THE SACRED IN HUMAN HANDS
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THE HARD FOUGHT BATTLE FOR ENGLISH TRANSLATION
LOST IN TRANSLATION
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{PRESIDENT’S COLUMN}
Celebrating 400 Years of the King James Version Bible
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his year marks the 400th anniversary of the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible. Celebrations worldwide honor the occasion and include nonstop public readings of Genesis through Revelation, choral concerts, debates, and even YouTube videos of chapters read aloud. The readers of chapters include notable persons such as Great Britain’s Prince Charles of Wales and atheist Richard Dawkins. When asked about his interest in reading a chapter of the Bible for this occasion, Dawkins explained, “Not to know the King James Bible is to be, in some small way, barbaric.” As the best-selling book of all time, the King James Version Bible provides the source of 257 idioms we use in everyday language. For instance, our frequently used term “scapegoat” comes from Leviticus 16:8 and our phrase, “a wolf in sheep’s clothing” comes from Matthew 7:15. Isaiah 40:15 provides us with the phrase, “a drop in the bucket” and II Corinthians 12:7 serves as the source of the phrase, “a thorn in your side.” Richard Dawkins, in a recent interview regarding the KJV 400th anniversary, stated, “You can’t appreciate English literature unless you are to some extent steeped in the King James Bible.” Since its presentation to King James in 1611, the King James Bible has become an intricate part of English and American culture. As such, it has gained recognition from clergy, scholars, and even atheists. As followers of Jesus Christ, the King James Version Bible’s value as a historical literary work, however interesting, pales in comparison to its power as a conduit of the living word of God. Many of us memorized scriptures from the King James Version Bible that remain etched in our minds and hearts. Just as indicated in Hebrews 4:12 KJV, we know from personal experience that, “the word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart.” For us, the celebration rests not in the literary acclaim of the KJV Bible, but in the power of God we experience through its reading.
The Bible has now been translated in more than four thousand languages. Even so, millions still have no Bible in their native language. As we celebrate this 400th anniversary of our King James Version Bible, let’s pray that everyone will soon have a Bible in their native tongue. Let us also pray for those reading scripture that it will, as described in Acts 26:18 KJV, “open their eyes and . . . turn them from darkness to light.” May God bless you,
Larry Linamen, President
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ON THE COVER: Dozens of phrases that we use every day made their English debut 400 years ago in the King James Version of the Bible. THE RECORD (USPS 2292-2000) is published quarterly for alumni and friends of Greenville College by the Office of College Advancement, Greenville College, 315 E. College Ave., Greenville IL 62246. Phone: (618) 664-6500. Non-profit class postage paid at Greenville, IL 62246. Vol. 102, No. 2. EDITOR: Walter Fenton ’84 MANAGING EDITOR: Carla Morris ’77 CREATIVE DIRECTOR: Annie Zeller CONTRIBUTING EDITOR: Kaity Teer ’10 GRAPHIC DESIGNER: Pancho Eppard ’00 PHOTOGRAPHY: Pancho Eppard ’00, Lucas Harger ’11, Beky Smith ’12 DISTRIBUTION MANAGER: Brianne Cook ’05 WRITERS: Kaity Teer ’10, Annie Zeller, Carla Morris ’77, Walter Fenton ’84 Views and opinions expressed by individuals in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of Greenville College.
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{IN THIS ISSUE }
{6}
HARD FOUGHT BATTLE FOR { 2 } THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
In a clash of languages, French and Latin severely beat English. Down but not out, English reasserts itself 300 years later, particularly in Scripture.
{10} ANATOMY OF A KJV PASSAGE
Use these tips to unravel the mysteries of the strange print, misspelled words and symbols that populate the pages of a first edition King James Bible.
THE SACRED IN HUMAN HANDS
Violent religious conflict puts England on the brink of civil war, yet 54 men follow their passions for scholarship to satisfy the king’s charge for a new Bible translation. They produce a masterpiece.
{ 12 } LOST IN TRANSLATION: WHY REVISIONS WON’T GO AWAY
We need the Bible to reach us in words we understand. As long as the English language changes, revision will be with us.
FEATURES
NEWS
English Evolution at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Campus News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Thou Shalt Commit Adultery and Kill the Children . . . . 11
Faculty News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Alumni News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 In Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 www.greenville.edu SUMMER 2011
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The Hard Fought Battle For English Translation By Lesley Allen, Ph.D.
The history of a language is often a series of invasions. When my linguistics professor began class with this statement, I stopped short in my note taking. Invasions? I felt a new seriousness shadow my undergraduate studies in English. I soon learned that there had been no simple path to the literature or the Scripture I accessed so easily each day in English. In fact, this history was so far from simple that it involved extreme conflicts between cultures. As my professor began to trace developments in language as tied to key conquests – especially that of the Normans of England in 1066 – I began to wonder how the English language could be so severely “beaten” at one point and yet, nearly 300 years afterward, manage to reassert itself, especially in Scripture.
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ere’s how we might view it: early English texts are bodies in themselves, often in the middle of battle. They bear the scars of invasions, power struggles, and other cultural conflicts. The story of
MEDIEVAL ENGLISH BIBLE
With French as the favored language of the elite and Latin as the favored language of literature, the English Bible had not yet found a place in churches. Clerics delivered God’s Word to worshipers in Latin. John Wycliffe produced the first complete English language Bible, but Pope Martin V later declared him to be a heretic and ordered his books burned.
An interlinear Anglo-Saxon translation is added to the Lindisfarne Gospels, an eighth century illuminated manuscript of the Latin Vulgate.
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those who championed the creation of medieval English Bibles, in particular, shows us that asserting God’s word in English had no easy history unmarked by strife. For us to consider English translations of the Bible that paved the way for the KJV in 1611, we must first understand that writing the Bible in English wasn’t really about the English language at all. It was about power struggles between humans. Well before William the Conqueror invaded English soil in 1066, regional Anglo-Saxon rulers tried to maintain positions of power against invaders. King Alfred the Great, a ninth-century king of Wessex, held his ground not only against Vikings but also against rising illiteracy in England. In his preface to an Old English translation of Genesis, he argues for increased education and
Followers of John Wycliffe translate the entire Bible from the Latin Vulgate to Middle English. Several handwritten translations of the New and Old Testaments are produced during the last quarter of the 14th century.
1380
John Wycliffe
NORMAN CONQUEST Norman invaders force a meeting of French with Old English. English is forever changed.
BIBLES OF THE POOR
reading in English among the laity. While Alfred also embraced knowledge and use of Latin, he desired that his people also know their own tongue. By this time, English translations were appearing in the margins of many Latin books. In the Lindisfarne Gospels, one of the most stunning visual creations of early northern English Christianity, a priest named Aldred inserted English glosses alongside the elaborately decorated Latin text that dominated this version of Scripture. Latin would continue to prove a powerful rival to English. After the Norman Conquest, the English language was actually not as opposed in power to French as it was to Latin. Latin maintained supremacy as the authoritative written language of church and clerical power. In fact, the medieval period is often discussed in terms of “authority” versus “experience” – authority
being the written Latin texts of church, liturgy or Scripture and experience being the vernacular voice of the “rabble” English. Today, as we privately access our carry-case Bibles in complete editions, we may wonder, what’s the problem with experience? For the ecclesiastical leaders that held sway from the 12th to 15th centuries, such experience or immediate access to the Word of God threatened the neat divide between those who controlled Latinity and those who were simply . . . too English.
