just as the presence of the railway has limited the expansion of the city to the south and encouraged the inclusion of industrial areas, it has also led to the survival of agricultural land near the center.The Safau industrial area is located between the center and some of these lands.

rivers, ports and city walls, which were at one time infrastructure (functional spaces) are now places able to produce representative space.

2 In A.Santarossa, Una dimensione insolita in, L.Tramontin, a cura di, Rottami.

Bigness. The large size was used in architecture to represent the exception or for economic and productive reasons; in the case of industrial areas it is linked to economic and productive laws that generated it2.To this reason also belongs Safau area and its buildings.

The gallery of the works, with a width of 25 meters, a height of 45

| declining a different density in Udine | 03

Fig.2 The gallery of the mill, Safau, 2000.

3 In the book “Collage City” Colin Rowe describes the opposite character of buildings in the ancient city and in the modern one through the opposition between the Greek Acropolis and the Roman Forum. He maybe would talk in terms of “large urban rooms” with big urban furniture in them.

12 and a length of nearly 420, with 10,500 square meters and a volume of 126,000 cubic meters, is deep nearly half of the historic center of Udine. This enormous size creates several problems of scale, in order to re-use these spaces: on one hand due to the discontinuity with the surrounding urban fabric and on the other linked to the role of open space, the enormous disconcerting void that surrounds them. The industrial buildings, whose logic is tied to the minimum functional, were built in fact as free-standing object on a unqualified openness; recovering the definition of Colin Rowe, they could be called “great Acropolis”3. The large scale and emptiness that surrounds them (along with their state of melancholy ruin) are characteristics that help fuel the charm of these buildings, whose beauty is sublime. Until recently, the idea of re-enter these big ready-mades into the urban circuit could be a challenge; today this problem is very small, since the large gallery was demolished for the most part (fire, spoliation and reclamation of some parts) and what remains is now reduced to fragments.

The area has been the subject of a survey conducted in 1997 on the abandoned sites in Udine and a feasibility and convertibility study conducted in 2007 (S.T.U or S.F.U.).

4 P. Cigalotto, M. Santoro, Preliminary study of urban planning related to industrial and military abandoned sites, 1997. Much of the data contained in the documents of 1997 are proposed in the research by G.Bellencin Meneghel, D.Lombardi, M.Zamolo, Le aree dismesse nella città di Udine, in U. Leone, a cura di, Aree dismesse e verde urbano: nuovi paesaggi in Italia, Patron, Bologna, 2003.

1997. The research conducted in 19974 takes into account the Safau area within the larger south area which includes several sites from Berghinz Barracks in the west part to Italcementi area to the east. The research proposes a mix of functions for the area in connection with the preservation of buildings (now demolished), in particular the recovery tout court of the gallery and furnace, after replacing in some cases, but maintaining the overall dimensions.

As regards the system of open spaces, the study proposes a pedestrian plaza to the east and parking lots on the south side. As for the Piave barracks, given its proximity to the wedge of agriculture, 46

Area ex Safau AXES AND SCHEMES

The three abandoned areas

The main axes

The access points to the area

The abandoned industrial area of the Safau Steelworks is located within an area bounded on the north and west of the railroad lines; to the south is bordered by a series of tracks built to serve the same Safau, by the Piave barracks and the Scaini abandoned area. The area is currently abandoned, as well as the surrounding areas. The total surface area amounts to 173,020 square meters, of which only Safau it has nearly 76 000.

The buildings of the Piave barracks were demolished and the area was transferred to the local authority. The Scaini building is still existing but unused. The now almost demolished steel plant consisted of a main building derived from the sum of several buildings that are grouped around the structure of the gallery which is about 500 meters long, surrounded by a series of smaller buildings with various functions, including buildings with masonry and covered with wooden beams, a palace of the early 900, the chimney and the furnace. The gallery of the works, with a width of 25 meters, a height of 12 and a length of nearly 420, with 10,500 square meters and a volume of 126,000 cubic meters, is deep almost half of the historic center of Udine.

The presence of railroad tracks has been instrumental in locating the area; historically seen as a resource, it has become today the main reason for exclusion from the body of the city. Despite the proximity to the center, the area is peripheral, as wrapped by tracks that prevent access. Visible only from the train passengers, it is shaped like the back of the city. The issue of accessibility of the area should be declined in terms of re-connection with the road system and with the historical center.

