Improving appliance design with 3D metrology p.12
Wage and labour trends for engineers in Canada p.18
A REVOLUTION ON TWO WHEELS
Vancouver’s Damon Motors sets a new standard for electric mobility.
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Engineering’s evolution
Seventy years ago, Design Engineering launched with a mission to serve and inform engineers across Canada. Over the decades, the media landscape has undergone huge shifts—none more transformative than the rise of the internet, which reshaped how information is created, consumed and shared.
Through it all, Design Engineering has adapted and thrived, evolving alongside the readers we serve.
The role of the engineer itself has also seen profound changes in the past decades. In the 1960s, slide rules and drafting tables were the tools of the trade. Then the introduction of computers and CAD software revolutionized how engineers approached design, enabling new levels of precision and efficiency. Today, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are once again redefining the field, offering engineers powerful tools for automation, optimization and analytics.
With each technological leap, the role of the engineer has expanded, requiring new skills, new approaches and, importantly, new ways to ensure fair compensation for those driving innovation.
This issue takes a closer look at the employment landscape in Canada, with insights into how engineering compensation has shifted over the years. Be sure to check out page 18 for our annual salary guide, offering a regional breakdown of salaries.
This guide also dives into the employment trends for engineers across the country, including how the introduction of automation and AI is rapidly reshaping the core competencies required for engineers in manufacturing. According to NGen’s Future Ready research, by 2030 and 2040, engineers will need to enhance their skills in digital literacy, problem solving and creativity/ innovation to stay effective in the workplace.
This issue also celebrates the longevity of not just Design Engineering but also some of our valued industry partners. A few advertisers and long-time supporters of the magazine have built lasting legacies in the engineering sector. As they share their own retrospectives, it’s a testament to the resilience and adaptability of both the industry and those who have been part of it for decades.
Thank you for being part of this journey—whether as a reader, an engineer, or an innovator shaping the future of design.
ANDRÉ VOSHART Editor avoshart@annexbusinessmedia.com
Editorial Board
DR. MARY WELLS, P.ENG Dean, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo
KEVIN BAILEY CEO, Design 1st
MASSIMILIANO MORUZZI CEO, Xaba
JAYSON MYERS CEO, NGen Canada
MARCH/APRIL 2025
Volume 70, No.2 design-engineering.com
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ROBOTICS
ROCKWELL ACQUIRES ONTARIO’S CLEARPATH ROBOTICS
Rockwell Automation has completed its acquisition of Kitchener, Ont.-based Clearpath Robotics, a leader in autonomous robotics, including autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) for industrial applications.
The acquisition includes Clearpath Robotics’ namesake research division, a leader in developing autonomous technology for the innovation market, and the industrial division OTTO Motors, which provides AMRs, the next frontier in industrial automation and transformation. Both divisions report to Rockwell’s Intelligent Devices operating segment.
According to Interact Analysis, the market for AMRs in manufacturing is expected to grow about 30 per cent per year over the next five years, with an estimated market size of US$6.2 billion by 2027.
COBOTS INC. TO OFFER COLLABORATIVE ROBOTICS FOR PACKAGERS
Mississauga, Ont.-based Cobots Inc. has been established as a standalone company that specializes in the development of advanced automation solutions utilizing collaborative robots tailored to meet the diverse needs of small- and medium-sized businesses across the packaging industry.
The new company—which targets a range of industries, including plastics, pharmaceuticals and beyond—is the sister company of Proco Machinery Inc., a manufacturer of automation systems for the blow molding industry.
ENGINEERS SEE ENDLESS POTENTIAL FOR AI IN PRODUCT DESIGN
A recent Avnet Insights survey reveals that engineers are embracing artificial intelligence (AI) as a transformative force in product development—though many are still evaluating where it will have the most significant impact. The annual survey highlights both the promise and the challenges of integrating AI into the engineering process.
According to the survey, 42 per cent of engineers have already incorporated AI into their product designs, with many of those products now shipping. Respondents expressed optimism about AI’s potential, with nearly all (96 per cent) agreeing that it is “somewhat-to-extremely likely” to impact key aspects of product development. These areas include automating design tasks, enabling personalized and customized designs, improving market prediction capabilities and reducing development cycle times.
“AI can, and will, have significant impact in all these areas,” said Alex Iuorio, senior vice-president of global supplier development at Avnet. “It’s not about one single opportunity for AI but rather its ability to transform multiple facets of engineering.”
The survey explored 14 areas where AI could make a difference, ranging from AI-driven simulation and testing to hardware design tools and code generation. Engineers were unable to single out one dominant area, suggesting that AI’s influence spans across the board.
But the road to adoption isn’t without hurdles. The top challenges engineers foresee include security and privacy concerns (37 per cent), data quality issues (31 per cent), difficulties with integration (25 per cent) and high costs (24 per cent).
To maximize AI’s benefits, engineers highlighted the importance of specific skills. The top skills identified were data analysis and interpretation (16 per cent), AI model optimization (16 per cent) and problem-solving and critical thinking (16 per cent). These capabilities will help engineers leverage AI effectively to streamline workflows and enhance innovation.
As engineers gain confidence in market conditions—75 per cent believe the outlook is improving—AI is emerging as a critical tool for innovation and efficiency.
Access full survey at avnet.com. |DE
The Avnet survey explored 14 areas where AI could make a difference, ranging from simulation and testing to hardware design tools and code generation.
GROOVY INNOVATIONS
A look back at Design Engineering in the 1960s.
Flipping through the pages of Design Engineering from the 1960s offers a compelling glimpse into a time of rapid technological transformation. Emerging innovations—many of which have since become essential to modern life—were met with curiosity and skepticism.
From the first steps toward computer-assisted engineering to early concepts of electric vehicles and automated banking, the decade was a proving ground for ideas that would shape the future.
At the time, engineers were still learning how computers could revolutionize their profession, requiring dedicated training to integrate them into design workflows. Innovations like electric cars and automated teller machines (ATMs) were just beginning to take form, while videoconferencing was introduced
as an experimental concept in the form of “TV teachers” at the University of Waterloo in 1968. Looking back, some of these early iterations may seem
COVERS OVER THE YEARS
rudimentary, even amusing, in hindsight. Yet they underscore the kind of experimentation that drives engineering forward. With each passing decade,
once-unthinkable technologies become indispensable.
