INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING SCIENCES JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
GLORIA CHEROTICH TANUI AB241-0656/2011
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING SCIENCES JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017
INCREMENTAL HOUSING EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
BY AB241-0656/2011 | GLORIA CHEROTICH TANUI
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
PREFACE
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
INSPIRATION It's trying to accept and integrate a (human) force that is so much bigger than 'states' and 'markets' as part of the solution and not just part of the problem. – Alejandro Aravena
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
DEDICATION To God, for being the strength of my heart and my portion every day. To my parents for their prayers, unending love and care. Thank you for being my biggest fans, constantly supporting me, encouraging me and teaching me to believe in myself. To my siblings, you have all been a continuous inspiration for me to keep pushing myself to achieve much more, to be a sister you can look up to.
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT To the Lord God Almighty, whose grace and love have seen me through my walk as an architectural student, in and out of class. To my parents, thank you for providing for me everything I needed to pursue Architecture, and together with the rest of my family and friends, have supported and encouraged me. I am grateful to the chairman, Arch. Hashim O. Nadi for his encouragement and support, not only during this period but in the previous years as a studio master. To my supervisor Dr. Arch. Susan Kibue, for her wealth of knowledge and patience; and for her advice and guidance as I did this thesis. A special thank you to Arch. O. Mbidhi, whose teaching in my first year, laid a good foundation and spurred me on to passionately pursue Architecture. To my classmates, for their togetherness and constant humour, made tough times in studio much lighter. With special mention to the ladies in my class, whose strong will and ambition to thrive in a previously male-dominated field, inspire me to keep on keeping on. To the community leaders and residents of Kambi Moto, without whom my research would not have been possible. Thank you all.
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
DECLARATION I declare that this is my original work and confirm that, to the best of my knowledge, this entire thesis proposal has not been presented to this or any other university for examination or any other purpose. This thesis is a constituent part of the requirements necessary for the attainment of a Bachelor’s degree in Architecture at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Signed : ………………………………………………………………………………………………........ (Author) Date : ………………………………………………………………………………………………........ Gloria Cherotich Tanui, B.Arch. VI, AB241-0656/2011(Author) Signed : ………………………………………………………………………………………………........ (Supervisor) Date : ………………………………………………………………………………………………........ Dr. Arch. Susan Kibue, B.Arch. (Hons); M.A. Newcastle-U-Tyne.; Ph.D. Sheffield) (Supervisor) Signed : ………………………………………………………………………………………………........ (C.o.D.) Date : ………………………………………………………………………………………………........ Arch. Hashim O. Nadi, B.Arch. (Hons); MUD. (C.o.D.)
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
ABSTRACT Modern urban families are constantly changing and with the increase in urban population and a housing supply that does match this growth, there has been and, possibly, will be growth of informal settlements. These informal settlements are plagued with poor infrastructure and sub-standard buildings that affect the social and economic development and public health negatively. The solution to the problem is not one single solution but rather a solution that is as dynamic as the problem, that evolves as housing needs evolve. Consequently, not only do they require a housing supply that matches in terms of quality but they also require housing that corresponds to their evolving housing needs and aspirations, as well meet their socio-cultural and economic needs, without necessary moving to a new location. They require a house that is scalable and adaptable: that can be subjected to change over time to meet their spatial requirements without major cost implications. Therefore it is important to think of housing as a living organism, able to change and adapt and consequently last longer. This means that the house should not be viewed as a finished product, but rather, a process that is ever-changing; evolutionary, flexible and adaptable. This thesis explores evolutionary, flexible and adaptable housing: incremental housing, in the context of the family life cycle; the evolving contemporary family housing needs and priorities; the living/activity patterns which informs the diverse use of their living spaces. This was done through the use of a case study: House of Kambi Moto in Huruma, Kenya.
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................................................................. iii INSPIRATION ............................................................................................................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEGDEMENT .............................................................................................................................................................................. vi DECLARATION ...........................................................................................................................................................................................vii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................................................................. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................................................................ xv LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................................................................................... xix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1. Housing Interventions: Historical Context, Kenya ................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.2. Incremental Housing ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
1.4. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.5. STUDY OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................................................................ 13 1.5.1. General Objectives ................................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.5.2. Specific Objectives ................................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.6. STUDY ASSUMPTIONS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 13 1.7. STUDY JUSTIFICATION ....................................................................................................................................................................... 14 1.8. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY ................................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.9. STUDY SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.9.1. Geographical Scope................................................................................................................................................................ 15 1.9.2. Theoretical Scope ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.10. DEFINITION OF TERMS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.10.1. Definition of Theoretical Terms .............................................................................................................................................. 16 1.10.2. Definition of Operational Terms ............................................................................................................................................ 18 1.11. STUDY LIMITATIONS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 20 1.12. STUDY ORGANIZATION................................................................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................................................... 23 2.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................. 24 Page | x
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
2.1.1. Housing and Housing Needs ................................................................................................................................................... 26 2.1.2. Housing as a Verb ..................................................................................................................................................................... 27 2.2. THE EVOLVING FAMILY’S HOUSING NEEDS ................................................................................................................................... 30 2.2.1. The Concept of the Family ...................................................................................................................................................... 31 2.2.2. Evolutionary Aspects of the Family ......................................................................................................................................... 32 2.3. EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING: INCREMENTAL HOUSING .................................................................................................................. 39 2.3.1. Flexibility vs Adaptability .......................................................................................................................................................... 39 2.3.2. Flexible Housing ......................................................................................................................................................................... 40 2.3.3. Adaptable/Evolutionary Housing ........................................................................................................................................... 44 2.4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK............................................................................................................................................................. 51 2.5. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................. 53 3.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................. 54 3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................................................................................................................................... 54 3.2.1. Sources of Data, Target Population and Study Area .......................................................................................................... 56 3.2.2. Data Collection Method .......................................................................................................................................................... 56 3.3. SAMPLING.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 60 Page | xi
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
3.3.4. Sampling Methods .................................................................................................................................................................... 60 3.3.1. Population and Sample Size .................................................................................................................................................... 61 3.3.2. Sampling Unit ............................................................................................................................................................................. 61 3.3.3. Sample Frame ............................................................................................................................................................................ 61 3.3.5. Subjects ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 62 3.4. SOURCES OF ERROR ......................................................................................................................................................................... 62 3.5. STUDY FINDINGS & ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES, STUDY FINDINGS & ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 64 4.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................. 65 4.2. CASE STUDY 1: QUINTA MONROY: THE HOUSES OF QUINTA, IQUIQUE – CHILE........................................................................ 66 4.2.1. Background Information .......................................................................................................................................................... 67 4.2.2. Incremental Housing ................................................................................................................................................................. 71 4.2.5. Outcome .................................................................................................................................................................................... 76 4.3. CASE STUDY 2: ARANYA COMMUNITY HOUSING, INDORE – INDIA ........................................................................................... 77 4.3.1. Background Information .......................................................................................................................................................... 78 4.3.2. Incremental Housing ................................................................................................................................................................. 81 4.3.3. Outcome .................................................................................................................................................................................... 87 Page | xii
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
4.4. CASE STUDY 3: KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA......................................................................................................................... 89 4.4.1. Background Information .......................................................................................................................................................... 90 4.4.2. Incremental Housing ................................................................................................................................................................. 92 4.5. STUDY FINDINGS & ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................................................... 93 4.5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 93 4.5.2. Data Editing, Coding and Classification ............................................................................................................................... 93 4.5.3. Study Findings & Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................ 106 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................. 123 5.1. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 124 5.1.1. Objective 1: To identify the different housing needs and how it translates to the diverse use of living spaces. .... 124 5.1.2. Objective 2: To analyse the incremental housing approach and how it relates and responds/satisfies the need for diverse of use of living spaces. ..................................................................................................................................................... cxxvi 5.1.2. Objective 3: To make recommendations on how to improve present incremental housing modules based on the findings. ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 130 5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 131 5.2.1. Evolving Family & Their Evolving Housing Needs ................................................................................................................ 131 5.2.2. Evolving Housing Needs & Diverse Use of Living Spaces .................................................................................................. 132
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
5.2.3. Incremental Housing & Diverse Use of Living Spaces ........................................................................................................ 132 5.3. AREA FOR FURTHER STUDY ............................................................................................................................................................. 135 CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES & APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................... 137 6.1 REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................................................................... 138 6.2. APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................................................................... 142 6.2.1. Appendix A: Sample Checklist for Observation ................................................................................................................. 142 6.2.2. Appendix B: Sample Interview Guide .................................................................................................................................. 144 6.2.3. Appendix B: Translated Sample Interview Guide............................................................................................................... 146 6.2.4. Appendix C: Sample Household Questionnaire ................................................................................................................ 148 6.2.5. Appendix C: Translated Sample Household Questionnaire ............................................................................................. 153
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Graph showing population growth and distribution trend in Kenya, between rural and urban areas. ......................... 3 Figure 2: Map of Nairobi showing the number of slums per sub-location ........................................................................................... 4 Figure 3: Population pyramid for Nairobi highlighting the majority age group ................................................................................ 11 Figure 4: Nairobi County location ............................................................................................................................................................ 15 Figure 5: An adaptation from Ludwig von Bertalanffy's description ................................................................................................... 24 Figure 6: Graphical representation of Maslow's Hierarchy of needs. ................................................................................................. 27 Figure 7: Matched Priorities: vital needs and housing needs vs income level. ................................................................................. 28 Figure 8 : Eight Stages of family development by Duvall, 1977 ........................................................................................................... 34 Figure 9: Domino by Le Corbusier, 1914. ................................................................................................................................................. 41 Figure 10: Theoretical Framework diagram ............................................................................................................................................ 51 Figure 11: Conceptual framework diagram ........................................................................................................................................... 52 Figure 12: Quinta Monroy Housing before and after inhabitation. ..................................................................................................... 66 Figure 13: Location map of Iquique, Chile.............................................................................................................................................. 67 Figure 14: Photograph highlighting the location of the Quinta Monroy in the city of Iquique ...................................................... 68 Figure 15: Quinta Monroy Site Plan .......................................................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 16: 3D model showing evolution by extension in the Quinta Monroy houses ....................................................................... 71 Figure 17: Proposal scheme by Elemental .............................................................................................................................................. 71 Figure 18: Quinta Monroy house ground Floor ....................................................................................................................................... 72 Figure 19: Quinta Monroy house first Floor .............................................................................................................................................. 72 Page | xv
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Figure 20: Quinta Monroy house Transversal Section ............................................................................................................................ 73 Figure 21: Quinta Monroy house Front Elevation ................................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 22: Quinta Monroy house second Floor....................................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 23: Interior of Quinta Monroy houses showing flexible: interior walls; and permanent: stair; elements ........................... 74 Figure 24: Quinta Monroy house Longitudinal Section ......................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 25: 3D model showing the permanent elements in the Quinta Monroy houses .................................................................. 75 Figure 26: Interior of Quinta Monroy house showing flexible elements: interior walls ...................................................................... 75 Figure 27: view of Aranya community housing. ..................................................................................................................................... 77 Figure 28: Location map of Indore City, Madhya Pradesh – India. .................................................................................................... 78 Figure 30: Aranya Stage one – plan proposed by the IDA .................................................................................................................. 80 Figure 29: Aranya Stage 2 proposed plan. ............................................................................................................................................. 80 Figure 31: Aranya Stage 4 proposed plan. ............................................................................................................................................. 81 Figure 32: Aranya Stage 3 proposed plan. ............................................................................................................................................. 81 Figure 33: users decide how much to build (incrementally: evolution by extension), Aranya. ..................................................... 82 Figure 34: House form variations showing incremental growth starting from the core unit, Aranya ............................................. 83 Figure 35: Stages of evolution in Aranya community housing project. .............................................................................................. 84 Figure 36: Aranya houses openings range. ............................................................................................................................................ 85 Figure 37: Aranya houses extension options. .......................................................................................................................................... 86 Figure 38: Aranya houses railing variations. ............................................................................................................................................ 86 Figure 39: variation in layout and facade due to a combination of a variety of building elements. .......................................... 86 Figure 40: Aranya houses staircase options ............................................................................................................................................ 86 Page | xvi
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Figure 41: Photograph Kambi Moto in Huruma, Kenya ........................................................................................................................ 89 Figure 42: Nairobi County location .......................................................................................................................................................... 90 Figure 43: Figure illustrating different family life cycle stages, adopted from the Duvall (1977) development theory. ............. 94 Figure 44: figure showing housing surveyed classification by use. ...................................................................................................... 96 Figure 45: classification A house terrace plan........................................................................................................................................ 99 Figure 46: classification A house ground floor plan. .............................................................................................................................. 99 Figure 47: classification A house section S-01. ...................................................................................................................................... 100 Figure 48: classification A house elevation E-01 ................................................................................................................................... 100 Figure 49: photograph of classification A house ................................................................................................................................. 101 Figure 50: photograph of classification B house .................................................................................................................................. 101 Figure 51: classification B house ground floor plan. ............................................................................................................................ 102 Figure 52: classification B house first floor plan. .................................................................................................................................... 102 Figure 53: classification B house second floor plan. ............................................................................................................................ 103 Figure 54: classification B house terrace plan. ..................................................................................................................................... 103 Figure 55: classification C house ground floor plan............................................................................................................................. 104 Figure 56: photograph of classification C, variation 3 house. ........................................................................................................... 104 Figure 57: classification C house terrace plan. .................................................................................................................................... 105 Figure 58: classification C house subsequent floor plan. .................................................................................................................... 105 Figure 59: Pie chart showing the number of families whose number has changed and how. .................................................... 106 Figure 60: Pie chart showing percentage of respondents’ family type. .......................................................................................... 108 Figure 61: Pie chart showing the percentage of households surveyed in different life cycles. ................................................... 108 Page | xvii
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Figure 62: Pie chart showing the percentage of respondents whose housing needs have changed. ..................................... 110 Figure 63: Graph showing the how the number of respondents’ and the rating of housing needs in terms of priority. .......... 111 Figure 64: Pie chart showing the percentage of the housing typologies inhabited by the respondents. ................................. 113 Figure 65: Pie chart showing percentage of houses which had undergone a change in the number of rooms. ................... 115 Figure 66: Graph showing the present housing needs and the number of respondents in relation to their needs being either fully met, unmet or could improve according to the households interviewed in Kambi Moto ................................................... 115 Figure 67: Kambi Moto house ceiling building technology. ............................................................................................................... 118 Figure 68: Kambi Moto house staircase building technology............................................................................................................ 118 Figure 69: Kambi Moto house kitchen space ....................................................................................................................................... 118 Figure 70: Kambi Moto house roof ......................................................................................................................................................... 118 Figure 71: Graph showing the rating response of respondents regarding the elements of the incremental housing process. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 119
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The actors in the incremental housing process adopted from (Greene & Rojas, 2008, p. 94) ....................................... 25 Table 2: table summarizing spatial requirements in relation to activity patterns at each family cycle stage, adopted from (Yamoto, 1963, p. 166) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Table 3: Table summarizing research objectives, tools and techniques. ........................................................................................... 55 Table 4: table showing the sections of the household questionnaire and each part’s objective ................................................ 59 Table 5: table showing the Likert scale employed in the household questionnaire ........................................................................ 59 Table 6: Findings on changes made to houses since moving to Kambi Moto in households interviewed in Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 107 Table 7: respondents’ family type of households interviewed in Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya. ............................................... 107 Table 8: findings regarding family life cycle stages households interviewed in Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya........................ 109 Table 9: Findings on change in housing needs in households interviewed since moving to Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya. 110 Table 10: findings regarding classification of housing by use in households interviewed in Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya. .. 113 Table 11: Findings regarding transformations of houses of households interviewed in Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya. (Source: author). ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 117 Table 12: findings on the person(s) involved in the participation in the incremental housing process of households interviewed in Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya. ........................................................................................................................................................... 118 Table 13: table showing a comparative summary of case studies. ................................................................................................. 120
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
1.1. BACKGROUND The African continent has remained the second fastest growing economy, after East Asia. This phenomenon has been accompanied by rapid urbanization and a strong growth in consumption expenditure and demand for certain types of goods and services including housing (AfDB, 2016). 25.6% of Kenyans live in urban areas, a population that is growing at a rate of 4.34% annually (CIA World Factbook, 2016), see Figure 1. With this growth rate the country’s urban areas needs 250,000 housing units annually yet only 50,000 units are produced, leaving the deficit growing by 200,000 per year (Ministry of Land & Physical, 2016). The effect of this shortage results in a continuous increase in prices, which makes it unaffordable for the lower middle and low income group. This in turn pushes the low-income residents out of the formal housing market leading to growth and encroachment of informal settlement/slums, whose growth is estimated to be 4.3-5% annually. According to the 2009 Kenya National Census, Nairobi’s population had increased to 3,375,000, 60 - 70% of whom live in informal settlements (APHRC, 2012). These informal settlements are scattered across Nairobi County, see figure 2. Given the state of the supply and demand over the years the Kenyan Government has tried different strategies, ranging from forced eviction, resettlement, and Sites-and-Services schemes and upgrading.