Clerical authorities placed artwork in the church that made some Bible teachings visually accessible to an illiterate population. This “Poor Man’s Bible” often included carvings, paintings, mosaics, and stained glass windows.
By 1400, John Wycliffe and his followers took such Latin authority to task, justifying the need for readers to encounter Scripture in English. Stained glass windows, often considered to be the “Bibles of the poor,” were
Pope Martin V orders the exhumation of Wycliffe’s body, whose remains are burned and ashes cast into the River Avon.
1408 Reading the Bible in English without permission of a bishop is outlawed. Translating Scripture into English is punishable by charges of heresy. Wycliffe’s writings are condemned.
1428
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MYSTERY PLAYS Medieval mystery plays represented Bible stories through costumed actors. Music sometimes accompanied these “living pictures.”
English. Defenses were written to promote translations of Scripture, but those in power predominantly mistrusted English Bibles. In 1407, Bishop Arundel may have even legislated against the ownership of English Bibles, although there is some doubt about such a ban existing. Whatever the case, such an idea seems unfathomable now as we contemplate not only the KJV but also numerous other modern English versions that are readily available. The later medieval conflicts that revolved around “Englishing” the Bible grew severe. William Tyndale’s execution in 1536 inevitably created a martyr for the cause. However, only a year later, more versions of English Bibles circulated. The Reformation would soon make the vernacular legally sufficient for Scripture as well.
no longer sufficient; textual access was necessary as well. To some extent, the church deemed Wycliffe and his followers as heretics for their efforts. It wasn’t that the English language was viewed as too simplistic or inadequate for Biblical matter. Rather, for those in ecclesiastical power, the vernacular posed the potential for risky readings. If the church were no longer an intermediary, how could it then control an individual reader’s understanding? As an anonymous 1401 tract describes, some feared that “men myghten lightly erre” from reading the Gospels in
Throughout all of this conflict, the Bible at the time leading up to the King James Version never remains a “single” book or body of work. Also, Biblical passages inspire English poets to model their own work after Scripture, suggesting some innovative possibilities for Christian expression at this time. For example, one medieval poet – a contemporary of the betterknown Geoffrey Chaucer – crafted a dream vision entitled Pearl that relied on retellings of the Parable of the Vineyard and revelatory scriptural images of the celestial Jerusalem. William Langland’s longer poem Piers Plowman featured a gripping description of the Harrowing of Hell. Even mystery plays dramatized Christ’s life for community audiences to receive scriptural stories through performances by local tradesmen. However, this highly successful form of
Johannes Gutenberg invents the moveable type printing press. The Bible is the first book ever printed. Gutenberg’s Bible is printed in Latin.
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William Tyndale completes the first English translation of the Greek New Testament.
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ENGLISH EVOLUTION AT A GLANCE John 3:16 995 Old English from Lindisfarne Gospels “God lufode middan-eard swa, dat he seade his ancennedan sunu, dat nan ne forweorde de on hine gely ac habbe dat ece lif.”
PIERS PLOWMAN William Langland’s poem, Piers Plowman, depicted Scripture in the dreamvisions of a narrator who is guided to Truth by a humble plowman. Christ is described like a knight, ready to joust for men’s souls.
1380 Wycliffe Bible
“For god loued so the world; that he gaf his oon bigetun sone, that eche man that bileueth in him perisch not: but haue euerlastynge liif.”
1534 Tyndale Bible
entertainment was under fierce dispute for having actors portray Christ! Even fictional or dramatic recreations of Scripture were subject to debate among the church and laity. It seems that few created works in English could escape controversy. What I discovered years ago in linguistics class continues to be true: The history of the English language is about not only warfare and invasions but also competing human experiences and stories. In the case of the “Englishing” of the Bible, language proves a powerful motivator among those who contest each other over the Word of God. By the time of the KJV, in an amazing show of resilience, English secured itself as an acceptable vessel of Scripture as well as poetry.
Assistant Professor Lesley Allen teaches English at Greenville College. She
received her Ph.D. from the University
“For God so loveth the worlde, that he hath geven his only sonne, that none that beleve in him, shuld perisshe: but shuld have everlastinge lyfe.”
1539 Great Bible
“For God so loued the worlde, that he gaue his only begotten sonne, that whosoeuer beleueth in him, shulde not perisshe, but haue euerlasting lyfe.”
1557 Geneva Bible
“For God so loueth the world, that he hath geuen his only begotten Sonne: that none that beleue in him, should peryshe, but haue euerlasting lyfe.”
1568 Bishops’ Bible
“For God so loued the worlde, that he gaue his only begotten sonne, that whosoeuer beleueth in hym, shoulde not perishe, but haue euerlastyng lyfe.”
1611 First Edition King James Bible
“For God so loued the world, that he gaue his only begotten Sonne: that whosoeuer beleeueth in him, should not perish, but haue euerlasting life.”
of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana.
England’s King Henry VIII orders William Tyndale’s execution. Tyndale is strangled to death and then burned at the stake.
1535
1536
Upon Tyndale’s imprisonment, Myles Coverdale continues Tyndale’s translation of the Old Testament. The Coverdale Bible is the first complete translation printed in the English language.
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The Sacred In Human Hands Politics and Passions Behind the Creation of the KJV By Walter B. Fenton
SAVVY MOVES
The title page from the 1611 KJV shows symbols rather than pictorial representations for God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. None of the humans it portrays has a halo. In a nod to the role of priests in the English Church, it shows Aaron in the niche to the right of the text, opposite his brother, Moses.
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The Great Bible is printed. Known for its great size, it is the first English translation of the Bible authorized for public use.
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Edward VI, a Protestant and the son of Henry VIII, becomes King of England.
1547
How shall men meditate in that which they cannot understand? . . . As it is written, “Except I know the power of the voice, I shall be to him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian to me.” This argument for translating the Bible into the English language appears in a prefatory essay to the King James Version (KJV). The essay, entitled “Translators to the Reader,” was published in the original edition, but is no longer included in modern editions of the KJV. The translators quote 1 Corinthians 14:11 to support the now readily acceptable point that God’s word should be translated into the vernacular. But there is something very interesting about the version the translators employ to prove their point. One would think, in an introduction to the KJV, the authors would cite the KJV translation of 1 Corinthians 14:11. However, in this case (and in others), they actually quote the Geneva Bible, a 1560 This title page from the Great Bible published in 1539 tells three stories. Top third, an enthroned Henry VIII receives the Word of God and bestows it upon his bishops and archbishops. Middle third, the bishops deliver the Word to the priests. Bottom third, the laity hear the Word and loyally recite, “Vivat Rex” and “God save the kynge.”
