Incremental Housing Prototype - Brief Development by Gloria Tanui

INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KENYA A PROJECT PROGRAMMING IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING SCIENCES JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY BY GLORIA CHEROTICH TANUI AB241-0656/2011

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING SCIENCES JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017

ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

PREFACE

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INSPIRATION There's [going to be] a billion people on the planet that will be needing housing. Unless we follow the incremental approach to tackle scarcity of means, we won't solve this problem. We have to operate with systems that can complete themselves, so families can arrive to their middle-class potential. There's not enough time and there's not enough resource to do everything.

â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Alejandro Aravena

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DEDICATION To God, for being the strength of my heart and my portion every day. To my parents for their prayers, unending love and care. Thank you for being my biggest fans, constantly supporting me, encouraging me and teaching me to believe in myself. To my siblings, you have all been a continuous inspiration for me to keep pushing myself to achieve much more, to be a sister you can look up to.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To the Lord God Almighty, whose grace and love have seen me through as an architectural student, in and out of class. To my parents, thank you for providing for me everything I needed to pursue Architecture, and together with the rest of my family and friends, have supported and encouraged me. I am grateful to the chairman, Arch. Hashim O. Nadi for his encouragement and support, not only during this period but in the previous years as a studio master. To my supervisor Dr. Arch. Susan Kibue, for her wealth of knowledge and patience; and for her advice and guidance. A special thank you to Arch. O. Mbidhi, whose teaching in my first year, laid a good foundation and spurred me on to passionately pursue Architecture. To my classmates, for their togetherness and constant humour, made tough times in studio much lighter. With special mention to the ladies in my class, whose strong will and ambition to thrive in a previously male-dominated field, inspire me to keep on keeping on. To the committee and members of the Kaza Mwendo Housing Cooperative, Toi Market Tradersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Savings Scheme, and Muungano wa Wanavijiji - Southern Region who have contributed greatly to my project. Not forgetting E. O. Wasonga and K. M. Adungosi. Thank you all.

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DECLARATION I declare that this is my original work and confirm that, to the best of my knowledge, this entire programming has not been presented to this or any other university for examination or any other purpose. This thesis is a constituent part of the requirements necessary for the attainment of a Bachelor’s degree in Architecture at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology.

Signed

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (Author)

Date

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Gloria Cherotich Tanui, B.Arch. VI, AB241-0656/2011(Author)

Signed

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (Supervisor)

Date

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Dr. Arch. Susan Kibue, B.Arch. (Hons); M.A. Newcastle-U-Tyne.; Ph.D. Sheffield) (Supervisor)

Signed

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (C.o.D.)

Date

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Arch. Hashim O. Nadi, B.Arch. (Hons); MUD. (C.o.D.)

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ABSTRACT In light of the findings from my thesis: Incremental housing: evolutionary housing for the evolving family; A case of Kambi Moto, Huruma â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Kenya (Cherotich, 2017), this document focuses on my project which seeks to employ incremental housing as a sustainable mode of housing delivery as well as other principles of incremental, flexible and adaptable design applied in the design of a community centre. Case studies have also been considered in order to aid in the coming up of design concepts for the project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................................................................................ii INSPIRATION ............................................................................................................................................................................................ iii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................................................... v DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................................................ viii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................................................................xi LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. RESEARCH FINDINGS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4. THE PROJECT.................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.5. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION .............................................................................................................................................................. 12

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1.6 PROJECT OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2: BRIEF ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................................. 15 2.1. THE BRIEF......................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2. SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION ............................................................................................................................................... 17 2.3. SPACE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 3: FEASIBILITY STUDIES ........................................................................................................................................................... 46 3.1. SUSTAINABILITY ............................................................................................................................................................................... 47 3.2. CONSTRUCTIBILITY & MATERIAL USAGE...................................................................................................................................... 50 3.3. VIABILITY ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 51 3.4. COST ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 53 3.5. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................................................ 63 3.6. WORKS PROGRAMMES ................................................................................................................................................................ 64 CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES .................................................................................................................................................................... 67 4.1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................................................. 68 4.2. CASE STUDY 1: HOUSES OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA - KENYA................................................................................................. 69 4.3. CASE STUDY 2: ARANYA COMMUNITY HOUSING, INDORE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; INDIA ....................................................................................... 79 4.4. INFERENCES FROM CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................................................................... 63

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CHAPTER 5: SITE ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................................... 64 5.1. SITE SELECTION............................................................................................................................................................................... 65 5.2. SITE ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................................................. 65 5.3. ZONING .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 5.4. COMPOSITE MAP .......................................................................................................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 6: CONCEPTUALIZATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 88 6.1. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY: FLEXIBILITY, ADAPTABILITY & INCREMENTAL HOUSING ...................................................................... 89 6.2. CONCEPTS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 7: BIBLIOGRAPHY & APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................................... 100 7.1. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................................................. 101 7.2. APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................................................ 110

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Muungano wa Wanavijiji Kenya logo ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 2: Four Stages of family development adopted from the eight stages of the family life cycle by Duvall, 1977 ............. 16 Figure 3: Diagram showing structure of project. .................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 4: Community Centre spatial relationship diagram. ................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 5: Police post within the community centre spatial relationship diagram. ............................................................................ 27 Figure 6: Restaurant within the community centre spatial relationship diagram. ........................................................................... 28 Figure 7: Health centre within the community centre spatial relationship diagram........................................................................ 28 Figure 10: Administration offices within the community centre spatial relationship diagram. ....................................................... 29 Figure 8: Shops within the community centre spatial relationship diagram. ..................................................................................... 29 Figure 9: Meeting hall within the community centre spatial relationship diagram. ......................................................................... 29 Figure 11: Typology 1 stage 2 spatial relationship diagram. ................................................................................................................ 33 Figure 12: Typology 1 stage 1 spatial relationship diagram. ................................................................................................................ 33 Figure 14: Typology 1 stage 3 spatial relationship diagram. ................................................................................................................ 34 Figure 13: Typology 1 stage 4 spatial relationship diagram. ................................................................................................................ 34 Figure 15: Typology 2 stage 2 spatial relationship diagram. ................................................................................................................ 38 Figure 16: Typology 2 stage 1 spatial relationship diagram. ................................................................................................................ 38 Figure 17: Typology 2 stage 4 spatial relationship diagram. ................................................................................................................ 39 Figure 18: Typology 2 stage 3 spatial relationship diagram. ................................................................................................................ 39

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Figure 19: Typology 3 stage 2 spatial relationship diagram. ................................................................................................................ 42 Figure 20: Typology 3 stage 1 spatial relationship diagram. ................................................................................................................ 42 Figure 22: Typology 3 stage 4 spatial relationship diagram. ................................................................................................................ 43 Figure 21 Typology 3 stage 3 spatial relationship diagram. ................................................................................................................. 43 Figure 23: Gantt chart showing project works program. ...................................................................................................................... 64 Figure 24: Gantt chart showing design works program. ....................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 25: Gantt chart showing construction works program.............................................................................................................. 66 Figure 26: Kambi Moto in Huruma, Kenya ............................................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 27: Four of the villages of Huruma ................................................................................................................................................ 71 Figure 28: Nairobi County location .......................................................................................................................................................... 71 Figure 29: house with one additional floor from the starter house ...................................................................................................... 73 Figure 30: example of a starter house ..................................................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 31: example of a house transformed to maximum the maximum level. ............................................................................... 73 Figure 32: Typical first floor plan of the upgrading houses. .................................................................................................................. 74 Figure 33: Typical ground floor plan of the upgrading houses. ........................................................................................................... 74 Figure 34: Typical second floor plan of the upgrading houses............................................................................................................ 75 Figure 35: Typical section of the upgrading houses. ............................................................................................................................. 75 Figure 36: Typical elevation of the upgrading houses. ......................................................................................................................... 76 Figure 37: Kambi Moto house staircase building technology. ............................................................................................................. 77 Figure 38: Kambi Moto house kitchen space ......................................................................................................................................... 77

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Figure 39: Kambi Moto house roof made of timber & iron sheets ....................................................................................................... 77 Figure 40: Kambi Moto house ceiling building technology. ................................................................................................................. 77 Figure 41: view of Aranya community housing. ..................................................................................................................................... 79 Figure 42: Location map of Indore City, Madhya Pradesh â&#x20AC;&#x201C; India. .................................................................................................... 80 Figure 43: Aranya Stage 2 proposed plan. ............................................................................................................................................. 81 Figure 44: Aranya Stage 4 proposed plan. ............................................................................................................................................. 81 Figure 45: Aranya Stage 3 proposed plan. ............................................................................................................................................. 81 Figure 46: Aranya Stage one proposed by the IDA .............................................................................................................................. 81 Figure 47: users decide how much to build (incrementally: evolution by extension), Aranya. ..................................................... 82 Figure 48: House form variations showing incremental growth starting from the core unit, Aranya ............................................. 84 Figure 49: Stages of evolution in Aranya community housing project. .............................................................................................. 59 Figure 50: Aranya houses staircase options ............................................................................................................................................ 60 Figure 51: variation in layout and facade due to a combination of a variety of building elements. .......................................... 60 Figure 52: Aranya houses openings range. ............................................................................................................................................ 60 Figure 53: Aranya houses railing variations. ............................................................................................................................................ 61 Figure 54: Aranya houses extension options. .......................................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 55: Proposed masterplan of project site with the area of interest marked by the red ........................................................ 66 Figure 56: Project site from the proposed masterplan of the larger area. ........................................................................................ 67 Figure 57: sketch showing commercial space at the ground floor of a residential building. ........................................................ 68 Figure 58: Diagram illustrating site location area of interest marked in red. ..................................................................................... 68

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Figure 59: illustration showing neighbouring landmarks and nodes in relation to the site. ............................................................. 69 Figure 60: illustration showing location of the site in relation to the neighbouring towns. .............................................................. 69 Figure 61: illustration showing neighbourhood and sensory elements within and around with the site area of interest highlighted in brown................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 62: View 4 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Figure 63: View 3 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Figure 64: View 2 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Figure 65: View 1 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Figure 66: View 5 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 72 Figure 67: View 6 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 72 Figure 68: View 7 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 72 Figure 69: Master plan showing proposed buffer zone highlighted in red. ....................................................................................... 73 Figure 70: sketch showing balconies facing scenic view. .................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 71: illustration showing circulation & access within and to the site according to the proposed master plan. ............... 74 Figure 72: illustration showing circulation & access within and to the site according to the proposed master plan with the site area of interest highlighted in grey. ......................................................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 73: View 1 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 75 Figure 74: View 2 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 75 Figure 75: illustration of environment of the site with the site area of interest highlighted in dark green ..................................... 77 Figure 76: View 4 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 78

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Figure 77: View 3 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 78 Figure 78: View 2 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 78 Figure 79: View 1 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 78 Figure 80: View 5 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 79 Figure 81: View 6 of the site. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 79 Figure 82: Ground cover on site. .............................................................................................................................................................. 79 Figure 83: Annual average Cloud and humidity of site area. ............................................................................................................. 79 Figure 84: Annual average & max wind speed & gust of the site. ...................................................................................................... 79 Figure 85: Sketch showing cross ventilation as a passive ventilation & cooling method. ............................................................... 80 Figure 86: Sketch showing passive ventilation. ....................................................................................................................................... 80 Figure 87: Annual average rainfall amount & rainy days of the site. ................................................................................................. 80 Figure 88: Illustration of subdivisions of the proposed site as per the proposed master plan the site area of interest highlighted in grey and a red line. ................................................................................................................................................................................ 81 Figure 89: Diagram showing land use plan of the site with the area of interest marked by the red dotted line ........................ 82 Figure 90: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to circulation & access. .......................................................................... 84 Figure 91: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to circulation & access. .......................................................................... 84 Figure 92: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to environment ......................................................................................... 84 Figure 93: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to privacy & sensory elements. .............................................................. 85 Figure 94: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to circulation & access. .......................................................................... 85 Figure 95: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to land use. ............................................................................................... 86

