Demo del libro del alumnado. Geography and History, 1.º ESO by Grupo Anaya, S.A.

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GEOGRAPHY

& HISTORY DEMO

Andalusia

Juan Pedro Parra Luna (Coordinador) Francisco Bermejo Laguna Adapted by:

Macarena Benot Ferrón Luis Las Heras García Elena Martín Gordón

Este libro incorpora Edudynamic, un proyecto digital que cubre todos los contenidos del curso y que se adapta a cualquier plataforma y dispositivo. Podrás trabajar de forma online y offline y es compatible con todos los sistemas operativos. Se trata de un entorno digital sencillo, bien estructurado y de navegación intuitiva que te permitirá descubrir otras formas de aprender. Encontrarás: •

Todas las unidades didácticas y secciones en formato web y adaptables al dispositivo.

•

Actividades interactivas y recursos digitales de diverso tipo (esquemas, resúmenes, vídeos, animaciones, enlaces externos...).

CÓMO ACCEDER AL PROYECTO DIGITAL El código que hay impreso junto a estas líneas te da acceso al proyecto digital. Tienes dos maneras de utilizarlo:

A. Si el centro en el que estudias dispone de una plataforma educativa, introduce el código en ella.

B. Si

tu centro educativo no dispone www.algaida.es y sigue estos pasos:

plataforma,

entra

1. Haz clic en la zona privada de nuestra web. 2. I ntroduce tu usuario y tu contraseña. Si eres menor, necesitarás la ayuda de un adulto. 3. Selecciona añadir licencia e introduce el código que hay impreso junto a estas líneas. 4. El proyecto digital se cargará enpara tu biblioteca. Recuerda que este código esautomáticamente personal. Solo es válido un usuario y tiene vigencia de un año desde el día de su activación. 1 AÑO

Te recomendamos activarlo justo al inicio del curso.

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GEOGRAPHY

& HISTORY Andalusia

Juan Pedro Parra Luna (Coordinador) Francisco Bermejo Laguna Adapted by:

Macarena Benot Ferrón Luis Las Heras García Elena Martín Gordón

Publishing coordination LUIS PINO GARCÍA Editor MARÍA PRIOR VENEGAS Cover design ALEGRÍA S. GONZÁLEZ Design and layout AURORA TRISTÁN LÓPEZ Translator JUDITH WILCOCK SCOTT A. SINGER Corrections MARINA TEMPRANO BENÍTEZ Illustrations JOSÉ MARÍA RUEDA DELGADO AURORA TRISTÁN LÓPEZ MARÍA JOSÉ MONTERO OJEDA Picture editing REYES GORDO LÓPEZ Maps DEPARTAMENTO DE CARTOGRAFÍA DE ANAYA EDUCACIÓN AURORA TRISTÁN LÓPEZ Photographs ARCHIVO ANAYA (LEIVA, Á.; MARTIN, J.; SÁNCHEZ, J.), AGE FOTOSTOCK (DEA PICTURE LIBRARY; GEORG GERSTER), ALAMY / CORDON PRESS (CPA MEDIA PTE LTD; DMITRIY MOROZ; LANMAS; TUUL AND BRUNO MORANDI; BIBLE LAND PICTURES), ALBUM ARCHIVO FOTOGRÁFICO (ERICH LESSING; PRISMA; SCIENCE SOURCE / WELLCOME IMAGES), GETTY IMAGES (CULTURE CLUB / HULTON ARCHIVE), 123 RF AND CONTRIBUTORS © Of the original text JUAN PEDRO PARRA LUNA (COORD.) FRANCISCO BERMEJO LAGUNA © Of this adaptation MACARENA BENOT FERRÓN LUIS LAS HERAS GARCÍA ELENA MARTÍN GORDÓN © Of this edition Algaida Editores, S. A. 2022. Avda. San Francisco Javier, 22. Edif. Hermes, 5.ª, 3-8. 41018 Sevilla. ISBN 978-84-9189-561-9 Legal deposit SE 144-2022

All rights reserved. The contents of this publication are protected by law, which establishes prison sentences and / or fines, as well as the corresponding compensation for damages, for those who copy, plagiarise, distribute or publicly disseminate in part or in whole, a literary, artistic or scientific publication, or who transform, perform or produce it artistically in any format or through any channel, without prior permission. This publication may only be copied, distributed, publicly disseminated or transformed with the permission of the authors, save where otherwise provided by law. If you need to photocopy or scan any part of this publication, please contact CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos, www.cedro.org). This work may contain links to external sources and websites (hyperlinks) that Algaida does not edit, monitor, oversee and/ or maintain, and over which the company has no control whatsoever; thus, Algaida expressly declines any liability pertaining to such sources and websites.

Acknowledgment: ARASAAC - Aragonese Center of Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Government of Aragón; Francisco Granados García (PHOTOGRAPHS) and CEIP Loma de Santo Domingo (El Ejido)

All of the activities in this book that require writing should be completed in the student's notebook. This project is in line with the UN and Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Objectives (SDO). Many activities and tasks have been designed to promote cooperative teamwork. Other tasks in this textbook provide learning opportunities based on problem-solving. Our educacional materials are edited with a commitment to fostering and promoting equality among all and respect for diversity. The contents of this book and the working procedures have been selected and prepared taking into account criteria of care, protection and conservation of the environment.

PAPEL DE FIBRA CERTIFICADA

Index Unit 1. The Earth in the Universe

000

1. Geography: definition, types and tools and instruments of geographical research

000

2. The Universe, the Solar System and the Earth

000

Activities

000

3. The Earth’s motion: rotation and orbit

000

Activities

000

4. Graphic representations of the Earth

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History: Linking words and sequencers

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge. Mission: Save the Earth

000

Unit 2. The Earth’s relief

000

1. The structure of the Earth

000

2. Formation and destruction of the Earth’s relief

000

Activities

000

3. The main elements of relief

000

4. The relief of the continents

000

Activities

000

5. The relief of Europe

000

6. The relief of Spain

000

7. The relief of Andalusia

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History: Present simple

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge. Fight the volcano

000

Unit 3. The Earth’s hydrography

000

1. Water distribution and water cycle

000

2. Marine and inland waters

000

Activities

000

3. World hydrography

000

4. European hydrography

000

Activities

000

5. Water in Spain and Andalusia

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 4. Climate

000

1. The atmosphere, weather and climate

000

2. Climate elements and factors

000

Activities

000

3. The climates of the Earth

000

4. European climates

000

Activities

000

5. The climate in Spain and Andalusia

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Index Unit 5. Landscape and natural environments

000

1. The biosphere and its ecosystems

000

2. Natural environments of the Earth

000

Activities

000

3. European landscapes

000

Activities

000

4. The natural environment in Spain

000

5. The Andalusian environment

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 6. Environmental problems

000

1. Human impact on the land

000

Activities

000

2. Environmental problems in the world today

000

Activities

000

3. Environmental problems in Spain

000

4. Environmental problems in Andalusia

000

5. Sustainable development

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 7. Prehistory

000

1. History: definition, methods and periodisation

000

Activities

000

Activities

000

3. The Palaeolithic Age

000

Activities

000

4. The Neolithic Age

000

5. The Metal Ages

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 8. Mesopotamia

000

1. Mesopotamia: geographical framework and historical development

000

2. Social, political and economic organisation

000

Activities

000

3. Main artistic and cultural events

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History: Past simple, affirmative and negative

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge. Adapt the transmission of information

000

Unit 9. Egypt

000

1. The natural environment and historical development

000

2. Social and economic organisation

000

Activities

000

3. Main cultural and artistic events

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 10. Ancient Greece

000

1. The geographical environment: Hellas

000

2. Political developments in the Greek world

000

Activities

000

3. Society and institutions

000

4. Economy and everyday life

000

Activities

000

5. Greek art

000

6. Religion, culture and sicence

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 11. The Roman civilisation

000

1. The geographic setting: the Italian peninsula

000

2. The historical and political evolution of Rome

000

Activities

000

3. The Roman economy

000

4. Society and everyday life

000

Activities

000

5. Roman art

000

6. Religion and Roman culture

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 12. The Iberian Peninsula in Antiquity

000

1. Pre-Roman people

000

2. Colonisation

000

Activities

000

3. Roman Hispania

000

Activities

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

APPENDICES: Maps

WHAT'S IN YOUR BOOK? Contents Unit

Activities

Internal structure of the Earth

➊ THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

Continental crust Oceanic crust Lithosphere (25-70 km) (6-12 km) (100 km)

1.1. The layers of the Earth The Earth is composed of layers of varying thickness.

er mantle Upp

z The crust is the outer layer. It’s the thinnest layer and It's made

out of rock.