As we explore some of the most intriguing engineering developments and headlines from the 1960s, it begs the question: Which of today’s breakthroughs will, in another 60 years, be viewed with the same mix of nostalgia and critical reflection? |DE January
A Legacy of Innovation BUILT TO LAST
A Look Back at Clippard’s Engineering Evolution, as seen in the May 1991 issue of Design Engineering.
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A REVOLUTION ON TWO WHEELS
Vancouver’s Damon Motors sets a new standard for electric mobility.
BY ANDRÉ VOSHART
The motorcycle industry is undergoing a seismic shift as electrification transforms vehicle design and performance. While many manufacturers are simply adapting existing gasoline-powered platforms to electric drivetrains, Vancouver-based Damon Motors has taken a radically different approach.
The Damon HyperDrive is a fully integrated electric powertrain and monocoque chassis system, merging all critical components into a single structural unit. Unlike traditional motorcycles that rely on a separate aluminum frame, HyperDrive’s
monocoque chassis combines the frame and body into one unified structure. This improves weight distribution, aerodynamics, manufacturability and overall performance—addressing the key challenges that have long plagued electric motorcycles.
With HyperDrive poised to redefine the two-wheel electric vehicle (EV) market, this Canadian innovation is a versatile platform that will support multiple future models. Damon’s Licensing & Engineering Services are extending HyperDrive’s monocoque technology to other OEMs looking to advance their own EV offerings.
The vision
Damon Motors was founded with a bold vision: to push electric motorcycle design beyond conventional limits. Instead of designing just another electric superbike, Damon set out to create a scalable platform that could be used across multiple motorcycle models. From day one, the team planned to scale these breakthroughs to a variety of new electric personal mobility segments.
To achieve this, Damon assembled a team of expert designers and engineers who began rethinking the entire architecture of an electric motorcycle.
The result?
A chassis and drivetrain that are fundamentally different from anything seen before in the industry.
The monocoque chassis—a structural design where the frame and body are one single unit—eliminates the multi-piece aluminum frames typically used in motorcycles, replacing them with a streamlined, lightweight structure.
Building it from the ground up
One of Damon’s biggest challenges in developing HyperDrive was creating an electric powertrain that met the high-performance demands of superbike riders. The company rejected offthe-shelf solutions, instead opting to develop its own drivetrain from scratch.
Damon’s engineering team surveyed available motors, converters and battery management systems. They developed a new electric motor that delivers high performance while maintaining a compact footprint.
Instead of relying on large-diameter motors, they integrated a torque-multiplying transmission, making the system more efficient and cost-effective.
To meet the high voltage demands of HyperDrive, Damon engineered its own power inverter instead of using pre-existing designs that didn’t fit their needs.
When it came to battery selection, the team chose IDBT over silicon carbide to maximize efficiency and manage heat generation, reducing the size of conductors without compromising power.
The resulting motor, inverter and battery configurations can also be adapted to smaller, lighter personal mobility vehicles.
The HyperFighter sportbike offers a more muscular design for urban riders.
Photos: Damon Motors
Manufacturing and scalability
While HyperDrive is a technological leap forward, Damon Motors also had to ensure it could be mass-produced efficiently. Many startups struggle with scaling from prototype to production, but Damon prioritized manufacturability from day one.
A key part of this strategy is up integration, where multiple smaller components are consolidated into single, large structural elements—a technique that reduces assembly complexity and production costs.
• Large die casting: Similar to Tesla’s megacasting approach, HyperDrive’s casing is precision-molded in a single cast instead of being built from multiple welded pieces.
• High-pressure die casting: Ensures strength and durability while maintaining lightweight properties.
• CNC machining: Refines the diecast aluminum frame for high-performance components.
• Injection molding and stamping: Used for internal subassemblies, improving consistency and scalability.
Damon Motors offers two high-performance electric motorcycles: the HyperSport and the HyperFighter. The HyperSport is designed for riders seeking a blend of speed and endurance,
delivering 200 horsepower (HP) and 200 Nm of torque—achieving a top speed of 200 mph and an estimated combined city and highway range of 200 miles. The HyperFighter sportbike offers a raw, muscular design for urban riders, featuring 200 HP and 200 Nm of torque, reaching a top speed of 170 mph. It offers an estimated range of over 146 miles.
The road ahead
Damon Motors doesn’t see HyperDrive as just a single motorcycle—it’s a platform that will support a new generation of electric motorcycles. The company plans to expand into smaller, high-volume urban vehicles, leveraging HyperDrive’s modular design to create models for different market segments. As global urbanization increases and congestion worsens, Damon sees a growing role for two-wheelers in cities.
In November 2024, Damon Motors completed a business combination with Grafiti Holding Inc., leading to its debut on the Nasdaq Global Market. This move has positioned Damon to capitalize on public capital markets, accelerating its expansion plans and reinforcing its commitment to revolutionizing two-wheeled transportation. Then in December 2024, Damon announced
key leadership changes to enhance its operational focus. Co-founder Dominique Kwong was appointed as interim CEO, bringing 25 years of experience in building technology companies.
With HyperDrive paving the way for future models, Damon Motors is setting new standards in electric motorcycle performance, manufacturability and scalability.
As the company expands its offerings, one thing is clear: the future of electric personal mobility starts here. |DE
WHY IT’S A GAME CHANGER
• Weight reduction: With fewer separate components, the motorcycle is lighter, which directly improves range and performance—a crucial factor for EVs.
• Simplified construction: Instead of assembling multiple frame elements, HyperDrive’s monocoque design reduces the number of parts, making production faster and more scalable.
• Sealed enclosure: The chassis itself serves as a protective shell for the high-voltage battery and electronics, shielding them from weather and debris.
• Integrated cooling: It incorporates liquid cooling to regulate battery and motor temperature, enhancing efficiency and longevity.
The HyperSport is designed for riders seeking a blend of speed and endurance.
THE BIG PICTURE
Quebec City’s InnovMetric helps GE Appliances improve product design with 3D metrology.
BY ANDRÉ VOSHART
Quebec City-based InnovMetric and Louisville, Ky.-based GE Appliances have joined forces to drive efficiency, precision and collaboration in product design and manufacturing.
GE Appliances began its journey into digital metrology nearly a decade ago, transitioning from traditional pointto-point linear measurements to advanced 3D scanning and data-driven decision-making. This shift has significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of product design and manufacturing.
For decades, manufacturers relied on traditional point-topoint linear measurements and manual inspection methods to assess product quality. At GE Appliances, this approach was standard practice—until a decision was made nearly a decade ago to transition toward a more data-driven, 3D metrology-based system.