47

| declining a different density in Udine | 03

Fig.3 The gallery of the mill, main buil-

proposes to transform it into a low-density residential area.

ding, Safau. G.Montanaro

2007. In 2007 the Safau area and its surroundings were the subject of a feasibility study. The total surface area interested in the study amounts to 170 thousand square meters. The study in the first instance proposed to establish three alternative scenarios (Service Center, Residential District, City Park) and to identify targets of the transformation (enhancing the role of the central city as a condenser of functions, building a passenger intermodal center, redefining the system of roads in the south of Udine, providing a strong mix of functions, characterizing the commercial activities in competition with those of the center or north of Udine, reconstitute the unity of the city). Then it constructs a single reference scenario, which takes elements from the three previous scenarios and produces a first master plan (which provides 116,000 square meters of tertiary functions, 53,800 square meters of residential units, 32,400 square meters for the passenger intermodal center). It proposes the relocation of the bus station, a new connection between bus and train station with shopping mall and the creation of parking lots. It proposes the conservation of the furnace, the chimney and the ruin of the gallery as a trace of the past and as a axis in the re-development (“it is possible that it can also be partially reclaimed and be rebuilt�).

The functions are: cultural facilities, accommodation facilities (a hotel with 200 rooms), medium sized businesses, leisure facilities and social housing. In the Piave barracks it is planned to demolish the existing buildings and to build new residential units. It will be a settlement of 1700 inhabitants, 1300 workers, 20 thousand people daily. Three alternative schemes (from the second master plan) had been prepared, of which only one was taken into account of the ruin of the Safau gallery. The first one proposes a scheme 48

| declining a different density in Udine | 03

Fig.4 Udine South area In the red square the Safau area, the Piave Barracks and the Gervasutta and Sacca railway tracks.

The image is taken from P.Cigalotto, M.Santoro, Preliminary study of urban planning related to industrial and military abandoned sites, “Aree dismesse e luoghi della ritrazione” Udine, 1998

of buildings “in open court” (basically large buildings in line), the second one proposes an articulation “for blocks”, the third one proposes tall buildings that they alleged to call “ippodamic grid”.

All three schemes suggest free-standing building blocks with heights taller than the heights of buildings within the area; the buildings seem to float above an unqualified open space; the open space is fragmented between the fabric, in absence of a project that connects it; the new buildings seem to take little account of the road alignments, of the signs, the axes and the permanence in the area; the proposal number 2 is probably the only one that takes into account certain issues: to create a continuity with the urban fabric and road alignments, while ignoring existing axes and geometries, and also proposing too large blocks, despite the lack of a project of the public open space. The schemes, in other words, do not seem to achieve the degree of complexity and heterogeneity typical of the urban space: there is no relationship between built up and open spaces, nor between public and private space; those schemes seem to be pursuing the idea of a large-scale project that negates the character of fragmentation in space and time typical of the construction process of the city; they do not solve the problem of proximity, making the area accessible only by a few specific points and keeping it without a capillary permeability; while taking it as its main objective, they do not solve the problem of the relationship between the urban and the rural area; finally, they do not seem to cherish the question on pre-existing industrial buildings in the area.

2010. The P.R.G. variant that had been approved in 2007 (that concerns the Safau area, the Piave barracks, the Gervasutta and F.S. buildings along the Europa Unita Avenue) has decayed. The area of the Piave barracks, owned by the local authorities, is awaiting the construction of health facilities to support the Gervasutta Hospital; 49

| declining a different density in Udine | 03

Fig.6 Udine South area. Roads The image is taken from P.Cigalotto, M.Santoro, Preliminary study of urban planning related to industrial and mili-

the Gervasutta railway lines are still owned by the F.S.; the Safau area would be attractive if combined with the redevelopment of the railway station along the Ferriere Avenue or with the slaughterhouse (which has found its own new functions), even though by itself does not seem to be very attractive or find investors.

tary abandoned sites, “Aree dismesse e luoghi della ritrazione� Udine, 1998

50

1997/2007 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES. ROADS.