670 km

z The mantle is the thickest layer and It's divided into the upper z The core is the innermost layer of the Earth. It consists of an

5100 km

2900 km

Inner core

Geochemical model (chemical composition)

1.2. The tectonic plates and earthquakes

300 km

Outer core Endosphere

2900 km

outer core and an inner core. They are both made of iron and nickel, which are responsible for the Earth’s magnetic field. The crust and the upper mantle form the lithosphere. The latter floats on the asthenosphere, in the upper mantle, formed by semimolten materials that allow the movement of the tectonic plates.

Asthenosp here

Lower Mesosphere mantle

and lower mantles. It's solid throughout, except at the top.

The themes are located on the left pages. In the central column all content is adapted to the linguistic level. In the margins there are the diagrams, maps, photographs, illustrations and graphics. The most important words are highlighted in bold.

1 Work in groups and discuss these questions before reading the unit. 5 2 Listen to the audio recording and a) Have you ever suffered complete the text with these words: an lithosphere, Asia, earthquakes are common earthquake? Do you think that Europe, continents, centimetres, today, in your region? Why? asthenosphere, Pangae answer the question b) List all the element a. Then, s. s of relief that you can name. Compare your list with your classma Millions of years ago, tes'. all of the that we know of c) When a volcano were joined into just erupts, what kind of one: material comes out . However, the of it? Could you indicate broke up into a dozen where this material layers, which slipped comes from? into d) Would you prefer the , moving further apart the Mediterranean or or closer together, the Atlantic part of the Andalusian coastline the continents as we until know them to spend your holidays were formed. Discuss the topic with Such movement your partner using these ? Why? continues to this day. I prefer… rather than… structures: North America continu and / I think… is better e to move 2.5 centime than… / What do you think of…? apart each year, while tres India and move between 2 What are the tectonic 4 and 6 closer together each plates? What happen year. move? Discuss your s when they answers with your a) What is Pangaea classmates ? 3 Look at the picture about the propagation b) Is the movement of an earthquake of the tectonic plates on the previous page. over? Write the difference 6 Match the erosive hypocentre and the between the agents with their descript epicentre of an earthqu ions: ake. 4 Match each of these concepts with its definitio a) Wind 1. When it changes suddenly, n. rocks fracture. a) Mantle b) Water 1. It's the outermost layer 2. It dissolves rocks and of the Earth. moulds the relief. c) Human beings b) Core 3. It forms glacier valleys, 2. It's the deepest part lakes and fjords. of the Earth. d) Ice 4. It drags particles and c) Asthenosphere 3. It's divided into the upper deposits them as silt. mantle and e) Plants and lower mantle. 5. They break and decompo se rocks with their trees d) Crust roots. 4. The tectonic plates float on it. 6. They modify the relief f) Temperature with crops, industries and infrastructures.

Dynamic model (dynamic behaviour)

6370 km

The crust is broken up into blocks called tectonic plates, which move along the asthenosphere. The collision and breaking up of the plates causes tremors and earthquakes.

The propagation of an earthquake Fault

An earthquake is a shaking of the Earth. The shaking is transmitted by seismic waves from the interior of the Earth (hypocentre) to the surface (epicentre). The shaking then spreads across the surface. If the earthquake happens at sea it can cause tsunamis.

Seismic waves

Epicentre

Task: Preventing disasters

Hypocentre

➋ FORMATION AND DESTRUCTION OF THE EARTH’S RELIEF

Tectonic plate movem ent has important repercussions for human life. Depend ing on its severity, it can destroy cities and infrastructures and can cause the death of thousands of people. Are we sufficien tly prepared to deal with a highintensity earthquake and its immediate aftereffects? A 6.1 magnitude earthqu ake on the Richter scale occurred on October 7th, 2021, close to Tokyo. Even though no serious incidents were recorded, several rail lines were halted by the automa tic safety system, as reported by the company that operate s them, JR East. On social networks, people shared videos showing how tremors were felt in the capital, in which seismic movement could be observed right in the middle of the TV news, in supermarkets and city streets. on Japan sits along the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire, one of the world’s most active seismic zones, and records earthquakes relativel y frequently, so the infrastructures and buildings are designe d to withstand tremors . Text adapted

Constant changes occur on the Earth’s surface. These changes are the result of creative forces (internal forces) and destructive forces (external forces) affecting the Earth’s relief.

2.1. Creative forces that affect relief The movement of the tectonic plates causes the breaking up or folding of the Earth’s surface materials. When this material is rigid, it breaks and faults are formed. When the material is soft, folds are formed. Volcanism (the action of volcanoes) is the result of the expulsion of magma from the mantle to the surface, produced by a crack in the Earth’s crust.

2.2 Destructive forces that affect relief

Cumbre Vieja volcano in La Palma.

Formation of the Earth's relief

z Erosion: the wearing away and fragmentation

of the Earth’s surface.

Mountain range

Island formation

z Transport: the transfer of eroded material to

lower areas.

Volcano

z Sedimentation: the deposition of the eroded

Ridge

material, which forms layers or strata. The erosive agents are temperature, water, ice, wind, plants, trees and human beings.

Subduction

from: ‘Un terremot o de magnitud 6.1 sacude con fuerza Tokio y alrededo res’, elconfidencial.com

Subduction

Breaking up of tectonic plates 8

Activities it Un

2Listen

to the audio recording about the Code of Hammurabi and complete the table.

3.1. The invention of writing

Date of creation:

originally the fourth millennium BC. It was Writing emerged in this area around which gradually evolved into cuneiform a series of pictograms on clay tablets, and and the administration of temples script. This permitted accountancy used for out by scribes. Writing was later palaces. This work was carried

Material on which it was written: Law on which it was based:

storytelling, songs and law-making. history. From the transition from prehistory to The invention of writing marks the material remains to help us understand that moment on, we not only had past but written documents as well.

Reasons why it was so important:

6 Read the following text on Mesopotamia n writing and answer the

3.2. Cultural production

questions.

. and metallurgy appeared in Mesopotamia The wheel, the plough, sailing As and mathematics were also made. Great advances in astronomy, medicine narrative in Mesopotamia the oldest written for literature, we inherited from history, the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Writing emerged in the Sumerian period, around the fourth millennium BC. It initially consisted of pictograms on clay tablets, but it gradually evolved into cuneiform script. Writing was used for accounting and the administration of the goods in temples and palaces. Later on, it was also used to tell stories, sing hymns and write laws. Scribes were the specialists in charge of writing. For historians, the appearance of writing signifies the end of prehistory and the beginning of history. Since then, historians have been able to use written sources to learn about the past.

3.3. Religion

were related to a polytheistic religion. The gods Mesopotamian settlements had emotions. had typically human feelings and the elements of nature. They also Each city had its own gods. they were gods were called ziggurats and The temples dedicated to the were kept in gods the of treasures The city. the located in a prominent place in were performed. Once a year, the offerings and sacrifices where the temples, the streets carried in a procession through statue of the god or goddess was

a) Choose one of the following titles for each paragraph above: Importance for our knowledge of history; Evolution; Origins or birth; People in charge of writing; Functions or uses. b) Write a question related to each paragraph above. c) Discuss the following questions with your partner: Why are written sources so important for our knowledge of history? Can we rely on them completely? Write one or two conclusions and share them with the rest of the class. 7 Say whether these characteristic s belong to a ziggurat, a palace or both buildings. a) Adobe was used in this type of construction. b) It had a stepped pyramidal shape. c) It was one of the most important structures of Mesopotamian art.

ZIGGURAT

PALACE

BOTH

Firewell International Center

Lam Tara Tower

Lighthouse Tower

Chicago 610 m

Bur Al Alam

Moscow 612 m

Palace of Soviets

World’s tallest never-completed buildings

Chicago Tower

century Carved winged bull from the seventh The BC. Its function was to protect its owners. Louvre Museum (Paris).

SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE

INDO-AUSTRALIAN PLATE

ANTARCTIC PLATE

A Research what the Richter scale is. Accordin g to that scale, how serious was the earthquake recorded in Tokyo described in the article? B Summarise the human and material consequ ences from the earthquake. Why do you think the consequ ences from this earthquake weren’t serious? C Examine the map containing the tectonic plates and locate Japan, Indonesia and Pakistan. Why you think earthquakes are frequent in these three countries? D Now locate Spain on the map. Are earthqua kes frequent in Spain? Why or why not?

The Earth’s relief

3. The Russia Tower is than the Lighthouse Tower. 4. The Nakheel Tower is the building. D Would you like to live or work in a skyscraper? Mention some reasons to justify your answer. Dubai Bombay 1,000 m 700 m

Doha 551 m

Dubai 510 m

Moscow 495 m m

Dubai 454 m

Dubai 402 m

Xiamen 397 m

V Writing activities should be completed in your notebook

Mesopotamia

Nakheel Tower

information about the tallest completed building in the world. Where is it located? How tall is it? C Using the image provided, complete the following sentences with comparatives and superlatives: 1. The Lighthouse Tower and the Fairwell International Center are the buildings. 2. The Palace of Soviets is than the India Tower.

Doha Connection Central Tower

completed buildings in the image located? In which countries are the other ones located?