Mary I, a Catholic and a daughter of Henry VIII, becomes Queen of England.
1553
English version produced by expatriate English Puritans living in John Calvin’s Geneva. This curious fact leads us into the fascinating and complicated history behind the creation of the KJV Bible. The translators of the KJV were solid Anglican divines; the majority of them rejected Puritanism. So why cite a biblical reference from the Puritan’s Geneva Bible in, of all places, the preface to the KJV? The simple answer: it was the best translation available prior to the KJV. The translators’ quotation of the Geneva Bible proved to be somewhat of an embarrassment to The Church of England, which had already authorized the Bishops’ Bible as the official English Bible. Printed in 1568 and found in every church in the land, the Bishops’ Bible was intended to improve on the Great Bible (1539) authorized by King Henry VIII. The Great Bible was, in turn, based on two previous English Bible translations, Coverdale’s Bible and Matthew’s Bible (both printed in 1537 with royal approval). And these were indebted to William Tyndale’s translation of the New Testament and those books of the Old Testament he managed to translate before he was strangled to death and then burned at the stake for his efforts.
The Geneva Bible, the first English Bible to use numbered verses, was the Bible of Shakespeare, John Donne, Oliver Cromwell, and the Puritans. It preceded the King James Bible by about fifty years.
So why the King James Version when the English speaking world already had five Bible translations? The answer can be summed up in one word, politics—or in two, church politics. Under the reign of Elizabeth I, the great queen had managed to steer the ship of church and state into a middle way. Her immediate predecessors, half-brother Edward VI (committed Protestant) and half-sister Mary (staunch Roman Catholic) presided over an England dangerously close to civil war. Royal repression essentially held the country together. However, during Elizabeth’s long and relatively peaceful reign, the Anglican Church secured its position of
Queen Mary I, also known as Bloody Mary, bans Protestant translations of the Bible. Over 300 persons are burned at the stake for heresy during her five-year reign.
1555
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Knox. But to their dismay, the Puritans quickly learned James had already warmed to the idea of serving not only as king, but as the supreme head of the church as well.
COURTESY OF KEVIN RAWLINGS
In January 1604, just months after his accession, James convened a conference of bishops and churchmen at the elaborate palace of Hampton Court on the Thames. On almost every point of contention—how to celebrate Holy Communion, vestments clergy should wear, corrections to The Book of Common Prayer, and the wearing of wedding rings—James came down on the side of the Anglican bishops and against those sympathetic to the Puritans. However, on at least one point, James appeared to yield: the creation of a new English translation of the Bible. Initially, the bishops vehemently opposed this potential dethroning of the Bishop’s Bible. But once they realized how much power they would wield in the process—selecting the scholars to do the translating and the authority to make final edits—they opportunistically embraced the project, and styled it a revision of the Bishop’s Bible rather than a new translation.
Tyndale’s English translation of the Bible provided the foundation for many of the English Bibles to follow. Some scholars say that as much as one third of the KJV’s text quotes Tyndale’s work word for word. Produced under the authority of the Church of England in 1568, the Bishops’ Bible served as the base text of the Authorized King James Version in 1611.
authority in the land. To be sure, the Roman Catholic Church attempted, by suasion and other means, to return the English to the ancient church’s fold. And at the other end of the spectrum, Puritans were doing all they could to eliminate from the Church of England those practices and signs recalling the rites and rituals of the old church. Neither managed to achieve their aims, but their hopes continued to simmer just below the surface. When, upon Elizabeth’s death, King James of Scotland ascended the throne of England, Puritans, not unreasonably, believed the new king would be inclined to their reforming agenda. James hailed from a land steeped in the Reformed teachings of Calvin as mediated by John
Fifty-four translators were selected for the task and divided into six translation committees: two committees each from Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and two also from the crown’s appointees at Westminster Abbey. Almost all of them were ordained clergy, and all were biblical scholars of first rank. They had mastered the biblical languages of Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek, could read and write Latin, and a number of them were familiar with Syriac and Chaldee. While the vast majority of them were committed to Anglican doctrine and ecclesiology, a few had Puritan sympathies. The committees were at work by the fall of 1604, but it would be nearly seven years before the first printing of the KJV came off the presses on May 2, 1611. The committee members, very learned and enjoying the benefit of new manuscripts and language resources, could hardly help themselves once they set about their task. Although they had cut sheets of the Bishop’s Bible before them, and were clearly admonished to produce a revision not a translation, they pored over the best
The Geneva Bible is printed in Switzerland by Protestant refugees, who fled England during the reign of Queen Mary. It is the first English translation to use numbered verses and roman typeface. The Calvinism of its marginal notes offends many bishops in the Church of England.
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1568 The Bishops’ Bible is printed in response to the Geneva Bible. It is not well received and ultimately leads to the revision ordered by King James.
Hebrew and Greek manuscripts available, consulted prior English translations, and wound up producing a new one.
Luke read aloud at a Christmas Eve service.
And then there are those hidden treasures, long forgotten The translators were clearly aware they had exceeded because even the KJV Bibles we own no longer contain their mandate, and they attempted to blunt any criticism the Apocryphal books included in the original. There, in for doing so in the long the Book of Ecclesiasticus, preface. “Truly, good The cadence and the beauty of the KJV still is a just tribute to all those Christian Reader, we never who in their daily reading thought from the beginning ring in our ears when we recite Psalm 23 at of the KJV, were nurtured a funeral or hear the second chapter of Luke and strengthened in the faith, that we should need to make a new translation, and who in turn passed it on read aloud at a Christmas Eve service. nor yet to make of a bad to us: one a good one; but to make a good one better, or out of many good ones one principal good one, . . . that And some there be, which have no memorial, who hath been our endeavor, that our mark.” And while it is are perished as though they had never been, and often maintained that the translators simply plundered are become as though they had never been borne, Tyndale’s work, a close reading of both makes it clear and their children after them. But these were the KJV was something new, perhaps not entirely new, merciful men, whose righteousness hath not been but new enough. forgotten. With their seed shall continually remain a good inheritance, and their children are within In the end, the KJV translators proved false the claim the covenant. Their seed stands fast, and their that committees cannot produce a masterpiece. They children for their sakes. Their seed shall remain produced an enduring monument of the English forever, and their glory shall not be blotted out. language. While many people have ceased using the Their bodies are buried in peace, but their name KJV for daily reading, and local churches have moved liveth for evermore. The people will tell of their on to modern versions or even paraphrases, the cadence wisdom, and the congregation will show forth and the beauty of the KJV still ring in our ears when we their praise (44.9-15). recite Psalm 23 at a funeral or hear the second chapter of
FURTHER READING Benson Bobrick’s Wide as the Waters: The Story of the English Bible and the Revolution It Inspired puts the King James Bible in the broad context of English Bible translations. Starting with clandestine, handwritten Wycliffe versions, Bobrick traces the history of the long and tortured journey to the KJV (Simon & Schuster, 2001).