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Figure 1: Graph showing population growth and distribution trend in Kenya, between rural and urban areas. (Source :( FENGLER, 2017))
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Figure 2: Map of Nairobi showing the number of slums per sub-location (Source: (APHRC, 2012))
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
1.1.1. Housing Interventions: Historical Context, Kenya During the colonial period in Kenya, major towns such as Nairobi showed large spatial segregation based on race (Mitullah, 2003). The racial segregation/ division divided the city into four distinct sectors;
The North and West lines marked the European area;
North and East defined as the Asian Sector (Parklands, Pangani and Eastleigh);
South East to South marked another small Asian district before it was surrounded by the Game Park (Nairobi South, Nairobi West);
East and South East defined as the African Sector (Pumwani, Kariokor, and Donholm).
The Nairobi City plans of 1905, 1927 and 1948 advocated for very high planning standards that were unattainable by the Africans living in Nairobi. In the 1930-1960s, the colonial government invested in public housing to house the working population, restricting the urban population to only the workforce (Olima, 2001). In 1953, the colonial government created a Central Housing Board through the Housing Ordinance which promoted the development of houses for Africans. This was the origin of the National Housing Corporation (NHC, a state corporation under the Ministry of Lands that is charged with the implementation of the Housing policy and is expected to provide low cost housing and social housing. In 1964, after Kenya gained independence, the urban population grew and without an equal increase in housing provision, opening the market for the private sector. Unfortunately, the private sector’s motivation for money left majority of the low-income population without formal housing as they could not afford it, leading to a rapid growth in informal settlements , see Figure 2. Page | 5
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
The 1970-1990s were characterized by mass eviction of squatters and clearance of slums as a strategy to clean up the city. This was done concurrently with the Sites-and-services schemes in the 1980s. As a result, the government took up slum upgrading programmes and housing policies and constitutional rights were reformulated (Mwaniki, Wamuchiru, Mwau, & Opiyo, 2015). During the 2000-2010 decade there were significant policy changes: in 2000, after the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals, which focuses on slum upgrading/improvement, there was a shift in the approach to slum upgrading; the 2004 housing policy that abolished clearance of slums, but instead looked at integrated strategies in dealing with informal settlements. In 2005, the Kenya Slum Upgrading Project (KENSUP) was initiated and was charged with the implementation and financing slum upgrading projects. Its main aim is to improve the livelihoods of urban slum dwellers by the year 2020 (UNHABITAT, 2008). In 2008, the Kenya Vision 2030 was launched: a development programme. One of its goals is having a well-housed population in an environmentally-secure environment in Kenyan urban areas (Kenya Vision 2030, 2007). There was also the creation of a metropolitan region which brought together the surrounding 14 local authorities and a new government ministry was formed—the ministry of Nairobi metropolitan region - govern the newly created region. This metropolitan region includes: parts of Southern Kiambu county, south-eastern Kiambu county, western Machakos county and northern Kajiado county.
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
In 2010, came the new constitution that made radical changes in the land and planning policies and explicitly, recognized and guaranteed the rights of all citizens to accessible and adequate housing and of reasonable standards of sanitation (Kenyan Constitution, 2010). In 2011, the government initiated the Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Program (KISIP), a slum upgrading program that targeted 15 municipalities with a short-term focus of 5 years (2011-2016). The National Housing Corporation, a state corporation under the Ministry of Lands is charged with the implementation of the Housing policy and is expected to provide low cost housing and social housing. The government, together with facilitating institutions such as the World Bank, UN Habitat, SIDA, AFD and Shelter Afrique, have worked to increase the country’s housing stock and infrastructure for housing.
1.1.2. Incremental Housing Incremental housing has sparked a lot of interest all over the world as a solution that is flexible to the needs of the users at any given time. It has shown to be more economically viable as it allows evolution and improvement of the home over time without a large upfront cost. It involves addition/change of components by the users/owner as their needs change in addition to money, time and material availability. In the 1970s the incremental housing ideology was implemented through Sites-and-Services projects where developing countries’ governments in conjunction with private institutions, including the World Bank, provided serviced land with a basic core unit and the organized occupation of sites for the intended beneficiaries (UN Habitat, 2008). With the 21st Page | 7
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
century there has been new incremental housing delivery models such as the houses of Quinta Monroy and Villa Verde in Chile.
1.1.2.1. Sites-and-Services Schemes in Kenya The Sites-and-services schemes was one of the transformation and upgrading strategy that employed incremental housing concepts. The Kenyan government along with private institutions applied this strategy in the 1920s, and developed it further during the 1960s and early 1970s in Pumwani, Nairobi and Majengo, Thika (1920s), Changamwe, Mombasa (1960), and Kariobangi, Nairobi (1965). It was designed to cater for the low-income group (Anyamba, 2010). The concept of the Sites-and-services programs was to make available what the low-income group could not easily get or afford on their own:
Land to build on
Financing
Essential and municipal services:
Public amenities o Clean water
o Lighting
o Refuse collection
o Security
o Sewerage
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Most of the sites-and-services schemes had relative large plots, most of which were provided with water and sewerage, but few had street lighting. Most of the housing units were designed in a way that each dweller had external access to individual rooms or rooms were accessed from a corridor. This made them suitable for sub-letting. Few housing units were self-contained ‘family’ units. Generally, the number of plots was low, the plots were relatively big and the plot coverage was kept low at 33%. However, with time the plot numbers per scheme was increased, the plot sizes reduced, houses were constructed back to back and the plot coverage increased to 50% e.g. Makongeni and Dandora (Olima, 2001). Despite the government’s effort to provide housing through the sites-and services, a large percentage of the population could not afford the rent of the rooms provided by the Sites-and-services scheme and consequently had no option but to sell their homes to richer individuals and go for cheaper sub-standard accommodation of the informal housing (Anyamba, 2010).
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT Urbanization is the process of growth and expansion of human settlement from one level to another. In the same light, individuals build houses they can afford, one room at a time in order to have a better home. This growth at both levels, are regulated by market, cost, and resources available. The government has ways of guiding and controlling this process but when they fall short it results in a shortage in housing, which in turn leads to rapid unplanned and uncontrolled informal settlements: majority of people in the world live in urban areas and one billion live in slums, the numbers will double by 2030 (UN HABITAT, 2007). Nairobi, being Kenya’s capital and largest city is an example of a city plagued with rapid urbanization. Despite being a thriving hub for business and culture, it is faced with pressure on the existing infrastructure and a shortage in housing leading to mushrooming of informal and squatter settlements, which are of poor quality and lack the necessary utilities and infrastructure contrary to the Kenya Vision 2030 (Kenya’s development programme from 2008 to 2030): one of its goals is having a well-housed population in an environmentally-secure environment in Kenyan urban areas (Kenya Vision 2030, 2007). In light of this, the government and the private sector has made attempts at providing housing. Currently more than 80% of new houses produced are for the high and upper-middle income group yet the greatest demand is for the low and lower-middle income group who represent 83% of the population. The low income group opt for informal settlements which are characterized by substandard materials, and are devoid of proper infrastructure that ensures a safe, healthy and sanitary living conditions for the residents. Despite the condition of these informal settlements, they satisfy the housing needs of the urban poor in reality. Taking Kambi Moto in Huruma as an example, the urban poor Page | 10
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
build incrementally; their rudimentary structure is transformed gradually into one of good quality and evolves into thriving neighbourhoods. The public and private sector often look for quick and solution to these informal settlements, disregarding the informal urban dwellers’ potential in the provision of formal housing. Yet, some of the advantages of informal housing construction include: satisfaction of the inhabitants’ needs, the speed of construction, self-sufficient, and the affordability of the final creation. Moreover, the majority of the housing provided is static, it does not adapt to the evolution of the inhabitants /families that happens over time. According to the National Cross-sectional Slum Survey, a large population of inhabitants in Nairobi are young people aged 20 – 34 years (see figure 3) who are in the early stages of their life cycle, which is usually unstable as they make key decisions in life. The problem is not finding one umbrella solution to a specific problem but rather a solution that is as diverse and flexible as the problem is, that evolves as housing needs evolve: they require housing that allows for flexible and adaptable spaces that responds to this dynamic and evolutionary aspects Figure 3: Population pyramid for Nairobi highlighting the majority age group (Source: ((APHRC), 2012))
of the family.
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1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS i.
How does the different housing needs translate to the diverse use of living spaces?
ii.
How does/can incremental housing approach respond to the need for diverse use of living spaces?
1.4. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SIDA
-
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
AFD
-
Agence Française de Développement (French Development Agency)
FLC
-
Family Life Cycle
NSS
-
Nairobi Slum Survey
KISIP
-
Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Program
APHRC
-
African Population and Health Research Centre
KENSUP
-
Kenya Slum Upgrading Project
KNBS
-
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
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1.5. STUDY OBJECTIVES 1.5.1. General Objectives To identify and analyse: the different housing needs of the evolving family, how it relates to the diverse of use of living spaces, and how incremental housing relates and responds/satisfies them, in order to make recommendations to improve present incremental housing modules.
1.5.2. Specific Objectives
To identify the different housing needs and how it translates to the diverse use of living spaces. To analyse the incremental housing approach and how it relates and responds/satisfies the diverse of use of living spaces.
To make recommendations on how to improve present incremental housing modules based on the findings.
1.6. STUDY ASSUMPTIONS 1. Households/families are constantly changing in predictable ways in terms of numbers and structure
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2. Households/families’ housing needs equally change in predictable ways. 3. Households/families’ have the ability to and their economic status is constantly improving.
1.7. STUDY JUSTIFICATION This study was undertaken as a way to shed light on a mode of housing delivery that is dynamic just as housing needs are dynamic (Coelho, 2009), rather than the current static solutions provided that are concerned with the immediate end product rather than what it does for the user, not only material but also socio-economically. (Turner & Fichter, 1972). Moreover, Kambi Moto being the only formal incremental housing scheme in Kenya, one of this study’s objectives is to make recommendations on how to improve present incremental housing modules so that they can be adopted as a housing option in Kenya where applicable.
1.8. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY With the urban population growing at a rate of 4.34% annually (CIA World Factbook, 2016); and the current shortage of housing and the deficit growing annually (Ministry of Land & Physical, 2016) this study is timely.
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1.9. STUDY SCOPE 1.9.1. Geographical Scope This study carried out on incremental housing programmes in Kenya, specifically, on the Kambi Moto project in Huruma in Mathare constituency, Nairobi County, see figure 4.
1.9.2. Theoretical Scope This study analyses incremental housing models from the broader category of evolutionary/adaptable housing.
Figure 4: Nairobi County location (Source: (Maphill, 2017)) Page | 15
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
1.10. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1.10.1. Definition of Theoretical Terms Incremental housing - A phased process by which to satisfy the constitutional right to adequate housing. This process intends to help address the need in a way that allows more people to access a housing opportunity starting with right of tenure with rudimentary service followed by basic services and then eventually acquire a house through a self-build process. Low income - of or relating to those with a relatively small income Low income family - A family/household whose income is below the defined income falls a certain range categorized as low income. Family life cycle - A series of stages through which a family may pass over time. Typical stages in family development include the periods of a single young adult, a newly married couple, a family with young children, a family with adolescents, launching the children, and a family in later life. Family - A social group of parents, children, and sometimes grandparents, uncles, aunts, and others who are related. Page | 16
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Household - A group of people, often a family, who live together. Housing - buildings that people live in, or the providing of places for people to live. Housing needs - Something required or wanted; a requisite pertaining to housing. Housing priorities -
Something relating to housing given special or prior attention.
Activity pattern - A particular way in which an activity is done or organized, or happens. Flexibility - Characterized by a ready capability to adapt to new, different, or changing requirements. Adaptability - The quality of being able to adjust to new conditions. Evolutionary - Relating to the gradual development of something. Adaptable - Able to adjust to new conditions; able to be modified for a new use or purpose; flexible. Flexible housing - Housing that can adapt to the changing needs of users, which includes the possibility of choosing different housing layouts prior to occupation as well as the ability to adjust one's housing over time.
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
1.10.2. Definition of Operational Terms Incremental housing
-
A gradual step-by-step process whereby building components are appended or improved by owner-builders as funding, time, or materials become available.
Low income
-
Of or relating to those with a monthly expenditure below Ksh. 23,670 (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2017).
Low income family
-
A family/household whose income is below the defined income falls below Ksh. 23,670 (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2017).
Family life cycle
-
A series of stages through which a family may pass over time: Single individual, beginning family (Married couple without children), early child bearing (oldest child is 30 months old), families with pre-schoolers (oldest child is 2.5 – 5 years old), families with teenagers (oldest 6 –12 years), families with teenagers (oldest 13 – 20 years), launching centre families (young adult – from the first to the last child leaving home), middle aged families (Residing along retirement), aging families (retirement to death of both spouses) (Lisa C. Baker).
Family
-
Persons related by ties of marriage, birth or adoption whose central purpose is to create and maintain common culture which promotes physical, mental, emotional and social development of each of its members.
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Housing
-
The physical structure that people live as in as well as the process which corresponds to both psychological and physical needs of its inhabitants.
Housing needs
-
Material and human/non-quantifiable or physical and psychological requirements, wants or requisites pertaining to housing.
Housing priorities
-
Housing needs given special or prior attention over other.
Activity pattern
-
Particular day-to-day behaviour or actions of members of a household.
Flexibility
-
Characterized by a ready capability to adapt to new, different, or changing requirements.
Adaptability
-
The quality of being able to adjust to new conditions.
Evolutionary
-
Relating to the gradual development of something.
Adaptable
-
Able to adjust to new conditions; able to be modified for a new use or purpose; flexible.
Flexible housing
-
Housing that is capable of various provisions (Groak, 1994): to the changing needs of users, which includes the possibility of choosing different housing layouts prior to occupation as well as the ability to adjust one's housing over time.
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1.11. STUDY LIMITATIONS i.
Overreliance on the internet for material on evolutionary housing and case studies selected did not exhaust the researcher’s demand for information and may have left some gaps of information.
ii.
Time, as each chapter of the research had very tight schedule pinned to their completion.
iii.
The interviewees (some home owners in Kambi Moto) may not have been well versed with architectural knowledge to allow them to respond to architectural questions as demanded by the researcher. This forced the researcher to simplify the important questions to their level.
iv.
The number of local case studies were limited to one: Kambi Moto in Huruma in Nairobi County due to unavailability of other formal incremental housing programmes in Nairobi.
v.
The study was limited to incremental housing program for the low-income group because Kambi Moto is currently the only formal incremental housing program within Nairobi County, and the inhabitants are majorly of the low-income group.