1997

2007/1

2007/2

Between the “Preliminary study of urban planning related to abandoned sites�, led by Santoro and Cigalotto in 1997 and the S.T.U. of 2007 there are similarities and differences. Similarities with regard to the use for the Safau area (a mix of functions, residential and commercial) and for the Piave barracks (a low density residential area); similarities regarding the creation of new pedestrian crossings the tracks. The differences concern the conservation of the industrial buildings (it is deemed necessary by the 1997 preliminary study, but it is not deemed necessary by the S.T.U. in 2007) and the roads (the 1997 preliminary study envisaged the creation of a new road axis parallel to the tracks that cross the Lumignacco Road away in the direction of the freeway, while the 2007 S.T.U. proposes a major new north-south axis of penetration of the area that connects directly with the Ferriere Avenue). In addition, the S.T.U. forecasts the creation of a passenger intermodal center along the Ferriere Avenue.

The research recognizes the crucial role that the Safau area takes for the connection between the S.Osvaldo area and the Pradamano Road, linking, through a railway underpass, the Lumignacco Road with the Marsala, Milazzo and Calatafimi streets; the research calls for further exploring the intersection with the Ledra channel, while the Gervasutta railway line area is for parking and a pedestrian crossing the tracks continues the green axis of the Ledra channel..

S.T.U. proposes the creation of an avenue parallel to the Ferriere Avenue which intercepts the Palmanova and Marsala Road; it proposes to bury a tract of Europa Unita Avenue and to build a pedestrian bridge that runs north-south.

The second master plan eliminates the south avenue parallel to the Ferriere Avenue and proposes a new north-south avenue and links between the new axis, the Lumignacco Road and its subways with a pedestrian bridge that runs north-south.

51

Conclusions

Possible systematization of abandoned sites on the urban scale: a proposal for a system of open spaces connected by slow paths. Though it is not a common practice to consider discarded sites as a whole (because of their heterogeneity), however, we try to formulate a proposal for systematization of some of them to the urban scale, taking into account their relative abundance, size, spread, location, proximity, accessibility and degree of transformation. The lack of vehicular access to some areas (due in large part to the presence of railroad tracks, especially in the abandoned areas in the south of Udine); the proximity of these areas with the urban core and between them and their location in equally spaced points along the first belt surrounding the city; the large size of some areas and the uselessness to put major new functions in them; the high degree of transformation of some areas (especially the barracks), which, except for those buildings that are in good condition, do not suggest specific reasons for their conservation; the presence of lots of vacant spaces in the abandoned industrial and military areas; the possibility to abandon certain railway areas (amounting to 10 hectares); the lack of green open spaces in the peri-urban area and the presence of agricultural land, especially in the south and east part of Udine, that penetrate far into the city; the presence of residential areas to the south of the railway suggesting the possibility for a densification of the fabric; all these considerations suggest the possibility of creating in the peri-urban area a series of public green open space since the available space in the abandoned areas.

The sequence of open spaces should necessarily be placed in continuity, through an ecological network that fosters connections and dissemination of naturalness: a system of slow paths (bicycle and pedestrian), which could rely on the existing roads (where 52

| declining a different density in Udine | 03

the road section would permit) according to a circular pattern (a sort of pheripherique or ring) or radial (through the paths of channels); or using the disused track, according to a linear trend.

This possible sequence of open space and slow connections would return the image of urban density “without matter”, which gives the effect of density (intensity of the uses and indeterminacy of the program) but without the inclusion of volume. This project of the density “without matter” should be complemented by a “density with matter”, i.e. a volumetric density punctual injection (which might range from the reuse of abandoned buildings in some areas, extension or elevation of others, infill of courtyards..). It is, in other words, to increase density in some places so that it can decrease elsewhere, creating building loans moving into the city, depositing on roofs, on the facades or in the courtyards. The proposal could be divided into four different diagrams: wedge or nodes, consisting of a sequence of open spaces in the abandoned areas, according to their strategic position; fingers, which comprise the paths connection along the irrigation channels; linear system, formed by the connection paths along the disused railway lines; small points, or injections of punctual density. If nodes and small points could be two different exercises on density, fingers and linear systems constitute new relations of proximity in the medium sized city.