B How tall is the tallest skyscraper? Find

Cuneiform script tablet.

Ziggurat (Ur, Iraq. 11th century BC).

A In which country are most of the never-

The Code of Hammurabi, a stone stela containing the first written legal code: laws with scaled punishments.

India Tower

forms. Art the main Mesopotamian art Architecture and sculpture were used in The arch and the vault were first had a strong religious influence. the temple most important buildings were Mesopotamia. In architecture, the ziggurat, most important of these was the or ziggurat and the palace. The the sanctuary was at the top and contained which was a stepped pyramid. The were richly temple was dedicated. The walls statue of the god to which the paintings. decorated with mosaics and wall vaulted lintels. and some of them had covered, Ziggurats were made of adobe was both the king’s palace The cities. the of part They were situated in the inner by walls. centre. It was completely surrounded residence and the administrative always highly animals, kings or civil servants, Sculptures represented gods, that of Prince were praying statues (such as idealised and geometric. There creatures, hunting and war scenes, Gudea) and reliefs of animals, mythological all depicted with great dynamism.

Task: Other towers of Babel

Russia Tower

3.4. Art

PHILIPPINE PLATE

On the right pages you will find all the activities related to the themes located on the left page. The proposed activities follow the CLIL/AICLE. The five skills are worked on: reading, listening, speaking, writing and conversation. In addition, you will find different tasks, a proposal of different learning situations.

d) It was the king’s residence as well as the administrative centre. e) It formed a miniature city. f) It was completely surrounded by walls. g) It contained the sculpture of the god. h) It was richly decorated. i) There was also an altar inside for sacrifices. j) It was located inside the city.

of the city.

also the city was the religious leader and The most important priest in each warlords who later became kings. governor. After them, came the

NAZCA PLATE

PACIFIC PLATE

EURASIAN P LATE

AFRICAN PLATE

❸ MAIN ARTISTIC AND CULTURAL EVENTS

NORTH AMERICAN PLATE

PACIFIC PLATE

V Writing activities should be completed in your notebook

The Earth’s relief

Mesopotamia

10 questions

Rules for the 3 person singular sing ➞ sings f Most verbs add s to the end: the y and add Verbs ending in consonant +y, remove rd

-ies: cry > cries

-ch, -x, add -es: watch ➞ f Verbs ending in -o, -ss, -sh, watches / do > does

have ➞ has f Some verbs are irregular: Negative sentence auxiliary form do not or To form the negative we use the to: don’t or doesn’t: does not, which can be abbreviated

Interrogative sentence verb do or does: To form a question we use the auxiliary of all the continents? f Do you know the names ➞ to set and order. ➞ Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. the city? f Does the river run next to ➞ Yes, it does. / No, it doesn’t.

2 How is relief formed and destroyed? The crust is broken up into blocks called tectonic plates. The movement of the tectonic plates causes the breaking up or folding of the Earth’s surface materials. Erosive agents (temperature, water, ice, wind, plants, trees and human beings) produce the wearing away and fragmentation of the Earth’s surface.

}

Wh- questions located? f Where are the Ural Mountains

3 What are the main elements of relief? Continental relief is made up of plains, mountains, basins, valleys, and plateaus. Coastal relief includes beaches, capes, gulfs, estuaries, fjords, peninsulas, islands, and archipelagos. Finally, the main elements of oceanic relief are continental shelves, continental slopes, abyssal plains, ocean ridges and ocean trenches.

f I walk ➞ I don’t walk

run f She runs ➞ She doesn’t

Activities in the present simple or negative: tense. Then, classify them by affirmative up the Earth’s crust The tectonic plates that make but we do not feel are in continuous movement, it occurs violently. An this movement, except when along the surface earthquake is a shaking or vibration plate movement. of the earth, caused by tectonic a large amount of When two plates crash, they release be very severe. Most energy causing tremors that can the world occur in the of the earthquakes that occur in the Pacific Ocean that Pacific Ring of Fire, a large area of connects America with Asia. the continents’ surface: Earthquakes don’t only exist on ocean floor and are vibrations can also occur on the great sea wave caused called ‘tsunamis’. A tsunami is a or underwater volcanic by an underwater earthquake eruption. Spain, but earthquakes Tsunamis are not frequent in is situated between are common in our country. Spain produces about 2,500 two tectonic plates and this of us do not notice earthquakes a year, although most

verbs 1 Read this text and underline the

them. following 2 Choose the correct option in the

sentences:

sentences correct. Rewrite the following is correct. Then, write so that the information they contain the present simple and the new affirmative sentences using correct information.

Example are creative forces Erosion, transport, and sedimentation that affect relief. are not creative forces Erosion, transport, and sedimentation and sedimentation are that affect relief. Erosion, transport, destructive forces that affect relief. Earth. a) The core is the outer layer of the depressions. b) Abyssal plains are deep underwater in the north of Europe. c) Alpine mountain ranges predominate the Meseta in the d) The Cantabrian mountains surround south. Andalusia from the e) The Baetic mountain range separates Meseta. question for the following 4 Use these words to write a answers: plates tectonic / a) Question: what b) Question: Where / the Himalayas Spain c) Question: Why / earthquakes / of relief of Spain d) Question: How / classify / units e) Question: Which / island / Africa

VWriting activities should be completed in your notebook 14

The Earth’s relief

Each unit ends with three sections: • Grammar in Geography and History: you will find a grammar rule with a proposal of activities to apply grammar to specific contents. • 10 Questions: summary of the main ideas organized in questions and answers.

Los Llanos de Aridane El Paso

1 Do some research and prepare a brief report on the latest

• Final challenge an activity to apply and consolidate what you have learned in the unit.

eruption of the volcano on the island of La Palma, indicating when it began, when it ended and the main human and material damage it caused.

Tazacorte

2 The volcanic origin of the Canary Islands explains why volcanic

Tajuya

La Laguna Montaña la Laguna

El Pedregal

5 Order the following words to make

landmass / a / An / body / of / e) completely / is / island / surrounded water / by / land

8 What are the main relief units in Oceania? This continent is made up of a series of islands and archipelagos: Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand. 9 What are the main relief units of Spain? The relief of the Iberian Peninsula is organized around the Central Meseta. The Central System and Toledo Mountains are inside the Meseta; the Galician-Leon ese Massif, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Iberian System and the Sierra Morena surround the Meseta; and the Basque Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Catalan Coastal Range, the Baetic ranges, the Ebro basin, and the Guadalquivir basin are farther from the Meseta. There are two archipelagos: The Canary Islands and the Balearic Islands. 10 What are the main relief units of Andalusia? The Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the Meseta. The Baetic mountain ranges occupy the east and south of Andalusia. The Guadalquivir basin occupies the centre of Andalusia.

Final challenge. fight the volcano

Montaña de Todoque

Todoque

Mirador astronómico de LLano del Jable

El Paraíso Crá

tere

Playa Nueva Playa el Charcón

Peña Rajada Monumento natural Tubo Volcánico de Todoque

Las Manchas Source: IGN, Copernicus

and selfeditions

Las Plantas

L RA TU N A V IE JA UE RE RQ MB CU

meaningful sentences: / than / 1,000 / more / The a) Andalusian / coast / long / is / km / Baetic / and / Andalusia / b) ranges / the / The / mountain east / south / of / occupy from / Plain / Great / the / / c) the / Ural / Pyrenees / European Mountains / to / The / stretches / is / The / part / of / the / d) continent / Eurasian / European

5 What are the main relief units in America? There are extensive plains (North American Great Plains, Amazon Plain) in the centre of the continent, young and higher mountains in the west (Rocky Mountains, Andes) and lower mountains and plateaus in the east (Appalachians, Brazilian Plateau).

have / has sandy a) The Atlantic coastline of Andalusia beaches. located in Andalusia b) The Guadalquivir basin is / are the Meseta into the c) The Central System divide / divides northern and southern sub-plateaus. origin. d) The Canary Islands is / are of volcanic / predominates on predominate e) Young higher mountains western American contient. / represents 29 % of our f) The continental surface represent planet.

4 What are the main relief units in Asia? The Himalayas and Tibet are located in the centre of the continent. The Siberian plains and plateaus are in the north. There are plains (Great China Plain), peninsulas (Arabia, Indochina) and archipelagos (Japan, the Philippines) in the south.

information that is not 3 The following sentences contain in the negative

about routines and habits.

1 What are the layers of the Earth? The Earth is made up of three layers: the crust, the mantle and the core. The crust and the upper mantle form the lithosphere.

Present Simple (affirmativ

We use the Present Simple to talk

Un it

Final sections Y GRAMMAR IN GEOGRAPHY AND HISTOR e, negative and interrogative)

relief

The Earth’s

eruptions occur frequently on the archipelago. Research on when the previous volcanic eruption on the Canary Islands took place and determine how many eruptions occurred on the island of La Palma over the past one hundred years. 3 Make a list of the health risks posed by the ash and gases expelled by the eruption. 4 Although we cannot keep the lava from destroying towns and

crops, we can mitigate the effects of a volcanic eruption on humans. Work in groups and draft a series of recommendations for a population affected by a volcanic eruption, such as avoiding breathing the polluted air and if necessary, evacuating one’s home.