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Figure 96: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to environment. ........................................................................................ 86 Figure 97: Illustration showing the composite map of the project area. ........................................................................................... 87 Figure 98: Illustration showing the Vitruvian triad. .................................................................................................................................. 90 Figure 99: Sketch illustrating concept: initial form .................................................................................................................................. 91 Figure 100: Sketch illustrating concept: form development.. .............................................................................................................. 92 Figure 101: Sketch illustrating concept: form development. ............................................................................................................... 92 Figure 102: Illustration showing incremental concept. .......................................................................................................................... 93 Figure 103: Illustration showing modular and incremental design concept ..................................................................................... 95 Figure 104: Illustration showing modular and incremental design concept using hexagonal modules. ..................................... 95 Figure 105: Illustration showing permanent and flexible elements of the incrmental concept. .................................................... 96 Figure 106: Illustration showing the free plan than can be partitioned to allow for flexibility. ........................................................ 97 Figure 107: Illustration showing sliding walls variations. ......................................................................................................................... 98 Figure 108: Illustration showing Expanded polystyrene panels. ........................................................................................................... 99 Figure 109: Illustration showing solar power system for a small household. ....................................................................................... 99

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LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Table showing the functional considerations of the community hall. ................................................................................. 18 Table 2: Table showing the functional considerations of the 4 housing typologies. ........................................................................ 19 Table 3: Table showing the functional considerations of the living activities at each stage of the family cycle adopted in this project. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Table 4: Table showing the design considerations & area analysis for the community centre. .................................................... 25 Table 5: Table showing the design considerations & area analysis for the house typology 1 in all 4 stages of development. 33 Table 6: Table showing the design considerations & area analysis for the house typology 2 in all 4 stages of development. 37 Table 7: Table showing the design considerations & area analysis for the house typology 3 in all 4 stages of development. 41 Table 8: Table showing the space summary including circulation for the community centre. ..................................................... 44 Table 9: Table showing space summary including circulation for the 3 house typologies in all 4 stages of development. ..... 45 Table 10: Table showing projected capital cost estimate for the community centre .................................................................... 53 Table 11: Table showing the projected annual income for the community centre. ....................................................................... 54 Table 12: Table showing projected/typical yearly cost for the community centre. ........................................................................ 55 Table 13: Table showing projected capital cost estimate for a single house of house typology 1 throughout its stages of development. .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 56 Table 14: Table showing projected capital cost estimate for a single house of house typology 2 throughout its stages of development. .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 57

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Table 15: Table showing projected capital cost estimate for a single house of house typology 3 throughout its stages of development ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 Table 16: Table showing the projected annual income of a single house of the house typologies throughout its stages of development ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 59 Table 17: Table showing projected/typical yearly cost of a single house of the house typologies throughout its stages of development ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 60 Table 18: Table showing the projected net income, rate of returns & break-even period for a single house of the house typologies throughout their stages of development ............................................................................................................................ 61 Table 19: Table showing total cost for the houses at their initial stage. ............................................................................................. 62 Table 20: Table showing the project financing for the community centre ....................................................................................... 63 Table 21: Table showing the comparison of wall and floor areas of different floor shapes. .......................................................... 94

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

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1.1. INTRODUCTION This project focuses on incremental housing which is a form of evolutionary, flexible and adaptable housing. It involves a kind of step-by-step configuration of the house to allow the users to build/improve their homes according their housing needs. It is expressed through many different volumetric increase of form and other modular developments. These developments are done according to the needs of families of different types and at various life stages. Its main aim is to reduce upfront capital cost and allow the user to manipulate the spatial configuration of their homes (within certain limits) according to their needs and income over time. Moreover, these flexible and adaptable design concepts can be applied to other developments as it has been seen in the design of office spaces. Therefore this project not only applies these concepts in the design of house typologies, but also in the design of a flexible/adaptable community centre.

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1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT Nairobi, being Kenya’s capital and largest city is an example of a city plagued with rapid urbanization. Despite being a thriving hub for business and culture, it is faced with pressure on the existing infrastructure and a shortage in housing leading to mushrooming of informal and squatter settlements, which are of poor quality and lack the necessary utilities and infrastructure contrary to the Kenya Vision 2030 (Kenya’s development program from 2008 to 2030): one of its goals is having a well-housed population in an environmentally-secure environment in Kenyan urban areas (Kenya Vision 2030, 2007). Despite the condition of these informal settlements, they satisfy the housing needs of the urban poor in reality. Taking Kambi Moto in Huruma as an example, the urban poor build incrementally; their rudimentary structure is transformed gradually into one of good quality and evolves into thriving neighbourhoods. The public and private sector often look for quick and solution to these informal settlements, disregarding the informal urban dwellers’ potential in the provision of formal housing. Yet, some of the advantages of informal housing construction include: satisfaction of the inhabitants’ needs, the speed of construction, self-sufficient, and the affordability of the final creation. The solution to the problem is not one single solution but rather a solution that is as dynamic as the problem; a solution that evolves as housing needs evolve. This project therefore seeks to employ a dynamic solution as new mode of housing delivery as well in a community centre to capture other forms of flexible/adaptable design.

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1.3. RESEARCH FINDINGS 1.3.1. Recommendations The current planning, design and implementation of the incremental housing process, specifically in Kambi Moto in Huruma, Kenya, has improved the lives of former slum dwellers not only in terms of the material housing needs of the beneficiaries but also their non-quantifiable needs. It can be used as a template to improve other urban slums in Kenya as it has been a success. Nevertheless, with the advent of new building technology, constant changes in the modern family and harsh economic times, there needs to be some changes in order to improve future modules. These recommendations are geared towards fulfilling the objective regarding improvement of present incremental housing modules and will focus on variables in the study’s conceptual framework (Cherotich, 2017): 

The evolving family and their evolving housing needs



Diverse use of living spaces



Incremental housing

1.3.1.1. Evolving Family & Their Evolving Housing Needs Any housing project, including incremental housing projects, should take into consideration the general changes the beneficiaries’ families may go through and consider how it translate to housing needs. This can be in terms of income, family composition and family life cycle stages; and their possible living/activity patterns which in turn inform the spatial requirements in different scenarios.

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Moreover, housing needs should not only be looked at as the quantifiable needs (quality, location of the shelter or the type of ownership), but also the non-material needs. Housing should provide opportunities through these quantifiable needs to satisfy other non-quantifiable needs: activity/living patterns.

1.3.1.2. Evolving Housing Needs & Diverse Use of Living Spaces Incremental housing projects, should make use of all possible principles of flexibility in evolutionary/adaptable housing through:

 

Creating room for gradual growth and improvement from the initial unit. Developing an ability to adapt in the beginning and then at each stage of growth, improvement and a wide variety of uses and changes in uses.



Developing an ability of acceptance of periods in which certain development operations are required, but are not yet statements or functionally possible.



Creating an ability of acceptance of critical periods in which there are abnormal uses, although temporary, implied by the works and changes associated with them.



Ensuring the appropriateness to physical and environmental, and innovative, resulting from new joints and connections implemented by successive developments



Spatial, environmental improvements and changes of use.

Also, housing needs of the evolving family should not only be scrutinized in terms of the family life cycle, but also in terms of: family structure, socio-economic status, lifestyle and cultural background in time and location. Page | 5

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1.3.1.3. Incremental Housing & Diverse Use of Living Spaces Incremental housing where possible should be applied in order to achieve bridge the gap between actual future users and the professionals involved in planning and design of housing. This type of housing delivery is good where the users may not have free choice to obtain suitable houses (in quantity and quality) due to limited resources. It improves the misgivings of the present housing system by allowing the users to achieve the spatial requirements of their living spaces according to their housing needs and priorities. Principle of Evolution: Incremental housing should strive to make provision for the appropriate type of transformation with regards to the building technology and material available, housing needs, and type and use of living spaces of the intended beneficiaries. Development System The entire development system should be looked at as a whole. All strategies and principles that organize the use of space form from one of singular use to one that offers multiple opportunities for growth and combinations in all stages should be set from the onset.

a. Core Unit When planning, designing and implementing the core unit, the spatial organization of the day-to day activities at possible stages in the family life cycle should be considered in order to determine permanent and flexible elements, as well as their position and orientation. Page | 6

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b. Building Elements: Permanent & Flexible Elements Building elements should be employed in order to achieve layouts that respond to the housing priorities and needs of the inhabitants. Moreover, there should be a variety of building elements for the users to choose from in order to aid them to come up with various combinations to achieve greater diversity in terms of use of living spaces through the layout and size. Also, other elements besides the building elements such as furniture and equipment should be employed to aid in achieving the needed use for living spaces.

c. Limitations Effect of limitations in the development system should be analysed with respect to the various combinations of transformations. Limitations such as: Location of housing, topography of the site, climatic factors, access to the site, the number of facades, the location of the stairs, the typology of the house (a constraint in the form). Building Technology & Materials Material and building technology selection is important when it comes to incremental housing as it should allow for relatively ease in construction, satisfy the element of flexibility; and with the advent of new building materials and technology, alternative cheaper methods and materials should be considered in material selection. Moreover, modular building technology should be considered since it allows various components, to be separated and removed. This can make future changes much easier to make.

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Participatory Process The participation process being a major factor in the incremental housing process should take into account the actors involved, specifically the inhabitants, who they are, how they are/will be affected by decisions made at each level: planning, design, implementation and maintenance of the incremental housing process, as well as how and to which level will they be involved, and what is needed to allow them to be involved. This influences all aspects of the development system, building material and technology selection, and flexibility techniques. Therefore, professionals should plan and design for participation at the various levels participation is to take place. This could involve coming up with transformation manual that guide the inhabitants on how to transform their houses but within certain standards to ensure quality houses.

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1.4. THE PROJECT 1.4.1. Project Location The site is located along Kangundo Rd in Koma Hill area, Kangundo Constituency in Machakos County – Kenya. Machakos County is part of the Greater Nairobi Metropolitan region which consists of 4 out of the 47 counties of Kenya. It is approximately 2.5km from Koma Hill market and 39km from Nairobi City Centre.

1.4.2. Project Theme Incremental design, flexible/adaptable design and architecture: incremental housing flexible/adaptable community centre.

1.4.3. Project Definition Following my thesis: “Incremental Housing: Evolutionary Housing for the Evolving Family. A Case of Kambi Moto, Huruma – Kenya” (Cherotich, 2017), the proposed project is a housing typologies for a housing scheme in Koma Hill for Kaza Mwendo Housing Cooperative. The housing designs will employs the incremental housing approach to the residential buildings in order to come up different permutations (from the initial/base unit to subsequent transformations) for different typologies that responds to the dynamic needs and living/activity patterns of the inhabitants. Moreover the project includes the design of a flexible/adaptable community centre within the housing scheme that employs flexible and adaptable design concepts highlighted in my thesis (Cherotich, 2017).

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1.4.4. Project Stakeholders The project stakeholders include: the client; the financiers who are: the Government of Kenya and Non-governmental Organizations; and the beneficiaries.

1.4.1.1. The Client The client is Kaza Mwendo Housing Cooperative.

1.4.1.2. Client Background & History Muungano wa Wanavijiji (see Figure 1) is the Kenyan Federation of Slum Dwellers that was started in 1996 by slum dwellers as a network of slums in Nairobi and Athi River, but has spread and now includes Kisumu, Timau, Mombasa, Kitale, Nakuru, Makindu, and Ndia. It was formed to resist eviction and land grabbing which was rampant in the mid-1990s to 2000s and has over 100,000 members in over 300 informal settlements across Kenya (Pamoja Trust, 2017). Muungano wa Wanavijiji – Southern Region in Nairobi consist of Kibera settlement which has three networks: Line saba, Soweto and Kibera Networks. Toi Market Traders’ Savings Scheme falls under the Kibera Networks. Toi Market Traders’ Savings Scheme was started in 2002 with 50 members but has grown to more than 500 members, 400 of which are active members. They undertake Muungano rituals on loans and daily savings, with help from Pamoja Trust, to enhance their lives and

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businesses. The members live in Kibera and Kawangware. Majority of them are of the low-income group1 while about 2% are of the middle income group2. In 2005 Toi Market Traders’ Savings Scheme, with the help of non-governmental institutions such as Homeless International (HI)3, purchased 80 acres land in Koma Hill, Machakos on loan, which they managed to pay off in 2014, for housing of its members (Approximately 400 members). They then formed Kaza Mwendo Housing Cooperative was formed in order to help them save and get funding for their housing project.