Nodes. The sequence of open spaces in the peri-urban area could be made both by those existing open spaces in abandoned areas that are not currently used, both by those that are already converted from open space to park (i.e. Fano park in the Moretti area). Such a sequence of open spaces could be used in different ways and with different gradients of artificial/natural, public/private, maintenance/abandonment: from city park facilities, to private urban gardens, to abandoned space left abandoned, but accessible and free. The reference is to the Emscher Park and to the more 53

| declining a different density in Udine | 03 30 minutes

car 50km/h

bycycle 16km/h

5 minutes

pedestrian 5 km/h

car 50km/h

bicycle pedestrian 16km/h 5 km/h

simplest operation taking into consideration the shape of the city. Yet it would seem necessary to connect the two territorial parks (Cormor River Park and Torre River Park), that are the only two cornerstones of any environmental project. These two parks are only partially equipped, they are different from each other, as the first one is considered an urban park, while the second one is configured as the “back� of the city (it contains three active quarries).The operation of connecting them linearly is particularly difficult because there are no gaps in the urban fabric. In the south part of Udine maybe it would be possible, exploiting the railway areas.The point at which this green corridor would join the Cormor Park (which could be continued to the south connecting with the Basaldella Park) is particularly critical for the presence of high-density infrastructure (railroad, highway and the Pontebbana Road) and for the low natural value of the park in that point.

Small points. It is a parasitic series of constructions that can be installed on existing areas or buildings, enabling better use of resources and densification; some of them take advantage of underutilized spaces, such as roofs, facades and gaps between buildings. Parasitic architecture is generally small, more or less temporary and more or less legal. Generally it does not compromise independence and unity of the host buildings; it can be built in, out, over or between existing buildings, in ways more or less perceptible.

54

Distances among the abandoned areas.

Abandoned areas in Udine THE SYSTEM OF INTERCONNECTED OPEN SPACES Cormor Area

Basaldella Parc

Expo Stadium Rizzi Hospital

Distances between the abandoned areas and the city center.

Dormisch

Domenichelli Cemetery

Moretti

Berghinz

S.Rocco

Regione

Slaughter House Sacca

Nodes (abandoned areas), fingers (in red, along the channels) and linear system (in grey).

Safau, Piave and Gervasutta

Pisulin

Partidor

Coca Cola

The proposal could be divided into four Centrale lavaggio

different diagrams: wedge or nodes, con-

FS

sisting of a sequence of open spaces in

Squadra rialzo/Parco

the abandoned areas, according to their strategic position; fingers, which comprise the paths connection along the irrigation channels; linear system, formed by the con-

Bonometti

nection paths along the disused railway lines; small points, or injections of punctual density. If nodes and small points could be two different exercises on density, fingers

Squadra rialzo/Parco via Peschiera

and linear systems constitute new relations of proximity in the medium sized city.

Friuli

connections linear system fingers nodes-linear system nodes central places

55

connections linear system fingers nodes-linear system nodes central places

via Peschiera

u r b a n p a r k s

Friuli G. da Udine Theater

skate park

Spaccamela

playgrounds

Caverzerani

Osoppo

bike park Prati del Cimitero

woods Telca

Bertoli

u r b a n gardens

parasitic architecture

Reginato Di Prampero

Savorgnan and Duodo

Dormisch

fingers bike parking Cormor Area

56

System of open spaces MATERIALS

building in ove r, o u t

g r e e n w a y s

parasitic architecture

small points

fingers

linear system

u r b a n p a r k s

nodes

p l a y ground

u r b a n gardens

57

System of open spaces URBAN GARDENS The open space may have varying degrees of development: forests, urban parks, urban gardens, private garden (which restores the great tradition of horticulture in XIX century, when the gardens were open spaces within the city), rural landscape or re-naturalized areas. If the feasibility of an urban park will depend on the value of the land around it, the feasibility of urban EMSCHER PARK, RHEIN RUHR

gardens or community gardens will directly benefit the owners and the re-naturalized areas, albeit not profit, at least not have costs. The urban park will have a big urban quality, it will not produce any profit, but it will increase the value of the land around it, it will be very accessible and close to the center. The urban garden will have no particular urban quality, it will generate a profit depending on the production, it will be very accessible, even away from the center.

The proposal refers to the Sorensen’s neighborhood gardens, where each owner customize the space, to the community gardens in New York that are small spaces in the dense urban fabric and to the cultivated areas in the industrial ruins of the Ruhr area in Germany. R. Ingersoll speaks of “agricivism”, a system similar to that of farmhouses in Tuscany, which has allowed the preservation of the landscape and the productive activity of a place, combining it with touri-

ECOBOULEVAR, MADRID

sm. The “agri-civism” proposes that 30% of urban sites to be recovered remains for farming.