VWriting activities should be completed in your notebook The Earth’s relief

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What's in your digital book? ◆ In your digital book you will find:

• Listenings. • Extra web resources.

283

Un i t

The Earth’s

relief Internal structure of the Earth

➊ THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

Continental crust Oceanic crust Lithosphere (25-70 km) (6-12 km) (100 km)

1.1. The layers of the Earth The Earth is composed of layers of varying thickness.

er mantle Upp

z The crust is the outer layer. It’s the thinnest layer and It's made

out of rock.

670 km

z The mantle is the thickest layer and It's divided into the upper

5100 km

The crust and the upper mantle form the lithosphere. The latter floats on the asthenosphere, in the upper mantle, formed by semimolten materials that allow the movement of the tectonic plates.

Geochemical model (chemical composition)

1.2. The tectonic plates and earthquakes

The crust is broken up into blocks called tectonic plates, which move along the asthenosphere. The collision and breaking up of the plates causes tremors and earthquakes.

2900 km

Outer core Endosphere

2900 km

outer core and an inner core. They are both made of iron and nickel, which are responsible for the Earth’s magnetic field.

300 km

Lower Mesosphere mantle

and lower mantles. It's solid throughout, except at the top. z The core is the innermost layer of the Earth. It consists of an

Asthenosp here

Inner core 6370 km

Dynamic model (dynamic behaviour)

The propagation of an earthquake Fault

Epicentre

Seismic waves

Hypocentre

➋ FORMATION AND DESTRUCTION OF THE EARTH’S RELIEF Constant changes occur on the Earth’s surface. These changes are the result of creative forces (internal forces) and destructive forces (external forces) affecting the Earth’s relief.

2.2 Destructive forces that affect relief z Erosion: the wearing away and fragmentation

of the Earth’s surface.

Cumbre Vieja volcano in La Palma.

Formation of the Earth's relief Mountain range

z Transport: the transfer of eroded material to

lower areas. z Sedimentation: the deposition of the eroded

Volcano

Island formation Ridge

material, which forms layers or strata. The erosive agents are temperature, water, ice, wind, plants, trees and human beings.

Subduction Breaking up of tectonic plates

The Earth’s relief

Subduction

U ni

Activities

1 Work in groups and discuss these questions before reading the unit. a) Have you ever suffered an earthquake? Do you think that earthquakes are common in your region? Why? b) List all the elements of relief that you can name. Compare your list with your classmates'. c) When a volcano erupts, what kind of material comes out of it? Could you indicate where this material comes from? d) Would you prefer the Mediterranean or the Atlantic part of the Andalusian coastline to spend your holidays? Why? Discuss the topic with your partner using these structures: I prefer… rather than… / I think… is better than… / What do you think of…?

2 What are the tectonic plates? What happens when they move? Discuss your answers with your classmates

3 Look at the picture about the propagation of an earthquake on the previous page. Write the difference between the hypocentre and the epicentre of an earthquake.

4 Match each of these concepts with its definition.

2 Listen to the audio recording and complete the text with these words: lithosphere, Asia, Europe, continents, centimetres, today, asthenosphere, Pangaea. Then, answer the questions. Millions of years ago, all of the that we know of . However, the were joined into just one: broke up into a dozen layers, which slipped into the , moving further apart or closer together, until were formed. the continents as we know them and Such movement continues to this day. North America continue to move 2.5 centimetres move between apart each year, while India and closer together each year. 4 and 6 a) What is Pangaea? b) Is the movement of the tectonic plates over?

6 Match the erosive agents with their descriptions: a) Wind

1. When it changes suddenly, rocks fracture.

b) Water

2. It dissolves rocks and moulds the relief.

c) Human beings

3. It forms glacier valleys, lakes and fjords.

a) Mantle

1. It's the outermost layer of the Earth.

b) Core

2. It's the deepest part of the Earth.

d) Ice

4. It drags particles and deposits them as silt.

c) Asthenosphere

3. It's divided into the upper mantle and lower mantle.

e) Plants and trees

5. They break and decompose rocks with their roots.

d) Crust

4. The tectonic plates float on it.

f) Temperature

6. They modify the relief with crops, industries and infrastructures.

Task: Preventing disasters Tectonic plate movement has important repercussions for human life. Depending on its severity, it can destroy cities and infrastructures and can cause the death of thousands of people. Are we sufficiently prepared to deal with a highintensity earthquake and its immediate aftereffects? A 6.1 magnitude earthquake on the Richter scale occurred on October 7th, 2021, close to Tokyo. Even though no serious incidents were recorded, several rail lines were halted by the automatic safety system, as reported by the company that operates them, JR East. On social networks, people shared videos showing how tremors were felt in the capital, in which seismic movement could be observed right in the middle of the TV news, in supermarkets and on city streets. Japan sits along the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire, one of the world’s most active seismic zones, and records earthquakes relatively frequently, so the infrastructures and buildings are designed to withstand tremors. Text adapted from: ‘Un terremoto de magnitud 6.1 sacude con fuerza Tokio y alrededores’, elconfidencial.com

EURASIAN PLATE

NORTH AMERICAN PLATE

PHILIPPINE PLATE

AFRICAN PLATE

PACIFIC PLATE NAZCA PLATE

PACIFIC PLATE

SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE

INDO-AUSTRALIAN PLATE

ANTARCTIC PLATE

A Research what the Richter scale is. According to that scale, how serious was the earthquake recorded in Tokyo described in the article? B Summarise the human and material consequences from the earthquake. Why do you think the consequences from this earthquake weren’t serious? C Examine the map containing the tectonic plates and locate Japan, Indonesia and Pakistan. Why you think earthquakes are frequent in these three countries? D Now locate Spain on the map. Are earthquakes frequent in Spain? Why or why not?

V Writing activities should be completed in your notebook

The Earth’s relief

t2 ni U

➌ THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF RELIEF Continental relief z Plains are flat, low-lying areas. Plateaus are high plains. z Mountains are grouped into ranges or ridges. A massif is a block of the

Earth’s crust bounded by faults or flexures. z Basins are areas of low relief compared to the land surrounding them. A

valley is a kind of elongated depression.

Coastal relief z Coasts are made up of beaches, capes or outlets, gulfs or inlets (bays

when they are smaller), estuaries and fjords. z Peninsulas are large areas of land surrounded by the

Ridges

sea on all sides except for the isthmus, which joins it to the continent.

Ranges

z An archipelago is a group of islands near one another.

Oceanic relief z A continental shelf is the underwater continuation of

Plateau

a continent.

Valley

z A continental slope is an inclination that joins the

Plain

continental shelf to the ocean floor.

Bay

z Abyssal plains are extensive flat surfaces at the bottom

of seas and oceans. z Ocean ridges are underwater mountain ranges. If they

protrude above the surface of the water, they are called islands.

Continental shelf

Cape

Isthmus

Continental slope

Island Abyssal plain

z Ocean trenches are deep underwater depressions.

Underwater ridge

Ocean trench

❹ THE RELIEF OF THE CONTINENTS Continents are large land masses separated by oceans. Earth is made up of six continents: Europe, Asia, America, Africa, Oceania, and Antarctica. The continental surface represents 29% of our planet’s 510 million square kilometres. ASIA EUROPE • Great mountain ranges (the Himalayas) and high plateaus (Tibet) are • The Great European Plain stretches from the Ural located in the centre of the continent. Mountains to the Pyrenees. It's divided into the East European Plain and the North European Plain. • The main elements found in the north are the Siberian plains and plateaus. • The south and east of the continent are formed by plains (Great China Plain), • Massifs, plateaus and ancient mountains: these are highly eroded, round elevations which are not very peninsulas (Arabia, Indochina) and archipelagos (Japan, the Philippines). high, like the Ural Mountains or the Massif Central AMERICA in Spain. • There are extensive plains (North American Great Plains, Amazon Plain) • Young mountains in Southern Europe: the Alps, the in the centre of the continent. Pyrenees in Spain, the Apennine Mountains (with • Young higher mountains (Rockies, Andes) predominate in the west, while some active volcanoes like Etna and Vesuvius) in Italy, in the east there are lower mountains and plateaus (Appalachians, Brazilian the Balkan Mountains and the Caucasus Mountains Plateau). between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea are the most important ones. • Peninsulas (Labrador), gulfs (Mexico) and islands (Greenland) are found on the Atlantic coast. The Pacific coast is less rugged (Alaska and Baja • Almost the entire continent is surrounded by coastal California peninsulas). relief. It's made up of cliffs (the Norwegian fjords), peninsulas, capes (Cape St. Vincent in Portugal), gulfs, AFRICA straits (the English Channel, the Strait of Gibraltar), • The centre of the continent is made up of plateaus and depressions: the islands and archipelagos. Sahara plateau and the Chad basin. • There are great mountain ranges in the north-west (Atlas) and south-east OCEANIA (Drakensberg Mountains). • This continent is made up of a series of islands • Located in the east is the Great Rift Valley, formed by high peaks (Mount and archipelagos: Australia, New Guinea and New Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro) and depressions filled with lakes (Lake Victoria). Zealand. 10

The Earth’s relief

U ni

Activities

c) Which is the biggest continent? Which is the smallest? d) Which is the biggest island on each continent? e) Which is the longest river on each continent? And the biggest lake?