Figure 1: Muungano wa Wanavijiji Kenya logo (Source (UPFI, 2017))

Low income group comprises households with monthly expenditure falls below Ksh. 23,670 according to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics ((KNBS), 2017).

The middle income group comprises households with monthly expenditure of KSh 23,671 – Ksh.119, 999 according to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics ((KNBS), 2017).

Homeless International – whose real trading name is Reall - is growing a global network of effective Housing Development Enterprises to deliver land, housing and basic services

at scale and in perpetuity to low income urban communities in the developing world. It was launched in 1989 as Homeless International by activists in the UK but rebranded in 2014 as Reall. Page | 11

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1.4.1.3. The Financiers The construction of the project will be financed by the members of the Kaza Mwendo Housing Cooperative and the government and non-governmental organizations, giving 20% and 80%, respectively, of the total contract sum.

1.4.1.4. The Beneficiaries The beneficiaries are members of Kaza Mwendo Housing Cooperative as well as the community around the area in Koma Hill, as the housing scheme will have community facilities such as a police station, a community hall, a market and school.

1.5. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION With the urban population growing at a rate of 4.34% annually (CIA World Factbook, 2016) and the current shortage of housing and the deficit growing annually (Ministry of Land & Physical, 2016) there is need to explore new modes of housing delivery to aid in supplying housing to not only meet the housing supply demand but also to curb the growing deficit as well as applying flexible adaptable design concepts in the design of a community centre within the housing scheme. Moreover, this project is to employ this mode of housing delivery to show its dynamism just as housing needs are dynamic (Coelho, 2009) rather than mimic the current static solutions provided that are concerned with the immediate end product rather than what it does for the user, not only material wise but also socio-economically. (Turner & Fichter, 1972) Also, Kambi Moto being the only formal incremental housing scheme in Kenya, one of my researchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s objectives was to make recommendations on how to improve present incremental housing modules so that they can be adopted as a housing

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

option in Kenya where applicable. This project aims to demonstrate an improvement of the present incremental modules through applying findings and recommendations from my thesis (Cherotich, 2017). Additionally, the members of Kaza Mwendo Housing Cooperative are of the low income group and this mode of housing delivery reduces the upfront capital cost while still fulfilling the inhabitants housing needs. It will allow them manipulate the spatial configuration of their homes (within certain limits) carry out their living/activity patterns according to their needs and income over time.

1.6 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 1.6.1. General Objectives To formulate design concepts for residential housing prototypes that employ the incremental housing concepts in order to come up with permutations (from the initial/base unit to subsequent transformations) for different housing typologies of a housing scheme. These permutations are to provide diverse spatial and volumetric layouts that aid the users achieve greater diversity in the use of their living spaces according to their general housing needs, priorities and living/activity patterns. In addition to apply flexible adaptable design concepts in the design of a community centre within the housing scheme.

1.6.2. Functional Objectives

ď&#x201A;§

To come with different permutations (from the initial/base unit to subsequent transformations) of residential buildings that involve different volumetric increase/decrease of form and other modular developments that allow the user to Page | 13

ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

manipulate the spatial layout/configuration of their homes (within certain limits) according to their needs and income over time.



To come up with design concepts of a variety of building elements for the users to choose from in order to aid them to come up with various combinations of their homes to achieve greater diversity in terms of use of living spaces through the layout and size.



To come up with design concepts of a variety of building elements for the community centre to allow for flexibility and adaptability in its use.

1.6.3. Financial Objectives



To come up with design concepts for incremental housing as a mode of housing delivery that reduces the upfront capital cost while still fulfilling the inhabitants housing needs, priorities and living/activity patterns.



To formulate housing designs that allow interested users to generate an income from their living spaces, i.e. through provision of commercial spaces within their homes.



To formulate housing designs that allow for flexibility and adaptability in its use to get maximum return.

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

CHAPTER 2: BRIEF ANALYSIS

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2.1. THE BRIEF The client, Kaza Mwendo Housing Cooperatives, wishes to put up housing and community facilities: community hall and market, police post, health centre and a school for its members and the surrounding community. This project will focus on applying incremental design principles to the community centre and 3 housing typologies. These housing typologies selected to be a prototype for the various housing blocks in the housing scheme, and their different permutations. These permutations will be based on 4 broad family life stages (see Figure 2) of household/families of the members adopted from the family life cycle (Org, 2017). The family life cycle stages influences the activity/living patterns of the household and in turn affect the number of rooms, the size of the spaces and characteristics of the spaces in their homes. •Single individual •Beginning Family (Married couple without children) STAGE 1 •Early child bearing (oldest child is 30 months old)

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

STAGE 4

•Families with pre-schoolers (oldest child is 2.5 - 6 years old) •Families with school children(oldest child is 6 - 12 years old)

•Families with teenagers (oldest child is 12 - 20 years old) •Launching centre families (young adult –from the first to the last child leaving home)

•Middle aged families (Residing along retirement). •Aging families (retirement to death of both spouses) Figure 2: Four Stages of family development adopted from the eight stages of the family life cycle by Duvall, 1977 (Source: author)

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2.2. SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION

PROJECT

Community Centre

Houses (41)

Typologies

Stages of development

Typ. 1 = 12no. Typ. 2 = 14no. Typ. 3 = 15no.

Figure 3: Diagram showing structure of project. (Source: author)

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2.2.1. Functional Considerations This section discusses the functional considerations for each facility: the community centre; and the housing typologies at each stage of development.

a. Community Centre FACILITY

SPACES Police post

Health centre Meeting halls Restaurant

FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Security, effective zoning, safety & accessibility. Circulation, effective zoning, privacy, flexibility for future expansion. Storage, sitting area, control room. Sitting area, kitchen, storage, service yard Office space, reception, waiting

COMMUNITY CENTRE Administration offices

area/lounge, sanitary facilities and storage.

Utilities & ancillary facilities

Shops

Ablution, electricity, water supply and storage, garbage disposal, parking. Storage, display, counter/checkout point, loading bay/point, circulation.

Table 1: Table showing the functional considerations of the community hall. (Source: author)

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b. Housing Typologies The housing typologies are based on the use of the spaces. They include: living spaces, commercial spaces and rental spaces. FACILITY

DESCRIPTION

SPACES

FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Sleeping; sitting & dining; play area; food

TYPOLOGY 1

Residential

Living spaces

preparation & storage; storage; housekeeping; grooming & sanitary facilities; and social activity Sleeping; sitting & dining; play area; food

Living spaces TYPOLOGY 2

preparation & storage; storage; housekeeping;

Residential &

grooming & sanitary facilities; and social activity

commercial

Storage, sales point, loading and offloading Commercial spaces

goods/supplies, sanitary facilities, display & advertising, and services. Sleeping; sitting & dining; play area; food

TYPOLOGY 3

Residential & Residential

Living spaces

preparation & storage; storage; housekeeping; grooming & sanitary facilities; and social activity

rental Rental spaces

Living spaces, and services.

Table 2: Table showing the functional considerations of the 4 housing typologies. (Source: author)

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General Functional Considerations of the Residential Living Spaces according to the Activity/Living Activities of each Family Life Cycle Stage Each typology goes through 4 stages as discussed in the introduction of this chapter. Each stage has its functional consideration based on the living activity/pattern specific to that stage.

FUNCTION /STAGE

SLEEPING

STAGE 1

Infant & toddler sleeping space different from other family activities or members and noise from outside for undisturbed sleep but close enough for monitoring. Possibly apart from the parents.

STAGE 2

Separate sleeping spaces for children apart from the parents and preferably separate from the opposite sex.

SITTING & DINING

Should be located so as not to interrupt the child’s sleep.

Additional sitting space for the growing children. Space for reading for the school children.

PLAY AREA

Play area should be close to the mother’s working area, both indoors and outdoors. A space free from danger and covered for rainy days.

FOOD PREPARATION & STORAGE

Should be close enough to the children’s’ play area for verbal and visual communication. Storage of food and kitchen utensils.

SOCIAL ACTIVITY

Visual communication to public walkway used by neighbours. Open public space for meeting neighbours. Space for visiting family & friends who may stay overnight

STORAGE, HOUSEKEEPING, GROOMING & SANITARY FACILITES

Storage space for inhabitants. Space for dressing. Accessible sanitary facilities.

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

STAGE 3

Separate sleeping spaces for children of opposite sex.

Should be safe, secure and easy to access. STAGE 4

Extra sleeping space for their visitors and grandchildren.

Additional sitting space for the growing children. Preferably, separate sitting area from parents.

Play area space should be bigger to accommodate childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s games and their friends to join them. Safe play area from vehicular traffic.

Quiet space for reading for the school children. Sitting space should be secure and free from noise. Access to nature.

Table 3: Table showing the functional considerations of the living activities at each stage of the family cycle adopted in this project. (Source: author) adopted from (Yamoto, 1963, p. 166)

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2.2.2. Design Considerations & Area Analysis This section discusses the design considerations and area analysis for each facility: the community centre; and the housing typologies at each stage of development.

a. Community Centre DESIGN CONSIDERATION FACILITY

Functional spaces

Administration

Common Facilities

POLICE POST

Record & Evidence Investigation

Patrol

Functional/spatial requirements

Reception

AREA ANALYSIS

Design consideration

Capacity (x)

Waiting area, citizen & officer counter

18.0

2x 12% of total area

12.0

21.1

Secure

9.0

citizen & officer counter

9.0

10.5

21.0

4.5

9.0

5.0

50.0

Breakroom Locker rooms & washrooms

6 Lockers for storage

Interview room Adult holding room Juvenile holding room Sleep centre Secured Sally port

Total area (m2)

8.8

Record storage

5% of total space 3x

No. Of units

Staff offices

Evidence temporary lockers

Sub total

Unit (m2)

Secure

Secure & close to the entrance

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

General & specialty areas

Gun & ammo storage K-9 kennel

Secure

3.0

1.0

TOTAL

175.9 5% of total area 5% of total area

Reception Public area Washrooms Locker rooms Staff area

HEALTHCARE CENTRE

Clinic area

TOTAL

Break/meeting room Triage Consultation room Paediatric consultation room Procedure/ surgical room Recovery room Laboratory & Pharmacy Taking blood sample Ultrasound room X-Ray room Archives, storage & miscellaneous Kitchen

20.0 20.0

3% of total area

12.0

32.0

8.0 12.5x

12.5

8.0 50.0

7.5

90.3

28.2

40.0

6.25

6.3

10.8 30.0 10% of total space 6.0

10.8 30.0

10.8 35.0

40.0

6.0

400.1 Page | 23

ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

Small Medium Shops

Large

Storage, display, counter/checkout point, loading bay/point, circulation.

1 1

5.76x 8.64x

5.76 8.64

20 15

115.2 129.6

12.96x

12.96

129.6 374.4

Meeting Hall

MEETING HALL

1 hall that can be partitioned into:  1 no. 400 ppl capacity  4 no. 100 ppl capacity  8 no. 50 ppl capacity  20 no. 20 ppl capacity Miscellaneous & storage

220 55 27.5 Flexible, adaptable & acoustics.

400

1 4 8 330

0.75x + 0.075x

35% of total space

115.5 445.5

Dining Area Kitchen Restaurant

Various table sizes Food preparation, cooking, storage

500

Miscellaneous

500

0.25x

100

125

20% kitchen + dining

156.3 781.3

Office space Administration offices

10x

Storage Reception

10 Waiting Area

30% office space 5% of total space

100

6.5

6.5 136.5 Page | 24

ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

SUBTOTAL

2,314.7 Parking Ablution

Utilities & ancillary facilities

Electricity Water supply & storage Garbage disposal Sewage & Grey water disposal

Accessible to users & for maintenance.