1.12. STUDY ORGANIZATION This thesis contains six chapters organized into three major parts: preambles which include the preface and an introductory chapter; the research approach which includes chapters on literature review, research methodology, case studies and study findings and analysis; and finally the appendices and references. Page | 20
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Chapter One Chapter one is an introductory chapter detailing a background to the study, the research problem, spelling out the study objectives, assumptions, limitations, justification and scope. It serves as an introduction to the subject under study. Chapter Two Chapter two encompasses the critical analysis of relevant literature (books, magazines, journals, reports, conference proceedings, research papers and articles) to the study variables. It involves a deep insight on the evolving family’s housing needs; incremental housing: evolutionary, flexible and adaptable housing; and how it translates to diverse use of living spaces. Chapter Three Chapter three includes the research design and the methods applied in the research design. It also comprises sampling methods, data collection methods and techniques and interpretation methods.
Chapter Four Chapter four goes into the details of selected case studies in an attempt to study how others have attempted to deal with related issues in the past and their outcome. This section also deals with the analysis of the study findings. Chapter Five
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Chapter five comprises conclusions and recommendations based on the study findings. It also includes comment on areas for further studies. Chapter Six Chapter six comprises of references, and appendices that give an insight into the literature material that are related to the study.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
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2.1. INTRODUCTION Housing is a core theme in architecture and cannot be separated from urbanization, and can be defined using a simple general system. This system must include the actors, their actions and their accomplishments in terms of housing. It is not a linear process but rather, a continuous loop, see Figure 5. The context is altered, to some extent, by the actor’s actions.
Figure 5: An adaptation from Ludwig von Bertalanffy's description (Source: (John F C Turner & Robert Fichter, 1972))
It is necessary to recognize the three classes of actors (see table 1):
The individual/family: the families/users/inhabitants.
The public sector: the government and municipalities.
The private sector: the experts (e.g. planners, architects).
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Table 1: The actors in the incremental housing process adopted from (Greene & Rojas, 2008, p. 94) ACTORS
TYPE Household/Family/Users
Involve in the design/planning process.
Help with labour in construction.
Provide a finance to expand the core.
Use the houses.
Expand the houses according to the needs / additions to family members.
Provide technical assistance.
Facilitate the supply of land for residential uses.
Supervise compliance with land use and building regulations.
Provide health, education and social services to households.
Manage sanitation services (directly or through concessions).
Define the regulatory framework for the housing and financial sectors.
Provide financing to municipalities to improve infrastructure and urban services.
Provide direct subsidies to low-income households.
Study and disseminate good practices in incremental house building.
Sub-directory in the process (interrelate in city level).
Plan and design with the individuals.
Engineers
Help with developing the core.
Contractors
Construct with the help of the individuals.
Suppliers
Supply building materials.
Construction industry
Develop new materials to use.
INDIVIDUALS/ FAMILY
ACTIVITIES
Extended Family
Government
PUBLIC SECTOR Municipalities
Planners Architects
PRIVATE SECTOR
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The housing process depends on the actors and the users/inhabitants/family being the dominant actors, they must be free to make decisions that concern them, that is, involve the users in participation from the planning to implementation. Alexander (2006) states that “the only way to build forms that are loved by its inhabitants is through their participation in the process. The mere fact of an individual participating in the planning or construction of his home or neighbourhood establishes a connection between him and the realized object” (AAVV, 2006, p. 28).
2.1.1. Housing and Housing Needs It is important that housing meets the needs of its intended inhabitants, not only materially but also socially, economically and culturally. This is a challenge for architects; to encompass the dynamic needs of the user in housing. The current static design of housing regards it as a product or a commodity, as an engineering issue. Yet housing is not only an engineering issue but also an issue of sociology and economy of the people it serves (Turner & Fichter, 1972). It overlooks that human beings require more than the basic needs, as in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs by Abraham Maslow (Maslow, 1943) in figure 6.
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Selftranscedence
Selfactualization
Esteem: self-esteem & selfrespect
Love/belonging: friendship,intimacy, family.
Safety: personal & financial security, health & wellbeing, safety net.
Physiological: food, water, air, clothing & shelter. Figure 6: Graphical representation of Maslow's Hierarchy of needs. (Source: (Wikipedia 2016))
2.1.2. Housing as a Verb According to Turner (1972), housing is a verb and not a noun. It covers social improvement opportunities rather than merely a plot/space for the poor, as previously done by public housing concerned with immediate end product, emphasizing on the quality of the shelter, yet “the quality of the shelter provided by housing is only one of the specific functions of housing.
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Figure 7: Matched Priorities: vital needs and housing needs vs income level. (Source: (Turner & Fichter, 1972))
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All the functions are dependent on the variables of human goals which particular households have at any particular place and time” (Turner & Fichter, 1972). These functions are dependent variables of human goals which households have at a specific time and place. They can be classified as:
Specific and material needs: which includes quality of shelter, location of shelter and tenure.
Human or existential and non-quantifiable needs: which can be taken as identity, opportunity and security.
Even with the recognition of these functions of housing it has been difficult to encompass the wide variation of housing needs, priorities, and choices observed particularly among the lower-middle and low income group. In rapidly urbanizing cities, members of this groups are found living in almost all residential sectors in a wide variety of dwelling types and with all forms of land tenure – from squatter tenancy to mortgaged homes. Turner (1972) hypothesizes that different income groups have different housing priorities. For example the low income group’s highest housing priority is opportunity in order to help improve their economic situation; they are more concerned with the future that the present security especially if it entails economic stagnation. After some years when their economic status improves to lower middle income and may have dependents, their highest priority becomes security which is important for his/her long-term plans, as well as identity especially if opportunities for higher income decrease over time. See Figure 7. Demand is a dependent variable of the projected costs and benefits of the action and products (housing) required to meet the demand. When the housing supply does not match the demand - user’s needs, it affects the user’s will to pay or to care for the property which leads to decrease in economic value of the houses. The importance of housing – the process and the end product – lies in its ability to meet the demand: in what it does for everyone involved, especially Page | 29
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
the user. Considering the wide variation of housing needs, priorities, and choices and that everyone’s situation is different and changes with time, it is a mistake to measure housing needs using physical aspects of housing. It does not matter for what it is materially, but how it relates to the people’s needs – the role it plays in their lives throughout time (Turner & Fichter, 1972). The incremental housing approach promises to cater for these dynamic housing needs through involving the users in translating those needs into a diverse use of living spaces that meets those needs. According to Coelho and Cabrita (2009), the process of incremental housing is directly linked to the family evolution, “…embracing forms of gradual improvement and adaptability to the changes, more or less successive, of their inhabitants lifestyles, may so, ensuring the progressive realization of the “housing desires”, as they are being made and discussed by locals and chosen as real objectives to be attained at a certain time in these homes” (Coelho, 2009, p. 11).
2.2. THE EVOLVING FAMILY’S HOUSING NEEDS With the advent of modern technology, education, urbanization, western religion, and changing socio-economic factors the family structure, composition and function has changed. Families that were initially purely traditional, have been caught between the traditional family system and the modern system, which is characterized by individualism. This has resulted in an emergence of new types of families and households that are unstable and subject to many changes.
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2.2.1. The Concept of the Family Traditionally a family is the basic unit in society and is comprised of a man and woman joined by marriage or by union of fact. Children born into the latter make up the elementary/nuclear family. It can also be defined as a group of individuals living under one roof and usually under one head and in most cases are linked by backgrounds from a common ancestor, marriage or adoption (Merriam-Webster Inc, 2016). Duvall (1977) proposed that the family is composed of interacting persons related by ties of marriage, birth or adoption whose central purpose is to create and maintain common culture which promotes physical, mental, emotional and social development of each of its members. Many people think of families as a collection of individuals yet it goes beyond individuals; it is a system. Ramsey (1958), family system theory points out that family functioning is more than the sum of individual parts. Just as individuals, families change over time and these developmental processes are important in understanding families (Baker & Ramsey). In Kenya, there are approximately 42 ethnic tribes each with a unique culture although many have similar practices. Culture informs marriage, family and kinship. In many tribes the family was patriarchal and polygamy was tradition, it was not uncommon for a man to marry more than one wife, though this practice is becoming less typical today with western religion and due to other socioeconomic factors. In the traditional household, each wife and her children had a separate house as well as the head of the family. It was common for several generations to live within the same homestead: the extended family was considered a single unit and lived together. Traditional family types included:
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Nuclear family: consist of a husband and a wife and at least one child
Extended Family: consist of a nuclear family and including at least one grandparent, aunt, uncle, or another relative, who all live nearby or in one household.
Today the family has evolved in terms of its components, structure, values and culture. It is no longer only formed by a father, mother and children. It’s no longer restricted to blood ties. It has evolved and with different principles from those it had in the past.
2.2.2. Evolutionary Aspects of the Family As earlier noted the family today has evolved and as a result its components, structure, values and culture have changed giving a rise of new modes of families:
Blended Family: a family where either or both of the parents were previously married
Single parent family: a family with only one parent present
Unmarried family: parents, unmarried but living together.
Communal family: a group of families living together and sharing responsibilities.
Even within these new family types, dynamics within them change over time depending on the individuals’ needs, the relationship between them, and the impact of external factors. Since the life cycle consists of almost predictable events in the formation and growth of a family it may be possible to hypothesize their needs as they move from successive stages in the life cycle. Page | 32
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
2.2.2.1. The Family Life Cycle There are various social sciences theories about the family, its structure, needs, tasks, development and how all these components are related, they including (Nursing Theory Org, 2017):
Family Systems Theory, von Bertanlanffy (1968)
Development Theory, Duvall (1977)
Structural-Functional Theory, Friedman(1988)
The Systemic Family Developmental (SFD) Model, Laszloffy (2002)
The study focused on the Development theory since it is based on the principle that, just as individuals change, families evolve through predictable developmental stages. This is necessary to understand the concept that a family evolves.
a. The Development Theory, Duvall (1977) The developmental or life-cycle theory is based on the principle that just as individuals change, families evolve through predictable developmental stages, and experience growth and development. Stages begin with marriage followed by childbirth and child rearing. Each stage is characterized by specific needs and tasks. Developmental theories explain the changes that occur in individuals or groups over time. This approach is based on the following assumptions:
Transitions of each member, such as birth, retirement, and death of a spouse, result in a distinct change in the family life patterns.
Families develop and change over time in predictable ways. Page | 33
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Families and their members perform certain time-specific tasks that are decided upon by themselves, within their cultural and societal context.
Family behaviour is the sum of the previous experiences of its members as incorporated in the present and in their expectations for the future.
Duvall (1977) came up with a model outlining eight stages that addressed the entry and exit of family members in the family system, see Figure 8. An advantage of the developmental approach is that it provides information on what to expect of families at different points in their life cycle.
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Stage 6 Stage 7 Stage 8
• Beginning Family (Married couple without children). • Early child bearing (oldest child is 30 months old). • Families with pre-schoolers (oldest child is 2.5 – 6 years old). • Families with teenagers (oldest 6 – years). • Families with teenagers (oldest 13 – 20 years). • Launching centre families (young adult – from the first to the last child leaving home).
• Middle aged families (Residing along retirement). • Aging families (retirement to death of both spouses) Figure 8 : Eight Stages of family development by Duvall, 1977 (Source: author)
Despite this there are limitation to the developmental theory: Page | 34
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
It has a middle class bias.
It assumes uniformity: two caregivers, nuclear family.
That young adults marry in their early twenties before they develop a career.
It views the family from a traditional perspective. It does not take into consideration the diversity of family forms found in today's society.
The approach is primarily child rearing; however, today this activity occupies less than half of a woman's adult life span. Thus, child rearing is no longer the central focus of the life cycle.
2.2.2.2. The Family Life Cycle and Activity Patterns As an individual/family moves through the life cycles stages the characteristics of the household/family changes in composition and size which consequently their housing requirements change. Housing that comfortably fits a family today may not comfortably accommodate the same family after five years (McCarthy, 1976). Activity/living patterns can be defined as particular day-to-day behaviour or actions of members of a household. In that light, families at different life-cycle stages have different activity patterns in how they use their living spaces. These activity patterns are constantly changing form. These activity patterns can be summarized into the following individual activities (Yamoto, 1963):
Sleeping
Eating
Housekeeping
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Playing
Evening sitting
Social activity
Each activity/living pattern has its own spatial requirements. Some requirements are absolutely necessary for every family and some are not necessary but preferential for most families.
Table 2: table summarizing spatial requirements in relation to activity patterns at each family cycle stage, adopted from (Yamoto, 1963, p. 166) (Source: author)
SLEEPING
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
Infant sleeping space different from other family activities or members
Sleeping space for toddler separate from parents
EATING
Dining space with space for infant beside them without any danger
Dining space that will accommodate to the toddler
(OCCUPATIONAL) HOUSEKEEPING
PLAYING Play area free from danger
Laundry facilities & Kitchen close enough with visual & verbal communication to play areas (indoor & outdoor)
Play area close to mother’s working area both indoor & outdoor Play area large enough for the toddler to walk around Play area close to mother’s working area both indoor & outdoor
EVENING SITTING
Family sitting area should be locates so as not to disturb the infant’s sleep
Family sitting area should be separate from child’s sleeping area
SOCIAL ACTIVITY
Visual communicati on to public walkway used by neighbours
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Play area close to mother’s working area both indoor & outdoor
STAGE 3
Play area space should be bigger to accommodate children’s games and their friends to join them.
Separate sleeping spaces for children of opposites sex (preferably)
Increased storage space
STAGE 4
STAGE 5
Separate sleeping spaces for children of opposites sex
Separate sleeping spaces for children of opposites sex Each child may prefer their own room if possible
Dining space that will accommodate the growing child who can now sit and eat like an adult
Safe play area from vehicular traffic Play area space should be bigger to accommodate children’s games and their friends to join them. Safe play area from vehicular traffic
Secure house with minimum maintenance.
Family sitting area should be separate from children’s sleeping area
Access to nature is desirable
Open public space for meeting neighbours
Family sitting area should be separate from children’s sleeping area
Space for reading for the school children
Separate sitting area from parents
Space for visiting family & friends who may stay overnight
Space for reading for the school children
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
STAGE 6
STAGE 7 & STAGE 8
Separate sleeping spaces for children of opposites sex
Separate sitting area from parents
Each child may prefer their own room if possible
Space for reading for the school children
Sleeping space for the elderly should be free from noise
Sitting space should be secure and free from noise
Sleeping space should be safe and secure
Access to nature.
Children want space to bring their friends over
Extra sleeping space for their grand children
The family changes over time, they evolve; so do their activity patterns which results in a change spatial requirements to cater to those activity patterns. Therefore, in order to have better family housing the housing provided should be adaptable to accommodate the ever-changing needs. Table 2, adopted from (Yamoto, 1963, p. 166) , shows the functional requirements of living spaces at different stages of the Family Life Cycle in relation to different activity/living patterns.
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2.3. EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING: INCREMENTAL HOUSING Incremental housing is a housing strategy which involves a kind of step-by-step configuration of the house to allow the users to build/improve their homes according their housing needs. It is expressed through many different volumetric increase of form and other modular developments appropriate for the needs of the family of different types and at various life stages. Its main aim is to reduce upfront capital cost and allow the user to manipulate the spatial configuration of their homes (within certain limits) according to their needs and income over time.
2.3.1. Flexibility vs Adaptability The general theoretical difference between flexibility and adaptability is that flexibility is the ability of something to be flexed or bent without breaking; able to be turned, bowed, or twisted, without breaking; pliable; not stiff or brittle; while adaptability is capability of adapting or of being adapted: the quality of being able to adjust to new conditions (Wiktionary, 2017). Flexibility and adaptability are important aspects when it comes to designing housing so that it is economically, socially and environmentally viable. GroĂĄk (1994), defines adaptable housing as capable of different social uses whereas flexible housing as housing capable of various provisions (Groak, 1994). According to Herman (1999), adaptability is achieved by versatile spaces: spaces that can be used in a variety of ways, usually without making physical changes to housing (Hertzberger, 1991). Flexibility, on the other hand, according to the
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definition of Groák, is achieved by mobile elements such as sliding walls; changing internal and external, the temporary changes or permanent. Therefore we can deduce that adaptability is based on issues of use; while flexibility involves issues of technical ways that spaces can be changed for various functions. Flexibility has been applied in the design of office spaces and the same principles can be applied to housing.