7 Match the following coastal relief elements with their definition. a) Coast

1. It’s a large area of the sea that is almost surrounded by land, with a narrow mouth.

b) Cape

2. It’s an area of sand or stones beside the sea.

c) Gulf

3. It’s a body of land completely surrounded by water.

d) Estuary

4. These are the areas where landmasses meet oceans or seas.

e) Island

5. It’s the wide part of a river where it joins the sea.

f) Beach

6. It’s a large piece of land that sticks out into the sea from the coast.

2 Listen to the audio recording and complete the text. When Christopher Columbus reached the island of , he thought he had found the Guanahani in the . But he was wrong: the land he had gateway to discovered belonged to a continent that was unknown . America is named after the explorer to Amerigo Vespuccio, who was the first person to reach the conclusion that the land they had found wasn’t but part of a new continent.

8 Explain the difference between the following pairs of elements and discuss the answers with your classmates. a) Plateau and plain. c) Gulf and cape. b) Island and peninsula. d) Ocean ridge and ocean trench. 9 Look at the world map included in the appendices and find the answers to the following questions. In pairs, use comparative and superlative structures to define each of the things that you have found. For example: The highest mountain in Europe is...; This continent is smaller than... a) Which continents are located in the northern hemisphere? Which continents are located in the southern hemisphere? b) What is the highest mountain on each continent and how high is it?

11 With the help of an atlas, locate the following elements of relief and classify them in a table: Rocky Mountains, Canary Islands, Andes, Terranova, Appalachians, Baltic Coastal Plain, Pyrenees, Kamchatka Peninsula, Corsica, Great Rift Valley, Cyprus, Caucasus Mountains, Himalayas, British Isles, Madagascar, the Great Dividing Range, Scandinavian Mountains, Atlas Mountains, Korean Peninsula, Ethiopian Massif, Japan, Drakensberg Mountains, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, Amazon Plain, Central Siberian Plateau, Labrador Peninsula.

Task: Very deep knowledge Following three months of research, a group of scientists can finally assure us that we have the ‘most precise’ information about the deepest spots on Earth. They are the Five Deeps expedition, which mapped the largest depressions along the oceanic floor. For many years, two sites in the Indian Ocean competed to be the deepest spot: the Java trench, facing the Indonesian coast; and an area to the southwest of Australia. The measuring techniques used by the team of the Five Deeps confirmed that Java was the winner. In the Antarctic Ocean, a new spot was discovered that we should consider as the deepest. It’s a depression called the Factorian Abyss, found at a depth of 7,432 m. The deepest spot in the Atlantic is in the Puerto Rican trench, at a spot called the Brownson Abyss, at a depth of 8378 m. The expedition also confirmed that the 10,924 m deep Challenger Abyss, in the Marianas trench, is the deepest spot in the Pacific, ahead of the Horizon Abyss (10,816 m), in the Tonga trench. Finally, the Molloy Abyss, with a depth of 5,551 m, was established as the deepest spot in the Arctic Ocean.

Ocean depth m

Epipelagic Zone | The Sunlight Zone Mesopelagic Zone | The Twilight Zone

200 1,000 2,000

Sperm whale maxium depth

3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000

Bathypelagic Zone | The Midnight Zone Abysopelagic Zone | The Abyss Depth at which RMS Ticanic rests

Hadal Zone | The Trenches

The Height of Mount Everest 8 848 m

9,000 10,000 11,000

A Place in order, from shallowest to deepest, the spots in the

C Use the physical world map in the annex and determine where

oceans that appear in the text. B Research what the highest spot on the planet is and what the highest spot in Spain is and calculate how many times such heights would fit into the Challenger Abyss.

such depths are located. D Work in groups: currently only 5 % of the planet’s ocean floor of the planet has been mapped. Why do you think we still don’t know enough about our seas and oceans?

V Writing activities should be completed in your notebook

The Earth’s relief

t2 ni U

❺

THE RELIEF OF EUROPE

The European continent is a large peninsula that is part of the Eurasian landmass, covering an area of more than 10,000,000 km2. Its natural limits are the Ural Mountains to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea to the south, and the Arctic Ocean to the north. It has a low average altitude (below 230 meters): the highest points are Mount Elbrus (Caucasus) and Mont Blanc (Alps). We can distinguish the following groups within the continental relief: z The Great European Plain stretches from the Ural Mountains to the Pyrenees.

It's divided into the East European Plain and the North European Plain. z Massifs, plateaus and ancient mountains: these are highly eroded, round

elevations that are not very high, like the Ural Mountains in Russia, the Scandinavian mountains in the Scandinavian peninsula, the Vosges massif in France or the Meseta Central in Spain. z Young mountains in Southern Europe: the Alps, the Pyrenees in Spain, the

Apennine Mountains (with some active volcanoes like Etna and Vesuvius) in Italy, the Balkan Mountains and the Caucasus Mountains between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea are the most important ones.

Landscape of the Great European Plain in Ukraine.

The European coastal relief presents a very extensive strip (almost 90,000 km of coastline), with an important variety of coastal landforms: cliffs, peninsulas, capes, gulfs, straits, islands and archipelagos.

MAIN RELIEF FEATURES OF THE EUROPEAN COASTLINE Peninsulas Iberian, Jutland, Scandinavian, Italian, Crimean, Kola, Balkan. Islands

British, Canary, Balearic, Icelandic, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, Crete, Cyprus.

Straits

Gibraltar, the English Channel, Dardanelles, Bosphorus, Messina.

Capes

Finisterre, San Mateo, San Vicente, Spartivento, Gata, Matapán, Roca.

Gulfs

Biscay, Bothnia, Finland, Cádiz, Valencia, Almería, Genoa, Gdansk, Salonika, Venice, Lion.

➏

THE RELIEF OF SPAIN

The relief of mainland Spain is structured around a large plateau known as the Meseta. The Central System divides the plateau in two: the northern sub-plateau and the southern sub-plateau, where the Toledo Mountains are located. The Meseta is surrounded by the Galician-Leonese Massif, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Iberian System and the Sierra Morena. Other important mountain ranges outside the Meseta include the Basque Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Catalan-Coastal Range and the Baetic ranges. There are two main basins (Ebro and Guadalquivir). The Spanish coastline is rectilinear except in the north-west.

Torre Cerredo (2650 m), the highest altitude in Picos de Europa (Cantabrian Mountains).

The Canary Islands are of volcanic origin. Some of the Balearic Islands are fragments of the Baetic mountain ranges.

➐

THE RELIEF OF ANDALUSIA

The main elements of Andalusian relief are: z The Sierra Morena, which separates Andalusia from the Meseta. z The Baetic mountain ranges occupy the east and south of Andalusia. z The Guadalquivir basin forms a flat area which opens to the Atlantic Ocean

from the centre of Andalusia. The Andalusian coast is more than 1,000 km long and has two different areas. The Atlantic coast has flat, sandy beaches, while the Mediterranean coast is more rugged, with cliffs and pebble beaches. 12

The Earth’s relief

Intrabaetic depression (Guadix-Baza).

U ni

Activities

12 Look at the physical map of Europe included in the

17 Order the following peaks from highest to lowest: Torre

appendices. Complete the following table about European relief with at least two examples of each.

Cerredo, Puig Major, Las Villuercas, Mulhacén, Veleta, Teide, Teleno, Aneto, Moncayo. Then write sentences using the comparative and superlative.

Great European Plain Massifs, plateaus and ancient mountains Young mountains in southern Europe Peninsulas Gulfs, capes and straits Islands and archipelagos

18 Draw a map of Andalusia in your notebook and mark the following relief elements: Sub-Baetic Mountain Range; Penibaetic Mountain Range; Sierra Morena; Guadalquivir Basin; Atlantic Ocean; Mediterranean Sea; Sierra Nevada; Serranía de Ronda; Sierra de Cazorla; River Guadalquivir; Mulhacén Peak; Veleta Peak.

13 Guess the names of these elements of Spanish relief and write the answers. a) This archipelago has a volcanic origin. b) This divides the Meseta into the northern and southern sub-plateaus. c) This mountain range in Andalusia forms the southern border of the Meseta. d) This mountain range belongs to the Baetic system and the highest peak in the Spanish peninsula is located here. e) This river basin is located in Andalusia.