10% of total area 1% of total area =

231.5

1 23.1

254.6 TOTAL

2,569.3 Table 4: Table showing the design considerations & area analysis for the community centre. (Source: author)

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

Spatial Relationship Diagram

COMMUNITY CENTRE

Figure 4: Community Centre spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

POLICE POST

Figure 5: Police post within the community centre spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

HEALTH CENTRE

Figure 7: Health centre within the community centre spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

RESTUARANT

Figure 6: Restaurant within the community centre spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author) : Page | 28

ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

ADMINISTRATION OFFICES

MEETING HALL

Figure 8: Administration offices within the community centre spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

Figure 10: Meeting hall within the community centre spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

SHOPS

Figure 9: Shops within the community centre spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author) Page | 29

ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

b. Housing Typologies The housing typologies are based on the use of the spaces. They include: living spaces, commercial spaces and rental spaces. a. Typology 1: Residential Typology 1 is purely for residential use. FUNCTIONAL SPACES RESIDENTIAL

STAGES

TOTAL (M2)

Function/spatial requirements Function/spatial requirements

Sleeping area

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

 Parent’s bed space & possibly a crib space  Storage

STAGE 1

AREA ANALYSIS

Min bed space + storage =3.5 x 3.6 =12.6 Min crib space =2.1 x 2.1 =4.4

Food preparation & storage area  Face NW/NE  Storage, cooker, cleaning space

Min. one-sided kitchen =1.8 x 3.0 =5.4

Sitting & dining area

housekeeping, grooming & sanitary facilities

Storage

 Dining furniture + circulation

 Sanitary fittings + utility room/space

 Good ventilation & lighting

Min. space for retractable table for 2 =2.14 x 1.1 =2.4

Min. space for WC, WHB & shower =2.2 x 1.45 =3.2

Min. 2% of living area =0.02 x 45.8 =0.9

Min. living room space for at least 2

Utility room/space + storage of cleaning

but at least 1m2

Social activity & Play area  Close to housekeeper’s workspace  Possibly guest room

Min guest room bed space + storage =3.2 x 2.6 =8.3

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

TOTAL

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

STAGE 2

AREA ANALYSIS

TOTAL

STAGE 3

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

17.0  Parent’s & children’s bed space  Storage  Reading space for children Min parents bed space + storage =3.5 x 3.6 =12.6 Min children’s (sharing 1room) bed space + storage =3.2 x 2.6 =8.3 20.9 Same as stage 2 + different rooms for children of the opposite sex

=3.0 x 2.1 =6.3

materials & equipment =1.8 x 1.8 =3.2

5.4

8.7

6.4

1.0

Same as stage 1

Same as stage 1 + sitting space for growing children

Same as stage 1

Min. dining space for 4 =2.6 Same as stage 1 =5.4

Min. living room space for 4 =4.0 x 3.0 =12.0

Same as stage 1 =6.4

Min. 2% of living area =0.02 x 54 =1.1

8.3

46.8

Same as stage 1 + covered space during rainy days. Possibly a covered terrace

Same as stage 1 =8.3

but at least 1m2

5.4

12.0

6.4

1.08

8.3

Same as stage 1

Same as stage 1 + sitting space for growing children

Same as stage 1 but possibly separate master bath.

Same as stage 1

55.1

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Min parents bed space + storage =3.5 x 3.6 =12.6 AREA ANALYSIS

TOTAL

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

STAGE 4

AREA ANALYSIS

Min childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (sharing 2 rooms) bed space + storage =2 x 3.2 x 2.6 =16.6

Min. dining space for 5 =3.8 Same as stage 1 =5.4

Min. living room space for 5 =4.0 x 4.0 =16.0

Same as stage 1 =6.4 Master bath =2.4 x 1.8 =4.3

Min. 2% of living area =0.02 x 73.4 =1.5

Same as stage 1 =8.3

but at least 1m2

29.2

5.4

19.8

10.7

1.5

8.3

Bed space & storage + extra circulation space in case of use of a wheelchair

Same as stage 1 + extra circulation space in case of use of a wheelchair

Sufficient space to move around in case of use of a wheelchair

Same as stage 1 but possibly separate master bath in case of use of a wheelchair

Same as stage 1

Retain space from previous stage

Min bed space + storage + adequate circulation space =5.0 x 4.1 =20.5

74.9

Min. space for 2 elderly

=2.1 x 3 =6.3

living room =4.75 x 3.5 =16.6 Dining room/space =4.75 x 2 =9.5

=6.4 Master bath for elderly =3.0 x 2.3 =6.9

Min. 2% of living area =0.02 x 74.5 =1.5

=8.3

but at least 1m2

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

TOTAL

20.5

6.3

26.1

13.3

1.5

8.3

76.0

Table 5: Table showing the design considerations & area analysis for the house typology 1 in all 4 stages of development. (Source: author)

Spatial Relationship Diagrams TYPOLOGY 1 | STAGE 1

Figure 12: Typology 1 stage 1 spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

TYPOLOGY 1 | STAGE 2

Figure 11: Typology 1 stage 2 spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author) Page | 33

ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

TYPOLOGY 1 | STAGE 3

Figure 13: Typology 1 stage 3 spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

TYPOLOGY 1 | STAGE 4

Figure 14: Typology 1 stage 4 spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

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b. Typology 2: Commercial + Residential Typology 2 is for both residential and commercial use. Where by the commercial space is minimum 9.02m 2 or 15% of the residential space. STAGES

COMMERCIAL

Function/spatial requirements

Commercial Space

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Storage, sales point, loading point & display

STAGE 1 AREA ANALYSIS

STAGE 2

FUNCTIONAL SPACES

15% of residential Or at least Min. for selfservice =4.1 x 2.2 =9.02

TOTAL

9.02

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Storage, sales point, loading point & display

RESIDENTIAL Sleeping area

Food preparation & storage area

Sitting & dining area

housekeeping, grooming & sanitary facilities

Storage

Social activity & Play area

TOTAL (M2)

Same as typology 1 =46.8

46.8

55.82

Same as typology 1

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

15% of residential =0.15 x 55.1 =8.3 AREA ANALYSIS Or at least Min. for selfservice =9.02 TOTAL

9.02

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Storage, sales point, loading point & display 15% of residential =0.15 x 74.9 =11.24

STAGE 3

55.1

64.12

Same as typology 1

AREA ANALYSIS Or at least Min. for selfservice =9.02

STAGE 4

TOTAL

11.24

74.9

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Storage, sales point, loading point & display

Same as typology 1

86.14

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

15% of residential =0.15 x 76.0 =11.4 AREA ANALYSIS Or at least Min. for selfservice =9.02 TOTAL

11.4

76.0

87.4

Table 6: Table showing the design considerations & area analysis for the house typology 2 in all 4 stages of development. (Source: author)

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Spatial Relationship Diagram

TYPOLOGY 2 | STAGE 1

Figure 16: Typology 2 stage 1 spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

TYPOLOGY 2 | STAGE 2

Figure 15: Typology 2 stage 2 spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

TYPOLOGY 2 | STAGE 3

Figure 18: Typology 2 stage 3 spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

TYPOLOGY 2 | STAGE 4

Figure 17: Typology 2 stage 4 spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

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c. Typology 3: Rental + Residential Typology 3 is for both residential and rental use. Where by the ideal minimum space for the rental space for residential use is 20m2 per person according to the Floor Area per person, one of the housing indicators approved by the Unite Nations Commission on Human Settlements (UNCHS) (UNCHS, 2000). FUNCTIONAL SPACES

STAGES

RENTAL

Function/spatial requirements

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

STAGE 1

Rental

Living space + sanitary facilities Min. space =20.0

RESIDENTIAL Sleeping area

Food preparation & storage area

Sitting & dining area

housekeeping, grooming & sanitary facilities

Storage

Social activity & Play area

TOTAL (M2)

Same as typology 1

AREA ANALYSIS

TOTAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

STAGE 2

20.0 Living space + sanitary facilities Min. space =20.0

46.8

66.8

Same as typology 1

AREA ANALYSIS

TOTAL

20.0

55.1

75.1

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

STAGE 3

Living space + sanitary facilities Min. space =20.0

Same as typology 1

AREA ANALYSIS

TOTAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

STAGE 4

20.0 Living space + sanitary facilities Min. space =20.0

74.9

94.9

Same as typology 1

AREA ANALYSIS

TOTAL

20.0

76.0

96.0

Table 7: Table showing the design considerations & area analysis for the house typology 3 in all 4 stages of development. (Source: author)

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

Spatial Relationship Diagram

TYPOLOGY 3 | STAGE 1

Figure 20: Typology 3 stage 1 spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

TYPOLOGY 3 | STAGE 2

Figure 19: Typology 3 stage 2 spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

TYPOLOGY 3 | STAGE 3

Figure 22 Typology 3 stage 3 spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author) :

TYPOLOGY 3 | STAGE 4

Figure 21: Typology 3 stage 4 spatial relationship diagram. (Source: author)

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

2.3. SPACE SUMMARY a. Community Centre FACILITY

Community Centre

FUNCTIONAL SPACE

FLOOR AREA (M2)

Police post

175.9

Healthcare centre

400.1

Shops

374.4

Meeting hall

445.5

Restaurant

781.3

Administration offices

136.5

Utilities & ancillary facilities

254.6

SUBTOTAL

2,569.3

CIRCULATION (15% OF TOTAL FLOOR AREA) TOTAL

385.4 2,954.7

Table 8: Table showing the space summary including circulation for the community centre. (Source: author)

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

b. Houses

TYPOLOGIES

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

46.8

55.1

74.9

76.0

7.0

8.3

11.2

11.4

TOTAL

53.8

63.4

86.1

87.4

SUBTOTAL

55.82

64.12

86.14

87.4

8.4

9.6

12.9

13.1

TOTAL

64.2

73.7

99.1

100.5

SUBTOTAL

66.8

75.1

94.9

96.0

10.0

11.3

14.2

14.4

76.8

86.4

109.1

110.4

SUBTOTAL TYPOLOGY 1

TYPOLOGY 2

TYPOLOGY 3

STAGES

CIRCULATION (15% OF TOTAL AREA)

TOTAL

Table 9: Table showing space summary including circulation for the 3 house typologies in all 4 stages of development. (Source: author)

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CHAPTER 3: FEASIBILITY STUDIES

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3.1. SUSTAINABILITY True sustainability encourages the responsible use of resources, i.e. not creating environmental concerns that could cause harm to the balance of the local ecology (Tatum & Harris, 2017). It involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs as well. The World Summit on Social Development of 2005 identified Sustainable development goals components as: economic development, social development and environmental protection (UN, 2005). These components are not mutually exclusive but are interdependent.

3.1.1. Economic Sustainability The project is set to provide entrepreneurial opportunities through creating spaces that allow the inhabitants to carry out income generating activities to sustain and develop/transform their homes and household/family; as well as generate revenue for the community and the housing cooperative as well. Moreover, the project employs incremental housing concepts that reduces the upfront capital cost while still fulfilling the inhabitants housing needs, priorities and living/activity patterns.

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3.1.2. Social Sustainability According to Social Life4, UK social sustainability is a process for creating sustainable, successful places that promote wellbeing, by understanding what people need from the places they live and work; it combines design of the physical realm with design of the social world – infrastructure to support social and cultural life, social amenities, and systems for citizen engagement and space for people and places to evolve. And has four dimensions: amenities and infrastructure, social and cultural life, voice and influence, and space to grow. This project will use incremental housing concepts to help the users come up with different spatial and volumetric configurations that help them achieve their housing needs, priorities necessary and to comfortably carry out their living/activity patterns.

3.1.3. Environmental Sustainability Herman Daly (1990) proposed that environmental sustainability involved (Daly, 1990, pp. 2:1–6):

 

For renewable resources: the rate of harvest should not exceed the rate of regeneration (sustainable yield); For pollution: the rates of waste generation from projects should not exceed the assimilative capacity of the environment (sustainable waste disposal); and

Social Life is a UK-based social enterprise, created by the Young Foundation in 2012, to become a specialist centre of research and innovation about the social life of

communities (Social Life, 2017). Page | 48

ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

ď&#x201A;§

For non-renewable resources: the depletion of the non-renewable resources should require comparable development of renewable substitutes for that resource.

In this light, the project will employ locally available material and labour for construction; use sustainable building materials, integrate renewable energy generation techniques in the building design; employ efficient passive heating, cooling and ventilation systems; and efficient and suitable waste disposal and management.

3.1.4. Technological Sustainability As earlier stated, sustainability involves the responsible use of resources without causing harm to the environment, both in the short term and long term. Beside the three pillars of sustainability, it is important to look at technological sustainability as technology is a part of our everyday life and has effects on the environment. Technological sustainability can be applied through, but are not limited to: appropriate technology, eco-technology environmental technology, green technology or clean technology. The latter employ environmental science, green chemistry, environmental monitoring and electronic devices in order to monitor, model and conserve the natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of human involvement (Environmental technology, 2017) . This project endeavours to employ technological sustainability through use of appropriate technology, eco-technology environmental technology, green technology or clean technology where suitable.