2.3.2. Flexible Housing 2.3.2.1. Modern Concept of Space: the Free Plan Le Corbusier developed the five points of new architecture that governed his technique. They included:
pilotis
free plan
roof garden
horizontal windows
free facade
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Among the five points, the free plan which is characterized by a structure skeleton to free up the space of structural walls. This allowed the house to have unrestricted design and use of its interior space (Le Corbusier, 1970). He demonstrated this through the Dom-ino System, see Figure 9. This was in contrast with the traditional construction, where spaces were isolated
and
semi-independent.
This
was
a
fundamental principle on which the modern concept Figure 9: Domino by Le Corbusier, 1914. (Source: (The City as a Project, 2017))
of space is based on, openness and continuity, as well as flexibility in housing.
Traditional Japanese architecture is one of the examples of flexibility of housing. The spaces of their houses do not have any specific use but rather its use changes throughout the day and division of the space is achieved through furniture and screens. The second International Congress for Modern Architecture (CIAM) of 1929 themed The Minimum House, discussed flexibility in housing, that since the spaces were smaller, they needed to be more efficient and flexible. The best way to do so was to design the interior space in a way that it can transform as per the needs of the users. This would result in quality and economically feasible spaces. The free plan allowed flexibility and adaptability for the architect and users.
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Moreover, they discussed residential houses and existing patterns of living. They approached housing as something that could change over time and something that could adapt to the wishes of its inhabitants. An example of housing that applied this concept include Rietveld’s Schroder (1924) that applied flexibility by use of mobile elements to the minimal space required for housing (Sheneider & Till, 2007). According to Caetano (2013), flexibility in spaces can be achieved in two ways (Caetano, 2013): 1. Spaces whose use are indefinite: The user decides how their home will be occupied instead of certain uses being prescribed to each space. 2. Architectural elements that respond to different needs within the same space: The same space can be used for different functions at different times of the day for example through foldable furniture. After the First World War, there was an increased demand for housing leading to mass production of housing. This roused arguments that the houses produced were static and inflexible; that standardization solved the housing crisis but created the challenge of creativity in the layout house. Towards the end of the 1960s, flexibility in housing was implemented through participation of the inhabitants in the planning process of housing. The main goal was to provide a house that allowed the inhabitant to make changes in the housing process; from planning and throughout the life of the house.
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2.3.2.2. Concept of Flexible Housing Till & Schneider (2007), define flexible housing as housing that is designed for change over its lifetime. Its housing that adjusts depending on the needs of the user(s) and pattern of change. The needs can be personal (increase in family), practices (aging family) or technology (an update of services).
The patterns of change can be demographic,
economic (e.g. increasing the rental market), or environmental (Sheneider & Till, 2007). Therefore flexible housing can be defined as housing that is able change in order to adapt to new, different, or changing requirements of the users.
2.3.2.3. Principles of Flexibility Design The principles of flexibility design is based on the design of office buildings. Their structure is permanent but some interior elements are designed to be flexible in order to accommodate future changes. In order to achieve this flexibility, design has to be simple to allow for future changes with ease and can be achieved through modularity and prefabrication (Sheneider & Till, 2007). Modularity refers to building elements constructed with standard units or dimensions for flexibility and variety in use, these units/components may (or may not) be prefabricated; while prefabrication is these are building elements that are made off the construction site, for example at a factory, so that construction consists mainly of assembling and uniting standardized parts (Merriam-Webster Inc, 2016).
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2.3.2.3. Types of Housing Flexibility According to Caetano (2013), Housing flexibility can only be achieved if there are neutral and permanent elements, structural systems and spaces. Types of housing flexibility include:
Design of the structural system: involves making the structure simple and separate from the other element.
Design of the facades: consists of neutral and dynamic facades.
Design of access: encompasses matters of access and its diversity.
Design of equipment and furniture: allows for diverse organization of services, furniture and equipment.
Neutral and versatile spaces: employs the concept of the free plan to bring about flexibility.
Compartmentalization: involves using elements that are divided and can be transformed to achieve flexibility.
Transformation of housing: comprises of transforming the boundaries of the house through various strategies of evolution (addition, aggregation, division).
2.3.3. Adaptable/Evolutionary Housing 2.3.3.1. Concept of Adaptable/Evolutionary Housing Adaptability and evolution are a result of the house being flexible, therefore the concept of adaptable/evolutionary housing involves the possibility of modifying the boundaries of a house through various strategies of evolution: addition,
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aggregation, division according to the user’s needs. This can be at any stage of life of the household/family, therefore evolution and adaption must be considered at the design stage so that future changes do not interfere with the initial unit (Friedman, 2003). Coelho and Cabrita (2009), discuss evolving and adaptable housing as directly linked to family development with respect to its economic strength and therefore, the construction process (Coelho, 2009). Thus economic factors are important and affect the ability of a family to transform their initial unit when there’s need to cost control. Moreover, Dias and Doors (1972), state one of the advantages of evolutionary housing as space satisfaction for all residents, despites different speed of evolution. Therefore it’s important that the evolution of housing is in line with the development of the family (Days, 1972).
2.3.3.2. Principles of Adaptable/Evolutionary Housing For a house to evolve it needs an initial base to evolve from, but this base unit and subsequent transformation must still meet quality requirements. According to Coelho and Cabrita (2009), some of the conditions the base unit must meet include:
“The actual capacity for gradually achieving a state of growth and improvement, i.e., development than originally agreed.
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The ability to adapt in the beginning and then at each stage of growth, improvement and a wide variety of uses and changes in uses.
The ability of acceptance of periods in which certain development operations are now required, but which are not yet statements or functionally possible.
The ability of acceptance of critical periods in which there are abnormal uses, although temporary, implied by the works and changes associated with them.
The appropriateness to physical and environmental, always innovative, resulting from new joints, continuities and contiguities, implemented by successive developments
Spatial, environmental improvements and changes of use" (Coelho, 2009, p. 12)
Evolution of housing can occur in three ways:
a. Evolution by Extension This widely used form of evolution and is best suited for single-family houses, can only be applied to one floor and is easy to apply to self-build. Evolution by extension can be achieved through:
“Coordination between volumes "discreet" - the initial core and extensions.
Volumetric variation in adjusted. Joints of volumes are complementary to the initial core.
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Further development - closure, finishing and occupation of structures performed when creating the initial nucleus.” (Coelho, 2009, p. 222).
Extension can occur within limits set by the architect, by determining the position, size and appearance of the extension. These potential extensions should be tested for stages in which the change is anticipated. There are two types of evolution by extension:
Horizontal extensions: involves horizontal addition of space and it is important to consider access and its various combinations. Ideally, one should be able to access future extensions through existing access or defined space.
Vertical extensions: involves vertical additions of space, therefore it is important to consider elements such as trusses, slabs, staircases.
b. Evolution by Aggregation Evolution by aggregation involves joining two small units into a bigger unit either vertically or horizontally. The following should be considered in evolution by aggregation:
If the aggregation is horizontal, any future opening must be planned and where necessary there should be lintels and other structures for ease of creation of future openings.
The materials between dwellings should also be considered to be easily removed or replaced.
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If the area of access to housing units is enough and shared between two units, the aggregation future becomes easier.
If the kitchen is in a confined space can be considered its transformation into a room, if it is integrated into the living area, there is a need to take into account whether the living room works with a possible subdivision is to transform the kitchen in another confined space.
c. Evolution by Division Evolution by division involves two units that were once together can be split, or one unit can be divided into two. This requires careful design of circulation and services and can be done in two ways:
A large unit can be divide into two units. This requires two means of access in the initial phase of the project
A large unit can generate a smaller area separate from the rest of the house. This can be used to for individual housing for a member of the family, as a work space or rented out.
It is also important to note that in addition to evolution of the house, the physical structures of urbanization should also be evolutionary and adaptable so that they can improve and expand with the inhabitants ‘needs.
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2.3.3.3. Development of the System This is the development of the house and just like a system it comprise of different parts. According to Caetano (2013) these parts include: the initial/core unit, the building elements and the limitations to the process.
a. The Core Unit In order to have housing that evolves it is necessary to have strategies and principles that organize the use of space from one of singular use to one that which offers multiple opportunities for growth and combinations in various stages. These strategies include:
Determining the spatial organization of the core unit including space for the day-to-day (living room/bedroom) and fixed elements (sanitary facilities and kitchen).
Determining the position, location and orientation of the core unit.
Determining and organizing solutions for the interior partitioning which will supplement the core unit in subsequent stages.
b. Building Elements These can be divided into permanent and flexible elements. The permanent elements include the:
The structure
The stairs Page | 49
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Sanitary facilities
The kitchen
The kitchen and sanitary facilities are most often side by side to. In case on sanitary facilities on different floors they are vertically superimposed to save on cost. Flexible elements include architectural elements that are flexible:
Doors
Furniture
Windows
Walls
Exterior and interior elements can be flexible. Interior walls can be sliding to allow increased flexible change in function at any time.
c. Limitations Even in flexibility of housing there are restrictions that are interconnected and affect each other. It is important design of possible transformations are done with these conditions in mind. These are limitations and they include:
Location of housing
Topography of the site
Access to the site
The number of facades
The location of the stairs
The typology of the house (a constraint in the form). Page | 50
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2.4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY
Housing and Housing Needs •Housing as a verb
The Evolving Family's Housing needs •Concept of the Family •History of the Family •Evolutionary spects of the family
Evolution of Flexibility •Concept of Flexible Housing •Principles of Flexible Housing •Types of Housing Flexibility
Evolutionary and Adaptable housing •Concept of Evolutionary Housing •Principles of evolutionary housing •Development of the System
Figure 10: Theoretical Framework diagram (Source: author). Page | 51
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
2.5. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INCREMENTAL HOUSING
EVOLVING FAMILY’S HOUSING NEEDS
Context1
Family Life cycle stages
DIVERSE USE OF LIVING SPACES
Core unit
Quantifiable needs o Quality of shelter o Location of shelter o Land tenure
+
Flexibility techniques + Building elements:
Non-quantifiable needs o Basic activities o Work activities o Leisure & socializing activities
Flexible & permanent + Building technology & materials
Basic o Sleeping o Dining & food preparation o Grooming (dressing & bathing)
Context2
o
Work o Income generation o Studying o
Leisure & Social o Children playing o Evening sitting o Family activities o Social activities
+ Participatory process
Figure 11: Conceptual framework diagram (Source: author) Page | 52
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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3.1. INTRODUCTION According to Clifford Woody (C. R. Kothari, 2004), research comprises defining and redefining problems ,formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting ,organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions and at last careful testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated hypothesis. This study aims to study the different housing needs of the family, how it translates to the diverse use of living spaces, and how incremental housing has responded to them, see table 3. This objective as well as the literature review has informed the choice of the research design, research and data collection methods.
3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN A case study approach was used as the research design. This research design strategy involves an in-depth study in a particular situation or individual or a specific small group. This approach is used to test theoretical models in real world situations and provides a more realistic response than a purely statistical survey.
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Table 3: Table summarizing research objectives, tools and techniques. (Source: author) OBJECTIVES To identify the different housing needs and how it translates to the diverse use of living spaces.
RESEARCH QUESTION
ANSWER TO RESEARCH QUESTION
How does the different housing needs translate to the diverse use of living spaces?
Evolving family characteristics: structure and constituents Evolving family/household’s housing needs
use of living spaces
To analyse the incremental housing approach and how it relates and responds/satisfies the need for diverse of use of living spaces.
How incremental housing approach responds to the need for diverse use of living spaces?
incremental housing approach
DATA TO BE COLLECTED Number of family members Members relationship and structure Rating of housing needs priority Number of rooms Sizes of the rooms Uses of the rooms Size & layout of the initial core Number of rooms of the initial core Sizes of rooms of the initial core Materials & building technology used for initial core unit People involved in initial core unit design to implementation Size & layout of current house Transformation type/ technique Duration between transformations Time taken to make transformations Materials & building technology used for transformations People involved in transformation design to implementation Anticipated use of additional rooms Current use of rooms
EXPECTED VALUE
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
SOURCE
Integral value Description Value from range Integral value Dimensions/ area Description Dimensions/ area/ Schematic drawings Integral value Dimensions/ area Description/ construction details Integral value/ Description Dimensions/ area/ Schematic drawings
Questionnaire Interview Observation Archives & library
Household/family Books, journals, articles, periodicals, reports, conference proceedings and research papers.
Description Time value/ description Time value/ description Description/ construction details Integral value/ Description Description Description
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3.2.1. Sources of Data, Target Population and Study Area The sources of information are classified into two broad categories:
Primary data: is data collected by the investigator himself/ herself for a specific purpose. In this study the use of questionnaires, interviews and observations have been used to obtain this type of data.
Secondary data: is data collected by someone else besides the investigator but is being utilized by the investigator. In this study they include: books, journals, articles, periodicals, reports, conference proceedings and research papers.
Considering that the study is taking a case study approach, the target population is inhabitants of the incremental housing approach programmes in Kenya, specifically Kambi Moto in Huruma, Nairobi.
3.2.2. Data Collection Method The data collection methods employed in this study include:
Observation
Interviews
Questionnaires
Archives and library research
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3.2.2.1. Observation This involved making observations of the living spaces, how they are used and the incremental housing techniques and outcome. This method was chosen because it is inexpensive and is easy to use. Some of the data collection techniques under observations include:
a. Annotated Diagrams & Drawings Annotated diagrams and drawings in the form of sketches would be used to capture the layout of the living spaces as well as the building technology employed.
b. Photographs Photographs would be taken to capture the living spaces and some aspects of the incremental housing.
c. Note Taking Descriptive notes would be used for taking note of uses of the living spaces and observed aspects of the incremental housing approach.
3.2.2.2. Interviews An interview is a conversation where questions are asked by the interviewer to the interviewee to elicit details and extensive explanation of a particular subject matter. In this case the main aim of the interviews was to get descriptive Page | 57
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answers on the evolving family needs and the incremental housing process. Some of the data collection techniques used in conducting the interviews include:
a. Tape Recording Audio tape recorders were used as recording tools during the interview.
3.2.2.3. Archives and Library Research Considering the research design takes a case study approach, archives and library research is essential to the study. Archive research involves study of existing past document for data as well as non-verbal representation of data such as schematic and construction drawings and sketches. While library research involves the study of relevant books, journals, articles, periodicals, reports, conference proceedings and research papers. This involved a literature review of theories, concepts and principles of the evolving family and evolutionary and adaptable housing: incremental housing and their relationship.
a. Note Taking Responses from the interviewees were taken note of and written down.
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3.2.2.4. Questionnaires Questionnaires were employed as tool for research in order to capture the respondents’ personal information, aspects of their family/household’s evolving housing needs, use of living spaces and the incremental housing approach. The questionnaires are divided into sections and each sections contains questions that achieve a common objective, see table. Moreover the entire questionnaire contains closed-ended and open-ended in order to obtain the relevant information to the study. This also included Likert questions, see table, in order to capture the priority of housing needs. PART
RANGE OF QUESTIONS
OBJECTIVE
1
To capture the family/household’s characteristics: structure, constituents.
2
To take note of the family’s/household’s housing priorities/ needs. Table 4: table showing the sections of the household questionnaire and each part’s objective (Source: author)
Non-quantifiable housing needs/ priority Identity
Essential
Important
Convenient
Unimportant
Inconvenient
5
4
3
2
1
Opportunity
5
4
3
2
1
Security
5
4
3
2
1
Table 5: table showing the Likert scale employed in the household questionnaire (Source: author)
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3.3. SAMPLING Sampling is the process of selecting a number of individuals from a population for a study in such a way the selected individuals represent the population from which they were selected. This is important where a researcher may not be able to study the entire population but still requires to make inference to the population; as in this case, due to limited resources and time sampling was applied.