James VI of Scotland is crowned James I, King of England.
1603
Though perhaps not as inspiring as other books on the subject, Alister McGrath’s In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible and How It Changed a Nation, a Language, and a Culture gives a solid introduction to a large subject and a feel for the ongoing work of translation. “It has yet to end,” he tells us, “indeed, it will not end, until either history is brought to a close or English ceases to be a living language” (First Anchor Books, 2002).
A joy to read, Adam Nicolson’s God’s Secretaries: The Making of the King James Bible is beautifully written and filled with wonderful comparisons of KJV translations to the English Bibles that preceded it. Nicolson’s attention to the diverse personalities charged with the task of translation helps us to appreciate not only their completion of the project, but also the beauty and brilliance of their work (HarperCollins, 2003).
At the Hampton Court Conference, King James agrees that a new translation of the Scriptures is in order.
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Enjoy the decorations along the way. Large illustrated (or “historiated”) letters that appear at the beginning of books and chapters serve as the KJV’s main form of decoration. Somehow the Roman god Neptune and Greek god Pan made it into the fancy initials. Neptune introduces Matthew 1 and Revelation 1, and Pan introduces Psalm 141 and 1 Peter 3.
Anatomy of a
KJV
Passage
T
he first edition of the King James Bible was never intended for private devotional use. It was distributed to churches for public reading so that even the illiterate could hear the Word of God. Its appearance also sent a message of King James’ authority to the disparate and quarreling religious groups under his reign. Often chained to pulpits to prevent theft, it bore the James coat of arms on its cover. At five inches thick and 30 pounds, its commanding size and imposing title, The Authorized Version, reflected the weight of the throne behind its creation. Even its tight arrangement of thick, angular Gothic script into orderly columns projected strength. The royal printers achieved this solid appearance by abbreviating words with symbols, omitting an occasional “m” or “n” at the end of a word, and freely expanding or contracting spellings to make text fit. These practices were common in a day when standards for English spelling did not exist. Here are a few tips to help you navigate a page from the 1611 KJV.
Colonists arrive in Jamestowne, Virginia. Jamestowne, named after King James, becomes the first permanent English settlement on the American mainland thereby making him the founding monarch of the United States.
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The Authorized Version, better known as the King James Version (KJV), is published on May 2, 1611 by the Church of England. It remains the sole authorized translation for more than two and a half centuries.
1611
Follow the North Star. If you feel lost in an unfamiliar sea of wavy, black Gothic print, look north to the top of the page for orientation. Topical headings and chapter numbers keep readers on track. Prior translations did not always include a chapter and verse numbering system.
Heads up for shady characters. The pilcrow resembles a backward “P” and announces a new book. The capitulum (a scribal abbreviation for the Latin word for “chapter”) resembles a fancy “C” and announces a new paragraph.
Don’t let odd or misplaced characters throw you. King James’ royal printers used a long “s” that visually resembles a modern “f” (as in Gofpel), a “J” that had not yet fully grown away from the “I” (“Iohn” for “John”), and a “v” that had not yet developed from “u” (“euery” for “every”). Two types of “r” also pop up.
Take a shortcut. In a hurry? The concise summary of content and key verse numbers that precede a chapter’s full text makes scanning a book easy. Geek alert. Even more information is available in the margins for hard-core readers who thrive on digging deeper. Asterisks point to cross-references, crosses to literal translations, and parallel vertical lines to alternative English renderings. Look out for invasions from Rome. Small roman type distinguishes words that did not appear in the original Greek or Hebrew texts, but translators still found essential for understanding. Cut the printer some slack. The first edition King James Bible had no page numbers. By placing the first word and verse number from the page to follow in the lower right hand corner, printers ensured correct assembly of pages.
F
Thou Shalt Commit Adultery and Kill the Children or Robert Barker, publishing and printing the King James Bible in 1611 was a costly affair. He not only paid the hefty sum of £4,000 for publication rights, but he also incurred massive debt trying to meet his obligations. He ended up outsourcing part of the job to his competitors; the partnerships soured, and litigation hounded him for the rest of his life. In 1631, Barker unwittingly released an edition of the KJV that omitted the word “not” from the seventh commandment. The result, “Thou shalt commit adultery,” embarrassed the Anglican Church. The archbishop ordered the Bibles burned and fined Barker and his partner £300 (the equivalent of $55,600 today). Barker died fourteen years later in a debtor’s prison. Printing in 1611 was a labor-intensive, often chaotic process that balanced the need for speed with accuracy. Typesetters referred to handwritten manuscripts as they quickly placed the type for a single page, letter-byletter, into a frame. They worked in reverse, forming sentences from right to left with letters that appeared backward. Proofreaders examined the first printed copy of the page, aware that pressmen were waiting on their signal to go ahead and print the full lot. Once the desired quantity of pages was printed, apprentices dismantled, cleaned and sorted the type for later use. The print crew repeated this process hundreds of times to produce the 1500-page first edition of the KJV. With so many moving parts and hands in the process, not to mention pressure to keep up production, the potential for error was great. In the first edition of the King James Bible, the word “and” appears as “aud” twentyeight times – probably a sorting error from
an apprentice who mistook a lower case “u” for the lower case “n.” Since that first printing, errors that drastically alter a verse’s meaning have appeared in published Bibles: A 1611 version quotes Judas, not Jesus, telling the disciples to “sit ye here while I go yonder and pray.” A 1612 version says printers, not princes, “have persecuted me without a cause.” In a 1716 version, Jesus proclaims that we should “go and sin on more,” rather than no more. In a 1718 version, Jesus shares the “Parable of the Vinegar” instead of the “Parable of the Vineyard.” A 1763 version quotes a fool as declaring, “There is a God,” rather than, “There is no God.” A 1792 version describes Philip, not Peter, as he denies Christ three times. In a 1795 version, Jesus tells the SyroPhoenician woman, “Let the children first be killed,” rather than, “Let the children first be filled.” In an 1804 version, the Lord tells David, “Thy son shall come forth out of thy lions,” instead of “loins.” An 1807 version advises the reader to “purge your conscience from good works,” instead of “dead works.” A 1964 version advised women to adorn themselves in “modern apparel,” not “modest apparel.”
The Revised Standard Version (RSV) is published. Revisers take into account recent discoveries of ancient Greek and Hebrew manuscripts and changes in English usage. It offers the first serious challenge to the popularity of the KJV.
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Lost In Translation Why Revisions Won’t Go Away
W
By Stanley Walters, Ph.D.
hile reading through the Psalms recently in the King James Version (KJV), I stopped short on Psalm 140:5: “The proud have hid a snare for me . . . they have set gins for me.” What, I wondered, is a gin? An image of Eli Whitney with his cotton gin wandered up out of my mind’s depths. “Gin” is said to be a shortened form of “engine.” Its original meaning is “a snare or trap,” but nobody uses it that way any more.