Osoppo square mt. 91500

URBAN GARDENS, NAEREU, DENMARK

LIZ CHRISTIE COMMUNITY GARDEN, NYC

58

System of open spaces PARASITIC ARCHITECTURE It is a parasitic series of constructions that can be installed on existing areas or buildings, enabling better use of resources and densification; some of them take advantage of underutilized spaces, such as roofs, facades and gaps between buildings. Parasitic architecture is generally small, more or less temporary and more or less legal. Generally it does not compromise PARASITE, ROTTERDAM

independence and unity of the host buildings; it can be built in, out, over or between existing buildings, in ways more or less perceptible. The abandoned areas are a good niche for parasitism. The first example of parasitic architecture is a green container assembled in 2001 in Rotterdam and placed on the roof of a disused factory. The object, called Parasite, was placed at the top of the elevator of the host building. Parasitic architecture is temporary and symbiotic; it does not compromise the host building and it acts as landmark. Another temporary, symbiotic and non-antagonistic building is the Rucksack house assembled in Leipzig in 2004 and in Koln in 2005: it is an additional room of 9 square meters which is an extension of provisional and temporary space of an apartment.

AROS SKY SPACE, DENMARK, LIZ DILLER

Frigorifero square mt. 10.280; covered area: sqm 4280

BASKET BAR, UTRECHT, NL ARCHITECTS

RUCKSACK HOUSE, UTRECHT

59

System of open spaces GREENWAY Yet it would seem necessary to connect the two territorial parks (Cormor River Park and Torre River Park), that are the only two cornerstones of any environmental project.These two parks are only partially equipped, they are different from each other, as the first one is considered an urban park, while the second one is configured as the “back” of the city (it contains SOUTH WORKS CHICAGO, DIRT STUDIO

three active quarries).The operation of connecting them linearly is particularly difficult because there are no gaps in the urban fabric. In the south part of Udine maybe it would be possible, exploiting the railway areas. The point at which this green corridor would join the Cormor River Park (which could be continued to the south connecting with the Basaldella Park) is particularly critical for the presence of high-density infrastructure (rail, highway and Pontebbana Road) and for the low natural value of the park at that point. The idea of proposing a green corridor using the disused track is made on the basis of some projects that have recently revived this practice: the High Line by Diller and Scofidio in NYC; the Promenade Plantée in Paris, that runs along the railroad Bastille-Banlieu for 4.5 km and connects the Bastille with the Bois de Vincennes; the project Raggi Verdi in Milan, which is a radial system of cycle paths that

HIGH LINE, NEW YORK

coincides with disused railway stations and lines.

PERMANENT BREAKFAST

HIGH LINE, NEW YORK, DILLER SCOFIDIO

60

System of open spaces URBAN PARKS-PREVERDISSEMENT The French technique of preverdissement, used in new towns, involves the construction of parks and gardens before the construction of buildings. This is what happens in Perrault’s project for Caen and in MVRDV’s project for Berlin, where the huge open space provided for the Botany Expo in 2000 may be subsequently occupied by residences. In a way not too different MELUN SENART, PARIS, REM KOOLHAAS

in the 1986’s project for Berlin, entitled Victims, J. Hejduk creates an artificial pre-existent area, consisting of several rows of trees, which will be gradually removed with the construction, delayed in time, of the various sections provided in project. In the Koolhaas’ project for the new town of Melun Senart the bands are protected “empty” spaces that constrain the urban planning.

Safau, Piave, Gervasutta sqm 75.810+47000+36.210+14.000

VICTIMS, BERLIN, J.HEJDUK

BUGA PLANT CITY, BERLIN, MVRDV

UNIMETAL, CAEN, C.PERRAULT

61

System of open spaces TEMPORARY APPROPRIATION OF SPACE The German Ruhr industrial area, after its abandonment in the middle of last century, was a landscape of iron, with contaminated soils and industrial ruins. In the 80s it was formed an I.B.A. (International Building Exhibition) in order to revitalize the whole area in a perspective that can be summarized with the phrase “change without growth”, which is an ecological principle EMSCHER PARK, RHEIN RUHR

to protect and develop the areas not urbanized. Among its goals, the creation of the Emscher Landscape Park with an area equal to nearly half of all the Emscher District. The period of development of this park is between 30 and 40 years. Some parts were entrusted to a single landscape design firm, other parts have simply been left uncultivated: the impression is of a great playground full of pop objects, certainly out of scale, but “good” or at least tamed. These giants appear as they are huge ready-mades: they belong to the industrial era, they are now abandoned and offer themselves to a different use, sometimes temporary.