3.3.4. Sampling Methods Both probability and non-probability sampling methods were applied together: Convenient, stratified and random sampling. Convenient sampling was used to select the incremental housing programme, Kambi Moto in Huruma. It was convenient as it within Nairobi. Kambi Moto being divided in to 4 “sites”, stratified sampling was applied to pick households to survey. At least two households from each “site” were surveyed. Random sampling was applied to select at least two households from each site. Since sampling for proportionality was not the main concern and with limited resources and time, purposive sampling carried out in conjunction with the community leaders, whose judgement was relied upon in choosing members of the population of Kambi Moto to participate in the study. This was done in order to reach the targeted sample quickly.
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3.3.1. Population and Sample Size The size of the population and the amount of error the researcher is willing to tolerate is what determines the size of the sample. Moreover the sample size should be large enough to be an accurate representation of the population as well as large enough to achieve statistically significant results. In this study the target population was the residents who were living in houses that were a product of informal incremental housing programmes within Nairobi County. This was found to be in Kambi Moto in Huruma. Due to constraints of time and resources, the sample size selected was 11 out of a population of 137 using the sampling methods discussed.
3.3.2. Sampling Unit A sampling unit can refer to any single person, animal, plant, product or ‘thing’ being researched. In this case, the sample unit is an incremental housing household: the individuals as well as the house and the site the house sits on.
3.3.3. Sample Frame A sampling frame is a list of all the items in your population; a complete list of everyone or everything you want to study. In this study the population is resident living in formal incremental housing programmes in Kenya within Nairobi County; whereas the sampling frame is some residents of the formal incremental housing program in Kambi Moto in Huruma.
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3.3.5. Subjects The research subject is the person who decides to participate in the research study. In this study, the research subjects were preferably, the heads of the homes of residents in formal incremental housing programmes, specifically in Kambi Moto in Huruma.
3.4. SOURCES OF ERROR Respondent: The respondents may have been reluctant to express strong negative or may have little knowledge but not admit their ignorance. The latter my result in ‘guesses’. Other factors like fatigue, boredom, anxiety, etc. may limit the ability of the respondent to respond accurately and fully. Situation: Situational factors may also be a source of error. Some situations may have had a serious effects on the interviewer-respondent rapport and may have resulted in distorted responses. If the respondent felt that anonymity is not assured, they may be reluctant to express certain feelings.
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3.5. STUDY FINDINGS & ANALYSIS Analysis refers to the computation of certain measures along with searching for patterns of relationship that exist among data-groups (C. R. Kothari, 2004). Therefore, in the process of analysis, relationships or differences supporting or conflicting with original or new hypotheses will be examined. Prior to analysis data collected will be edited, coded, classified and tabulated to make it possible for analysis. Data collected will be represented in form of tables, graphs, pie charts, architectural drawings and photographs. From the latter, relationships (or lack thereof) were realized.
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CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES, STUDY FINDINGS & ANALYSIS
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4.1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to identify and analyse: the different housing needs of the family, how it translates to the diverse of use of living spaces, and how incremental housing has responded to them, in order to make recommendations to improve present incremental housing modules. Therefore case studies were selected in order to give insight on incremental housing and how it has been used to achieve a diversity in the use of spaces as a result of the evolving family and its evolving housing needs. Some of the aspects studied in each case study include:
Background
The Principles of Evolution
Development of the System
Building Technology & materials
Participatory process
The Outcome
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4.2. CASE STUDY 1: QUINTA MONROY: THE HOUSES OF QUINTA, IQUIQUE – CHILE
Figure 12: Quinta Monroy Housing before and after inhabitation. (Source: (Archdaily, 2017))
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4.2.1. Background Information 4.2.1.1. Description Quinta Monroy is an incremental social housing project in very heart of Iquique, a city in the Chilean desert in Chile (see figure 13 & 14) constructed in 2003 to resettle 97 families in the same 5,000m2 that had previously been illegally occupied. Elemental1 was commissioned in 2002 by the ChileNeighbourhood Program - Ministry of Housing and Urbanism of the Government of Chile, Regional. The site's central location meant that the land was Figure 13: Location map of Iquique, Chile. (Source: (Maphill, Location Map of Iquique, 2017))
three times the price of what social housing could usually afford. However, the project was to work within the framework of a new program of the Ministry called Dynamic Social Housing without
ELEMENTAL (Alejandro Aravena, Gonzalo Arteaga, Juan Cerda, Victor Oddó, Diego Torres) is a Do Tank founded in 2001, focusing on projects of public interest and social impact, including housing, public space, infrastructure and transportation. 1
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Debt (VSDsD), which is focused on the poorest of society, those who do not have indebtedness
capacity.
The
program
consists of a subsidy of US $ 7,500 per family, delivered
once
and
initially,
without
associated debt, and at best (with a fairly efficient construction market) allows a Housing approximately 30 m2. That is to say, although the family is without debt with the State, the small subsidy amount compels the beneficiaries to transform their housing to what suits their needs. (Tory-Henderson, 2017). Figure 14: Photograph highlighting the location of the Quinta Monroy in the city of Iquique (Source:Invalid source specified.)
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Figure 15: Quinta Monroy Site Plan (Source: (Archdaily, 2017) )
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4.2.1.2. Historical Background The site had illegally been occupied by 97 families since the 1960s. The story of Quinta Monroy can be told in five distinct periods (Arce & Ferrari, 2008). Phase 1, “Pre-Elemental”: This was the initial settlement which was plagued with problems such as insecurity and clusters of informal settlements which provided basic shelter for the inhabitants. Phase 2, “Removal”: This was triggered by the Elemental Initiative which began in December 2003. It involved the resettlement of the inhabitants into the neighbouring township of Alto Hospicio2 (and also, in several cases, into alternative rental accommodations within Iquique). This is so that the site could be cleared for construction. Phase 3, “Foundation”: This was by December 2004 and was initiated by the deliverance of the houses to the inhabitants. At this point it changed its name from “Quinta Monroy” to “Violeta Parra Condominium”. It was also at this phase that the inhabitants started the participatory process; expanding their houses according to the predefined areas. Phase 4 & 5, “Now” & “Post-Elemental”: In this phase the wear and tear of the buildings and communities is evident: urban consolidation, some loss of innocence, and uncertainty. Moreover there’s anticipation of how things may develop through comparative studies and intuition.
Alto Hospicio is a rapidly expanding dormitory town located in the desert plateau some 600 meters above Iquique at a distance of 10 Kilometers. It is actually the home to 72,521 inhabitants. At the time Quinta Monroy was being built, Alto Hospicio was poorly equipped, badly connected, and had a very low reputation; things have improved since then, though Alto Hospicio still makes a less desirable destination than inner-city locations such as Quinta Monroy. 2
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4.2.2. Incremental Housing 4.2.2.1. Principle of Evolution: Evolution by Extension Quinta Monroy Houses were designed as ‘half-a-house’ by Elemental and was designed and planned to evolve by extension. See figure 16 & 17. Added elements
Figure 17: Proposal scheme by Elemental (Source: (Archdaily, 2017)).
Figure 16: 3D model showing evolution by extension in the Quinta Monroy houses (Source:Invalid source specified.)
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4.2.2.2. Development System a. Core Unit With a subsidy of $7, 5000, the core unit was 36m 2. It was built as “half-a-house” for flexibility with spacious rooms and limited but good quality facilities. The core unit is made up of the ground, first and last floor of one half of the house allowing both floors to grow horizontally, as shown in the figures 18 – 22 & 24.
Figure 18: Quinta Monroy house ground Floor (Source: (Archdaily, 2017)).
Figure 19: Quinta Monroy house first Floor (Source: (Archdaily, 2017)).
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Figure 22: Quinta Monroy house second Floor (Source: (Archdaily, 2017)).
Figure 21: Quinta Monroy house Front Elevation (Source: (Archdaily, 2017)).
Figure 20: Quinta Monroy house Transversal Section (Source: (Archdaily, 2017)).
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b. Building Elements: Permanent & Flexible The permanent elements in the Quinta Monroy houses include: the structure of one half of the house, the stairs, the kitchen and the initial sanitary facilities. See figure 23. The flexible elements in the Quinta Monroy houses include: the doors, windows, some of the interior walls and the furniture. See figure 25 & 26.
Figure 24: Quinta Monroy house Longitudinal Section (Source: (Archdaily, 2017)).
Figure 23: Interior of Quinta Monroy houses showing flexible: interior walls; and permanent: stair; elements (Source: (Archdaily, 2017)).
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Figure 25: 3D model showing the permanent elements in the Quinta Monroy houses (Source: Invalid source specified.).
Figure 26: Interior of Quinta Monroy house showing flexible elements: interior walls (Source: (Archdaily, 2017)).
d. Limitations Even in flexibility of the houses of Quinta Monroy there are limitations such as: the location of housing, the access to the site, the number of facades, the location of the stairs and the typology of the house (a constraint in the form).
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4.2.2.3. Building Technology & Materials The Quinta Monroy houses were constructed in reinforced concrete structure, concrete blocks and metallic joinery. With elements of timber and glass for interior partitions and stairs; and windows (respectively) (Archdaily, 2017).
4.2.2.4. Participatory Process Due to the subsidiary given by the Chilean government the residents of Quinta Monroy have been able to own their dwelling from the outset. This allowed them to take full ownership of their dwellings allowing them to be able to customize their living spaces to suit their tastes and needs (Arce & Ferrari, 2008). Almost all the residents of Quinta Monroy have changed the state of their homes wither through expansion, improving the interior and exterior finishes; they have customized their dwellings making a richer and diverse built environment.
4.2.5. Outcome Each one of them had built on the initial house a department with direct entrance from the street that leased to other families. And they had more than clear that the first floors had the advantages of a house (floor, patio, garden) and the second the advantages of the departments (light, ventilation and security). What they were interested in improving now was the division of properties, with good firewall walls. The houses have grown in economic value and have become viable assets to their owner (Arce & Ferrari, 2008).
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4.3. CASE STUDY 2: ARANYA COMMUNITY HOUSING, INDORE – INDIA
Figure 27: view of Aranya community housing. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))
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4.3.1. Background Information 4.3.1.1. Description Aranya Community Housing project is located 6km from Indore in Madhya Pradesh – India, see figure 28. This housing project was completed in 1988, was a project of the Indore Development Authority (IDA)3 for 60,000 people primarily serving the Economically Weaker Sector (EWS) of the society along with other income groups designed at India by Architect Charles Correa and B.V. Doshi respectively. Along with slum upgrading, this was done on 85 hectare planned site which were serviced with core units for a new housing development for approximately 6,500 dwellings (Ekram, 1995). The design was approached at different levels, resulting in creation of neighbourhoods, living area, working areas, thoroughfares, landscaping and public spaces. The master plan allowed for growth of the population density and house extensions in the context of the Indian Figure 28: Location map of Indore City, Madhya Pradesh – India. (Source: Invalid source specified.)
lifestyle (Ekram, 1995).
Indore Development Authority, also known as IDA is the urban planning agency serving Indore Metropolitan Region of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It was established in 1973 under Madhya Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1973. The headquarters of the authority is 7, Race Course Road, Indore. 3
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The settlement is a cluster of six self-contained neighbourhoods with plot sizes range from 35m2 for EWS to 475m2 for high income groups. Despite the difference in plot sizes and income level, the various income groups have been combined and arranged in concentric rings of plots in order to foster the feeling of community and mutual interdependence (Sood, 2017).
4.3.1.2 Historical Background In the early 1980’s, the city of Indore, India was facing a shortage of Housing where an estimated 51,000 families were homeless or living in illegal settlements. The Indore Development Authority (IDA) initiated an affordable housing project for 60,000 people that would try and solve this issue and at the same time be affordable to the government and urban poor. Previous efforts by the government to provide low-cost urban housing in India were aimed at supplying readybuilt units. However, it took too long to construct a complete house and it became expensive for the low income group and also ate up too many resources. The development of Aranya Community Housing was designed. It was a Sites-and services scheme, it followed the basic principle of incremental housing. It was done in various stages of evolution/development (Sood, 2017): Stage 1: The initial plan was developed by the Indore Development Authority (IDA) but had no regard for hierarchy, the circulation system, climate of the areas nor the built-form. See figure 30. Stage 2: The initial plan was redesigned with distributed open spaces and street hierarchies. See figure 29. Stage 3: The plan was developed to rectify the orientation with respect to climatic factors, in order to minimize heat gain and increase natural shading. See figure 32. Page | 79
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Stage 4: The plan developed in order to have interlinked open spaces, built-form variations, distributed amenities, road network hierarchies and a climate friendly orientation. See figure 31. Eventually the envisaged built-form was to be a low-rise high density development that would portray the traditional fabric with shared walls, favourable to the micro-climate, house form variation and culturally appropriate in that context (Ekram, 1995).
Figure 29: Aranya Stage one – plan proposed by the IDA (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))
Figure 30: Aranya Stage 2 proposed plan. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))
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Figure 32: Aranya Stage 3 proposed plan. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))
Figure 31: Aranya Stage 4 proposed plan. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))
4.3.2. Incremental Housing 4.3.2.1. Principle of Evolution: Aranya Community Housing project houses had standardized plans but has a variation of forms through permutation combination of various elements by the users through extension (Aranya, 2017) see figure 33.
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Figure 33: users decide how much to build (incrementally: evolution by extension), Aranya. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))
4.3.2.2. Development System The plot sizes range from 35m2 for EWS to 475m2 for high income groups. A service core was provided such that after evolution the final house would be able to fulfil the daily needs of the users while allowing them to integrate outdoor and indoor spaces with privacy within and outside the house by designing optional plans. These plans were designed in respect to: the orientation, light, ventilation and climate control. They also allowed for vertical extension, they provided the option for subletting and commercialization of some spaces. It also used appropriate building technology and materials (Ekram, 1995). See figure 34 & 35. Page | 82
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
a. Core Unit For the EWS options, the core unit included:
Site, plinth, and service core (latrine and water tap).
Site, plinth, and service core (latrine and bath).
Site, plinth, service core (latrine and bath) and 1 room (the kitchen).
For other income groups only plots were sold. A transitional space of 0.5 metres between the street and the houses was provided. From this core unit the house developed into different variations using a kit of building elements incrementally according to the users, see figure 34 & 35.
Figure 34: House form variations showing incremental growth starting from the core unit, Aranya (Source: (Aranya, 2017))
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Figure 35: Stages of evolution in Aranya community housing project. (Source: (Aranya, 2017))
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b. Building Elements: Permanent & Flexible In the Aranya Community Housing project had no distinction between permanent and flexible elements but instead had a kit of meaningful building elements to achieve incremental housing principles. These elements were developed to provide options of variation. It’s from these elements that the users picked their own combination of elements for their houses. These variation of elements included (Architexturez, 2017) see figure 36 – 40:
Staircase
Openings
Railings
House extensions: balcony etc.
These variations of elements led to a variation in house layouts and facades see figure 34.
Figure 36: Aranya houses openings range. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))
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Figure 39: variation in layout and facade due to a combination of a variety of building elements. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))
Figure 37: Aranya houses extension options. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))
Figure 40: Aranya houses staircase options (Source: (Architexturez, 2017)) .
Figure 38: Aranya houses railing variations. (Source: (Architexturez, 2017))
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c. Limitations Even in flexibility of the Aranya Community Housing there are limitations such as: the location of housing, the access to the site, the number of facades, and the typology of the house (a constraint in the form, even with the variation of building elements) (Ekram, 1995).
4.3.2.3. Building Technology & Materials Locally available materials were used in the construction: the structure was constructed with load bearing brick walls; the walls were plastered and painted; the floors were cement concrete; the CRC roof was made in the later stages; the door, windows and grills were made on site by the residents. The black cotton soil on site necessitated pile foundation that was ready built for the residents (Sood, 2017).
4.3.2.3. Participatory Process The residents took part in the construction of their homes from the core unit through the houses’ evolution by deciding how much to build, how to build their homes and choose their own combination of building elements (Ekram, 1995).