KJV, sought his word-for-word clarity and directness and preserved his natural literalness. Once the KJV was published, no official revision was made for two and a half centuries.
This shows us how words and meanings change over time, which is the main reason that Bible translations need to be revised. A word may disappear from usage, one of its meanings may fade away, or it may acquire a different meaning. Revision is necessary because language is constantly changing and we need the Bible to reach us in words that we understand and that will not mislead us. Translators face the challenge of remaining as faithful to the original text as possible while communicating effectively in the language of their readers.
Published in the late 19th century, the English Revised Version (ERV) was the first revision of the KJV. Publication of the American Standard Version (ASV) soon followed. A trickle of translations appeared in the first half of the 20th century. This trickle became a flood of modern translations with the appearance of the Revised Standard Version (RSV) in 1952, the New International Version (NIV) in 1978, the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) in 1989, and numerous others.
William Tyndale was the first person to translate the New Testament and some of the Old Testament into English from the original languages of Greek and Hebrew. Translations based on Tyndale, including the
The New International Version (NIV) is published. This modern English translation espouses the dynamic equivalent philosophy of translation, delivering a more readable “ideafor-idea” rendering rather than a “word-for-word.”
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The RSV gave us a Bible free from archaic verb forms such as “speaketh” and “speakest.” The RSV also discontinued use of “thee” and “thou” except in address to God. The NRSV eliminated these archaisms entirely to match the usage of Greek and Hebrew, which do not
The New King James Version (NKJV) is published. This modern English translation offers updated language while attempting to remain true to the style and beauty of the original KJV.
1982
distinguish formal and intimate speech. These changes were needed to make the Bible more reader-friendly. The NRSV is readable and generally accurate except where political correctness has had an undue influence.
Word-for-word translation requires you to think harder about the meaning of words, but the payoff in understanding will nourish your mind and bless your heart.
The intent of the NIV was to produce a distinctly evangelical translation, tacitly using the RSV as a foil. The NIV is a readable, reliable, and widely used translation. It was among the first to openly espouse a dynamic equivalent philosophy of translation, delivering an idea-for-idea rendering rather than wordfor-word. Many of the most recent translations and paraphrases have done the same, yielding fresh if not startling equivalents, such as “the Tree of Conscience” in Genesis 2:9 (The Living Bible) for “the tree of the knowledge of good and evil” (RSV). The Message, a paraphrased version of the Bible, includes the now famous rendering of John 1:14: “The Word moved into the neighborhood.”
To call God the “Lord of Hosts” evokes His sovereignty over heavenly beings, created objects in the sky, and people on the ground experiencing redemption. A rich expression!
The downside of dynamic equivalence is that it moves Bible study further away from Scripture’s original text and from the richness of its own native rhetoric. Basic Bible study requires something that stays closer to the original languages. We can see this by returning to John 1:14. The KJV reads, “The word . . . dwelt among us,” where the Greek verb is related to “tent” and evokes the Tabernacle of the Old Testament (Ex 25:8, 29:45-46). The ERV even gives the explanatory rendering “tabernacled” in the margin. The Tabernacle, or tent, stood at the very center of Israel’s nomadic encampment and symbolized God’s continuing presence with His people. In Jesus, John suggests, God pitched His tent among us. Jesus is the palpable presence of God among humans, and the oncefor-all sacrifice for sin. In The Message, however, these links between the Testaments completely disappear. As another example, consider that the Bible calls God the “Lord of Hosts” 265 times. What’s in a name? To unpack that expression you need to know the Biblical meaning of “host.” It’s probably a large number, you think, but of what? Perhaps of angels (Ps 148:2), or stars (Deuteronomy 4:19), or military troops (1 Samuel 17:45), or God’s people leaving Egypt in the Exodus (Ex 7:4). The Bible uses the word “host” for all of these.
But what of its dynamic equivalent, “Lord Almighty”? In this, you don’t even hear about the hosts. The name tells us that God is powerful, but it communicates abstract power – power in a vacuum, power with reference to nothing in particular. An ordinary expression. Word-for-word translation requires you to think harder about the meaning of words, but the payoff in understanding will nourish your mind and bless your heart. The idea-for-idea translation is snappy, but look at how much is there that you can’t even see! In all of this, it may be disappointing to see the KJV’s declining influence, with no common translation taking its place to help unify God’s people. The proliferation of translations makes it easy to think that the Bible has many meanings, and so probably contributes to a decline in its authority. The need to think seriously about the meaning of the Bible’s specific words cuts across the grain of contemporary society’s obsession with the visual and with easy sound bites of information and opinion. The Psalmist declared to God, “The unfolding of your word gives light” (Ps 119:130). May this be your experience as well!
Stanley Walters (’52), former head of the Philosophy/Religion
Department at Greenville College, is professor emeritus at Tyndale University College where he taught courses in Old Testament. He
earned a Th.M. from Princeton Theological Seminary and a Ph.D. in ancient Near Eastern languages from Yale University.
The New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) is published. This translation takes into consideration the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls and eliminates archaisms like “thee” and “thou.”
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Thee Thou Thine www.greenville.edu SUMMER 2011
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2011 Homecoming Schedule FRIDAY, OCTOBER 14
Dear Alumni, When was the last time you were on the campus of your alma mater? Do the memories of your college days ever cross your mind? Pause for a minute and reflect. What would you look for if you returned? More importantly, what people would you look for? Greenville College is not the same place it was when I graduated in 1983. There are times I am a little saddened; when I walk across the open space where Hogue Hall once towered, I become nostalgic. But if you are like me and thousands of other GC alumni, we know in our hearts it’s not only the buildings that endear this place, it’s the people. I have journeyed alongside the most loving, generous, beautiful people you can imagine in the faculty, staff and students I have had the joy of knowing in the past 35-plus years. And I can assure you, although the faces have changed, the spirit of the people has not changed. As GC’s Director for Alumni Relations, it is my privilege to invite you back to your alma mater. Come stroll across the campus, visit with a favorite professor, and renew old friendships. Come back for Homecoming 2011 on October 14 and 15! We have added to the festivities for 2011: a School Spirit Parade on Friday afternoon showcasing the new Greenville College Pep Band, the Panther 5K and Kick-Off Celebration on Saturday morning, a tailgate lunch at the John Strahl Athletic Complex (separate tents for reunions), and a Saturday evening alumni banquet. Festivities conclude with informal gatherings for classes celebrating their 50th, 40th, 25th and 10th reunions. I promise you will not regret the time and effort you put into returning to your alma mater. Call a few classmates, start a tradition, come back for Homecoming! See you in October!