This shift has not only transformed the company’s quality control process but has also streamlined production and improved accuracy across its operations.
Breaking away from traditional methods
Historically, GE Appliances’ metrology approach was heavily reliant on coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) and linear dimension drawings. This meant manually measuring specific, predefined points on a part and comparing those against a 2D drawing—a time-consuming, sometimes
limiting process that left gaps in the full-picture analysis of a product’s geometry. In effect, engineers were making critical decisions based on a handful of points rather than a complete dataset.
The shift to 3D metrology marked a significant step forward for GE Appliances. Using advanced scanning technology, the company was able to develop a more accurate and repeatable quality control process. Engineers could now analyze entire surfaces, visualize deviations with colour mapping, and use real-world data to drive decision-making—a stark contrast to the limited insights offered by traditional methods.
“The beauty of 3D scanning is it shows you the entire lay of the land,” says Dave Leone, senior director of engineering and dimensional control at GE Appliances. “You can start at 50,000 feet and then let the data speak to you in terms of,
‘Hey, there’s a dent in the part’ or ‘What’s the mismatch here?’ or ‘There’s a little bit of a twist.’ And so you’re more knowledgeable about your parts than you’ve ever been in the past.”
Now, with full-field scanning, they can see what’s happening with the whole surface of a part we get a much better understanding of any variation that exists.
“It’s been amazing journey, but it’s crazy how far we’ve come,” Leone says. “It’s almost indistinguishable today from what it was eight years ago.”
This transformation also reduced the trial-and-error approach traditionally associated with product design and validation.
Colour mapping
One of the most transformative elements of this digital shift has been the adoption of full-field 3D scanning and colour mapping—which visually represents
3D scanning a GE Appliances washing machine’s cabinet for comparison to a CAD model.
deviations between a scanned part and its CAD model, instantly identifying out-of-tolerance areas.
“It used to be all that would be sent is a report, a PDF or something with hard numbers— go/no-go,” says Louis-Jérôme Doyon, vice president of business development at InnovMetric. “At best, maybe a few colour maps, but people could not consume easily by themselves.”
Seeing a colour map for the first time was a lightbulb moment for Leone. Engineers can now visualize the entire surface geometry of a part, identifying defects, deviations and inconsistencies in real-time. “It’s like walking into a dark room and you turn the lights on and you’re seeing the parts for the first time. And you’re like, ‘Oh.’” This shift has provided a new level of clarity in evaluating product quality, enabling faster and more informed decision-making.
“With colour mapping, we can immediately see what’s happening with a part,” Doyon says. Rather than interpreting a long list of numbers from a CMM report, they get an intuitive visual that highlights problem areas instantly.
This technology played a key role in analyzing and improving a prototype refrigerator door
3D Scanning of a GE Appliances washing machine control panel.
assembly. When engineers noticed a door wasn’t closing properly, they scanned it using digital metrology tools. The colour map revealed significant swelling, indicating the outer door was above the CAD model specifications. Further investigation pointed to issues in the foaming process during prototyping, where inadequate clamping led to distortion. By adjusting the foaming fixture and applying additional support, engineers corrected the issue, producing an improved version within days.
Centralized data, enhance collaboration
Before partnering with InnovMetric, GE Appliances faced a common challenge in manufacturing: disorganized metrology data, scattered across different labs and computers. So while engineers in one facility might take critical measurements, that data wouldn’t always be easily accessible to design or quality teams in another location.
With PolyWorks|DataLoopTM, all metrology data is now stored in a structured, centralized system, ensuring that everyone—from design engineers to manufacturing specialists—can access the latest measurement results instantly. It also gives real-time visibility.
Instead of waiting for manual reports or searching through disconnected databases, teams can now analyze inspection results as soon as they are collected.
“Every single CMM that we have—all 21 of them—in our whole fleet across all of our factories, they all feed PolyWorks|DataLoop,” Leone says. “So we have one software platform, one metrology team. It all feeds the database. It’s a beautiful architecture. If you were to do it any other way, it would be very inefficient, very cumbersome and, ultimately, not effective.”
The centralized approach also improves communication and collaboration across different departments. Designers, engineers and quality assurance teams no longer have to rely on emails or file-sharing workarounds to access critical data— it’s all available in one place. And with automated version control, PolyWorks|DataLoop also ensures that all teams are working with the most up-todate measurement information, reducing errors caused by outdated or conflicting reports.
Interoperability with CAD
A major focus has been ensuring seamless integration between metrology software and CAD systems. Traditionally,
manufacturing teams relied on 2D drawings and manual data entry to define product specifications.
“In the old way, it would be traditionally you could export right out of your CAD system, and all the inspections are essentially compared directly to that file,” Leone says. “That’s the state-of-the-art for most software companies.”
By leveraging product manufacturing information (PMI)—a system that encodes key manufacturing and inspection requirements within the CAD model—and model-based definitions, GE Appliances is reducing human error and accelerating product development. The CAD models serve as the single source of truth for both design and inspection. Every critical dimension, tolerance and geometric feature is digitally embedded into the model, eliminating the need for separate inspection plans and reducing the risk of human error.
Seamless integration between CAD and metrology software also accelerates product development cycles. By linking design, quality and manufacturing teams through a shared digital framework, GE Appliances is able to identify and resolve issues earlier in the process, reducing costly delays.
GE Appliances engineers analyze surface deviations to CAD using a colour map in PolyWorks| DataLoop.
Doyon also highlighted InnovMetric’s solution to help embed 3D measurement plans within an organization’s native CAD platform. “The software —which is called PolyWorks|PMI+LoopTM—is a bridge to the CAD world, where we’re supplementing CAD with missing information that is relevant for inspection folks.” It provides the digital traceability needed to automate the consumption of its measurement plans plus digital connectivity to open up access to 3D measurement results to all CAD users.
Future-proofed
GE Appliances’ digital transformation journey is far from over.
The adoption of 3D scanning and data-driven metrology has positioned the company to take full advantage of emerging technologies like AI and automated inspection systems. These technologies are being integrated to detect deviations and streamline inspection setups, bringing a new level of efficiency to the production process.
“AI is everywhere, AI is very powerful,” Doyon says. “First, people need to realize, in order to do AI machine learning, you need a ton of data. You need historical data. Well, the beauty in here is that GE Appliances
has that; they’ve centralized their data.” This centralized data makes GE Appliances stand out most places, where data is scattered, making deeper learning very difficult: “That rich quality data is everywhere, but nowhere, so forget AI—you’re not going to be able to do it.”