4.3.3. Outcome Today, the dwelling units appear closer to private & corporate housing built on the periphery of the site. Most of the residents who were original of the low-income group have improved their economic status and are no longer called poor. Moreover, contrary to common belief, a post occupancy survey of 1995-96 shows that almost 90% of EWS housing Page | 87
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
is used and incrementally upgraded by the original beneficiaries, rather than the beneficiaries selling their allocated plot and moving back to the slums (Aranya, 2017).
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4.4. CASE STUDY 3: KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Figure 41: Photograph Kambi Moto in Huruma, Kenya (Source: (Guerrero & Wanyoike, 2017))
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4.4.1. Background Information 4.4.1.1. Description Kambi Moto housing project is located 6.8kms on the North-East of the Capital and lies on the left side of Juja road in Huruma, in Nairobi County Kenya see figure 42. It one of six villages: Kambi Moto, Mahira, Redeemed, Ghetto, Gitathuru and Madoya. These six villages occupy a total area of 10.2 acres, see figure 53. (Guerrero & Wanyoike, 2017). With the assistance of Pamoja Trust4 and the Italian organization – COOPI (Cooperazione Internazionale) the community was able to develop saving schemes and gain the necessary skills to achieve proper housing for all members (Guerrero & Wanyoike, 2017). Figure 42: Nairobi County location (Source: Invalid source specified.)
Pamoja Trust is a non-profit organization that seeks to promote access to land, shelter and basic services for the urban poor. It owes its origins to the need for institutional support for the anti-evictions movement that arose and grew in Kenya in late 1990s and early 2000. The Trust collaborates closely with Muungano wa Wanavijiji, a federation of over 30,000 households living in 400 informal settlements across the country, helping to form daily saving groups through which poor communities can access crucial resources. 4
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4.4.1.2. Historical Background Before the upgrading, housing structures in these villages were typically 12 by 10 foot shacks built from mud and wattle, with iron sheet roofs and earth floors. Basic services such as water, sewage, road access, and toilets were also inadequate and sometimes non-existent at the time. The Kambi Moto residents began the process in 1999, when negotiations facilitated by Pamoja Trust resulted in a commitment to enhance the community’s physical environment. After an initial enumeration and the formation of local savings group – Muungano in 2000, the technical team negotiated a special planning dispensation with the city council that would see all 270 households living in Kambi Moto settled on the land owned by the city council. In 2003, negotiations between the communities and the CCN resulted in the declaration of a special planning zone for the sole purpose of upgrading. This was done in accordance with the Physical Planning Act of 1996 that provided for delineation of land for such purposes. To date, four phases has been realized (Ettyang', 2011). Next there was mobilization and a savings scheme was set up which allowed for community members to save as little as KSh.5 per day. During this mobilization phase, specialized teams were set up to oversee the project and audits. Mapping and enumeration exercises were conducted to establish the total number of residents, assess their needs and provide a stronger advocacy tool that is based on specific issues (Trust Pamoja, 2011). Enumeration exercises involved door-to-door collection of socioeconomic information and were majorly community driven. A mapping exercise was simultaneously conducted with the enumerations exercise and this served to identify actual physical features and mark the extent of the settlement.
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With information obtained from the mapping and enumerations exercises, the community initiated discussions on issues such as housing and service provision. House dreaming and design were then carried out and of note here was the utmost regard taken in ensuring minimal spill over of residents. These suggestions were presented to an architect during a community meeting after which, the architect modified “the community dream” to suit the number of families and the size of land (Ettyang', 2011). After the necessary approval by the CCN, the first phase of upgrading began in Kambi Moto. The construction process relied heavily on community labour. Which lowered the construction cost as well as the use of pre-cast elements and incremental construction to reduce the cost.
4.4.2. Incremental Housing The incremental housing process and elements of this case study are discussed as part of the study findings and analysis.
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4.5. STUDY FINDINGS & ANALYSIS 4.5.1. Introduction The ultimate objective of this study is to identify and analyse: the different housing needs of the evolving family, how it relates to the diverse of use of living spaces, and how incremental housing relates and responds/satisfies them, in order to make recommendations to improve present incremental housing modules. Kambi Moto was picked for surveying as it is the only formal incremental housing project in Nairobi County. 12 out of the 143 household owners of Kambi Moto in Huruma, Kenya were surveyed. It was difficult getting respondents because, being in the low-income group, they were busy at various works trying to improve their economic state.
4.5.2. Data Editing, Coding and Classification According to Kothari (2004), Coding operation is usually done at this stage through which the categories of data are transformed into symbols that may be tabulated and counted. Editing is the procedure that improves the quality of the data for coding. With coding the stage is ready for tabulation. Tabulation is a part of the technical procedure wherein the classified data are put in the form of tables. (C. R. Kothari, 2004).
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4.5.2.1. Income group Considering the income of the respondents range from Ksh.0 – 20,000; they shall be categorized as low-income group, since according to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) the low income group household monthly expenditure is below Ksh. 23,670 (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2017).
4.5.2.2. Family Life Cycle stages Family life cycle stages used in this study was adopted using the eight Duval Family life cycle stages according to Duval (1977) (a model outlining eight stages that addressed the entry and exit of family members in the family system). See figure 43. Stage 0
• Single individual before marriage
Stage 1
• Beginning Family (Married couple without children).
Stage 2
• Early child bearing (oldest child is 30 months old).
Stage 3
• Families with pre-schoolers (oldest child is 2.5 – 6 years old).
Stage 4
• Families with teenagers (oldest 6 – 13 years).
Stage 5
• Families with teenagers (oldest 13 – 20 years).
Stage 6
• Launching centre families (young adult – from the first to the last child leaving home).
Stage 7
• Middle aged families (Residing along retirement).
Stage 8
• Aging families (retirement to death of both spouses)
Figure 43: Figure illustrating different family life cycle stages, adopted from the Duvall (1977) development theory. (Source: author)
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4.5.2.3. Housing needs and functions Housing needs in this study are classified as follows:
Quantifiable: o Quality of shelter o Location of shelter o Land tenure
Non-quantifiable: in this study this section focus is on living patterns/activity patterns: o Basic activities:
Dining and food preparation
Sleeping
Grooming (which includes dressing
Housekeeping
and bathing) o Work activities:
Income generation
Studying
o Leisure and socializing activities:
Children playing
Social activities
Evening sitting
Family activities
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4.5.2.4. Housing Classification by Use The housing surveyed had various combinations of uses but can be classified into 5 broad categories according to their use of space; either residential, residential/commercial or commercial. They are further classified according to the subtypes of the use of space. See figure 44 – 58.
Housing
Residential
Classification A
Classification B
Residential and/or Commercial
Classification C
Figure 44: figure showing housing surveyed classification by use. (Source: author)
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a. Classification A These houses are at the core unit stage in the development system, also known as the “Starter House”. They are used as a residential building to carry out all housing activities especially basic functions: sleeping, food preparation/cooking, storage, dressing; and sanitary functions on the ground floor and first floor, respectively.
b. Classification B These houses have undergone transformation from the core unit, i.e. additional floors, in a broad sense is used as a residential building. It is used to encompass all housing activities/needs but in different spaces and levels.
c. Classification C These houses are in a broad sense is partially residential and /or commercial i.e. some are partially residential and commercial where some floors are used by the family for dwelling and subsequent floors used to aid in income generation; or others are purely commercial. In order to achieve this function, some of the houses were observed to have the stair independent of the rest of the rooms. Variation 1 In the first variation, the ground floor is used either partially or completely for commercial purposes, while the rest of the house is used by the owner as their house.
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Variation 2 In the second variation, the ground floor is used by the owner as their house and subsequent floors are rented out for income generation. (This was reported by some of the residents interviewed). Variation 3 In the third variation, the entire house is for income generation either as rental rooms and/or shops/commercial spaces. (This was reported by some of the residents interviewed).
Key
Income generation
Leisure and social activities
Sleeping
Storage
Dining and/or food preparation
Green/open space
Sanitary facility
Livestock keeping space
Grooming Page | 98
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Figure 46: classification A house ground floor plan. (Source: author))
Figure 45: classification A house terrace plan. (Source: author))
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Figure 48: classification A house elevation E-01 (Source: author)
Figure 47: classification A house section S-01. (Source: author)
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Figure 49: photograph of classification A house (Source: author).
Figure 50: photograph of classification B house (Source: author).
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Figure 51: classification B house ground floor plan. (Source: author))
Figure 52: classification B house first floor plan. (Source: author))
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Figure 53: classification B house second floor plan. (Source: author)
Figure 54: classification B house terrace plan. (Source: author)
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Figure 56: photograph of classification C, variation 3 house. (Source: author).
Figure 55: classification C house ground floor plan. (Source: author)
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Figure 58: classification C house subsequent floor plan. (Source: author)
Figure 57: classification C house terrace plan. (Source: author)
From the coded drawings it is clear that the living spaces have more than one use and these uses differ from house to house despite the three broad classifications.
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
4.5.3. Study Findings & Analysis The study findings are categorized according to the study variables: The evolving family’s housing needs, the diverse use of living spaces and incremental housing.
4.5.3.1. The Evolving Family’s housing needs The major subjects covered in this section include: the evolving family’s characteristics and its housing needs.
a. The Evolving Family’s Characteristics The evolving family’s characteristics include: the number of the members, the type, and the family life cycle stage. Type of change in family composition number since moving to Kambi Moto
Number of Family Members The average number of family members currently is 4 among the interviews is while the mean of the number of family members
25%
upon moving into the houses in Kambi Moto is 2. This results in a mean increase of 2 family members since moving into Kambi
0%
Moto. Moreover, majority of the respondents reported a change 75%
Increase
Decrease
Figure 59: Pie chart showing the number of families whose number has changed and how. (Source: Author)
in number of the members in their families. See figure 59 & table 6. These findings show that the families of the respondents is changing in terms of number.
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Table 6: Findings on changes made to houses since moving to Kambi Moto in households interviewed in Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya. (Source: author).
Frequency
Percentage %
Valid percentage %
Cumulative percentage ∑%
Increase
9
75
75
75
Decrease
0
0
0
75
No change
3
25
25
100
TOTAL
12
100
100
Family Type Majority of the respondents interviewed had nuclear families: 67%. While 25% were living with extended family members. See Figure 60 & Table 7. These findings show that there is still an element of tradition African family where the extended family live together. Table 7: respondents’ family type of households interviewed in Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya. (Source: author).
Frequency
Percentage %
Valid percentage %
Cumulative percentage ∑%
Nuclear
8
67
67
67
Extended
3
25
25
92
Other
1
8
8
100
TOTAL
12
100
100
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The current family life cycle stages of households interviewed
The current family type of households interviewed Stage 0 8%
0 1 2 StageStage 8 Stage 79% 0% 0%
Stage 1 Stage 2
Stage 3 18%
Stage 3 Stage 4
25%
Nucler family Extended Family Other 67%
Stage 5 Stage 6
Stage 6 37%
Stage 4 27%
Stage 7 Stage 8 Stage 5 9%
Figure 60: Pie chart showing percentage of respondents’ family type. (Source: author).
Figure 61: Pie chart showing the percentage of households surveyed in different life cycles. (Source: author)
Family Life Cycle Stage The respondents interviewed lay between stage 3 and stage 8 of the family life cycle. It was noted that some families lay in more than one family life cycle stage due to living with extended family. See Figure 61 & Table 8. The change in number and constituents in the family reported in the previous section also shows that majority of the families were in a different family life cycle when they moved into Kambi Moto houses.
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Table 8: findings regarding family life cycle stages households interviewed in Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya. (Source: author)
Frequency
Percentage %
Valid percentage %
Cumulative percentage ∑%
Stage 0
0
0
0
0
Stage 1
0
0
0
0
Stage 2
0
0
0
0
Stage 3
2
17
17
17
Stage 4
3
25
25
42
Stage 5
1
8
8
50
Stage 6
4
33
33
59
Stage 7
0
0
0
92
Stage 8
1
8
8
100
TOTAL
11
100
100
b. The Evolving Family’s Housing Needs The evolving family’s housing needs involves analysis of any changes if present, the rating of the different housing needs in terms of priority.
Evolving Housing Needs 75% of the respondents reported to have change in housing needs since they moved into their houses, while 17% had no change in needs; and 8% where not applicable as they were renting their dwelling spaces. See Figure 62 & table 9.
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Change in housing needs of households interviewed since moving to kambi moto 8%
Yes
17%
No
Not Applicable 75%
Figure 62: Pie chart showing the percentage of respondents whose housing needs have changed. (Source: Author). Table 9: Findings on change in housing needs in households interviewed since moving to Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya. (Source: author).
Frequency
Percentage %
Valid percentage %
Cumulative percentage ∑%
Yes
9
75
75
75
No
2
17
17
92
Not applicable
1
8
8
100
TOTAL
11
100
100
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Housing Needs Priority Majority of the respondents rated quality of the shelter, location of shelter, freehold ownership, basic activities, and income generation as essential; while almost half rated the children playing area, evening sitting and space for social and family activities as convenient. See Figure 63. These findings show that different families had the same housing needs but had different priorities for each need due the different income level, number of members, composition and family life cycle stage of the family. The current level of importance of various housing needs of households interviwed in kambi moto 100%
0 1
0
2
90% 80% 70%
0 1 0 1
0 1 0
0
0
5
2
5
1
4 10
40% 30% 20%
0 1
7
7
4
60% 50%
0 1
12
11
5 7
6 4
10%
2
0%
0 Studying
Quality of shelter
Location of shelter
3
4
Freehold ownership Essential
Basic activities Important
Income generation
Convenient
Unimportant
0 0 Children playing evening sitting
1 social & family activites
Inconvenient
Figure 63: Graph showing the how the number of respondents’ and the rating of housing needs in terms of priority. (Source: author).
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4.5.3.2. The Diverse Use of Living Spaces The Diverse use of living spaces involves the different classifications of the houses of the households interviewed at a larger scale (the entire house) using the different and diverse use of individual rooms in the houses as a guide; changes in use of those spaces; and whether the spaces in the house have met their housing needs.
a. Classification of House by Use Majority of the respondents interviewed occupied a house of ‘classification B’: is the core unit plus transformations, i.e. additional floors, in a broad sense is used as a residential building. It is used to encompass all housing activities/needs but in different spaces. See Figure 64 & table 10.
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The current house classification by use in Households Interviewed in Kambi Moto 8%
Table 10: findings regarding classification of housing by use in households interviewed in Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya. (Source: author).
9%
Frequency
Percentage %
8% Classification Classification A
A
Classification B
Classification
Classification C
B Classification
Classification D 75%
Cumulative
percentage
percentage
%
∑%
1
8
8
8
9
76
76
84
1
8
8
92
1
8
8
100
100
100
100
C Classification
Figure 64: Pie chart showing the percentage of the housing typologies inhabited by the respondents. (Source: author).
Valid
D
Despite these findings, majority of the residents reported that they would like to convert their houses into one of either classification C (one with residential & commercial use) so as to improve their economic state. This could be through making some rooms rentals or having commercial space(s) on the ground floor. It is important to note that despite the broad classification made, each household had its own diverse way of using space to achieve/ carry out different living/activity patterns.
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b. Changes in the Living spaces 2% of the respondents had increased the number of rooms in their houses; while 18% had made no change; and there were no houses whose rooms were removed. See Figure 65. These changes were prompted by a change in housing needs that could not be met by the initial state of the house thus requiring a change to satisfy the housing needs.
c. Housing Needs vs Living Spaces All of the respondents felt that their basic functions had been fully met. Majority of them felt that the quality of shelter, freehold ownership, evening sitting, and social and family activities were fully met; and that the income generating aspect and space function of housing had not been met. Majority also felt that the quality of the shelter, privacy, and space could improve. See Figure 66.
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Change in number of spaces in households interviewed since Moving to Kambi Moto 18% Increase
0%
Decrease No change 82% Figure 65: Pie chart showing percentage of houses which had undergone a change in the number of rooms. (Source: Author).