Pamela (Young) Taylor ’83 Director for Alumni Relations
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9:30 am
Homecoming Chapel (Whitlock Music Center)
3:30 pm
School Spirit Parade
4:30 pm
JV Women’s Volleyball v. Lewis & Clark (Crum Recreation Center)
7 pm
Women’s Volleyball v. MacMurray (H.J. Long Gymnasium)
7 pm
Welcome Reception. All alumni are welcome to come visit with friends upon arriving in Greenville. Watson & Bonnie Tidball Alumni House & Welcome Center (402 E College Ave)
7:30 pm
Music Concert (Whitlock Music Center)
SATURDAY, OCTOBER 15 7-9 am
Continental Breakfast, Panther 5K Road Race, Children’s Fun Run (Scott Field /Front Lawn)
7-7:45 am
Panther 5K Road Race Registration
7:45 am
Children’s Fun Run for children 10 years and younger (Scott Field)
Continental Breakfast will be available from 7:00-9:00 am
8 am
Panther 5K Road Race
9 am
Men’s Alumni Soccer Game (Soccer Field)
9 am
Women’s Alumni Volleyball Game (H.J. Long Gymnasium)
10 am-Noon Greenville College Summer Research Experience (GC-SRE)
Student Poster Session (Snyder Hall-Room 103)
11 am
Women’s Alumni Basketball Game (H.J. Long Gymnasium)
11 am
Women’s Alumni Soccer Game (Soccer Field)
11:30 am
Class Reunion Luncheons – Classes of 1961; 1971; 1986; 2001 & (2006-2010) (Strahl Athletic Complex)
12 noon
Tailgate Luncheon: Students and Alumni (Tickets Required or Meal Plan) (Strahl Athletic Complex)
1 pm
Women’s Soccer v. MacMurray (Soccer Field)
1 pm
Football v. MacMurray (Football Field)
3 pm
Men’s Soccer v. MacMurray (Soccer Field)
5-7 pm
Alumni Dinner (Tickets Required) (Armington Center)
7 pm
Men’s Alumni v. Varsity Basketball Game (H.J. Long Gymnasium)
8 pm
Informal gatherings for Classes of ’61, ’71, ’86, ’01, & (’06-’10)
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{CAMPUS NEWS }
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Read the full stories at www.greenville.edu/news.
Matthew Ellis (’11) Wins Chemistry Award In April, senior chemistry student Matthew Ellis was awarded the best research poster presentation in the Chemistry Division of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the Illinois State Academy of Science. Ellis competed against more than 30 students from institutions across the state. He completed his research project, entitled “Numerical Analysis of the Free Radical Addition Polymerization Model,” during the Greenville College Summer Research Experience.
Track & Field Competes at NCCAA Outdoor National Championships The men’s squad notched their best finish in five years at the NCCAA National meet, scoring 132 total team points to edge Indiana Wesleyan by one point and claim the number two spot. The women’s squad finished fourth at the NCCAA Outdoor National Championships, competing with only 13 ladies. GC scored 85 total team points, while putting together an impressive full team performance.
Book Rental Now Included in Tuition Greenville College will begin renting textbooks next fall to ensure all students have access to necessary course materials. Tuition will include the book rental fee, eliminating the unknown book expense most students encounter at the beginning of each term. The rental program is expected to lower student textbook expenses up to 50 percent for undergraduate and graduate students at the main campus and partnership locations, as well as for online students. “The cost of some texts has grown so high that some students can’t afford to buy even the required books,” said Provost Randy Bergen. “The rental program will take that pressure off.”
Jon Acuff, Author of Stuff Christians Like, Visits Greenville College Greenville College welcomed internationally known author, speaker, and blogger Jon Acuff to campus April 12-13. Called “hilarious and insightful” by Group Magazine and featured as a regular contributor on CNN. com, Acuff helps individuals and companies of all sizes
Women’s Soccer Steps Up in Tornado Clean-Up Efforts The Greenville College women’s soccer team spent Saturday, May 7, assisting residents in the St. Louis area with clean up following the destructive tornadoes of April 22. News crews from KMOV TV in St. Louis captured footage of the cleanup that included the removal of fallen trees and trash. The evening news broadcast the Lady Panthers’ good work and St. Louis County Executive Charlie Dooley’s expressed appreciation to them.
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turn ideas into actions. In the last three years, his work has benefited a wide range of people, from dairy farmers to CEOs of billion-dollar companies. Acuff spoke to students in two sessions, one that addressed “4 Ways Christians Damage Sex” and the other that addressed vocation.
Baseball’s Covert, Hobar, & Massengill Headline SLIAC Award Winners The St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SLIAC) has announced the AllConference Teams and award winners for the 2011 baseball season. Greenville College’s Daniel Covert, Kyle Hobar, and David Massengill headlined the honorees, all claiming spots on the conference’s first-team. Greenville catcher Adam Wallace was named to the SLIAC sportsmanship team for his actions and play throughout the season.
{FACULTY NEWS } Faculty News Professor of English and Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences Dale Martin retired at the end of the school year. He devoted 44 years of service to the College as a faculty member and administrator. “We will miss Dale greatly because his subtle humor makes work more fun,” observed Provost Randy Bergen.
Professor Dale Martin receives a standing ovation from his colleagues as they recognize more than four decades of service that he gave to Greenville College.
Co-director of the Graduate and UTEP Programs in Teacher Education Suzanne Walker is retiring after seven years of full-time service and many more as an adjunct. Dean of the School of Education and Director of Online Learning Vickie Cook has been invited to present to the Sangamon County Area Superintendents on the topic of “Technology Tools for the Classroom.” This opportunity will allow her to present our teacher education programs to 120-150 superintendents from the Springfield/ Sangamon County area, as well as the Illinois State Board of Education and a Regional Office of Education. Associate Professor of Health and Physical Education and Head Men’s Basketball Coach George Barber presented at the NCAA Division I Final Four men’s basketball tournament in March. He spoke on the topic of sportsmanship, academics and team unity. The Final Four is a national gathering for all basketball coaches from across the country.
for professors that teach business, economics, and mathematics. This course, funded by a grant from the CME Group Community Foundation, will address the economic foundations of derivatives, futures, and options markets in today’s global economy. A farewell reception was recently held in honor of Professor Emeritus Frank Thompson and his wife Marilyn ’70 as they prepared to leave the Greenville community where they have lived and worked for 45 years. Frank taught philosophy and religion at Greenville College for 28 years and served as the chair of the department for 25 of those years. Frank also served as pastor to Free Methodist churches in the Pacific Northwest and Gateway Conferences. Marilyn taught at Greenville Elementary School for 23 years and taught in Greenville College’s GOAL program. 8312 Rampart Court, Alexandria, VA 22308-1620 The St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SLIAC) has announced Professor of Health, Physical Education and Recreation Robert W. Johnson as the recipient of the 2011 Lee McKinney Distinguished Service Award. Johnson, who serves as an assistant coach for GC’s men’s soccer team and its men’s and women’s track and field teams was cited for his balanced approach to athletics and academics. In addition to teaching and advising students, Johnson has participated on a wide array of committees for the College and also provided leadership as head or assistant coach for six of GC’s 14 sports. Greenville College Artist in Residence and Instructor of Music Jorge Casas has served as bassist for Miami Sound Machine since 1986. The group performed at the First Lady’s Luncheon hosted by Michelle Obama on May 18.