One of the biggest challenges in manufacturing is identifying process deviations early enough to prevent costly defects. Traditionally, engineers rely on historical data and manual analysis to pinpoint potential quality issues. AI is changing that equation, allowing manufacturers to detect patterns in real-time and make data-driven decisions faster than ever before.
Alongside AI, automation is transforming metrology setups. GE Appliances is working with InnovMetric to automate the inspection process by integrating PMI and PolyWorks|PMI+Loop with their PLM system. This automation lets robots generate inspection templates, read PMI and CAD data, and seamlessly process scanned parts. In the metrology lab, once a part is scanned and named correctly, the system can automatically locate, import and analyze it—performing key inspections before any human intervention is required.|DE
Photos: © Beckhoff, 2024
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EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS
Wage and labour trends for the role of the engineer in Canadian manufacturing.
BY ANDRÉ VOSHART
Canada’s manufacturing sector is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by tech advancements, shifting workforce demands. Engineers— who play a crucial role in designing, optimizing, and integrating new manufacturing processes—are at the center of this evolution.
According to insights from Next Generation Manufacturing Canada (NGen), two primary workforce challenges threaten the stability and growth of the sector: ensuring engineers and other workers have the right skills to adapt to new technologies and attracting enough talent to replace an aging workforce. With a projected shift towards digital literacy, cognitive skills, and innovation, the role of engineers in Canadian manufacturing will look vastly different by 2040.
The introduction of automation, AI and data-driven processes is rapidly reshaping the core competencies required for engineers in manufacturing. According to NGen’s Future Ready research, by 2030 and 2040, engineers will need to enhance their skills in digital literacy, problem solving and creativity/innovation to stay effective in the workplace.
This represents a shift. Traditionally, engineering roles in manufacturing were heavily focused on technical expertise—mechanical, electrical or industrial design skills. While these will remain critical, the ability to work
alongside advanced digital systems will become equally important.
Randstad echoes these sentiments. Engineering roles are evolving beyond traditional technical expertise, requiring professionals to blend technical, digital and interdisciplinary skills. Engineers are now expected to work across multiple departments, from design to manufacturing, while incorporating AI, automation and digital tools into their work.
“The job description seems to be a lot more diversified than it used to be, in terms of skills that are expected but also all of the different departments that they need to interact with,” says Marie-Pier Bédard, executive vice-president for operational talent solution at Randstad Canada.
Among the most in-demand skills for engineers, Randstad says that project management has surged to the top, reflecting a growing need for engineers to collaborate across teams and manage complex projects. Other critical skills include mechanical and electrical engineering, AutoCAD, automation and electronics.
And despite increasing demand for AI and automation skills, Bédard notes that many companies are not providing sufficient training for their engineers. She says only 37 per cent of companies currently offer regular training in these technologies, even though engineers themselves are eager to learn more.
The aging workforce
One of the biggest obstacles facing Canadian manufacturing is an aging workforce. Many experienced engineers are approaching retirement, creating an urgent need for succession planning and recruitment strategies.
However, attracting young engineers to the manufacturing sector isn’t easy. Canada’s tech sector, energy industry and growing AI ecosystem all offer competitive salaries and more appealing career pathways, drawing talent away from traditional manufacturing roles. In Saskatchewan, for example, manufacturing companies struggle to compete with high-paying jobs in mining, energy, and tech, according to the Saskatchewan Industrial and Mining Suppliers Association.
To remain competitive, manufacturing firms must modernize their approach to hiring and talent development. As Flavio Volpe, president of the Automotive Parts Manufacturers’ Association, notes: “The companies that get it right are the ones that will bet on their current workforce with new skills, patience and direction.”
The future of the role of the engineer
One of the key takeaways from NGen’s research is that manufacturing skills challenges are not industry-specific—they span multiple sectors.
Engineering competencies required for automotive, aerospace, food processing and other industries share significant commonalities. This presents an opportunity to develop national workforce solutions that focus on pan-Canadian, cross-sectoral training programs.
By aligning skill development initiatives across multiple industries, Canada can create a more adaptable and resilient engineering workforce.
According to Stewart Cramer, chief manufacturing officer at NGen, “Our manufacturing workforce is a critical national asset and must be looked at through a pan-Canadian, cross-sectoral lens.”
This signals a shift toward national strategies rather than sector-specific solutions, allowing for greater mobility and career flexibility among engineers. |DE
Engineering Salary Guide 2025
The following salary data is adapted from Randstad’s 2025 Salary Guide, based on data generated by the Economic Research Institute (ERI) with validation by Randstad experts. Amounts expressed in thousands of dollars and represent annual base salaries (before benefits). Salary ranges quoted below correspond to the 25th and 75th percentiles for entry (1–3 years), mid (4–7 years) and senior (8–12 years) levels. The full report dives deeper in various other engineering disciplines as well as other non-engineering titles, such as designers and technologists.
1 GREATER VANCOUVER
Automation Industrial Mechanical
Entry: 71.1 - 97.0 68.3 - 95.4 67.7 - 95.2
Mid: 84.6 - 117.4 83.9 - 118.3 84.0 - 119.3
Senior: 100.5 - 135.8 101.5 - 136.0 102.7 - 139.5
2 CALGARY
Automation Industrial Mechanical Entry: 73.7 - 101.0 70.7 - 99.2 70.2 - 99.1
88.0 - 122.1 87.3
3 EDMONTON
4 WINNIPEG
For Randstad’s full report, including data for all engineering specialties and related professions, visit randstad.ca/salary-guides
7 MONTREAL
5 HAMILTON
8 QUEBEC CITY
6 TORONTO
9 SAINT JOHN, N.B.
AUTODESK’S AI, ONE YEAR LATER
From bold claims to measured progress—how Autodesk is navigating the reality of AI in design tools.
BY RALPH GRABOWSKI
Autodesk CEO Andrew Anagnost kicked off last fall’s Autodesk University (AU) 2024 with a speech that, to me, sounded a bit deprecating of technology. He gave examples of how tech frustrates us daily, such as embarrassing spelling corrections in text messages, and he then showed a bizarre image of himself generated by artificial intelligence (AI).
“What’s with the beard?” he chuckled, and then wryly added, “So, it’s not quite there.”