100%
0
90% neutral
80% 70%
Can improve Unmet needs
0
0
0
60% 5
50%
0
40% 30%
0
20% Fully met needs
10% 0% Quality of shelter
0 of Location shelter
Freehold ownership
Basic activities
Income generation
Studying
0 Children playing
evening sitting social & family activites
Figure 66: Graph showing the present housing needs and the number of respondents in relation to their needs being either fully met, unmet or could improve according to the households interviewed in Kambi Moto (Source: Author).
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4.5.3.3. Incremental housing This section analysis issues dealing with the incremental process components such as the transformations; the building technology and materials; and the participatory process and the rating of all these components.
a. Transformations This section analyses the transformation type, the number of transformations, their frequency and duration. Majority of the respondents had transformed their houses. The households that did not do so was due to financial constraints and tenement type, though they aspired to transform their houses to suit their changing needs. The type of transformation in this case study was majorly evolution by extension, vertically; only one household interviewed had undergone evolution by aggregation. Among the respondents interviewed: the average number of transformations made was found to be 1.25 which translates to 1; while the average time taken to make a transformation, which is addition of a complete vertical level, was found to be 1 year and 4 months due to majorly lack of funds to purchase building material to hasten the process; and the mean duration between transformations, which is addition of a complete vertical level, was found to be 3 years and 2 months. See Table 11.
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Table 11: Findings regarding transformations of houses of households interviewed in Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya. (Source: author).
Number of transformation
Duration of transformation
Duration between transformation
Mean
1.25
1yr 4months
3yrs 2months
Mode
1
2yrs
0yrs, 5yrs
Median
1
1yr
2yrs 6months
Standard
1
1yr 2months
2yrs 8months
Deviation
a. Building Technology & Materials All the houses of the respondents surveyed used natural stone and concrete to construct their houses, as well as lattice technology for the floor slabs, see figure 67 -70.
a. Participatory Process For all the respondents surveyed the core unit was built for them whereas 18% reported to have made transformations to their houses on their own as well as together with paid workers; while majority (64%) reported to have paid for workers to make the transformations for them. See table 12. Page | 117
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Figure 67: Kambi Moto house ceiling building technology. (Source: author).
Figure 70: Kambi Moto house roof (Source: author).
Figure 69: Kambi Moto house kitchen space (Source: author).
Figure 68: Kambi Moto house staircase building technology. (Source: author).
Table 12: findings on the person(s) involved in the participation in the incremental housing process of households interviewed in Kambi Moto, Huruma - Kenya. (Source: author).
Frequency
Percentage %
Valid percentage %
Cumulative percentage ∑%
Owner
3
25
25
25
Owner + Paid worker
2
17
17
42
Paid worker
7
58
58
100
TOTAL
12
100
100
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b. Response to Incremental Housing Aspects Majority of the respondents rated the quality of the shelter, flexibility and participation as very good. Almost half of the respondents rated the ease of construction as bad majorly because the building materials are expensive in comparison to their income level. See figure 71. Majority of the respondents interviewed stated that they would want to change the layout of the house to accommodate income generating activities by making the staircase external to allow the upper floors to be rented out to generate some money. 100%
90% 80%
2
0
4
70% 60% 5
50%
11
40%
9
2
30% 20%
6
10%
3
2
0% Quality of shelter
Core unit design Very good
Flexibility good
neutral
ease of construction bad
participation
very bad
Figure 71: Graph showing the rating response of respondents regarding the elements of the incremental housing process. (Source: Author).
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Table 13: table showing a comparative summary of case studies. (Source: author)
CRITERIA
CASE STUDY 1
Name The Houses of Quinta.
CASE STUDY 2
CASE STUDY 3
Aranya Community Housing
Kambi Moto self-help housing
Project Description Incremental permanent social housing for squatters
Sites-and-services community
Technical team planning for
housing project.
incremental self-help housing in the Kambi Moto Community
Duration 2003 - 2004
Completed 1988
2005 - present
Location Iquique, Chile
Indore, India
Huruma, Nairobi, Kenya
New buildings
New buildings
85 hectares
Less than 1Ha
6,500 dwellings
143 units
Initial 35m2 to 475m2
Est. 58m2 (three stories on 20-
New building or New Buildings refurbishment Area 5,000m2 Number of 93 houses dwellings Typical dwelling Initial 25m2/36m2 size Expanded 70m2/72m2 Building cost: for € 5,500 for half of each house
25m2 plot) Rs. 200-400 for a plot of 35.32m2
Ksh 200,000 – 400,000
case
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Policies & policy current Housing Policy, using a
None mentioned
None mentioned
Land owned by the government
Negotiated land tenure of
and project funded international
previous informal settlement;
sources, local and national
community ownership of land;
sources.
building loans for construction
Fuel bills
Loan repayment and fuel bills
N/A
No subsidy or external resources
instruments US$ 7,500 subsidy Financial Land owned by the government models and project funded
Monthly cost to Fuel bills residents Subsidies No subsidy
for construction costs. All construction costs were met by households alone Sustainable Social sustainability as social and
Local materials and methods:
Local materials and methods:
innovations: economic networks are
minimal embodied energy; 18
minimal embodied energy;
energy and maintained.
toilets connected to 1 manhole;
formal connection to water and
achieving 50% saving.
sewerage
Most of the residents who were
The community united,
original of the low-income group
developed skills and worked
have improved their economic
closely on all aspects of the
demand reduction, waste management, etc. Behaviour The project has turned the change negative perception of social activities
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housing, by turning it into a
status and are no longer called
process – design, planning,
profitable investment.
poor.
saving, construction, project management.
Community Half the house is left for the
The inhabitants decide how
Experiencing the results of
awareness & owner to develop according to
much to build, how to build their
building efforts on a daily and
engagement their needs.
homes and choose their own
practical level, the women in the
combination of building
community felt free to speak out
elements.
on what needed to be improved in the next building phase.
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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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5.1. CONCLUSIONS In line with the objectives to identify and analyse: the different housing needs of the evolving family, how it relates to the diverse of use of living spaces, and how incremental housing relates and responds/satisfies them, in order to make recommendations to improve present incremental housing modules. The conclusions deduced from the study are grouped according to this study’s objectives.
5.1.1. Objective 1: To identify the different housing needs and how it translates to the diverse use of living spaces. From the study, it was observed that families and individuals today do evolve, and are constantly changing and may not necessarily follow the stages of life according to Duvall (1977) and can be unpredictable. The family composition also differs from one household to another. In light of this, their housing needs and priorities are different and are constantly changing with the change in the family life cycle stages and change in family composition. These changes in housing needs and priorities. These housing needs (in this study) are classified as:
Quantifiable: o Quality of shelter
o Land tenure
o Location of shelter
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Non-quantifiable which focuses on living patterns/activity patterns: o Basic activities:
Dining and food preparation
Sleeping
Grooming (dressing and bathing)
Housekeeping
o Work activities:
Income generation
Studying
o Leisure and socializing activities:
Children playing
Social activities
Evening sitting
Family activities
The latter affect the usage of their current living spaces leading to a diversity in its use. These uses can be classified into three major categories:
Basic : o Sleeping o Dining & food preparation o Grooming (dressing & bathing) & sanitary facilities
Work: o Income generation o Studying
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Leisure & Social: o Children playing
o Family activities
o Evening sitting
o Social activities
These changes also prompt the need to make transformations to their houses to allow them to fulfil these needs. Moreover, as discussed in the literature review, it was found to be true that the housing needs and priorities of a household are directly influenced by their income level: the respondents, who were of the low income group, placed high priority on income generation in order to improve their economic situation, followed by freehold ownership and lastly the quality of shelter.
5.1.2. Objective 2: To analyse the incremental housing approach and how it relates and responds/satisfies the need for diverse of use of living spaces. A change in housing needs and priorities, prompts the need for a change in their housing to fulfil those needs. Some, who can afford it, move to new neighbourhood to fulfil those needs; while others make transformations to their houses in order to fulfil those needs. The latter can only be possible if there is a provision to make transformation to their current dwelling. The incremental housing process can be broken down into:
The principle of evolution/flexibility technique Page | 126
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The development system
Building technology and materials
The participatory process
5.1.2.1. Principle of Evolution: From the study, the principle of evolution principally applied is evolution by extension because the inhabitants have the need to progress and their family compositions and stage at which they are at in the family life cycle necessitates progression. This evolution by extension is a response to the constants need for an increase in space and change in spatial requirements. Also, the building technology applied may be expensive to apply other principles of evolution as it would require demolition that the residents may not be able to afford.
5.1.2.2. Development System The study was restricted to the development system applied in Kambi Moto in Huruma – Kenya.
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a. Core Unit The core unit having a room, a kitchen and sanitary facilities has reported by the respondents to sufficient for spatial requirements required to carry out basic activities with considering the limited space of an individual’s allocated plot size (10”x16”).
b. Building Elements: Permanent & Flexible Elements In this development system, the permanent elements are the exterior walls and staircase. Most of the respondents reported to have wanted a different layout with respect to the staircase in order to allow renting out upper floors i.e. having the option of having the staircase on the exterior. This is so that they can get some income especially for those whose houses are not close to high human traffic to allow them to commercialize the ground floor for an income. Therefore the layout should be in a way to respond to the housing priorities and needs irrespective of location. Moreover, the layout was reported to be hazardous for families in the stage 3 of the family life cycle (Families with pre-schoolers (oldest child is 2.5 – 6 years old), i.e. the staircase. Despite this, the building elements such as the position of the staircase allow for increase in space vertically with provision for access to subsequent floors. The structural walls on the interior and the shared walls between the houses provide a basis for support for subsequent floors which allows them to increase the number of spaces to meet their evolving spatial needs. Page | 128
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c. Limitations The limitations in this development system are the housing typology, transformation type, location of the staircase and the number of the facades. The housing typology is a limitation, as there’s only one possible typology; there are very few possible combinations and is limited to interior partitioning. The transformation type is only limited to vertical extension and this limited to 3-storey, as the building technology and material does not allow for more levels, as the residents reported to want more levels. The location of the staircase is inflexible; it does not allow for change in location of the staircase which in this case would have allowed for a different layout that would allow for a different use of the living space to satisfy a greater variety of housing needs and priorities as mentioned above. Considering that the houses share walls, the number of facades for most of them is limited to one. Therefore the layout of the house is affected as all the rooms must receive light and ventilation from one façade.
5.2.3.3. Building Technology & Materials From the study, majority of the residents took much longer than they’d wish to complete a transformation to their house and even reported the ease of construction as bad due to the price of construction of materials. But majority of the respondents also reported to find the ease and flexibility of construction as good as well as the quality of their shelter.
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The building technology they use: the beam and the landice enables them to increase the number of levels (this limited to 3-storey) to the core unit. This allows them to increase the number of spaces to meet their ever-changing spatial needs.
5.2.3.4. Participatory Process Majority of the inhabitants are in charge of the transformation of their own houses, post starter house construction, which they are pleased with due to the freehold ownership; they are able to make changes at their own pace. This has allowed them to make changes that suit their evolving spatial needs within their budget; which are informed by their housing needs.
5.1.2. Objective 3: To make recommendations on how to improve present incremental housing modules based on the findings. Conclusions on this objective are discussed under recommendations.
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5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS The current planning, design and implementation of the incremental housing process, specifically in Kambi Moto in Huruma, Kenya, has improved the lives of former slum dwellers not only in terms of the material housing needs of the beneficiaries but also their non-quantifiable needs and can be used as a template to improve other urban slums in Kenya as it has been a success. Nevertheless, with the advent of new building technology, constant changes in the modern family and harsh economic times there needs to be some changes in order to improve future modules. These recommendations are geared towards fulfilling the objective regarding improvement of present incremental housing modules and will focus on variables in the study’s conceptual framework: the evolving family and their evolving housing needs, diverse use of living spaces, and incremental housing.
5.2.1. Evolving Family & Their Evolving Housing Needs Any housing project, including incremental housing projects should take into consideration the general changes the beneficiaries’ families may go through and consider how it translate to housing needs. This can be in terms of income, family composition and family life cycle stages; and their possible living patters/activity patterns which in turn inform the spatial requirements in different scenarios. Moreover, housing needs should be looked at as beyond the quantifiable needs (quality, location of the shelter or the type of ownership), but the housing provided should cater for the non-material needs as well. Housing should provide opportunities through these quantifiable needs to satisfy other non-quantifiable needs: activity/living patterns. Page | 131
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5.2.2. Evolving Housing Needs & Diverse Use of Living Spaces Incremental housing projects, should make use of all possible principles of flexibility in evolutionary/adaptable housing through:
Creating room for gradual growth and improvement from the initial unit.
Developing an ability to adapt in the beginning and then at each stage of growth, improvement and a wide variety of uses and changes in uses.
Developing an ability of acceptance of periods in which certain development operations are required, but are not yet statements or functionally possible.
Creating an ability of acceptance of critical periods in which there are abnormal uses, although temporary, implied by the works and changes associated with them.
Ensuring the appropriateness to physical and environmental, and innovative, resulting from new joints and connections implemented by successive developments
Spatial, environmental improvements and changes of use.
Also, housing needs of the evolving family should be scrutinized in terms of not only the family life cycle but also in terms of: family structure, socio-economic status, lifestyle and cultural background in time and location.
5.2.3. Incremental Housing & Diverse Use of Living Spaces Incremental housing where possible should be applied in order to achieve bridge the gap between actual future users and the professionals involved in planning and design of housing. This type of housing delivery is good where the users Page | 132
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may not have free choice to obtain suitable houses (in quantity and quality) due to limited resources. It improves the misgivings of the present housing system by allowing the users to achieve the spatial requirements of their living spaces according to their housing needs and priorities.
5.2.3.1. Principle of Evolution: Incremental housing should strive to make provision for the appropriate type of transformation with regards to the building technology and material available, housing needs and type and use of living spaces of the intended beneficiaries in context.
5.2.3.2. Development System The entire development system should be looked at as a whole. All strategies and principles that organize the use of space form from one of singular use to one that offers multiple opportunities for growth and combinations in all stages should be set from the onset.
a. Core Unit When planning, designing and implementing the core unit, the spatial organization of the day-to day activities at possible stages in the family life cycle should be considered in order to determine permanent and flexible elements, as well as their position and orientation.
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b. Building Elements: Permanent & Flexible Elements Building elements should be employed in order to achieve layouts that respond to the housing priorities and needs of the inhabitants. Moreover, there should be a variety of building elements for the users to choose from in order to aid them to come up with various combinations of their homes to achieve greater diversity in terms of use of living spaces through the layout and size. Also, other elements besides the building elements such as furniture and equipment should be employed to aid in achieving the needed use for living spaces.
c. Limitations Effect of limitations in the development system should be analysed with respect to the various combinations of transformations. Limitations such as: Location of housing, topography of the site, climatic factors, access to the site, the number of facades, the location of the stairs, the typology of the house (a constraint in the form).
5.2.3.3. Building Technology & Materials Material and building technology selection is important when it comes to incremental housing as it should allow for relatively ease in construction, satisfy the element of flexibility; and with the advent of new building materials and technology, alternative cheaper methods and materials should be considered in material selection.
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Moreover, modular building technology should be considered since it allows various components, to be separated and removed. This can make future changes much easier to make.
5.2.3.4. Participatory Process The participation process being a major factor in the incremental housing process should take into account the actors, specifically the inhabitants, involved, who they are, how they are/will be affected by decisions made at each level: planning, design, implementation and maintenance of the incremental housing process as well as how and to what level will they be involved and what is needed to allow them to be involved. This influences all aspects of the development system, building material and technology selection, and flexibility techniques. Therefore, professionals should plan and design for participation at the various levels participation is to take place. This could involve coming up with transformation manual that guide the inhabitants on how to transform their houses but within certain standards to ensure quality and up to standard houses.
5.3. AREA FOR FURTHER STUDY The study has explained factors to consider in incremental housing, but only had the opportunity to study incremental housing among the low-income group, who were the only group available for study. There is needs for further studies that should explore incremental housing a mode of housing delivery for other income groups, besides the low-income groups. To explore how other income groups’ housing needs translate to how they use their spaces and their spatial
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requirements and whether incremental housing can be used to achieve the diversity in living spaces to satisfy their housing needs.