14 Complete this table including these elements of Spanish relief: Galician Massif; Canary Islands; Iberian Massif; Central Basin; Catalan Coastal Basin; Sierra Morena; Sierra de Toledo; Andalusian systems; Cantabrian Mountains; Pyrenees; Guadalquivir Basin; Basque Mountains.

19 What are the main differences between the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Andalusia? To which of the two do the pictures belong? Then write sentences comparing them and use some of the following structures:

Inside the Meseta

• The Mediterranean / Atlantic coastline has..., whereas...

Bordering of the Meseta

• Atlantic beaches are more / less... than Mediterranean beaches.

Outside the Meseta

15 Look at the map of Spain included in the appendices and answer the following questions:

a) Which islands make up the Canary Islands archipelago? And the Balearic Islands? b) Which oceans and seas surround the Iberian Peninsula? c) Which autonomous regions do the Pyrenees cross? Which European countries do they form a border with? d) List four rivers whose sources are found in the Cantabrian mountains.

2 Listen to the audio recording and complete the following text with the correct word. Most of territory is situated on the Iberian . It also includes the Peninsula, in south-west Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, the Balearic Islands Sea, and Ceuta and Melilla on the coast in the of North Africa. It covers an area of 505,990 square kilometres. The peninsular boundaries are the Sea and the Pyrenees in the north, the Mediterranean Ocean and in the Sea in the east, the west, and the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea in the south. The relief on the peninsula has an average . metres. This is partly because of a height of , in the centre, formed great plateau, called the by the erosion of ancient mountains.

V Writing activities should be completed in your notebook

The Earth’s relief

U ni t2

GRAMMAR IN GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

Present Simple (affirmative, negative and interrogative)

We use the Present Simple to talk about routines and habits. Rules for the 3rd person singular

Interrogative sentence

f Most verbs add s to the end: sing ➞ sings

To form a question we use the auxiliary verb do or does:

f Verbs ending in consonant +y, remove the y and add

f Do you know the names of all the continents?

-ies: cry > cries

➞ Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

f Verbs ending in -o, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, add -es: watch ➞

watches / do > does

}

➞ to set and order.

f Does the river run next to the city?

➞ Yes, it does. / No, it doesn’t.

f Some verbs are irregular: have ➞ has

Wh- questions

Negative sentence

f Where are the Ural Mountains located?

To form the negative we use the auxiliary form do not or does not, which can be abbreviated to: don’t or doesn’t: f I walk ➞ I don’t walk f She runs ➞ She doesn’t run

Activities 1 Read this text and underline the verbs in the present simple tense. Then, classify them by affirmative or negative: The tectonic plates that make up the Earth’s crust are in continuous movement, but we do not feel this movement, except when it occurs violently. An earthquake is a shaking or vibration along the surface of the earth, caused by tectonic plate movement. When two plates crash, they release a large amount of energy causing tremors that can be very severe. Most of the earthquakes that occur in the world occur in the Pacific Ring of Fire, a large area of the Pacific Ocean that connects America with Asia. Earthquakes don’t only exist on the continents’ surface: vibrations can also occur on the ocean floor and are called ‘tsunamis’. A tsunami is a great sea wave caused by an underwater earthquake or underwater volcanic eruption. Tsunamis are not frequent in Spain, but earthquakes are common in our country. Spain is situated between two tectonic plates and this produces about 2,500 earthquakes a year, although most of us do not notice them.

2 Choose the correct option in the following sentences: a) The Atlantic coastline of Andalusia have / has sandy beaches. b) The Guadalquivir basin is / are located in Andalusia c) The Central System divide / divides the Meseta into the northern and southern sub-plateaus. d) The Canary Islands is / are of volcanic origin. e) Young higher mountains predominate / predominates on western American contient. f) The continental surface represent / represents 29 % of our planet.

3 The following sentences contain information that is not correct. Rewrite the following sentences in the negative so that the information they contain is correct. Then, write new affirmative sentences using the present simple and the correct information. Example Erosion, transport, and sedimentation are creative forces that affect relief. Erosion, transport, and sedimentation are not creative forces that affect relief. Erosion, transport, and sedimentation are destructive forces that affect relief. a) The core is the outer layer of the Earth. b) Abyssal plains are deep underwater depressions. c) Alpine mountain ranges predominate in the north of Europe. d) The Cantabrian mountains surround the Meseta in the south. e) The Baetic mountain range separates Andalusia from the Meseta.

4 Use these words to write a question for the following answers: a) Question: what / tectonic plates b) Question: Where / the Himalayas c) Question: Why / earthquakes / Spain d) Question: How / classify / units of relief of Spain e) Question: Which / island / Africa

5 Order the following words to make meaningful sentences: a) Andalusian / coast / long / is / km / than / 1,000 / more / The b) ranges / the / The / mountain / Baetic / and / Andalusia / east / south / of / occupy c) the / Ural / Pyrenees / European / from / Plain / Great / the / Mountains / to / The / stretches d) continent / Eurasian / European / is / The / part / of / the / landmass e) completely / is / island / surrounded / a / An / body / of / water / by / land

VWriting activities should be completed in your notebook 14

The Earth’s relief

10 questions

ni t2

1 What are the layers of the Earth? The Earth is made up of three layers: the crust, the mantle and the core. The crust and the upper mantle form the lithosphere. 2 How is relief formed and destroyed? The crust is broken up into blocks called tectonic plates. The movement of the tectonic plates causes the breaking up or folding of the Earth’s surface materials. Erosive agents (temperature, water, ice, wind, plants, trees and human beings) produce the wearing away and fragmentation of the Earth’s surface. 3 What are the main elements of relief? Continental relief is made up of plains, mountains, basins, valleys, and plateaus. Coastal relief includes beaches, capes, gulfs, estuaries, fjords, peninsulas, islands, and archipelagos. Finally, the main elements of oceanic relief are continental shelves, continental slopes, abyssal plains, ocean ridges and ocean trenches. 4 What are the main relief units in Asia? The Himalayas and Tibet are located in the centre of the continent. The Siberian plains and plateaus are in the north. There are plains (Great China Plain), peninsulas (Arabia, Indochina) and archipelagos (Japan, the Philippines) in the south. 5 What are the main relief units in America? There are extensive plains (North American Great Plains, Amazon Plain) in the centre of the continent, young and higher mountains in the west (Rocky Mountains, Andes) and lower mountains and plateaus in the east (Appalachians, Brazilian Plateau).

6 What are the main relief units in Europe? The Great Plain of Europe extends from France to Russia. The more ancient and lower mountains are in the northwest and in the centre of the continent, whereas the alpine ranges, formed by higher, younger mountains are in the south (the Alps, the Caucasus, the Pyrenees, etc.) 7 What are the main relief units in Europe? The centre of the continent is made up of plateaus and depressions (Sahara plateau and the Chad basin). There are great mountain ranges in the north-west (Atlas) and southeast (Drakensberg Mountains). Mount Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro are in The Great Rift Valley, in the east of the continent. 8 What are the main relief units in Oceania? This continent is made up of a series of islands and archipelagos: Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand. 9 What are the main relief units of Spain? The relief of the Iberian Peninsula is organized around the Central Meseta. The Central System and Toledo Mountains are inside the Meseta; the Galician-Leonese Massif, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Iberian System and the Sierra Morena surround the Meseta; and the Basque Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Catalan Coastal Range, the Baetic ranges, the Ebro basin, and the Guadalquivir basin are farther from the Meseta. There are two archipelagos: The Canary Islands and the Balearic Islands. 10 What are the main relief units of Andalusia? The Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the Meseta. The Baetic mountain ranges occupy the east and south of Andalusia. The Guadalquivir basin occupies the centre of Andalusia.

Final challenge. fight the volcano Los Llanos de Aridane

1 Do some research and prepare a brief report on the

El Paso

latest eruption of the volcano on the island of La Palma, indicating when it began, when it ended and the main human and material damage it caused.

Tazacorte

2 The volcanic origin of the Canary Islands explains why

Tajuya

La Laguna Montaña la Laguna

El Pedregal

El Paraíso

Todoque

Montaña de Todoque

Cr áte

res

Peña Rajada

Playa Nueva

Las Manchas

L RA T U JA NA VIE UE RE RQ MB U C

Monumento natural Tubo Volcánico de Todoque

3 Make a list of the health risks posed by the ash and gases

expelled by the eruption. 4 Although we cannot keep the lava from destroying towns

Las Plantas

Playa el Charcón

Mirador astronómico de LLano del Jable

volcanic eruptions occur frequently on the archipelago. Research on when the previous volcanic eruption on the Canary Islands took place and determine how many eruptions occurred on the island of La Palma over the past one hundred years.

and crops, we can mitigate the effects of a volcanic eruption on humans. Work in groups and draft a series of recommendations for a population affected by a volcanic eruption, such as avoiding breathing the polluted air and if necessary, evacuating one’s home.