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3.2. CONSTRUCTIBILITY & MATERIAL USAGE 3.2.1. Constructability According to the Construction Industry Research and Information Association, CIRIA5, Constructability is the extent to which the design of the building facilitates ease of construction, subject to the overall requirements for the completed building (McGeorge & Kerry, 2002, p. 54). It is used for continuous evaluation of the project during design, planning, construction, and completion. This project design is realistic and is expected to be executed within a budget and the time afforded (for the initial/base unit of the residential buildings). Also, the project is expected to use speedy construction technology; and locally available materials to reduce the cost of construction incurred in labour cost and material and equipment transportation costs where possible but still maintain quality requirements. Additionally, the project design will take into consideration the site characteristics and respond accordingly in order enhance the ease of construction as well as meet the building and planning standards. Furthermore, the project design is proposed is employ public participation at some levels by allowing the users to make transformations to their initial/base unit and to spaces within the community centre, therefore the building technology used should not only meet serviceability requirements with regard to maintenance in the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lifespan but should allow for ease of construction to allow the users to take part in construction.

Construction Industry Research and Information Association, CIRIA, is a neutral, independent and not-for-profit body that links organizations with common interests and facilitate a range of collaborative activities that help improve the industry (About CIRIA, 2017). Page | 50

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3.2.2. Material Usage The principle building material will be Expanded Polystyrene Panels, EPS. This building material will be preferable as they are readily available as the EPS factory in Mavoko, Machakos County is 41km from the site. Its benefits also include hat the panels act compositely when under load, providing free standing and load bearing capabilities. Considering the project is to apply incremental design, EPS panels allow for modular design which is an important element in flexible/adaptable design. Moreover, the project is to be applied at a large scale for the housing scheme and this modular design will cut cost and time.

3.3. VIABILITY Viability of a project is, but not limited to, its ability to sustain itself, grow, meet its objectives and offer the expected returns of the investor (What is viability?, 2017).

3.3.1. Economic Viability The project is expected to be economically viable as it will allow the users to have upgradable smaller, but up-to-standard dwellings, at a lower upfront cost with a provision for future transformations. This is in comparison to having large dwellings that may be of lower standards and have a higher initial cost. The former is more suitable as the users are of the low income group and may not be able to come up with a large initial capital upfront. Page | 51

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The cost of construction will be catered for by the client, and the government and Non-governmental Organizations (20% and 80% respectively). The cost of maintenance and subsequent transformations from the initial/base unit will be provided by the houseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inhabitants. While the cost of maintenance of the community facilities will be planned for by their administrations through various ways appropriate to the facility.

3.3.2. Social Viability The project applies incremental housing concepts and is expected to be socially viable because it promises to meet the social needs of the users through providing a solution that is as dynamic as the families. It meets their ever-changing housing needs, priorities as it allows them to carry out their living/activity patterns within their living spaces. This was observed in my field research (Cherotich, 2017).

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3.4. COST ANALYSIS This section discusses the cost analysis for the project facilities: the community centre and the housing typologies at each stage of development. Each is discussed separately due to their difference in cost analysis structure.

3.4.1. Community Centre a. Projected Capital Cost Estimate FACILITY

TOTAL FLOOR AREA

AVERAGE COST

TYPICAL ADDITIONAL

(M2)

(35,000/M2)

COSTS*

2,954.7

103,414,325.00

589,461.65

COMMUNITY CENTRE

TOTAL COST

104,003,786.65

Table 10: Table showing projected capital cost estimate for the community centre (Source: author)

* Additional costs: Fees and permits

Contractors overhead

Professional fees

10%

Contingency allowance

added VAT

16%

Allowance for inflation

20%

TOTAL

57%

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ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

b. Projected Income FACILITY POLICE POST HEALTHCARE CENTRE SHOPS

MEETING HALL RESTAURANT UTILITIES & ANCILIARIY FACILITIES

Tickets Outpatient Pharmacy Small Medium Large

EXPECTED NO. OF CLIENTS 30 100 30 100 75 50 1,200 2,250

Parking

CHARGE PER CLIENT 1,000 1,000 500 300.00 500.00 1,000.00 150.00 250.00 150.00

GROSS MONTHLY TOTAL

TOTAL MONTHLY INCOME 30,000.00 100,000.00 15,000.00 30,000.00 37,500.00 50,000.00 337,500.00 300,000.00 4,500.00 904,500.00

GROSS ANNUAL TOTAL

10,854,000.00 Table 11: Table showing the projected annual income for the community centre. (Source: author)

c. Projected Expenditure/Typical Yearly Cost EXPENDITURE

SUBTOTAL 18,228.00

Energy and Utility

0.2% of income

Tax and insurance cost

0.2% of cost

156,153.43

Repairs and maintenance

0.2% of cost

156,153.43 Page | 54

ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

Land rates

0.2% of cost

156,153.43

Depreciation of assets

0.5% P.A of cost

390,383.57

Statutory expenses

0.5% of cost

390,383.57

Wages and Salaries

400,000.00

TOTAL RECURRENT

2,082,288.59 Table 12: Table showing projected/typical yearly cost for the community centre. (Source: author)

d. Projected Net Income, Rate of Return & Break-even Period Net Income = Total Income – Expenditure =10,854,000.00 – 2,082,288.59 = 8,771,711.41 Rate of returns = Net Income / Total Projected Cost = 8,771,711.41 ÷ 104,003,786.65 = 8.4% Break-even Period = Total Projected Cost / Net Income = 104,003,786.65 ÷ 8,771,711.41 = 12 Years Page | 55

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3.4.2. Houses a. Projected Capital Cost The projected capital cost for each typology is discussed in this section. The client will have the option of starting at stage 1 and build through the stages, additional amounts to the next stage are captured. They also have an option of building a house at a given stage without going through the stages. i.

Typology 1

STAGES

TYPICAL

TOTAL COST

ADDITIONAL

TOTAL FLOOR

AVERAGE COST

AREA (M2)

(35,000/M2)

STAGE 1

53.8

1,883,700.00

1,073,709.00

2,957,409.00

STAGE 2

63.4

2,217,775.00

1,264,131.75

3,481,906.75

+524,497.75

STAGE 3

86.1

3,014,725.00

1,718,393.25

4,733,118.25

+1,251,211.50

STAGE 4

87.4

3,059,000.00

1,743,630.00

4,802,630.00

+69,511.75

ADDITIONAL

AMOUNT TO THE

COSTS*

NEXT STAGE

Table 13: Table showing projected capital cost estimate for a single house of house typology 1 throughout its stages of development. (Source: author)

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Percentage difference in initial capital cost with incremental housing concept house typology 1: = {stage 4 (final complete house) cost – stage 1 (initial/core unit) cost} ÷ stage 4 (final complete house) cost = {4,802,630.00 - 2,957,409.00} ÷ 4,802,630.00 x 100% = 38.4% decrease in capital cost ii.

Typology 2

STAGES

TYPICAL

TOTAL COST

ADDITIONAL

TOTAL FLOOR

AVERAGE COST

AREA (M2)

(35,000/M2)

STAGE 1

64.2

2,246,755.00

1,280,650.35

3,527,405.35

STAGE 2

73.7

2,580,830.00

1,471,073.10

4,051,903.10

+524,497.75

STAGE 3

99.1

3,467,135.00

1,976,266.95

5,443,401.95

+1,691,726.42

STAGE 4

100.5

3,517,850.00

2,005,174.50

5,523,024.50

+79,622.55

ADDITIONAL

AMOUNT TO THE

COSTS*

NEXT STAGE

Table 14: Table showing projected capital cost estimate for a single house of house typology 2 throughout its stages of development. (Source: author)

Percentage difference in initial capital cost with incremental housing concept house typology 2: = {stage 4 (final complete house) cost – stage 1 (initial/core unit) cost} ÷ stage 4 (final complete house) cost = {5,523,024.50 - 3,527,405.35} ÷ 5,523,024.50 x 100% = 36.1% decrease in capital cost Page | 57

ONGELENYA VILLAGE: Incremental Housing Scheme

iii.

Typology 3

STAGES

TYPICAL

TOTAL COST

ADDITIONAL

TOTAL FLOOR

AVERAGE COST

AREA (M2)

(35,000/M2)

STAGE 1

76.8

2,688,700.00

1,532,559.00

4,221,259.00

STAGE 2

86.4

3,022,775.00

1,722,981.75

4,745,756.75

+524,497.75

STAGE 3

109.1

3,819,725.00

2,177,243.25

5,996,968.25

+1,251,211.50

STAGE 4

110.4

3,864,000.00

2,202,480.00

6,066,480.00

+69,511.75

ADDITIONAL

AMOUNT TO THE

COSTS*

NEXT STAGE

Table 15: Table showing projected capital cost estimate for a single house of house typology 3 throughout its stages of development (Source: author)

Percentage difference in initial capital cost with incremental housing concept for house typology 3: = {stage 4 (final complete house) cost – stage 1 (initial/core unit) cost} ÷ stage 4 (final complete house) cost = {6,066,480.00- 4,221,259.00} ÷ 6,066,480.00 x 100% = 30.4% decrease in capital cost

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b. Projected Income For the houses, the projected income will be taken as the average rent the owner would have paid for a house similar to theirs in a similar area.

STAGE/INCOME* TYPOLOGY 1

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

STAGE 4

17,000.00

35,000.00

40,000.00

42,000.00

GROSS ANNUAL TOTAL

204,000.00

420,000.00

480,000.00

504,000.00

GROSS MONTHLY

20,000.00

40,000.00

45,000.00

50,000.00

GROSS ANNUAL TOTAL

240,000.00

480,000.00

540,000.00

600,000.00

GROSS MONTHLY

25,000.00

45,000.00

50,000.00

55,000.00

300,000.00

540,000.00

600,000.00

660,000.00

GROSS MONTHLY TOTAL

TYPOLOGY 2

TOTAL

TYPOLOGY 3

TOTAL GROSS ANNUAL TOTAL

Table 16: Table showing the projected annual income of a single house of the house typologies throughout its stages of development (Source: author)

*Income will be taken as the average rent the owner would have paid for a house similar to theirs in a similar area.

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c. Projected Expenditure

TYPOLOGIES

EXPENDITURE*

TYPOLOGY 1 TYPOLOGY 2

0.9% of Cost

TYPOLOGY 3

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

STAGE 4

26,616.68

31,337.16

42,598.06

43,223.67

31,746.65

36,467.13

48,990.62

49,707.22

37,991.33

42,711.81

53,972.71

54,598.32

Table 17: Table showing projected/typical yearly cost of a single house of the house typologies throughout its stages of development (Source: author)

*Expenditure: Tax and insurance cost (0.2% of cost) Repairs and maintenance (0.2% of cost) Depreciation of assets (0.5% P.A of cost) Total recurrent = 0.9% of the cost

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d. Projected Net Income, Rate of Return & Break-even Period

TYPOLOGY 1

Net Income* Rate of returns* Break-even period*

TYPOLOGY 2

Net Income* Rate of returns* Break-even period*

TYPOLOGY 3

Net Income* Rate of returns* Break-even period*

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

STAGE 4

177,383.32

388,662.84

437,401.94

460,776.33

0.06

0.11

0.10

16 yrs. 9Months

9 yrs.

9 yrs. 8Months

10 yrs. 5Months

208,253

443,533

491,009

550,293

0.06

0.11

0.09

0.10

13 yrs. 6Months

9 yrs. 2Months

8 yrs. 6Months

10 yrs.

262,008.67

497,288.19

546,027.29

605,401.68

0.06

0.10

0.09

0.10

16 yrs. 2Months

9 yrs. 6Months

11 yrs.

10 yrs.