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CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES & APPENDICES
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
6.1 REFERENCES AAVV. (2006). Social housing in Latin America: a methodology to utilize processes of self-organization. Ibero-American Congress of Social Housing, (p. 28). Brazil. AfDB, t. A. (2016). The African Economic Outlook. Anyamba, P. T. (2010). Incremental Housing. The Case of Nairobi. Dandora and Umoja Housing Projects. Nairobi. APHRC, A. P. (2012). Population and Health Dynamics in Nairobi’s Informal Settlements: Report of the Nairobi Crosssectional Slums Survey (NCSS). Nairobi. Aranya, A. A. (2017, May 20). Retrieved from Architectonic Analysis et sac Aranya: https://architectonicanalysisetsacaranya.wordpress.com/ Arce, R. P., & Ferrari, F. d. (October 2008). The Raw and the Cooked: Past, Present, and Future in Quinta Monroy, Iquique, Chile. Iquique. Archdaily. (2017, April 20). Quinta Monroy / ELEMENTAL. Retrieved from Archdaily: http://www.archdaily.com/10775/quinta-monroy-elemental Architexturez. (2017, May 20). Demonstration houses and masterplan for Aranya Community. Retrieved from Architexturez: https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-166248 Baker, P. L., & Ramsey, C. N. (n.d.). Developmental Theory of Families: The Family Life Cycle. 1985. C. R. Kothari. (2004). Research Methodology. Methods & Techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd. Page | 138
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Caetano, D. A. (2013). Solution of evolutionary housing/adaptable. Beijing. CIA World Factbook, C. (2016). CIA World Factbook. Retrieved Dec 21, 2016, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html Coelho, A. B. (2009). Housing evolutionary and adaptive. Lisbon: LNEC. Days, F. e. (1972, October). Evolutionary Housing in Architecture: planning, design, art and craft. Ekram, L. (1995). Aranya Community Housing. Indore. Ettyang', K. (2011). Empowering the Urban Poor to Realize the Right to Housing: Community-Led Slum Upgrading in Huruma, Nairobi. Les cahiers d'Afrique de l'Est, IFRA, (pp. 147-158). Nairobi. Friedman, A. (2003). Adaptable Housing. Designing of homes for Change. Groak, S. (1994). The Idea of Building: thought and action in the design and production of buildings. London. Guerrero, F. J., & Wanyoike, J. (2017, May 12). Kambi Moto: A Unique Case of Insitu Housing Upgrading Project. Retrieved from Centre for Urban Innovations: http://www.centreforurbaninnovations.com/content/kambi-motounique-case-insitu-housing-upgrading-project Hertzberger, H. (1991). Lessons for Students in Architecture. Rotterdam: Uitgeverij 10 Publishers. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). (2017). Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Economic Survey 2017. Nairobi. Kenya Vision 2030, K. (2007). Kenya Vision 2030. Nairobi: GOK.
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Kenyan Constitution, K. (2010). Kenyan Constitution. Nairobi: GOK. Le Corbusier. (1970). "Five Points Toward a New Architecture" . In Programs and Manifestos in Twentieth Century Architecture. MIT Press. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396., 370-396. Retrieved from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm McCarthy, K. F. (1976). The Household Life Cycle and Housing Choices. Santa Monica: The Rand Corporation. Merriam-Webster Inc. (2016). The Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Springfield: G. & C. Merriam Co. Ministry of Land & Physical, K. (2016). Housing Situation in Kenya. Retrieved Nov 16, 2016, from http://www.ardhi.go.ke/?p=121 Mitullah, W. (n.d.). Urban Slums Report: The Case of Nairobi, Kenya. Nairobi. Mwaniki, D., Wamuchiru, E., Mwau, B., & Opiyo, R. (2015). Urbanisation, Informality and Housing Challenge in Nairobi: A Case of Urban Governance Failure. Neves, S. O. (2013). Redesign and upgrade the informal place – The neighbourhood to the city. . Lisboa. Nursing Theory Org. (2017, April 17). Theories and Models. Retrieved from Nursing Theory: http://www.nursingtheory.org/theories-and-models/ Olima, W. (2001). The Dynamics and Implications of Sustaining Urban Spatial Segregation in Kenya – Experiences from Nairobi Metropolis. Cambridge, MA, USA. Page | 140
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
Sheneider, T., & Till, J. (2007). Flexible Housing, Oxford: Oxford: Architectural Press. Sood, K. (2017, May 20). Aranya Community Housing. Retrieved from Slideshare: https://www.slideshare.net/khushboosood/aranya-community-housing The National Development Plan. (1970-1974). The National Development Plan. Tory-Henderson, N. (2017, April 20). Elemental, Quinta Monroy. Retrieved from Arcspace.com: http://www.arcspace.com/features/elemental/quinta-monroy/ Trust Pamoja. (2011). Enumerations and Mapping Manual. Turner, J. F., & Fichter, R. (1972). Housing as a Verb. In Freedom to Build, dweller control of the housing process (pp. 148-175). New York: Eds Collier Macmillan. UN Habitat. (2008). UN Habitat and the Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme Strategy Document. Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). UN HABITAT, U. (2007). Slum Dwellers to double by 2030. UN HABITAT. UNHABITAT. (2008). UN HABITAT and The Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme Strategy Document. Wiktionary. (2017, May 10). Adaptable vs Flexible - What's the difference? Retrieved from WikiDiff: http://wikidiff.com/adaptable/flexible Yamoto, T. (1963). The Family Life Cycle and Housing needs in a Housing Project. A case Study of the Westview Garden Apartments, North Vancouver. Page | 141
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6.2. APPENDICES 6.2.1. Appendix A: Sample Checklist for Observation INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA The following checklist is to be used to carry out the survey of the living spaces, how they are used and the incremental housing techniques and outcome. The outcome will be used to analyse the same. 1. Family details & needs: a. Engage the family in a questionnaire about their details and housing needs. 2. Living spaces: 1. Find out the about the living spaces using interview questions. 2. Take photos of the living spaces. 3. Take photographs and make observations and a sketch of the general layout: plan, section and elevation of the house and how it relates to the site as well. 4. Indicate the north on the plan. 5. Name each room, taking note of all their uses.
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3. Incremental housing: 1. Make a sketch of the original core unit and take note of how it was used. 2. Take photographs and make sketches of the transformations and take note of their uses, the type of transformation, how the changes were made, when and by who. 3. Take note of the flexible and permanent elements. 4. Take photographs and make sketches of the building technology and materials used.
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6.2.2. Appendix B: Sample Interview Guide INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA - KENYA Hii ni mwongozo wa mahojiano ya wakazi wa Kambi moto. Mahojiano haya yana maswali kumi na yatawezesha mtafiti kuelewa mahitaji yao kulingana na nyumba zao, vile ambavyo wanajenga nyumba hizo na nini kinachoweza badilishwa ili ziwe bora zaidi. Maswali: 1. Je, ulihamia Kambi Moto lini? 2. Ulipohamia huku, mahitaji yako, kulingana na nyumba yako, yalikuwa yapi? 3. Ulipohamia huku, hii nyumba ilikuwa na vyumba ngapi na zilitumiwa vipi? 4. Ulipohamia huku, hii nyumba ilikuwa imejengwa kwa nini? Na ilijengwa vipi? 5. Wakati huu, mahitaji yako, kulingana na nyumba yako, ni yapi? 6. Wakati huu, hii nyumba ina vyumba ngapi na zinatumiwa vipi? 7. Wakati huu, hii nyumba imejengwa kwa nini? Na imejengwa vipi? 8. Umefanya mabaliko gani kwa nyumba hii tangu uhamie huku? Mabaliko kwa nyumba: a. Lini? b. Mabaliko gani? Page | 144
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c. Kwa nini ulifanya hayo mabadiliko? d. Ulichukua muda gani kufanya hayo mabadiliko? e. Nani alifanya hayo mabadiliko? Lini
Mabaliko gani
Kwa nini
Ulichukua
Nani
muda gani
9. Ni nini unachopenda kuhusu hizi nyumba? 10. Ni nini ungependa ibadilishwe kuhusu hizi nyumba ili ziwe bora zaidi?
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6.2.3. Appendix B: Translated Sample Interview Guide INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA - KENYA This is an interview guide for the residents of Kambi Moto. This interview has 10 questions and are to assist the researcher to gain a better understanding of the residents’ housing needs and how they’ve constructed their houses s well as what can be done to improve them. QUESTIONS: 1. When did you move to Kambi Moto? 2. What were your housing needs when you moved here? 3. How many rooms did this house have when you moved here? 4. Which materials were used in the initial construction of this house? And who took part in its construction? 5. What are your housing needs currently? 6. Currently how many rooms does this house have? 7. Which materials were used in subsequent transformations of this house? And who took part in the subsequent construction? 8. What changes have you made to this house since you moved here? Transformations: Page | 146
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
f. When? g. What type of transformation? h. Why did you make the changes? i.
How long did you take to make those transformations?
j.
Who took part in making those transformations?
When
Type of transformation
Why
Duration
Who took part in making those transformations
9. What do you like bout these houses (Incremental houses)? 10. What would you like changed about these houses (Incremental houses)?
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6.2.4. Appendix C: Sample Household Questionnaire INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA - KENYA Mpenzi mhojiwa, Umechaguliwa kusadia katika utafiti wa ujenzi wa nyumba zinazozidi kuwa kupitia kujibu maswali. Orodha ya maswali ya uchunguzi imiegawanya katika sehemu mbili na ina maswali kumi. Ninakuhakikisha majibu yako hayataenezwa .Asante kwa usaidizi wako katika utafiti huu.
Jina: ________________________________________________________________________ Tarehe: ______________________________________________________________________ Saa: _________________________________________________________________________ SEHEMU A – Familia 1. Jinsia Kiume
Kike
2. Una miaka mingapi? chini ya miaka 20
miaka 20-24
miaka 25-29
miaka 30-34
miaka 35-39
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miaka 40-44
miaka 45-49
miaka 50-54
miaka 55-59
Zaidi ya miaka 60
3. Je, wewe ni mwananchi was Jamuhuri ya Kenya? Ndio
La
4. Una uhusiano gani na mkuu wa nyumba hii? ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Ni watu wangapi wanaoishi kwa nyumba hii? ________________________________________________________________________ 6.
Ukizingati swali la 5, hawa watu wana uhusiano gani na mkuu wa nyumba hii? (Kwa mfano: Ndugu wangu, dada yangu, mtoto wangu). Kama una watoto tafdhali andika umri wao au kama wako shule andika kiwango chao cha masomo, kwa mfano: shule ya chekechea, msingi, ya upili au chuo kikuu.
7. Je, unapata idadi gani ya mapato kwa mwezi? Ksh. 0 - 1,000
Ksh. 1,001 - 3,000
Ksh. 3,001 - 5,000
Ksh. 5,001 - 10,000
Ksh. 10,001 - 20,000
Ksh.20,001 and above
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SEHEMU B – Mahitaji ya nyumba 8. Unaonaje umuhimu wa haya mahitaji yanaohusiana na nyumba yako? a. Mahitaji halisi: Mahitaji ya nyumba
Muhimu sana
Muhimu
Upande wowote
Si Muhimu
Si Muhimu kabisa
Ubora wa jengo Mahali
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
Nyumba
ilipo umiliki wa ardhi
b. Mahitaji yasiyo halisi: Si Muhimu
Mahitaji
Muhimu sana
Muhimu
Upande wowote
Si Muhimu
Mahitaji ya kimsingi5
5
4
3
2
1
kuongeza mapato
5
4
3
2
1
Mahali pa kusoma
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
Mahali pa watoto kucheza Mahali pa kupumzika jioni
kabisa
Mahitaji ya kimsingi ni: mahali pa kula na maandalizi ya chakula, mapambo (kuvaa na kuoga), kulala na kusafisha nyumba na vifaa vya nyumba, nguo na kadhalika. 5
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Shughuli za kijamii
5
na za familia
4
3
2
1
9. Kwa ujumla, unahisi vipi kuhusu hizi nyumba za kambi moto? Nzuri sana
Nzuri
5
4
5
Upande wowote
Mbaya
Mbaya sana
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
Urahisi wa kujenga
5
4
3
2
1
Ushirikiano
5
4
3
2
1
Ubora wa jengo Strater
house
ilivyobuniwa Urahisi
kubadili
nyumba
10. Je, mahitaji yako yametimizwa na hii nyumba? c. Mahitaji halisi: Mahitaji ya nyumba Ubora wa jengo Mahali
Nyumba
ilipo umiliki wa ardhi
Ndio
Inafaa iboreshwe
La
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
d. Mahitaji yasiyo halisi: Page | 151
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Mahitaji
Ndio
Inafaa iboreshwe
La
Mahitaji ya kimsingi
5
4
3
2
1
kuongeza mapato
5
4
3
2
1
Mahali pa kusoma
5
4
3
2
1
Mahali pa watoto
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
kucheza Mahali pa kupumzika jioni Shughuli za kijamii na za familia
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6.2.5. Appendix C: Translated Sample Household Questionnaire INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA - KENYA Dear Respondent, You have been selected to take part in the survey of incremental housing through filling in this questionnaire. This questionnaire has 2 sections and a total of 10 questions. Your answers shall be kept private. Thank you for our participation in this survey.
Name: ________________________________________________________________________ Date: ______________________________________________________________________ Time: _________________________________________________________________________ SECTION A - FAMILY 1. Gender Male
Female
2. How old are you? below 20yrs
20-24 yrs.
25-29 yrs.
30-34 yrs.
35-39 yrs.
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40-44 yrs.
45-49 yrs.
50-54 yrs.
55-59 yrs.
above 60 yrs.
3. Are you a citizen of Kenya? Yes
No
4. What is your relationship with the head of this house? ________________________________________________________________________ 5. How many people live in this house? ________________________________________________________________________ 6.
From question 5, what is their relationship with the head of this house? (For example: Spouse, son, daughter, brother, mother-in-law etc.). If you have children please state their age or if they’re current in school state their level of education e.g. Kindergarten, Primary school, High school or College/University and their current level.
7. What is your monthly income? Ksh. 0 - 1,000
Ksh. 1,001 - 3,000
Ksh. 3,001 - 5,000
Ksh. 5,001 - 10,000
Ksh. 10,001 - 20,000
Ksh.20,001 and above
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SECTION B – HOUSING NEEDS 8. How would you rate your current housing needs? e. Material needs: Housing needs
Essential
Important
Convenient
Unimportant
Inconvenient
Quality of shelter
5
4
3
2
1
Location of shelter
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
Freehold ownership
f. Non-quantifiable needs: Housing needs
Essential
Important
Convenient
Unimportant
Inconvenient
Basic activities6
5
4
3
2
1
Income generation
5
4
3
2
1
Reading space
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
Children’s playing space Evening sitting space Family and social activities
6
Basic activities: include: dining and food preparation, grooming (which includes dressing and bathing), sleeping and housekeeping Page | 155
INCREMENTAL HOUSING: EVOLUTIONARY HOUSING FOR THE EVOLVING FAMILY. A CASE OF KAMBI MOTO, HURUMA – KENYA
9. How would you rate the incremental housing?
Quality of shelter
Very good 5
Good 4
Neutral 3
Bad 2
Very bad 1
Core unit design
5
4
3
2
1
Flexibility technique
5
4
3
2
1
Ease of construction
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
Participatory process
10. Do you feel as if this house has met your housing needs? g. Material needs: Housing needs
Essential
Important
Convenient
Unimportant
Inconvenient
Quality of shelter
5
4
3
2
1
Location of shelter
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
Freehold ownership
h. Non-quantifiable needs: Housing needs
Yes
Neutral
No
Basic needs*
5
4
3
2
1
Income generation
5
4
3
2
1
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Reading space Children’s playing space Evening sitting space Family and social activities
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
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