In addition to addressing his peers on the topic of sportsmanship this season, Coach Barber also saw the St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SLIAC) recognize his players for outstanding sportsmanship.
Associate Professor of Management Larry Sayler has been invited by the Associated Colleges of Illinois (ACI) to participate in the Equipping Strategic Professors Program, a summer course
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The First Lady’s Luncheon is an annual tradition hosted by the first lady for spouses of all senators, congressmen and many special guests. Michelle Obama invited Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine to perform at this year’s event. “The request for Gloria and our band to perform for the First Lady’s Luncheon was a real honor and a blessing,” explained Casas. “We have performed at the White House over the years, perhaps two other times but this one is truly special because it confirms that quality, dedication, diligence and obedience in using the talent that God blesses us with, has unquestionable rewards; this being one of them. I thank God for allowing me to serve the students, faculty and employees of Greenville College in this way.”
Read the full stories at www.greenville.edu/news.
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ALUMNI NEWS
Alumni News What’s New With You? Submit your information online at www.greenville.edu/alumni.
60s Ed Zahniser ’67 collaborated on a series of poems, I Want To Quit My Day Job. PO Box 955, Shepherdstown, WV 25443. ed_zahniser@nps.gov. Brenda (Foster ’67) Rice retired from the University of Chicago Library in December 2010 after 31 years of service. She managed a departmental library and served as science reference librarian and the bibliographer for mathematics, statistics, and computer science. 840 Huntley Woods, Dr, Crete, IL 60417. brice5095@comcast.net.
70s Curt Tidball ’72 served as set decorator/ builder for The Board, a high-definition feature film recently produced by Bethesda Baptist Church in Brownsburg, IN. The film, which has been translated into several languages, depicts the powerbrokers of the soul – Mind, Emotion, Will, Conscience, Memory, and Heart – as they are confronted by and respond to the Gospel. 4559 Quail Creek Trace North, Pittsboro, IN 46167. Ross Hill ’77 retired in May 2010 after teaching and coaching in Vienna, IL for 33 years. His basketball and softball teams won a combined 1007 games. In August, he became the head softball coach and athletic director
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at Southeastern Illinois College. 245 Hensley Hills Dr, Vienna, IL 62995. rdhill73@yahoo.com.
80s Lance Lehnen ’81 is the president of Triple-L Amusement, Inc., which operates coin-operated amusement devices and jukeboxes as well as two bowling centers. 317 S Walnut St, Nokomis, IL 62075. Kevin Hopkins ’83, professor and department chair of mathematics at Southwest Baptist University, has been awarded the Parkway Distinguished Professor Award. He will be recognized during the 2011 fall formal convocation for his achievements that include leading his department in the use of technology in teaching mathematics, overseeing curriculum revisions, and engaging elementary, middle, and high school students in mathematics contests. Last December, the Missouri Council of Teachers of Mathematics also awarded Hopkins its Post-Secondary Outstanding Teacher Award. 181 Wildwood Place, Bolivar, MO 65613. khopkins@sbuniv.edu. Steven Davenport ’88 published the book, A Father’s Love. 8700 County Farm Rd, Parma, MI 49269. sldaven@umich.edu.
90s Phil ’96 and Suzanne (Allison ’00) Davis adopted twin 14-year-old girls in October 2010. 675 NCR 1475 E, Tuscola, IL 61953. phil@fcctuscola.org. Courtney (Whipps ’97) and Charles McFarlin, a daughter, Avery Elizabeth, on March 23, 2011. Courtney is a physician’s assistant in Belleville, IL. 35 Rose Ct, Glen Carbon, IL 62034. courtney@themcfarlins.com. Crystal (Swaim ’98) and Justin Leighty, a daughter, Chloe Nichole, born January 7, 2011. 1203 Marilyn Ave, Winona Lake, IN 46590. cleighty@shindigz.com. Brenda Davenport ’99 accepted a position as the stateside operations manager at Amazima Ministries International. Amazima works to feed, educate, and encourage orphaned and vulnerable children and the poor in Uganda through education sponsorship, a feeding program, discipleship, vocational projects, low cost/free healthcare, HIV management and testing, malnutrition rehabilitation, and various community outreaches. 2422 Arden Village Dr, Columbia, TN 38401. brenda.r.davenport@gmail.com. Joshua Edwards ’99 received a master’s degree in human resource management from Webster University in May 2011. 1617 Ruby Rd, Hartsville, SC 29440. dumspirojre@yahoo.com.
Erin Miller ’99 will marry Chris Cash on August 21, 2011. 3311 Rucker St, Paducah, KY 42001. erin.miller.ky@gmail.com.
00s Jeffrey ’00 and Amy (Ferrell ’01) Boele, a son, James Peter, born November 14, 2010. 5906 Gunbarrel Ave, Apt F, Boulder, CO 80301. amy.boele@gmail.com.
Rod Kim ’05 released All About You as a Best Buy Exclusive CD nationwide and also won 93.7FM WSTW’s “EP of the Year.” The featured single, “Tomorrow She’s Mine,” is a playable song on the hit video game “Rock Band” for XBox 360. In 2010, Rod completed a yearlong tour spanning 300+ shows/appearances and 70,000+ miles. He crossed the country 3 times by car and won 93.7FM WSTW’s “Tour of the Year” award. 19 Bisbee Rd, Newark, DE 19711. email@rodkimrocks. com, www.rodkimrocks.com. Josh Weinhandl ’05 is an assistant professor of kinesiology and biomechanics at Old Dominion University and is continuing research on athletic injury mechanisms. 1108 Portview Dr, Port Washington, WI 53074. Kim (DeMoulin) Harden ’06 accepted a position as the marketing manager at Dietary Managers Association. 150 Churchill Ln, Aurora, IL 60504. kimdemoulin@gmail.com.
Kyle ’02 and Miriam Krober, a son, Jackson Wade, born on March 10, 2011. Kyle teaches middle school history and Miriam is a gynecology physician. 1234 Chariot Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70816. kylekrober@hotmail.com. Katie (Young ’02) and Rob Docherty, a son, Owen Kelliehan, born March 21, 2011. Rob and Katie are on staff at Quest Community Church in Lexington, KY. 3436 Featheridge Dr, Lexington, KY 40515. kdocherty@questcommunity.com.