Table 18: Table showing the projected net income, rate of returns & break-even period for a single house of the house typologies throughout their stages of development (Source: author)

Net Income* = Total Income – Expenditure Rate of returns* = Net Income / Total Projected Cost Break-even Period* = Total Projected Cost / Net Income

Average percentage decrease in initial capital with the incremental housing concept: =Total percentage decrease of all the housing typologies ÷ no. of unit = (38.4 + 36.1 + 30.4) ÷ 3 =35% percentage decrease in initial capital with the incremental housing concept Page | 61

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3.4.3. Projected Project Financing The housesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; financing will be done at the initial stage level, stage 1, and allow the home owner to build incrementally as their resources allow, therefore the financing will be as follows: HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

NUMBER OF UNITS

UNIT COST

Typology 1

2,957,409.00

35,488,908.00

Typology 2

4,221,259.00

59,097,626.00

Typology 3

4,221,259.00

63,318,885.00

TOTAL

TOTAL AMOUNT

157,905,419.00 Table 19: Table showing total cost for the houses at their initial stage. (Source: author)

Therefore including the community centre & housing typologies the total cost is: = community centre cost + housing typologies (within block of interest) cost =104,003,786.65+ 157,905,419.00 = 261,909,205.65

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PARTICIPANTS

LEVEL OF CONTRIBUTION

AMOUNT

Kaza Mwendo Housing Cooperative

30%

78,572,761.70

Government of Kenya

20%

52,381,841.13

Homeless International

25%

65,477,301.41

Pamoja Trust

25%

65,477,301.41

TOTAL

261,909,205.65 Table 20: Table showing the project financing for the community centre (Source: author)

3.5. CONCLUSION The project is rationally economically viable as the community centre has spaces that can be used for multiple purposes and will pay back within 12 years. The houses are economically viable as they would cut down the initial capital cost by an average of 35% by using the incremental housing concept.

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3.6. WORKS PROGRAMMES 3.6.1. Project Works Program

ITEM/MONTH

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Inception Feasibility Outline proposal Scheme design Detailed Design Bills of Quantities Tendering Project planning Operation on site Completion Feedback Figure 23: Gantt chart showing project works program. (Source: author)

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3.6.2. Design Works Program

ITEM/WEEK

Finalization of Brief, completion of Site analysis & Brief analysis Concept Development, Layout Planning, & Basic Design Form Overall Design resolution Detailed Design Working Drawings, Models & perspectives Figure 24: Gantt chart showing design works program. (Source: author)

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3.6.3. Construction Works Program

TASK/MONTH

Sub-structure Super-structure Finishes Doors & Windows Joinery Sanitary Fittings Plumbing & Drainage Electrical Landscaping Road works Handing over Figure 25: Gantt chart showing construction works program. (Source: author)

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CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES

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4.1. INTRODUCTION The project is to implement flexible and evolutionary/adaptable housing through incremental housing as well as other flexible and evolutionary/adaptable approaches implemented to be implemented in the Community Centre facilities. Therefore the two case studies were selected in order to give insight on incremental housing and how it has been used to achieve a diversity in the use of spaces as a result of the evolving family and its evolving housing needs. Some of the aspects studied in each case study include: 

Background



The Principles of Evolution



Development of the System



Building Technology & materials



Participatory process



The Outcome

The case studies include: a. Houses of Kambi Moto, Huruma – Kenya b. Aranya Community Housing, Indore - India

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4.2. CASE STUDY 1: HOUSES OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA - KENYA

Figure 26: Kambi Moto in Huruma, Kenya (Source: (Guerrero & Wanyoike, 2017))

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4.2.1. Background 4.2.1.1 Description Kambi Moto housing project is located 6.8kms on the North-East of the Capital and lies on the left side of Juja road in Huruma, in Nairobi County Kenya see figure 52. It one of six villages: Kambi Moto, Mahira, Redeemed, Ghetto, Gitathuru and Madoya. These six villages occupy a total area of 10.2 acres, see figure 53. With the assistance of Pamoja Trust6 and the Italian organization â&#x20AC;&#x201C; COOPI (Cooperazione Internazionale) the community was able to develop saving schemes and gain the necessary skills to achieve proper housing for all members (Guerrero & Wanyoike, 2017).

4.2.2. Incremental Housing 4.2.2.1. Principles of Evolution Houses of Kambi Moto employ evolution by addition, vertically: the users construct additional levels (typically maximum of +2-storeys see Figure 13 & Figure 11) to the starter house (the initial/base unit), see Figure 12.

Pamoja Trust is a non-profit organization that seeks to promote access to land, shelter and basic services for the urban poor. It owes its origins to the need for institutional support for the anti-evictions movement that arose and grew in Kenya in late 1990s and early 2000. The Trust collaborates closely with Muungano wa Wanavijiji, a federation of over 30,000 households living in 400 informal settlements across the country, helping to form daily saving groups through which poor communities can access crucial resources. 6

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Figure 28: Nairobi County location (Source: (Maphill, Map of Nairobi, 2017))

Figure 27: Four of the villages of Huruma (Source: (Ettyang', 2011))

4.2.2.2. Development System a. Core Unit & Subsequent Transformations The core unit stage of the Houses of Kambi Moto in the development system, also known as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Starter Houseâ&#x20AC;? see Figure 12 shown the previous page. They are used as a residential building to carry out all housing activities especially basic functions: sleeping, food preparation/cooking, storage, dressing; and sanitary functions on the ground floor and first floor, respectively.

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The core unit is transformed through addition of levels vertically. Due to the building technology used, the building can only go up to a maximum of 2 stories, see Figure 11 & Figure 13. b. Building Elements: Flexible & Permanent Elements The permanent elements in the Houses of Kambi Moto are the exterior walls of houses, and the wall abutting/enclosing the staircase as well as the staircase itself see Figure 32 - Figure 36. The flexible elements in the Houses of Kambi Moto the doors, windows, some of the interior walls and the furniture, see Figure 32 - Figure 36. c. Limitations The limitations of the Houses of Kambi Moto include: the typology of the house, thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only one type of house; the number of facades; and the location of the staircase.

4.2.2.3. Building Technology & Materials The Houses of Kambi Moto use iron sheet (for roofing), timber (for roofing, doors and some interior wall partitions), natural stone and concrete (for walling) to construct their houses, as well as lattice technology, precast concrete panels, for the floor slabs and iron bars and glass for windows, see Figure 40, Figure 37, Figure 38 & Figure 39.

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Figure 30: example of a starter house (Source: author).

Figure 29: house with one additional floor from the starter house (Source: (Guerrero & Wanyoike, 2017))

Figure 31: example of a house transformed to maximum the maximum level. (Source: author)

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Figure 33: Typical ground floor plan of the upgrading houses. (Source: Tecta Consultans - Architects)

Figure 32: Typical first floor plan of the upgrading houses. (Source: Tecta Consultans - Architects)

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Figure 34: Typical second floor plan of the upgrading houses. (Source: Tecta Consultants - Architects)

Figure 35: Typical section of the upgrading houses. (Source: Tecta Consultants - Architects)

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Figure 36: Typical elevation of the upgrading houses. (Source: Tecta Consultants - Architects)

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Figure 40: Kambi Moto house ceiling building technology. (Source: author).

Figure 39: Kambi Moto house roof made of timber & iron sheets (Source: author).

Figure 38: Kambi Moto house kitchen space (Source: author).

Figure 37: Kambi Moto house staircase building technology. (Source: author).

4.2.2.4. Participatory Process The residents of Kambi Moto were involved at all levels of the project: design, planning, construction and maintenance. They were involved in the design through house dreaming and design, and their ideas were presented to the architect a after which, the architect modified â&#x20AC;&#x153;the community dreamâ&#x20AC;? to suit residents while taking into consideration the project constraints. The residents were/are involved in the construction process through providing unskilled labour not only for the starter house but also all subsequent transformations to the initial/base unit alongside skill labourers with the funds from the communitybased savings scheme. Page | 77

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4.2.3. Outcome Some impacts of the House of Kambi Moto project include (Technical Team Planning for Self-Help Housing in the Kambi Moto Community, 2017):



The residents of Kambi Moto have since continuously improved their homes from addition of levels to improving the finishes.



The quality of life has been greatly improved for the community – not only are they gaining secure and adequate housing having lived informally, they have been empowered to own and manage the whole process, developing skills and increasing capacity as they go. The formal title has enabled access to credit which was previously unavailable.



Seventy of the 270 households have constructed homes of one storey or more, and despite the time taken and the challenges faced, the community have embraced a long-term approach and the process is ongoing.



Other informal settlement upgrade schemes across Nairobi (for example, Gitathuru and Mahira in Huruma district) have learnt from the Kambi Moto process, both from a design and process perspective. Nairobi City Council has seen how this process can work effectively.



The local professionals and semi-professionals involved in this and other projects received training and motivation to work locally, enhanced their skills by providing better service to the community-built housing process.

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4.3. CASE STUDY 2: ARANYA COMMUNITY HOUSING, INDORE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; INDIA

Figure 41: view of Aranya community housing. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))

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4.3.1. Background 4.3.1.1 Description Aranya Community Housing project is located 6km from Indore in Madhya Pradesh â&#x20AC;&#x201C; India, see figure 28. This housing project was completed in 1988, was a project of the Indore Development Authority (IDA) 7 for 60,000 people primarily serving the Economically Weaker Sector (EWS) of the society along with other income groups designed at India by Architect Charles Correa and B.V. Doshi respectively. Along with slum upgrading, this was done on 85 hectare planned site which were serviced with core units for a new housing development for approximately 6,500 dwellings. The design was approached at different levels, resulting in creation of neighbourhoods,

living

area,

working

areas,

thoroughfares,

landscaping and public spaces. The master plan allowed for growth of the population density and house extensions in the context of the Indian lifestyle (Ekram, 1995). Figure 42: Location map of Indore City, Madhya Pradesh â&#x20AC;&#x201C; India. (Source: Invalid source specified.)

The settlement is a cluster of six self-contained neighbourhoods with plot sizes range from 35m2 for EWS to 475m2 for high income groups. Despite

the difference in plot sizes and income level, the various income groups have been combined and arranged in concentric rings of plots in order to foster the feeling of community and mutual interdependence (Sood, 2017).

Indore Development Authority, also known as IDA is the urban planning agency serving Indore Metropolitan Region of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It was established in 1973 under Madhya Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1973. The headquarters of the authority is 7, Race Course Road, Indore. 7

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Figure 46: Aranya Stage one proposed by the IDA (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))

Figure 45: Aranya Stage 3 proposed plan. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))

Figure 43: Aranya Stage 2 proposed plan. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))

Figure 44: Aranya Stage 4 proposed plan. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))

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4.3.2. Incremental Housing 4.3.2.1. Principles of Evolution Aranya Community Housing project houses had standardized plans but has a variation of forms through permutation combination of various elements by the users through extension (Aranya, 2017) see figure 33.

Figure 47: users decide how much to build (incrementally: evolution by extension), Aranya. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))

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4.3.2.2. Development System The plot sizes range from 35m2 for EWS to 475m2 for high income groups. A service core was provided such that after evolution the final house would be able to fulfil the daily needs of the users while allowing them to integrate outdoor and indoor spaces with privacy within and outside the house by designing optional plans. These plans were designed in respect to: the orientation, light, ventilation and climate control. They also allowed for vertical extension, they provided the option for subletting and commercialization of some spaces. It also used appropriate building technology and materials (Ekram, 1995). See figure 34 & 35. a. Core Unit & Subsequent Transformations For the EWS options, the core unit included: ď&#x201A;§

Site, plinth, and service core (latrine and water tap).

ď&#x201A;§

Site, plinth, and service core (latrine and bath).

ď&#x201A;§

Site, plinth, service core (latrine and bath) and 1 room (the kitchen).

For other income groups only plots were sold. A transitional space of 0.5 metres between the street and the houses was provided. From this core unit the house developed into different variations using a kit of building elements incrementally according to the users, see figure 34 & 35.

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Figure 48: House form variations showing incremental growth starting from the core unit, Aranya (Source: (Aranya, 2017))

a. Building Elements In the Aranya Community Housing project had no distinction between permanent and flexible elements but instead had a kit of meaningful building elements to achieve incremental housing principles. These elements were developed to provide options of variation. It’s from these elements that the users picked their own combination of elements for their houses. These variation of elements included (Architexturez, 2017) see figure 36 – 40: 

Staircase



Railings



Openings



House extensions: balcony etc.

These variations of elements led to a variation in house layouts and facades see figure 34.

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Figure 49: Stages of evolution in Aranya community housing project. (Source: (Aranya, 2017))

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Figure 52: Aranya houses openings range. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))

Figure 51: variation in layout and facade due to a combination of a variety of building elements. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))

Figure 50: Aranya houses staircase options (Source: (Architexturez, 2017)) .