EMSCHER PARK, RHEIN RUHR

Caverzerani sqm 116000

EMSCHER PARK, RHEIN RUHR

GRAND PARIS, PARIS, LIN STUDIO

62

System of open spaces SPRAWL BAND AND ILLUSORY DENSITY In the project for the new town of Melun Senart, Koolhaas makes a reversal of the planning, that takes place not through the design of built spaces, but through the delimitation of empty spaces. The void, in its various meanings, is a value. The same principle is invoked in the Zeche Zollverein’s master plan in Essen, which is an old abandoned industrial site, where Koolhaas designs a perimeter band that will be filled with all new interventions and allows the preservation of the internal space. MVRDV proposes to build on the edge of a large open space, a sort of Central Park inoculated in the heart of Paris. The outer urban shell hides the inner void, a sort of wall that encloses and protects, creating the effect of total illusory density; as Berlage did, in a very different scale, with the urban blocks in Amsterdam.

Moretti sqm 91.180 PARIS PLUS, PARIS, MVRDV

WALLED CITY, ZOLLVEREIN, R.KOOLHAAS

MELUN SENART,PARIS, REM KOOLHAAS

63

Declination of Density IN TWO UNDER A TENNIS COURT

64

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The Pianura Padana Area G. Basilico, S. Boeri, Sezioni del paesaggio italiano, Art&, Tavagnacco (UD), 1997 S. Boeri, A. Lanzani, Il territorio che cambia. Ambienti paesaggi immagini della regione milanese, Milano,1993 E. Turri, La megalopoli padana, Marsilio,Venezia, 2000 The Veneto Region L.Fabian, Tubi e spugne: modelli, in fase di pubblicazione F.Indovina, Dalla città diffusa all’arcipelago metropolitano, Francoangeli Milano 2009 S.Munarin, Area centrale veneta. Back to the future. in Paola Viganò, a cura di, New Territories: situations, projects, scenarios for the european city and territory, Q2 officina edizioni, 2004 S. Munarin, M.C. Tosi, Tracce di citta’; esplorazioni di un territorio abitato: l’area veneta, Francoangeli, Milano, 2001 M.C.Tosi, Territori abitati, in Paola Viganò, a cura di, New Territories: situations, projects, scenarios for the european city and territory,Q2 officina edizioni, 2004 Emscher Park AAVV, Talking cities, Birkhauser, Berlino 2006 Latz + Partners , Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord, 2005 EDRA/Places Awards Design Frank Lohrberg, Landscape laboratory and biomass production,Platform Urban Forestry Ruhrgebiet, demonstration project, Gelsenkirchen, 2007 C.Schreckenbach, C. Teschner, I B A Emscher Park –a beacon approach, dealing with shrinking cities in Germany, Fakultät Architektur Institut für Landschaftsarchitektur, Dresden, 2006 M.Schwarze-Rodrian, Emscher Landschaftspark 2010, Düsseldorf, 2006

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B.Secchi, Progetto di suolo, Casabella, 520,1986 B.Secchi,Progetto di suolo, in La città europea contemporanea e il suo progetto, in Paola Viganò, a cura di, New Territories: situations, projects, scenarios for the european city and territory,Q2 officina edizioni, 2004 B.Secchi, Gli spazi aperti, Casabella, 549, 1988 B. Secchi, Un problema urbano: l’occasione dei vuoti, Casabella, 503, 1984 M.Smets, Il nuovo paesaggio delle infrastrutture in Europa, Lotus international, 110, 2001 B.Tschumi, The Manhattan Transcripts, London, Academy Editions, 1994.

P.Virilio, Estetica della sparizione, Liguori, Napoli, 1992 P.Virilio, La procedura silenzio, Asterios, Trieste, 2001 H. Woolley, Urban Open Spaces, Spon Press, London, 2003

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