This tone of “not quite there” is a reversal from a year earlier. At AU 2023, Anagnost declared, “We’ve gone from talking about the promise of AI, to seeing it make real progress.” Now, a year later, progress could be seen as sluggish. During his opening speech at AU 2024, Anagnost admitted,
“You are actually investing in it [AI], and you probably had similar frustrations. That is OK, because it’s still really early. … It’s just beginning.”
What’s new in Autodesk Intelligence
Fortunately, Autodesk has a solution for our frustration, because it considers itself uniquely positioned to do so.
“We’re investing big in end-toend design and make solutions powered by Autodesk AI,” Anagnost declared.When companies say they are “investing,” it sometimes signals to me that progress is perhaps slow.
There were some new AI-enhanced functions to show off—mostly for the Fusion mechanical design program—such as constraining sketches and generating 2D drawings from 3D models. (These are similar to functions
competitors like BricsCAD and IronCAD have had in their CAD programs for several years now, done semi-automatically without needing AI.)
To me, the two seem like small-scale output from a company that last year boasted it had already been working with AI for a decade.
What might happen in the future was demoed by Project Bernini, named after the first great Italian architect Gian Bernini from the 1600s. The pre-design software uses generative AI to produce 3D geometry from text input, 2D images, point clouds or voxels (3D pixels). The results to date are bland-looking models of simple objects, like pitchers; colors don’t work yet. (Other CAD vendors, such as Snaptrude and Graphisoft, are already running similar text-to-3D-model programs,
complete with colors and textures.)
If you have a Forge account, you can try Bernini at project-bernini.autodesk.com
The data’s the problem
There are two sources of data for AI training: public and private. Public data is legally secure but tends toward being monotonic; private is better, because it has greater diversity, and so AI can output better results. CAD journalist Greg Corke noted: “For Bernini, Autodesk claims to have used the largest set of [public] 3D training data ever assembled, comprising ten million examples, but the generated forms that were demonstrated—a vase, a chair, a spoon, a shoe and a pair of glasses—were still primitive.”
AI operates on different kinds of engines. The one
Images: Autodesk
Autodesk CEO Andrew Anagnost amused by the image of him generated by AI.
Fusion generates dimensioned drawings— assisted by AI.
receiving the most attention these days is the large language model (LLM) engine, which mimics human speech patterns in answering questions. Autodesk uses LLM for its Assistant.You can try out it at autodesk.com/support (click on “Ask the Assistant”) to get advice on selecting programs, making purchases and getting support—although I wonder how different it is from legacy ‘if-then’ routines. Another version of Assistant runs inside programs to suggest solutions to design problems.
Autodesk also uses the machine learning (ML) form of AI, which reads lots of hard data to produce engineering-style results. For example, Autodesk’s Rapid Wind Analysis makes predictions for wind flows around new designs based on wind data recorded at thousands of existing buildings.
Whether LLM or ML, Autodesk and other firms dabbling in AI have not yet solved the AI data-access problem. Publishers are winning lawsuits against AI companies for using copywritten materials in training their AI systems without permission. Indeed, some joke that LLM is short for “large legal mess.”
For AI training, Autodesk has admitted it cannot legally access data that we store on its Amazon-run cloud; in the future, we will be given the choice in whether or not to allow Autodesk to use our intellectual property for AI training.
But there is a way around it.
When we use end-to-end encrypted texting apps like WhatsApp, Facebook and other social media, firms use metadata to glean information with whom and from where we are texting. Apparently, Autodesk will similarly glean information about howwe draw, even when it cannot access what we draw. Fusion 360 VP Stephen Hooper stated, “Leveraging information that we have in Fusion about how people actually annotate drawings is not leveraging people’s [private] core IP.”
The all-in-one database
One of Autodesk’s weak points is that the file formats many of its verticals use are incompatible with one another—be it Fusion, Revit, Alias or AutoCAD—and so they cannot speak with each other as effortlessly as today’s interconnectedness requires. Navisworks didn’t quite work out, and so Autodesk is trying again
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with Autodesk Data Model. We first heard about it last year, and it appears to me that it’s still a workin-progress.
Data Model is to become a central repository for all design data in a single database on the cloud. Data from programs like Revit and Fusion would become available as entire drawings or as small pieces— called granular data. Granular data are portions of information from a file, such as just a weld spec or a
Project Bernini generates simple 3D models from visual and textual prompts.
countersunk hole from a part in an assembly. (We are already seeing something like this in competitor programs like BimPlus from allPlan.)
Autodesk is developing application programming interfaces (APIs) that customers and third-party developers deploy to access the information in a database. For instance, “ElementGroupExtractionStatus” reports the status of an extraction from a Revit model. Like all API
Autodesk Assistant in Fusion will provide expert-level answers to questions about completing tasks in Fusion, and best practices in manufacturing, within the Fusion interface.
development, functions are added one by one over the years. For instance, Autodesk began earlier this year beta testing API access to the geometric data in Revit files.
Until Data Model is fully functional, Autodesk offers Docs for AEC customers and Manage for MCAD users.
Looking ahead
CAD software has become mature. The rapid progression of features we saw during its first 30 years has slowed to a trickle. Publicly owned CAD vendors are in a trap of their own making: their primary duty is to shareholders, who expect higher share prices and larger dividends each year. To deliver more profits in an era parched of CAD innovations, vendors rely on external currents, such as the Internet, clouds, crypto and AI.
As we saw with the addition of cloud to CAD, there wasn’t a wholesale switchover like we experienced going from DOS to Windows. Rather, cloud and AI features tend to appear as sidebar apps or as additional functions in big programs like Fusion.
But if AI can takeover mundane tasks like drawing production, and if it can dimension drawings accurately, then that’ll be worth waiting for. |DE
SOFTWARE
AI PLATFORM TRANSFORMS TEXT INTO 3D-PRINTABLE MODELS
Backflip has launched an AI-powered design platform that transforms text and images into 3D-printable models. The tool streamlines product creation by allowing users to generate real parts with a simple prompt or even by snapping a photo of a broken object that needs replacing. This technology aims to redefine the speed of design, enabling complex 3D models in minutes instead of days.
LASER PROJECTION ADD-ON
Creaform has launched the Laser Projection Add-on to its Inspection module, part of the recently released Creaform Metrology Suite. It allows operators to scan parts, analyze deviations from a reference model and project critical information directly onto physical parts during key manufacturing processes. It offers a range of solutions for industries like casting, aerospace, heavy industry, energy and military that require precise operator guidance.