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Figure 54: Aranya houses extension options. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))

Figure 53: Aranya houses railing variations. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))

b. Limitations Even in flexibility of the Aranya Community Housing there are limitations such as: the location of housing, the access to the site, the number of facades, and the typology of the house (a constraint in the form, even with the variation of building elements) (Ekram, 1995).

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4.3.2.3. Building Technology & Materials Locally available materials were used in the construction: the structure was constructed with load bearing brick walls; the walls were plastered and painted; the floors were cement concrete; the CRC roof was made in the later stages; the door, windows and grills were made on site by the residents. The black cotton soil on site necessitated pile foundation that was ready built for the residents (Sood, 2017).

4.3.2.4. Participatory Process The residents took part in the construction of their homes from the core unit through the housesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; evolution by deciding how much to build, how to build their homes and choose their own combination of building elements (Ekram, 1995).

4.3.3. Outcome Today, the dwelling units appear closer to private & corporate housing built on the periphery of the site. Most of the residents who were original of the low-income group have improved their economic status and are no longer called poor. Moreover, contrary to common belief, a post occupancy survey of 1995-96 shows that almost 90% of EWS housing is used and incrementally upgraded by the original beneficiaries, rather than the beneficiaries selling their allocated plot and moving back to the slums (Aranya, 2017).

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4.4. INFERENCES FROM CASE STUDIES 

Incremental housing provides a housing alternative at a lower initial capital which makes it suitable especially for low income earners.



In the design of incremental houses, provision of different building element designs leads to greater variation in the layout and facade for residents to choose from.



Incremental housing bridges the gap between the actual future users and the professionals involved in the planning and design which lead to a greater satisfaction of the housing needs of the future users or the current users’ future needs as it allows them to modify their homes according to their needs.



Public participation as well as allowing the residents to modify their homes with time were able to take care of their homes and neighbourhood as well as improve their economic status.

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CHAPTER 5: SITE ANALYSIS

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5.1. SITE SELECTION The site was deemed fit for this project due to its location: near major towns such as Nairobi and Machakos; it proximity to a major road: Kangundo Rd; the size of the land: it is big enough to house the 400 members of the Toi Market Tradersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Savings Scheme; and good infrastructure development, see Figure 55. A smaller area was further selected for the project as it was centrally placed and was already allocated for the community centre and the houses, see Figure 56.

5.2. SITE ANALYSIS 5.2.1. Location The site is located of Kangundo Road in Koma Hill area, 39km from the Nairobi Central Business District. Koma Hill area lies in Kangundo Sub-county which is in Machakos County, Kenya (See Figure 58). The plot is 2.5km from Koma Hill market LR no. Donyo Sabuk Komarock/19600 and is about 80 acres, seeFigure 56. The project will focus on a smaller area within the Donyo Sabuk Komarock/19600, see Figure 56.

Response to Location In the proposed master plan, the houses along roads should take advantage of traffic and may have commercial spaces at the ground level in order to aid the household to generate income, see Figure 37.

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Figure 55: Proposed masterplan of project site with the area of interest marked by the red (Source: author adopted from (Mbwagwa, 2009))

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Figure 56: Project site from the proposed masterplan of the larger area. (Source: author adopted from (Mbwagwa, 2009))

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Figure 58: Diagram illustrating site location area of interest marked in red. (Source: author)

Figure 57: sketch showing commercial space at the ground floor of a residential building. (Source: author)

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5.2.2. Neighbourhood Context & Sensory Elements The site being within the Nairobi Metropolitan region is 39km from Nairobi City centre, 53km from Machakos town and 60km from Thika town. See Figure 60. At a greater scale, the site is located between 2 shopping centres, Joska and Koma Hill, 11km and 3.7km respectively. There is also the Koma Hill Shrine on Koma Hill that is located 4.2 km away. See Figure 59. At a smaller scale the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s neighbouring buildings are residential houses of maximum 2-stories, a church and a primary school, a maize farm and a tree farm, see Figure 61.

Figure 60: illustration showing location of the site in relation to the neighbouring towns. (Source: author)

Figure 59: illustration showing neighbouring landmarks and nodes in relation to the site. (Source: author)

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KEY Residential House Church Primary School Maize farm Tree farm

Figure 61: illustration showing neighbourhood and sensory elements within and around with the site area of interest highlighted in brown. (Source: author)

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Figure 65: View 1 of the site. (Source: author)

Figure 63: View 3 of the site. (Source: author)

Figure 64: View 2 of the site. (Source: author)

Figure 62: View 4 of the site. (Source: author)

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Figure 66: View 5 of the site. (Source: author)

Figure 67: View 6 of the site. (Source: author)

Figure 68: View 7 of the site. (Source: author)

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Response to Neighbourhood Context & Sensory Elements Considering that the nearest shopping centre is 3.7km away the residents will need a closer area to buy basic commodities. With noise coming from vehicles plying Kangundo Road, which is next to the site, there is need for a buffer zone between the residential houses and the road see Figure 69. With the view of Mt. Kilimambogo and Koma Hill, sitting spaces and balconies should be designed and oriented to allow users to the enjoy the views, see Figure 70.

Figure 70: sketch showing balconies facing scenic view. (Source: author)

Figure 69: Master plan showing proposed buffer zone highlighted in red. (Source: author)

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5.2.3. Circulation & Access

Figure 72: illustration showing circulation & access within and to the site according to the proposed master plan with the site area of interest highlighted in grey. (Source: author)

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The site is accessed via Kangundo Road, and according to the proposed master plan, the site is to have various network of roads of various widths, see Figure 71 - Error! Reference source not found..

Response to Circulation & Access In the proposed master plan, the houses along roads should take advantage of traffic and may have commercial spaces at the ground level in order to aid the household to generate income.

Figure 73: View 1 of the site. (Source: author)

Figure 74: View 2 of the site. (Source: author)

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5.2.4. Environment & Climate The site experiences climate and is generally flat. The site is open with no existing buildings. It has ground cover of and thorn bushes due to the semi-arid local climate. There is an artificial mound and an artificial water point which was previously for livestock, as the site was previously a ranch, see Figure 77. The average annual climate recordings are rainfall, humidity, temperature and cloud cover of the site are shown in the graphs in Figure 84 - . The general wind direction on site is South-West to North-East. See. The soil type found on site is mainly black cotton soil, see Figure 82, Figure 83 & Figure 87. The site is supplied with piped water from the Machakos County Council and has no existing sewer line. There are existing power lines that run parallel to Kangundo Road and electricity for the site may be taped from there.

Response to Environment & Climate Due to the climate of the area, the housing scheme should employ method of passive cooling & ventilation, through the building orientation, window positions and sizes see Figure 86 & Figure 85. Since thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in no existing sewer line the project, as proposed in the master plan, will have septic tanks installed. The project should also take advantage of the cloud cover and install solar panels to supplement the electricity supplied by the Kenya Power & Lighting Company, KPLC8.

8 Kenya Power & Lighting Company, KPLC is a Kenyan company that owns and operates most of the electricity transmission and distribution system in Kenya and sells electricity. (Kenya Power & Lighting Company, 2017) Page | 76

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Figure 75: illustration of environment of the site with the site area of interest highlighted in dark green (Source: author) Page | 77

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Figure 79: View 1 of the site. (Source: author)

Figure 78: View 2 of the site. (Source: author)

Figure 77: View 3 of the site. (Source: author)

Figure 76: View 4 of the site. (Source: author)

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Figure 80: View 5 of the site. (Source: author)

Figure 81: View 6 of the site. (Source: author)

Figure 82: Ground cover on site. (Source: author)

Figure 83: Annual average Cloud and humidity of site area. (Source)

Figure 84: Annual average & max wind speed & gust of the site. (Source)

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Figure 87: Annual average rainfall amount & rainy days of the site. (Source)

Figure 86: Sketch showing passive ventilation. (Source: author)

Figure 85: Sketch showing cross ventilation as a passive ventilation & cooling method. (Source: author) Page | 80

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5.2.5. Legal & Zoning The 80-acres site is located in Koma Rock Location, Kangundo Sub-county (Machakos County Integrated Development Plan, 2015) and is legally collectively owned by the Toi Market Tradersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Savings Scheme and is of plot number LR no. Donyo Sabuk Komarock/19600. The LR no. Donyo Sabuk Komarock/19600 has been subdivided into smaller units for residential units, industrial, commercial and community facilities, see Figure 88 and Figure 89 . There are no existing, covenants, restrictions or easements.

Figure 88: Illustration of subdivisions of the proposed site as per the proposed master plan the site area of interest highlighted in grey and a red line. (Source: author adopted from (Mbwagwa, 2009))

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The site has been zoned for the following uses as shown below:

Figure 89: Diagram showing land use plan of the site with the area of interest marked by the red dotted line (Source: author adopted from (Mbwagwa, 2009))

Responses to Legal & Zoning Being a low income housing project, the individual plots are subjected to specific set-backs: 3m at the front, 4.5m at the rear, and 1.5m at the sides. The maximum building height is +2 floors from the ground floor.

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5.3. ZONING The community centre area has 3 zones:

  

Zone A: has public facilities such as the parking, services areas, and shops. Zone B: has semi-public/private facilities which may be the restaurant. Zone C: has the private spaces such as the meeting halls and offices.

The houses are zoned according to typology:

  

Typology 1: The purely owner’s residence. Typology 2: Commercial + Residential Typology 3: Rental + Residential

The site has been zoned according to 4 main topics: privacy & noise; environment & views; circulation & access; and legal & land use, see Error! Reference source not found. - Figure 92 for the housing unit and Figure 94 - Figure 96 for the community centre.

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5.3.1. Housing Unit

Figure 92: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to environment (Source: author adopted from (Mbwagwa, 2009))

Figure 91: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to circulation & access. (Source: author adopted from (Mbwagwa, 2009))

Figure 90: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to circulation & access. (Source: author adopted from (Mbwagwa, 2009))

Zone A: cool zone

Zone A: least private & most

Zone B: moderately cool

noisy.

zone

Zone B: semi-public &

Zone C: moderately warm

slightly noisy.

zone

Zone C: private & most

Zone C: private and most

Zone D: warm zone

quiet.

quiet. Page | 84

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5.3.2. Community Centre

KEY Community Centre Zone A Zone B Zone C Houses Figure 94: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to circulation & access. (Source: author adopted from (Mbwagwa, 2009))

Figure 93: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to privacy & sensory elements. (Source: author adopted from (Mbwagwa, 2009))

Zone A: accessible by high traffic.

Zone A: least private & most noisy.

Zone B: accessible by moderate traffic.

Zone B: semi-public & slightly noisy.

Zone C: limited access.

Zone C: private and most quiet.

Typ. 1: accessible by low traffic.

Typ. 1: private and most quiet.

Typ. 2: accessible by moderate traffic.

Typ. 2: semi-public & slightly noisy.

Typ. 3: accessible by high traffic.

Typ. 3: least private & most noisy.

Typology 1 Typology 2 Typology 3

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KEY Community Centre Zone A Zone B Zone C Figure 96: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to environment. (Source: author adopted from (Mbwagwa, 2009))

Figure 95: Illustration showing zoning with consideration to land use. (Source: author adopted from (Mbwagwa, 2009))

Zone A: access to both views

Zone A: at to settlement centre.

Zone B: access to one of the views

Zone B: close to settlement centre.

Zone C: both views may be obstructed

Zone C: slightly further from to settlement

Typ. 1: along wind corridor

centre.

Typ. 2: adjacent to wind corridor

Typ. 1: closest to settlement centre.

Typ. 3: may be obstructed by other buildings

Typ. 2: close to settlement centre.

Houses Typology 1 Typology 2 Typology 3

Typ. 3: furthest from to settlement centre.