Brett Hankins ’06 enlisted in the marines in November 2010 and is currently stationed in Pensacola, FL where he is studying to be a naval air crewman. He anticipates deployment in one year when his training is complete. 1508 Sycamore Rd, Carterville, IL 62918. Hanky51@gmail.com. Jacob ’07 and Katie (O’Neall ’07) Eckeberger perform in churches and other venues nationwide as the acoustic/ soul duo, My Anchor Holds. In addition to performing original music and modern hymns, they lead worship in churches and other venues. Jacob also works as a sales rep for Trademarks of Houston providing custom apparel and promotional products. Katie is the 2011 Hearts@Home Conference worship leader (www.hearts-at-home.org). 5646
Lynette Murphy ’07 is an independent beauty consultant with MaryKay Cosmetics. 522 South Mulberry Rd, Collinsville, IL 62234. LynetteAnnMurphy@rocketmail.com. Amanda (Reese ’08) married Jordan Bumgarner on May 14, 2011. Amanda is a conceptual editor at Tate Publishing in Mustang, OK. 2000 S Mustang Rd, Apt 912, Yukon, OK 73099. areese10@gmail.com. Nate ’08 and Dani (Moroney ’07) Turner, a son, Anderson Philip, born August 5, 2010. Nate is the online marketing director with Sprout Social. 1225 W Ohio St, Apt 4, Chicago, IL 60642. npturner@gmail.com. Katlyn Novitski ’09 graduated with an MBA from GISMA Business School in Hannover, Germany and a second MBA from Purdue University in July 2010. In August 2010 she began working as the senior patient care manager of the eye department at Carle Physician Group in Urbana, IL. 818 Oakland Ave, Apt 203, Urbana, IL 61802. k_novitski@yahoo.com. Shane Lother ’10 married Jessica (Gilbert ’10) on July 31, 2010. 500 E Bennett, Salem, IL 62881. jesicalother@gmail.com. Elizabeth (Lock ’10) married Caleb Klauzer on July 31, 2010. 740 W Lafayette Ave, Jacksonville, IL 62650. e.klauzer@gmail.com. Stefan Neece ’10 signed a professional contract to play with the Las Cruces Vaqueros of the Pecos League. Neece was the 2010 NCAA Division III statistical champion in slugging percentage (1.085), on-base percentage (.663), and walks per game (1.286). He was also the first Greenville College baseball player and one of three in SLIAC history to receive first team ABCA/Rawlings NCAA Division III All-American honors. 1305 Butternut Dr, Greenville, IL 62246.
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Brian ’01 and Kristen (Huber ’02) Lee moved back to Illinois where Brian is selfemployed as a carpenter. Kristen stays at home with their two children, Mette (2) and Judah (10 months) and helps manage Brian’s business. 509 S Main St, Apt A, Hillsboro, IL 62049. brianfrom78@gmail.com.
Jermaine Williams ’06 has served as the athletic events coordinator at Mesa State College in Grand Junction, CO since 2009 and is a member of the Junior College World Series Committee. 3033 Lancelot Pl, Grand Junction, CO 81501. jerwilli@mesastate.edu.
Amalie Dr. Apt. E94, Nashville, TN 37211. kt.oberger@gmail.com and www.myanchorholds.net.
In Memory Arthur “Leon” L. Arksey ’48 died on March 25, 2011, at age 84. Leon grew up in Mozambique where his parents were missionaries. He was a professor of English at Seattle Pacific University from 1958 until his retirement in 1992. Stanley M. Heston ’49 died on April 15, 2011, at age 84. Stan served in the Medical Corps of the U.S. Navy during World War II and then made his career in sales. In 2007, he married a long-time family friend, Lugene. Stanley was a faithful Christian during his life and left a positive testimony of his faith.
Barbara E. (Fry) Fisher ’55 died on January 26, 2011, at age 78. Barbara taught reading and language at Odin Elementary School for 28 years. She was a member of the Odin United Methodist Church, Salem Quilting Guild, and Illinois Retired Teachers Association. Sara E. Stubblefield ’96 died on March 28, 2011, at age 36. Sara was an honors graduate of Greenville College and received a master’s degree in social work from Washington University in 1998. A licensed clinical social worker, Sara fearlessly advocated for epilepsy education and research. She dedicated her life to
making a difference for better care and treatment of people living with epilepsy. She served for 10 years as the epilepsy services coordinator for the Epilepsy Foundation of Southern Illinois and was participating in the Epilepsy Foundation of America’s annual Public Policy Institute in Washington, D.C., at the time of her death. She was an active member of Woodlawn Christian Church, served 10 years on the board of the Illinois YMCA Youth and Government program, and was a member of the Isaac Hull Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the National Association of Social Workers.
Dear Readers:
ALUMNI NEWS
We hope you enjoy reading The Record as much as we enjoy creating it. Because your thoughts are important to us, beginning with the next issue we will include a “Letters to the Editor” section. We cannot guarantee publication of all the letters we receive, but we will include as many as space allows. Send your letters to: The Record, Greenville College, 315 E. College Ave., Greenville, IL 62246. Or, email your comments to: therecord@greenville.edu. Beginning with this issue of The Record we will publish four issues annually. Be sure to look for it in June, September, December and March of each year. You should also know that The Record is available online at www.greenville.edu/news/publications. Thank you for your loyalty to Greenville College. We hope you have a wonderful summer. Respectfully,
Walter B. Fenton Editor
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Faith, Persistence, Celebration. Your annual gift to The Fund For Educational Excellence made this day possible. Your gift to The Fund For Educational Excellence empowers students daily through lectures, labs, discussions, field experiences, skills practice, and dozens of opportunities for service and leadership. Annual gifts range from a few dollars to thousands of dollars, and each one is crucial. Every gift, every day makes a Greenville College education affordable and accessible to students.
TO MAKE A GIFT TO THE FUND FOR EDUCATIONAL EXCELLENCE Visit us online at www.greenville.edu (click on the orange give box in the upper right hand corner) or call the Greenville College Advancement Office: 618-664-6500.
www.greenville.edu SUMMER 2011
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RECORD
GREENVILLE COLLEGE SUMMER 2011
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The King James Bible
Also known as “The People’s Bible” and “The Book That Changed The World.” More than 2.5 billion copies sold. Contact Information
Visit a nearby bookshelf. About 62 percent of all American adults own a KJV Bible.
Education
Winston Churchill
Relationship Status:
“The scholars who produced this masterpiece are mostly unknown and unremembered. But they forged an enduring link, literary and religious, between the English-speaking people of the world.”
In a relationship with Church of England and it’s complicated.
C.S. Lewis
“Odd, the way the less the Bible is read, the more it is translated.”
Book – The Oxford English Dictionary Movie – The Ten Commandments Music – Handel’s Messiah Game – Follow the Leader
President Theodore Roosevelt, 1911
“No other book of any kind ever written in English – perhaps no other book ever written in any other tongue – has ever so affected the whole life of a people as this authorized version of the Scriptures has affected the life of the English-speaking peoples.”
• Given name – The Authorized Version • Weight (First Edition) – 30 pounds • Height – 17 inches
• Has traveled to the moon
October 14-15, 2011
Patrick Henry
www.greenville.edu
• Translated into over 1,200 languages
Horace Greeley
“It is impossible to enslave mentally or socially a Bible-reading people. The principles of the Bible are the ground-work of human freedom.”
SUMMER 2011
Basic Information
• Contains 1,260 promises
Favorites:
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Oxford and Cambridge
“The Bible is worth all other books which have ever been printed.”
Look inside for Homecoming 2011 schedule.
See you there!