PTC ADDS CLOUD-NATIVE CAM STUDIO TO ONSHAPE
PTC has announced CAM Studio Beta, an addition to Onshape’s suite of cloud-native features. CAM Studio brings CAM directly into Onshape, streamlining the connection between design and production. It allows design and manufacturing to plan, simulate and collaborate on machining processes.
NO-CODE TOOL FOR ROBOT INTERFACE PROGRAMMING
ABB has launched AppStudio, an intuitive no-code software tool designed to empower users of all experience levels to quickly and
easily create customized robotic user interfaces. Compatible with all ABB robots on the OmniCore controller platform, it offers flexibility for creating customized robotic user interfaces. After installing the software, users can repurpose a previously used setup or select from a cloud-based library of templates, models, modules and examples enabling them to select options in 20 languages. Alternatively, customized interfaces can be created to fit any device and application, including the OmniCore FlexPendant, tablets, and mobile phones.
IIOT LANGUAGE
Designing for seamless machine monitoring.
Data plays a crucial role in machine monitoring. It can help you understand where there are opportunities to improve efficiency and make better decisions.
The old way of doing things was to get data from the week to help plant for the week ahead. But with smart manufacturing and machine monitoring, you can start collecting data instantly in real time and anticipate what’s going to happen to act fast so you can save time and decrease costs. Manufacturers can analyze data to identify bottlenecks and take steps to improve their processes and enhance overall equipment effectiveness (OEE).
Applications and benefits
Let’s say that during your day-to-day operations one of your machines starts showing irregularities, it starts operating at lower-than-usual speeds or overheating, this tells you that the machine needs maintenance and sooner than later it must be put to rest, but you don’t want that while the machine is running. Thanks to real-time data you can alert operators to take preventative measures before a breakdown occurs. Maintenance can be carried out precisely when it’s needed rather than on a rigid schedule.
Real-time data gives manufacturers a bird’s-eye view of their operations, which helps in allocating resources. By understanding the exact performance of each machine, they can plan production cycles with greater accuracy and optimize labour costs by assigning workers to the areas that need them the most.
Collecting machine data
There are multiple ways to collect machine data, depending on your machine you may have to adapt to whatever protocol your machine handles. In smart manufacturing, data collection methods are often designed to connect directly to machines or integrate through standardized communication protocols. Here is an overview of the main methods:
Many newer machines come equipped with built-in communication protocols that make it easier to capture/transmit data.
Manufacturers like FANUC, Mazak, Okuma and Haas have designed their machines with connectivity in mind, this means that they support established protocols natively, allowing easier integration with monitoring systems and software that also use these standards, making data collection and interoperability straightforward.
Communication protocols
Protocols are like a language machines use to communicate between each other, enabling the exchange of information between devices, software and centralized monitoring systems. Here are the most common communication protocols:
• MTConnect: MTConnect is a manufacturing standard protocol used to retrieve information from CNC machines. MTConnect is an open-source, royalty free communication protocol.
• Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture: OPC UA is a machine-to-machine communication protocol commonly used in industrial automation. It’s platform-independent and focuses on the secure exchange of data between various devices and systems. It supports complex data models, making it ideal for industries where interoperability is essential.
A table displays live machine information from JITbase.
JUAN CARLOS LARA FALCON
The automotive industry is increasingly shifting from central to zonal architectures, which simplifies vehicle design by consolidating electronic control units into specific zones.
• Fanuc Open CNC API Specifications (FOCAS): FOCAS is a protocol developed by Fanuc specifically for communication with its CNC machines. This protocol enables the retrieval and monitoring of real-time data from Fanuc CNC controllers, allowing users to access information such as machine status, spindle load, axis positions and tool data.
• Direct numerical control (DNC): DNC is used primarily in CNC machining environments for direct communication between a central computer and multiple CNC machines. DNC allows centralized control and data distribution, enabling manufacturers to send part programs directly to CNC machines, reducing errors and setup times in high-production environments.
Legacy machines
Working with legacy machines with no built-in data collection mechanisms presents a challenge for companies trying to implement machine monitoring and track OEE. When this is the case, it’s still possible to enable data exchange and integration using I/O (input/output) signals and additional hardware interfaces. When capturing data from
What is machine monitoring?
It refers to the use of sensors to collect data from your equipment in your manufacturing process.
This data is then used in conjunction with machine monitoring software to get a more accurate view.
legacy equipment, an industrial IoT (IIoT) device with the proper connectors, protocols and firmware in place on the machine connection side is necessary. This can include hardware like PLCs, industrial gateways or data acquisition modules. These devices are equipped with the necessary connectors to interface with legacy equipment and capture most I/O signals.
Protocols like the ones we talked about earlier are a good starting point; the connection will transmit the data from the PLC controllers to the machine monitoring system.
Lastly, your company may want to assess whether the machines can receive signals, data and program uploads, especially if recipe management or program transfer is needed.
Seamless monitoring
Manufacturing environments often use a mix of machines, many of which use different communication protocols or lack connectivity altogether. Integrating these diverse systems can be complex, especially with legacy equipment that may not support modern protocols.
Even though there are standard
communication protocols like OPC UA and MTConnect, many machine manufacturers implement them in different ways. This lack of standardization complicates the process of integrating different machines into a single monitoring system as custom adjustments may be required.
One solution is to have a dedicated IIoT platform that can work with these protocols, having the proper documentation to connect each machine to the cloud. You can use protocol gateways to act as intermediaries between machines using different communication protocols, these gateways are pieces of software that translate data into a standardized format compatible with your monitoring system. Gateways can support multiple protocols, allowing data to flow seamlessly across devices.
Achieving seamless machine monitoring in manufacturing is challenging due to the above complexities. If you’re a manufacturer trying to get real-time data from your machines, you are going to need to figure out how to connect your machines to the network and how to interpret the collected data into valuable KPI and insights for your operations.
This is why many manufacturers are opting for specialized machine monitoring solutions provided by companies like JITbase, MachineMetrics and FactoryWiz. These providers enable manufacturers to overcome these limitations by delivering real-time data insights directly from the machines, because it allows proactive maintenance, scheduling and resource allocation.
With a centralized monitoring solution, manufacturers can standardize data collection across diverse machine types.
By collecting data from each machine, shops can effectively streamline production processes, enhance OEE and make informed decisions that drive operational efficiency. |DE
Juan Carlos Lara Falcon is a marketing coordinator with JITbase in Montreal.
A CUT ABOVE
How agave fibre is refining product design in food and beverage manufacturing.