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5.4. COMPOSITE MAP

Figure 97: Illustration showing the composite map of the project area. (Source: author adopted from (Mbwagwa, 2009))

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CHAPTER 6: CONCEPTUALIZATION

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6.1. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY: FLEXIBILITY, ADAPTABILITY & INCREMENTAL HOUSING Flexibility is achieved by versatile spaces: spaces that can be used in a variety of ways, usually without making physical changes while adaptability achieved by using mobile elements to change internal and external, the temporary changes or permanent. Adaptability is based on issues of use; while flexibility involves issues of technical ways that spaces can be changed for various functions. Incremental housing is a step-by-step arrangement of the house to allow the users to build/improve their homes according their housing needs Flexibility & adaptability are the core principle behind incremental housing. These principles are the guiding principles behind the design of the housing units and the housing scheme community centre. This will be applied through the housing units going through stages of development from the core/initial unit, whereas the community centre has spaces that are flexible to allow multiple use (specifically the meeting halls which is the main space in the facility).

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6.2. CONCEPTS In this project for each of the facilities (the community centre and the houses) the concepts have been discussed according to themes in the Vitruvian triad: 

Venutas - aesthetics: form concept



Utilitas - function: organisation concept



Firmitas - Structure: building materials & technological concept

VENUTAS (Aesthetics)

GOOD DESIGN

FIRMITAS (Structure)

UTILITAS (Function)

Figure 98: Illustration showing the Vitruvian triad. (Source: author adopted from) Page | 90

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6.2.1. Form Concept a. Community Centre Form Concept: Harmony & Sustainability Harmony: The community centre, being located in the middle of a housing development, will take the form of a pentagon similar to the traditional shape of a house so that it is in harmony with the housing development see Figure 99 - Figure 100.

Figure 99: Sketch illustrating concept: initial form (Source: author)

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Figure 101: Sketch illustrating concept: form development. (Source: author)

Figure 100: Sketch illustrating concept: form development. (Source: author) Page | 92

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b. Houses Form Concept: Incremental design & Upgradability The house designs across the typologies is to be incremental and upgradable; to allow the use of space from one of singular use to one that which offers multiple opportunities for growth and combinations in various stages. Therefore the form should easily accommodate the necessary uses that meet the quality requirements at all stages, from the initial stage and subsequent transformations see Figure 102.

Figure 102: Illustration showing incremental concept. (Source: author)

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6.2.2. Organisation Concept: Economy, Incremental Design, Flexibility/adaptability, Privacy & Sustainability Economy: The house design will promote economy through making available a basic core unit that allows for upgrading at a lower upfront cost and its spatial organisation will accommodate space for basic day-to-day activities. Therefore the shape with the most space efficiency: maximum area with the least amount of building materials is used, constructible angles and minimal dead space: the hexagon. See Table 21 and Figure 103. Moreover, economy will be achieved through the design layout of the house by grouping of wet areas to reduce on the cost of piping.

Shape Floor area Total Wall area(3m high) Floor: wall area ratio Corner angle

Triangle

Square

Pentagon

Hexagon

Circle

100m2

137m2

120m2

114m2

112m2

106m2

1 : 1.4

1 : 1.2

1 : 1.1

60o

90o

108o

120o

Table 21: Table showing the comparison of wall and floor areas of different floor shapes. (Source: author) Page | 94

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The community centre will take on a similar hexagonal plan shape due to the space efficiency it offers.

Figure 104: Illustration showing modular and incremental design concept using hexagonal modules. (Source: author)

Figure 103: Illustration showing modular and incremental design concept

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Incremental Design: The houses layouts will have an open plan to allow for incremental design by permanent and flexible building elements. The permanent elements being fixed elements which remain constant throughout its stages such as: the structure, the staircase, and sanitary facilities. Whereas flexible element are subject to change through the stages of development of the building, they can include: doors, windows, furniture some walls. See Figure 104 above and Figure 105 below.

Flexible element: Windows, doors, some walls.

Permanent element: structure - columns

Figure 105: Illustration showing permanent and flexible elements of the incrmental concept. (Source: author)

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Flexibility & Adaptability: The Community centre will adopt a free plan, a key concept in flexibility and adaptability. The free plan is characterized by structure skeleton to free up the space of structural walls. This is in order to allow: for flexible/adaptable and multi-purpose use of the space; unrestricted design and use of its interior space. See Figure 106.

Free plan

Free plan partitioned

Figure 106: Illustration showing the free plan than can be partitioned to allow for flexibility. (Source: author)

Privacy: The spaces in the house will be placed according to their required privacy levels in relation to the access points and adjacent spaces. The spaces within the facility are organised according to the degree of privacy required for the space, with the most public spaces next to the roads and the most private furthest from the road. Sustainability: The design will also employ methods of passive cooling and ventilation as a way to adapt to the environment, a semi-arid area. These methods will include: orienting the buildings east-west; having the windows oriented perpendicular to the wind path to allow for cross-ventilation; and having green around the buildings. Page | 97

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6.2.3. Technology Concept: Flexibility/Adaptability, Modular design & Sustainability Flexibility & Adaptability: Mobile elements such as sliding walls technology in order to allow to make changes in the layout on the free plan so as to accommodate various uses in the facility, especially in the meeting hall. This is to achieve flexibility and adaptability. See Figure 107.

Figure 107: Illustration showing sliding walls variations.

Modular Design: In order to achieve flexibility and allow for future changes with ease the design will employ modular design/modularity and prefabrication. This will be achieved through using Expanded Polystyrene, EPS panels. See Figure 108.

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Sustainability: The design will employ technology that promote sustainability such as the: use of solar panels to complement the electricity provided by KPLC. See Figure 109.

Figure 109: Illustration showing solar power system for a small household.

Figure 108: Illustration showing Expanded polystyrene panels.

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CHAPTER 7: BIBLIOGRAPHY & APPENDICES

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7.1. BIBLIOGRAPHY (APHRC), A. P. (2012). Population and Health Dynamics in Nairobiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Informal Settlements: Report of the Nairobi Crosssectional Slums Survey (NCSS). Nairobi. (KNBS), K. N. (2016). Nairobi. (KNBS), K. N. (2017). Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Economic Survey 2017. KNBS. (2017, July 11). Retrieved from Kenya Power & Lighting Company: ww.kplc.co.ke AAVV. (2006). Social housing in Latin America: a methodology to utilize processes of self-organization. Ibero-American Congress of Social Housing, (p. 28). Brazil. About CIRIA. (2017, July 3). Retrieved from CIRIA: http://www.ciria.org/CIRIA/About/About/About_CIRIA.aspx?hkey=161635cd-226d-4170-8901-5f89ccd96a2a Abreu, A. R. (2005). Strategies for flexibility in collective housing: the case Dutch, Lisbon. Lisbon. Alfirevic Djordje, S.-A. S. (2016). Architecture and Urbanism (Belgrade). In Open plan in residential architecture: origin, development and access to spatial integration. (pp. 45-60). Amnesty International. (2009). The Unseen Majority: Nairobiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Two million Slum-Dwellers. Amnesty International Publications. Anyamba, P. T. (2010). Incremental Housing. The Case of Nairobi. Dandora and Umoja Housing Projects. Nairobi.

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Aranya, A. A. (2017, May 20). Retrieved from Architectonic Analysis et sac Aranya: https://architectonicanalysisetsacaranya.wordpress.com/ Arce, R. P., & Ferrari, F. d. (October 2008). The Raw and the Cooked: Past, Present, and Future in Quinta Monroy, Iquique, Chile. Iquique. Archdaily. (2017, April 20). Quinta Monroy / ELEMENTAL. Retrieved from Archdaily: http://www.archdaily.com/10775/quintamonroy-elemental Architexturez. (2017, May 20). Demonstration houses and masterplan for Aranya Community. Retrieved from Architexturez: https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-166248 C. R. Kothari. (2004). Research Methodology. Methods & Techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd. Caetano, D. A. (2013). Solution of evolutionary housing/adaptable. Beijing. Cherotich, G. T. (2017). Incremental Housing: Evolutionary Housing for the Evolving Family. A Case of Kambi Moto, Huruma Kenya. . CIA World Factbook, C. (2016). CIA World Factbook. Retrieved Dec 21, 2016, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html Coelho, A. B. (2009). Housing evolutionary and adaptive. Lisbon: LNEC. Daly, H. E. (1990). Toward some operational principles of sustainable development. Ecological Economics. Days, F. e. (1972, October). Eevolutionary Housing in Architecture: planning, design, art and craft. Page | 102

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Dennis Mwaniki, E. W. (Urbino). Urbanisation, Informality and Housing Challenge in Nairobi: A Case of Urban Governance Failure. 2015. Ekram, L. (1995). Aranya Community Housing. Indore. Environmental technology. (2017, July 3). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_technology Ettyang', K. (2011). Empowering the Urban Poor to Realize the Right to Housing: Community-Led Slum Upgrading in Huruma, Nairobi. Les cahiers d'Afrique de l'Est, IFRA, (pp. 147-158). Nairobi. Friedman, A. (2003). Adaptable Housing. Designing of homes for Change. Groak, S. (1994). The Idea of Building: thought and action in the design and production of buildings. London. Guerrero, F. J., & Wanyoike, J. (2017, May 12). Kambi Moto: A Unique Case of Insitu Housing Upgrading Project. Retrieved from Centre for Urban Innovations: http://www.centreforurbaninnovations.com/content/kambi-moto-unique-caseinsitu-housing-upgrading-project Hasgul, E. (2014). Incremental housing: A participation process solution for informal housing. Ä°stanbul. Hertzberger, H. (1991). Lessons for Students in Architecture. Rotterdam: Uitgeverij 10 Publishers. Housing: Process and Physical Form. (1980). Seminar Three in the series Architectural Transformations in the Islamic World (pp. 8-19). Jakarta, Indonesia: Safran, Linda.

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John F C Turner & Robert Fichter. (1972). Housing as a Verb. In Freedom to Build, dweller control of the housing process (pp. 148-175). New York: eds Collier Macmillan. John F C Turner. (1977). Housing by the People: Towards Autonomy in the Building Environment. New York: Pantheon Books. Kenya Vision 2030, K. (2007). Kenya Vision 2030. Nairobi: GOK. Kenyan Constitution, K. (2010). Kenyan Constitution. Nairobi: GOK. Le Corbusier. (1970). "Five Points Toward a New Architecture" . In Programs and Manifestos in Twentieth Century Architecture. MIT Press. Lisa C. Baker, P. a. (n.d.). Developmental Theory of Families: The Family Life Cycle. In Principles of family systems in family medicine. 1985. Machakos County Integrated Development Plan. (2015). Makachia, P. A. (2013). Design strategy and informal transformations in urban housing . Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 167-183. Maphill. (2017, May 20). Location Map of Indore. Retrieved from Maphill: http://maps.maphill.com/india/madhyapradesh/indore/location-maps/gray-map/entire-country/hill-shading/free-gray-location-map-of-indore-entirecountry-hill-shading.jpg Maphill. (2017, May 04). Location Map of Iquique. Retrieved from Maphill: http://www.maphill.com/chile/iquique/iquique/location-maps/blank-map/highlighted-country/highlighted-parentregion/free/ Page | 104

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Maphill. (2017, April 10). Map of Nairobi. Retrieved from Maphill: http://www.maphill.com/kenya/nairobi/nairobi/locationmaps/blank-map/ Mark Anderson, K. M. (n.d.). Kenya Slum Upgrading Programs: KISIP & KENSUP. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396., 370-396. Retrieved from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm Mbwagwa, R. K. (2009). Proposed Sub-division of Donyo Sabuk/Komarock/19600 . Drg no: CURP/2006/7. Machakos, Kenya. McCarthy, K. F. (1976). The Household Life Cycle and Housing Choices. Santa Monica: The Rand Corporation. McGeorge, P., & Kerry, L. (2002). Construction management: new directions. Blackwell Science. Merriam-Webster Inc. (2016). The Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Springfield: G. & C. Merriam Co. Merwe, R. V. (2017, August 11). Stakeholder Navigation. Retrieved from Nairobi Studio: http://www.nairobistudio.blogspot.co.ke/2011/06/stakeholder-navigation.html?m=1 Ministry of Land & Physical, K. (2016). Housing Situation in Kenya. Retrieved Nov 16, 2016, from http://www.ardhi.go.ke/?p=121 Mitullah, W. (n.d.). Urban Slums Report: The Case of Nairobi, Kenya. Nairobi. MORE THAN SHELTER: HOUSING AS AN INSTRUMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. (2005). A Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies International Housing Conference. Bellagio (Como), Italy.

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7.2. APPENDICES 7.2.1. Appendix A: Proposed Subdivision Masterplan, Drg no. CURP/2006/07

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