Source: IGN, Copernicus and selfeditions

VWriting activities should be completed in your notebook

The Earth’s relief

Un i t

Mesopotamia

➊ MESOPOTAMIA: GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORK AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

The Sumerians invented writing, the wheel, accounting, bureaucracy and foreign trade. Ur and Uruk were important cities.

AKKADIAN PERIOD (2350-1792 BC)

King Sargon conquered the Sumerian territory. He founded an empire with its capital in Akkad.

ris Tig

SUMERIAN PERIOD (3800-2350 BC)

ASSYRIA OT Mediterranean SYRIA Eu AM ph IA Sea rat es PALESTINE Syrian Sinai Desert

It was governed by King Nebuchadnezzar II. This empire was conquered by the Persians.

PERSIAN PERIOD (539-331 BC)

The Persians lived in a region that extended from the Indus to the Mediterranean. They were conquered by Alexander the Great.

Social organisation in Mesopotamia Kings

Nobility

Freemen

➋ SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANISATION 2.1. Economic activities The main source of wealth in Mesopotamia was irrigated agriculture. Cereals, palms and olive trees were cultivated. The land was owned by the state and the temples and worked by tenants in exchange for a tribute. Foreign trade was very important. Different types of metal, wood and precious stones were obtained through trade.

2.2. Social and political organisation Society was divided into different strata and organised like a pyramid. The king (a military and religious chief) was at the top. The king ruled the territory, administered justice, led the army, etc. Below the king were the nobility, made up of the king’s family, and the scribes, civil servants and soldiers. Next came the freemen: peasants, traders and craftsmen. Last of all came the slaves, who were prisoners of war and poor people who fell into slavery because they were unable to pay their debts. 16

Mesopotamia

Pe r

sia

ulf

BABYLONIAN PERIOD King Hammurabi founded an empire in Babylon and produced the first legal code in history. (1792-1250 BC) ASSYRIAN PERIOD The Assyrians established their capital first in Assur and later in Nineveh, and extended their territory. (1250-612 BC) NEO-BABYLONIAN EMPIRE (612-539 BC)

ELAM

ea dS Re

The history of this region is marked by the people who dominated it over the centuries. Even today, it remains as fascinating as ever because of its rich legacy, although it is still a region with many conflicts.

e PT Nil

1.2. Historical development

EGY

The Fertile Crescent is a geographical area currently occupied by Egypt, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, southern Turkey, Iraq and Iran. The development of important civilisations was possible due to the existence of large rivers. Mesopotamian civilisation emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It was made up of different city-states. Writing developed there and irrigated agriculture was practised. This agriculture led to a surplus of food, which in turn led to population growth and the emergence of the first cities. Rivers played a key role in Mesopotamia. Waterworks were built in order to make the most of rising water levels. These works led to the emergence of the first city-states.

ANATOLIA

n ia sp Ca Sea

1.1. Physical environment

The Fertile Crescent

Slaves

2Listen

Activities carefully and mark the word that is being

described in each case. d) Soldiers / Peasants. a) City-states / Empire. e) King / Priest. b) Freemen / Slaves. c) Sumerians / Assyrians. 2 Copy this pyramid and complete it with the names of the different groups that made up Mesopotamian society. One step may contain more than one group: traders, slaves, priests, king, civil servants, peasants, nobles, craftsmen, soldiers, scribes. a) b) c) d) e)

3 Complete the following sentences about the characteristics of Mesopotamian civilisation. a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

Mesopotamian civilisation originated between… An increase in population contributed to… Society had… King Hammurabi created... Foreign trade in Mesopotamia… People became slaves because… Mesopotamian civilisation was renowned for…

Task: Food’s Water Footprint Although agricultural production is essential for our diet and provides many jobs for the economy, it consumes a great deal of water. Water is one of our most precious resources and its consumption is contributing to the desertification of the land. 24 % of the water extracted in Europe is used in agriculture. And in the summer, when it is scarcer than ever, even more water is consumed. This already has negative repercussions and the situation will get even worse in the future because of climate change. At the same time, the EU and its member states agreed that biofuels must make up 10 % of the fuel used for transport from 2020 onwards, and this may further increase the consumption of water in agriculture.

A According to the text, why is agricultural production so important? How does agriculture contribute to the desertification of the land? B What percentage of the water extracted in Europe is used for agriculture? C Why will the situation get even worse in the future? D Use the diagram to classify the following foods according to the quantity of water that is needed to produce them, from greater to lesser: an apple, a glass of milk, a kilo of meat, a slice of bread, an egg, a potato and a cup of tea.

4 The status of women in ancient Mesopotamia is reflected in a set of laws that Hammurabi established. Many rules describe the rights and obligations of women, and thanks to their preservation, we have a clear idea of how they lived. Complete the text with the following words and then do the activities below: marriages, noble, courts, unequal, properties, Code, freedom. Although women in Mesopotamia had a certain amount of to take part in trade or own property, with respect to men. This varied their situation was from one city-state to another. One of the earliest written documents describing the legal situation of of Hammurabi from the 18th women was the century BC, which established the subjugation of arranged by the male members women to men, of their families and the obligation of women to resort of justice when seeking divorce (this was to the women learned to not the case for men). Only better. read and write in order to manage family a) Which of the obligations of Mesopotamian women do you consider the most unfair? Explain why. b) Imagine you are a woman in Mesopotamia and you have to give a speech asking for improvements to your situation and equal rights. Write your speech highlighting what you cannot do and the rights you should have. You can use some of the following expressions: We can’t…; We are not allowed to…; They don’t let us…; We should be allowed to….; We should be able to….; We would like to…

Water footprint of what we consume 1 kg of meat

1 burger

1 kg of wheat

1 glass of milk

15,000 litres 1 bag of chips

2,400 litres 1 glass of juice

1,500 litres 1 cup of coffee

200 litres 1 egg

185 litres

170 litres 1 apple

1 orange

135 litres 140 litres 1 bread slice

70 litres 1 cup of tea

50 litres 1 potato

35 litres

25 litres

40 with cheese 90 litres

litres

1 tomato

13 litres

E Defenders of vegetarianism and veganism argue that vegetables have a lower impact on the environment than foods from animal sources. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this dietary choice with your classmates.

V Writing activities should be completed in your notebook

Mesopotamia

t8 ni U

❸ MAIN ARTISTIC AND CULTURAL EVENTS 3.1. The invention of writing Writing emerged in this area around the fourth millennium BC. It was originally a series of pictograms on clay tablets, which gradually evolved into cuneiform script. This permitted accountancy and the administration of temples and palaces. This work was carried out by scribes. Writing was later used for storytelling, songs and law-making. The invention of writing marks the transition from prehistory to history. From that moment on, we not only had material remains to help us understand the past but written documents as well.

3.2. Cultural production The wheel, the plough, sailing and metallurgy appeared in Mesopotamia. Great advances in astronomy, medicine and mathematics were also made. As for literature, we inherited from Mesopotamia the oldest written narrative in history, the Epic of Gilgamesh.

3.3. Religion Mesopotamian settlements had a polytheistic religion. The gods were related to the elements of nature. They also had typically human feelings and emotions. Each city had its own gods. The temples dedicated to the gods were called ziggurats and they were located in a prominent place in the city. The treasures of the gods were kept in the temples, where sacrifices and offerings were performed. Once a year, the statue of the god or goddess was carried in a procession through the streets of the city. The most important priest in each city was the religious leader and also the governor. After them, came the warlords who later became kings.

3.4. Art Architecture and sculpture were the main Mesopotamian art forms. Art had a strong religious influence. The arch and the vault were first used in Mesopotamia. In architecture, the most important buildings were the temple or ziggurat and the palace. The most important of these was the ziggurat, which was a stepped pyramid. The sanctuary was at the top and contained the statue of the god to which the temple was dedicated. The walls were richly decorated with mosaics and wall paintings.

The Code of Hammurabi, a stone stela containing the first written legal code: laws with scaled punishments.

Ziggurats were made of adobe and some of them had covered, vaulted lintels. They were situated in the inner part of the cities. The palace was both the king’s residence and the administrative centre. It was completely surrounded by walls. Sculptures represented gods, animals, kings or civil servants, always highly idealised and geometric. There were praying statues (such as that of Prince Gudea) and reliefs of animals, mythological creatures, hunting and war scenes, all depicted with great dynamism.

Ziggurat (Ur, Iraq. 11th century BC).

Mesopotamia

Cuneiform script tablet.

Carved winged bull from the seventh century BC. Its function was to protect its owners. The Louvre Museum (Paris).