BY AKETZALLI VALDIVIA
Sustainability is no longer a fringe consideration in product design; it has become a critical priority for the food and beverage industry. As environmental concerns mount, businesses are searching for alternatives to the plastics and composites that have long dominated their products. Research published by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada reveals that Canadian consumers increasingly make purchasing decisions based on sustainability factors, highlighting the urgency of this shift.
Adopting sustainable materials introduces unique challenges, from material validation to overcoming misconceptions about performance. Yet it also opens doors to innovation. Upcycled agave fibre is an emerging example of a material that can balance these demands, offering environmental benefits while meeting the rigorous standards of an industry reliant on high-performing materials.
The potential of upcycled agave fibre
The concept of upcycled agave fibre builds on principles of the circular economy, repurposing by-products from agave plant harvesting. Agave fibre’s environmental advantages are manifold. Unlike conventional plastics, which remain in ecosystems for centuries, agave fibre
is biodegradable, breaking down naturally without leaving harmful residues. Its production also requires less energy, which translates into lower greenhouse gas emissions. By transforming agricultural waste into a usable resource, agave fibre mitigates the environmental impact of both material production and disposal. Its potential does not stop at its environmental profile. Research on Agave americana leaf fibres underscores their impressive mechanical properties, including tensile strength and elasticity, as documented in a research article analyzing their suitability for technical applications. These characteristics position it as a competitive alternative to synthetic materials in packaging, disposable utensils, and food containers. With this combination of sustainability and functionality, agave fibre challenges the status quo of an industry largely dependent on traditional materials.
The food and beverage sector imposes stringent demands on materials, and for good reason. Durability, heat resistance, and compliance with food safety regulations are non-negotiable. Agave fibre has undergone rigorous evaluation to ensure it meets these criteria. A study published in Industrial Crops and Products confirms the stability of agave fibre under a range of temperatures, making it
suitable for both hot and cold applications. Additionally, the research highlights its chemical composition, which adheres to food safety standards—a critical consideration for widespread adoption.
What truly sets agave fibre apart is its ability to achieve these benchmarks without compromising its biodegradable nature. Historically, biodegradable materials have faced skepticism regarding their durability and performance. Agave fibre bridges this gap, demonstrating that environmental responsibility and functionality can coexist in a single material.
Challenges in adoption
The road to integrating biodegradable materials into mainstream production is not without obstacles. Scaling up
production to meet industry demand is a significant challenge, particularly when costs remain higher than those associated with plastics. Market perceptions also present a hurdle. Many manufacturers and consumers hold the mistaken belief that biodegradable materials inherently lack the strength and usability of their plastic counterparts.
To address these issues, collaboration between materials engineers, sustainability researchers, and manufacturers is essential. Ongoing research and development have already begun to dismantle these misconceptions, showing that materials like agave fibre can perform competitively. With continued investment and innovation, the gap between biodegradable alternatives and traditional materials will narrow further. Photos: The
A quality assurance officer examines the results of our agave resin processed through injection molding into two pieces of cutlery.
Sustainability is not limited to a material’s origin or performance—it extends across the entire lifecycle of a product. Environmental lifecycle analysis (LCA) is an essential tool for evaluating a material’s impact from sourcing to end-of-life. Agave fibre performs well under such scrutiny. Its sourcing relies on by-products from existing agricultural processes, which avoids the need for additional resource extraction. At the other end of the lifecycle, its biodegradability ensures that it does not contribute to landfill overflow or microplastic pollution.
Research published in the Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Researchdemonstrates how LCAs guide decision-making for materials like agave fibre. The study highlights the trade-offs
involved—such as balancing energy use during production with environmental benefits—while ensuring that the material aligns with sustainability goals without compromising functionality.
Paving the way
For the food and beverage industry, the adoption of materials like upcycled agave fibre represents an opportunity to redefine product design in an era of heightened environmental awareness. The transition will require more than just technical advancements; it demands a cultural shift in how manufacturers, policymakers and consumers view sustainable materials.
The integration of agave fibre into product lines is not just an innovation—it is part of a broader movement
toward responsible design. By prioritizing materials that balance environmental impact with performance, the industry can lead the way in fostering a more sustainable future. In doing so, it sets a standard for other sectors,
proving that sustainable practices and high-quality engineering can go hand in hand. |DE
24_014629_Design_Engineering_MAR_APR_CN Mod: January 20, 2025 3:31 PM Print: 01/27/25 page 1 v2.5
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CLEAR SOLUTIONS
Aketzalli Valdivia is the COO at The Sustainable Agave Company in Toronto.
MOTION CONTROL
STAINLESS-STEEL DRIVES
SEW-EURODRIVE has introduced the WES Series stainless steel gear unit—a compact, hygienic drive solution that runs cool even under continuous operation. It integrates SPIROPLAN right-angle gearing, ensuring smooth, reliable performance without excessive heat buildup. Designed for food, beverage, and other hygienic applications, the WES Series is corrosion-resistant, easy to clean and rated for high-pressure washdowns.
MOTION
CONTROLLER
ETHERCAT MAINDEVICE
ADDS
Delta Motion has announced the addition of EtherCAT MainDevice capability to its RMC200 Motion Controller. The addition of EtherCAT MainDevice capability offers flexibility for connecting to and controlling any devices needed for high-performance hydraulic and electric motion control in industrial applications. The RMC200 can handle up to 50 axes of position and pressure control, and supports any combination of directly connected and EtherCAT I/O.
ULTRA-COMPACT HOLLOW SHAFT ANGLE SENSORS
Novotechnik has introduced its new WAL 200 Series of hollow shaft angle sensors that provide absolute, rotary position. Sensor dimensions are 7 x 22 mm. The WAL 200 Series has a measurement range of 0 to 340°. Mechanical range is a continuous 0 to 360°. Other key specifications include resolution of < 0.3°, repeatability of 0.3° and independent linearity of ±1 % of measurement range.
HIGH-THRUST LINEAR MOTOR STAGE
IKO has announced its LT170H2 direct drive linear motor stage for dynamic applications like semiconductor fabrication, which require high thrust forces and long strokes. This latest addition to the LT family of linear motor stages delivers 260N of rated force and up to 500N maximum, exceeding the thrust ratings of previous LT stages and expanding the linear stage series’ range of suitable applications—especially those that involve positioning heavy objects in tight spaces.
AC DRIVES AND SOFT STARTERS
AutomationDirect has added general-purpose WEG CFW320 AC drives and full-featured SSW900 soft starters. The CFW320 series VFDs offer all the features of the existing CFW300, including a compact size, a built-in HMI and an embedded SoftPLC, but provide support for 460 VAC and Ethernet communications. These drives support 230 VAC 3-phase motors up to 5hp and 460 VAC motors up to 10hp. The new SSW900 soft starters offer motor support up to 950A and a voltage range of 220-575 VAC.
MINIATURE LINEAR SERVO MOTOR
Moticont has added the SDLM-016-032-01-01-M (Metric) Direct Drive Linear Motor with an integrated encoder and temperature sensor to their SDLM Series of high precision linear actuators. Also known as an electric cylinder, this compact direct drive linear motor is just 15.9 mm in diameter and 31.8 mm long. Protected inside the motor housing, a 1.25-micron resolution linear quadrature encoder directly connected to the shaft provides the greatest possible accuracy with zero backlash.
STEPPER MOTORS FOR HARSH ENVIRONMENTS
Applied Motion Products has introduced the AW Stepper Motors, featuring an IP65-rated design that ensures reliable operation in harsh environments. These motors effectively shield internal components from external contaminants such as dust, dirt, moisture and grease. They are used in the medical, mining, steel, petrochemical and food processing industries and ensure reliable operation in high temperatures, high humidity, dusty conditions and moderately corrosive environments.
ULTRA-HEAVY-DUTY ABSOLUTE, INCREMENTAL ROTARY ENCODERS
POSITAL has introduced a new series of IXARC rotary encoders designed for applications where high shaft loadings may be encountered. With heavy-duty housings and shaft bearings, these units are designed to withstand radial shaft loads of up to 350 N and axial loads as high as 250 N, making them ideal for the conditions encountered in cargo-handling cranes, construction equipment and machinery for the forestry and logging industries.
4-AXIS DELTA ROBOT FOR PICK AND PLACE
igus has introduced the DR1000 four-axis delta robot that combines high speed and precision for demanding industrial applications. Boasting a 1,000-millimeter working diameter and an additional rotary axis that provides four degrees of freedom, the DR1000 allows robots to seamlessly grip and orient components. It also has a modular design for easy integration into existing automation systems.
ROBOT RANGE SUPPORTS MANUFACTURING DX
Mitsubishi Electric has launched its MELFA RH-10CRH and RH-20CRH SCARA robots, providing manufacturers with greater flexibility in adopting digital manufacturing while addressing skilled workforce shortages. These new robots enhance industrial automation through high-speed operation, easy installation, and exceptional efficiency. Compact and lightweight, they are ideal for manufacturers aiming to boost productivity while navigating space and weight constraints.
IE5/IE7 MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM
Lenze has presented its new, compact IE5/IE7 motor drive system, which performs without sensors—even in dynamic applications. The combination consists of the m550/m650 motor, the g500 gearboxes and the newest generation of variable frequency drives, the i550 and i650. The first synchronous motor is as easy to use as
an asynchronous motor. Thanks to its innovative design, it achieves energy efficiency classes IE5 and IE7.
DRIVE INTEGRATION TOOL FOR SERVO LINEAR ACTUATOR
Tolomatic Inc. has introduced its online drive integration tool that streamlines the selection and commissioning process to seamlessly match a drive system to a servo linear actuator. It combines the motor, drive, feedback and connection information across a wide range of industry-leading manufacturers with Tolomatic’s own servo linear actuator specifications. This online tool’s simple interface further increases its usability, providing engineers with three simple steps to arrive at a suggested cable connector for use with their system.
Rolling Ring LINEAR DRIVES
ELECTRICITY UNDER CONTROL
How sound can steer electric discharges around obstacles in the air.
A team of global researcher, including members from the University of Waterloo, have shown for the first time that electric sparks can be guided using ultrasonic waves. The study, published in Science Advances demonstrates how sound fields can steer electric discharges around obstacles and even into non-conductive materials, eliminating the unpredictable nature of conventional sparks.
“We observed this phenomenon more than one year ago, then it took us months to control it, and even longer to find an explanation,” says Dr. Asier Marzo, lead researcher from the Public University of Navarre (UPNA) in Spain.
Electric sparks are widely used in welding, electronics, sterilization and fuel ignition, but controlling them in open space has always been challenging. Sparks naturally seek out the closest conductive surface, creating chaotic, branching paths. But in this study, researchers successfully used ultrasonic waves to direct a 4-cm-long electric spark around an obstacle.
The technique works because sparks heat up the air, causing it to expand and reduce in density. The researchers discovered that ultrasonic waves could guide this heated, low-density air to specific regions, creating a path for the next sparks to follow. This method allows for precise steering of electricity through the air,
much like an invisible wire.
“Precise control of sparks allows their utilization in a wide variety of applications, such as atmospheric sciences, biological procedures and selective powering of circuits,” says Prof. Ari Salmi from the University of Helsinki in Finland.
Until now, guiding electric sparks required laser-induced discharges—or electrolasers—which involve dangerous high-energy lasers and precise synchronization between the laser and the spark. In contrast, the new ultrasound-based technique is compact and safe for human eyes and skin, making it a more practical and accessible solution.
This research has potential applications in various industries, including materials processing, electrical discharge machining and medical treatments.
Key findings
One striking aspect of this study is how sound waves can shape plasma movement in real time. By modulating the ultrasonic fields, the researchers were able to dynamically alter the direction of the plasma stream, allowing it to navigate complex paths. This level of control suggests that ultrasonic fields could be integrated into advanced manufacturing and industrial applications, where precision plasma processing is essential.
The ability to steer plasma with sound could have significant implications across multiple fields:
Advanced manufacturing: Plasma cutting and electrical discharge machining (EDM) could become more precise and efficient, improving material processing techniques.
Medical applications: Controlled plasma could be
used in wound sterilization and targeted therapies, minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.
Electronics and nanotechnology: The precise manipulation of plasma could aid in the fabrication of microelectronics and nanostructures.
This study presents a groundbreaking step in plasma physics and ultrasonics, but further research is needed to refine the technique and explore its scalability. Future studies could investigate how different ultrasonic frequencies affect plasma behavior, or how this method could be applied in high-energy industrial environments. The breakthrough was achieved through a collaboration among researchers from the University of Waterloo, UPNA the University of Helsinki. |DE
This research has potential applications in various industries, including materials processing, electrical discharge machining and medical treatments.
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