U t8

Activities 2Listen

to the audio recording about the Code of Hammurabi and complete the table. Date of creation: Material on which it was written: Law on which it was based: Reasons why it was so important:

a) Choose one of the following titles for each paragraph above: Importance for our knowledge of history; Evolution; Origins or birth; People in charge of writing; Functions or uses. b) Write a question related to each paragraph above. c) Discuss the following questions with your partner: Why are written sources so important for our knowledge of history? Can we rely on them completely? Write one or two conclusions and share them with the rest of the class. 7 Say whether these characteristics belong to a ziggurat, a palace or both buildings. a) Adobe was used in this type of construction. b) It had a stepped pyramidal shape. c) It was one of the most important structures of Mesopotamian art. d) It was the king’s residence as well as the administrative centre. e) It formed a miniature city. f) It was completely surrounded by walls. g) It contained the sculpture of the god. h) It was richly decorated. i) There was also an altar inside for sacrifices. j) It was located inside the city.

6 Read the following text on Mesopotamian writing and answer the questions. Writing emerged in the Sumerian period, around the fourth millennium BC. It initially consisted of pictograms on clay tablets, but it gradually evolved into cuneiform script. Writing was used for accounting and the administration of the goods in temples and palaces. Later on, it was also used to tell stories, sing hymns and write laws. Scribes were the specialists in charge of writing. For historians, the appearance of writing signifies the end of prehistory and the beginning of history. Since then, historians have been able to use written sources to learn about the past.

ZIGGURAT

PALACE

BOTH

Task: Other towers of Babel

V Writing activities should be completed in your notebook

Firewell International Center

Dubai 510 m

Lighthouse Tower

Doha 551 m

Lam Tara Tower

Chicago 610 m

Palace of Soviets

Moscow 612 m

Bur Al Alam

Chicago Tower

Dubai Bombay 1,000 m 700 m

World’s tallest never-completed buildings

Russia Tower

Nakheel Tower

India Tower

completed buildings in the image located? In which countries are the other ones located? B How tall is the tallest skyscraper? Find information about the tallest completed building in the world. Where is it located? How tall is it? C Using the image provided, complete the following sentences with comparatives and superlatives: 1. The Lighthouse Tower and the Fairwell International Center are the buildings. 2. The Palace of Soviets is than the India Tower. 3. The Russia Tower is than the Lighthouse Tower. 4. The Nakheel Tower is the building. D Would you like to live or work in a skyscraper? Mention some reasons to justify your answer.

Doha Connection Central Tower

A In which country are most of the never-

Moscow 495 m m

Dubai 454 m

Dubai 402 m

Xiamen 397 m

Mesopotamia

U ni t8

GRAMMAR IN GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

PAST SIMPLE, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE

We use the past simple to talk about actions in the past. Affirmative sentences

}

Spelling rules for regular verbs f Most verbs ➞ verb + ed: walk ➞ walked

➞ to set and order.

f Verbs ending in -e ➞ verb + d: move ➞ moved f Verbs ending in vowel + consonant ➞ verb + double consonant + ed: stop ➞ stopped f Verbs ending in consonant + y ➞ verb + (change y into i) + ed: carry ➞ carried

Negative sentences f Use the auxiliary verb do in the past tense: didn’t + verb

Activities 1 Complete the sentences using the past tense of the verbs in parentheses:

be, add, emerge, build, have, invent.

a) Mesopotamian civilisation (emerge) between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. b) The Mesopotamian people (build) waterworks in order to make the most of rising water levels. c) The king (rule) the territory. d) A lot of people (fall) into slavery because they couldn’t pay their debts. e) Advances such as the wheel, the plough and sailing (appear) in Mesopotamia.

2 Answers these questions using the past tense: a) b) c) d) e)

When did writing appear? Who created the first legal code in History? What empire did the Persians conquer? What material did they use to build the ziggurats? What did King Hammurabi found?

3 Write the following sentences in the negative form: a) b) c) d) e)

4 Fill in the gaps using these verbs in present or past tense:

Rivers played a key role in Mesopotamia. The main economic activity was agriculture. The Sumerians invented writing. The warlords became kings later. Art had a strong religious influence.

Nowadays, the region of Mesopotamia occupied by countries such as Egypt, Israel, Syria, Iran and Iraq. In still many conflicts, and this part of the world there democratic governments. many of these countries Besides, it is a region rich in oil and other energy more instability to the region. resources, which In the past, Mesopotamia a very rich region. The there. They writing and first city-states important structures like ziggurats and palaces. It is a pity that a region that was so important in the past so many problems in the present.

5 Complete the table with the past tense of these irregular verbs.

write build make lead spread fall keep become

Asurbanipal hunting lions. British Museum (London).

VWriting activities should be completed in your notebook 20

Mesopotamia

10 questions

ni t8

1 Where did Mesopotamian civilisation emerge? It emerged between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, a geographical area currently occupied by Egypt, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, southern Turkey, Iraq and Iran. 2 What are the main historical periods in the region? The history of Mesopotamia is divided into the following periods: Sumerian period, Akkadian period, Babylonian period, Assyrian period, Neo-Babylonian period and Persian period. 3 What were the main economic activities in Mesopotamia? The main economic activity was irrigated agriculture. Cereals, palms and olive trees were cultivated. Foreign trade was also very important. Different types of metal, wood and precious stones were obtained through trade. 4 What social groups existed in Mesopotamia? There were five groups in Mesopotamian society. The king was at the top. Below the king were the nobility, and the next group was made up of scribes, civil servants and soldiers. The following group was formed by peasants, traders and craftsmen. Last of all came the slaves. 5 When did writing emerge and how did it evolve? Writing emerged in this area around the fourth millennium BC. It was originally a series of pictograms on clay tablets which gradually evolved into cuneiform script. This permitted accountancy and the administration of temples and palaces. Writing was later used for storytelling, songs and law-making.

6 Why was the appearance of writing so important for history? It marked the transition from prehistory to history. From that moment on, it was possible to study history not only from material remains but from written sources as well. 7 What important advances appeared in Mesopotamia? The wheel, the plough, sailing and metallurgy appeared in Mesopotamia. Great advances in astronomy, medicine and mathematics were also made. 8 What were the main characteristics of Mesopotamian religion? Mesopotamians had a polytheistic religion. The gods were related to the elements of nature. They also had typically human feelings and emotions. Each city had its own gods. 9 What buildings stand out in Mesopotamian art? The temples—called ziggurats—and the palaces stand out. They were located in a prominent place in the city. They were made of adobe and some of them had covered, vaulted lintels. 10 What architectural elements were first used in Mesopotamia? The arch and the vault were first used in Mesopotamia. These basic architectural elements were subsequently inherited by different civilisations and artistic styles.

Final task. Adapt the transmission of information Cognitive accesibility Verónica García Romero is a teacher at the state school Torre Malmuerta in Córdoba where she is responsible for the autism programme. Two years ago she started putting pictograms in classrooms and other spaces to improve the comprehension skills of the students with special educational needs, including autism spectrum disorder. It then occurred to her that she could do the same in the local neighbourhood, and since last year she has been collaborating with of students from the IES Averroes secondary school who have been helping her to distribute pictograms to the nearby establishments. Verónica believes that cognitive accessibility is still paid too little attention in a city like Córdoba where public spaces and transport modes are not adapted for people with development disorders, autism or communication difficulties. She would like the Córdoba City Council to take part in this initiative, as other councils have done in cities like Málaga, Madrid and Santander. 1 When did the teacher Verónica García start putting

pictograms in her school? And in the local neighbourhood? What do you think of this initiative?

2 Find the nouns in the text that correspond to the following

adjectives and verbs: 1. Autistic. 2. Need. 3. Difficult. 4. Collaborate. 5. Access. 6. Develop. 3 Which cities are mentioned as examples of places with

transport modes and public spaces adapted for people with communication problems? 4 Autism spectrum disorders vary greatly, but most of

them have certain elements in common: difficulty in communicating with others and making friends, problems in adjusting to changes because they feel safe with routines, and difficulty in coping with loud noises, bright lights and crowds. Work in pairs or in small groups and propose tips for helping classmates or other people you know who suffer from this disorder.

VWriting activities should be completed in your notebook

Mesopotamia

10 questions

ni t2

Final challenge. fight the volcano Los Llanos de Aridane

1 Do some research and prepare a brief report on the

El Paso

latest eruption of the volcano on the island of La Palma, indicating when it began, when it ended and the main human and material damage it caused.

Tazacorte

2 The volcanic origin of the Canary Islands explains why

Tajuya

La Laguna Montaña la Laguna

El Pedregal

El Paraíso

Todoque

Montaña de Todoque

Cr áte

res

Peña Rajada

Playa Nueva

Las Manchas

L RA T U JA NA VIE UE RE RQ MB U C

Monumento natural Tubo Volcánico de Todoque

3 Make a list of the health risks posed by the ash and gases

expelled by the eruption. 4 Although we cannot keep the lava from destroying towns

Las Plantas

Playa el Charcón

Mirador astronómico de LLano del Jable

Source: IGN, Copernicus and selfeditions

VWriting activities should be completed in your notebook

The Earth’s relief

GEOGRAPHY

& HISTORY

788491 895619

I S B N 978-84-9189-561-9