1970's - period 3

70’s Magazine By: Sean Kelley, Julian Ruiz, Michael Zelenov, and Seby Stephens

Table of Contents

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Fashion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Law And Justice . . . . . . . . . 2

Film and Theater . . . . . . . . 12

Domestic Affairs . . . . . . . 3-4 Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Foreign Affairs . . . . . . . . . 5-6 Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Government and Politics . . 7 Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Gossip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Way We Lived . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Book Review . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Works Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Education in the 1970’s The 1970’s brought big changes to education. First off, in 1975, Congress signed the EHA or the Education for Handicapped Act into Public Law. This law ensured that handicapped students get one free meal per day and it also made sure that handicapped students could easily acces classrooms. This meant that the schools had to build ramps for the students to roll up to. All of these improvements to schools were paid by the Federal Funds. The reason this law was passed because of all the injuries soldiers received in world war 2.

Because of gasses like Agent Orange, many babies came out deformed, and because of this, this law was brought into order.

There were also many improvements to school overall, during this decade, most school began to modernize by maybe putting one or two computers on campus. They also started to teach different languages that were not available to the students before. One example was that many public schools started teaching spanish.

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Law & Justice: Anita Bryant Anita Bryant is an American singer and anti-gay activist.

Anita Bryant had released many albums and began to gain popularity in the 1960s. But her popularity shifted in the 1970s.

In 1977, Miami Dade County, passed an ordinance that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.

Bryant led a campaign to repeal the ordinance. The campaign was called "Save Our Children." It was based on conservative Christian beliefs, that regarded homosexuality as sinful and inhumane.

On June 7, 1977, she lead by a margin of 69 to 31 percent.

People still retaliated their decision. In 1977, Florida Legislators made it illegal for gay couples to adopt, but it was finally overturned over 30 years later in 2008. This lead to a decline in her popularity and then finally ending her musical career all together.

Domestic Affairs

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The 70’s were a very active time in the United States in regards to Domestic Affairs. The reason for this is that the United States had three different presidents; Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter. Some of Nixon's domestic affairs included feats regarding the Vietnam War. Nixon was known for making the draft in Vietnam terminated and making all service in Vietnam voluntary. This was a very important part of Nixon’s presidency since he promised to get out of the war. Nixon also created the

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in 1970 as a way to keep a clean environment at a time where pollution was a high concern. Nixon also appointed four Supreme Court justices during his time as president.

Nixon can also be credited with starting the war on cancer by dedicating 100 million dollars to the cause. Nixon also started the desegregation of southern schools helping the desegregation movement inside of the United States. Nixon lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 which still stands to this day. Nixon had a very significant role in the United States...

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Domestic Affairs Domestic Policy for the amount long lasting legislature he passed during his term as president. After Nixon, Republican Gerald Ford was nominated as president. Gerald Ford is known for pardoning Richard Nixon after the watergate scandal. This came to a shock to many Americans since he had just been impeached.

Ford also addressed the issue of inflation with his policy “WIN� which stands for Whip Inflation Now. Jimmy Carter is known for pardoning all Vietnam War draft-resisters. Carter is also responsible for stopping the funding of the B-1 Bomber plane. One other significant thing that Jimmy Carter did is form the Department of Energy which still stands to this day.

Foreign Affairs In the 70s the United States started to become active foreignly in regards to the Cold War. Nixon was the first president to have part of his term in the 70s, he had many accomplishments in his foreign policy due to his policy of dètente.

To begin with, in 1972 he became the first president to visit The People’s Republic of China; he made the Shanghai Communiqué which strengthened Sino-U.S. relations. This came to a shock to people since America acknowledged the nationalists in Taiwan as the true government.

Also in 1972, after his visit to China Nixon visits Moscow, and meets with Secretary General Brezhnev, in which he negotiated the SALT treaty which reduces the amount of warheads these superpowers had.

Therefore it got rid of some temper for the Cold War. Furthermore, Nixon came up with Vietnamization for the war and in 1973 he signed the Paris Peace Accords which was a deal which decided what they were going to do with the country of Vietnam.

At least it was supposed to but the Northern Vietnamese betrayed the U.S and Nixon. Plus the U.S was not able to fight back due to the fact Nixon was dealing with Watergate. To add on the U.S had been dependent on foreign oil for years until Nixon created the Project independence, which ended America’s dependency on other countries for oil by the 80s. Continuing, in the Yom Kippur war Nixon supported Israel with aid which led to their victory and survival of their country.

Visit to China

Although Richard Nixon was a president in the 70s, his demise came in the form of watergate in which he resigned and Gerald Ford became president; he followed Nixon’s policy of dètente. Therefore he eased Cold War tension with the Soviet Union and China. In Vietnam although the accords were signed the Northern Vietnamese people still attacked the south causing there to be a massive airlift.

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Evacuating from Saigon

Due to Ford’s actions 50,000 people were evacuated from the south because of the fall of Saigon. Another event near Vietnam was the sending of marines to the ship Mayaguez in Cambodia. This was because Ford viewed the seizing of the ship by Cambodian communists as a threat. Ford in order to deal with the Soviets agreed to the Vladivostok accords which was an outline for Start 1.

Furthermore, Ford met with European nations at the Helsinki accords in which they discussed the boundaries of countries post-WW2.

After Ford’s term as president Jimmy Carter a little known politician became president as a democrat.

Carter believed that the United States could promote human rights throughout the world and he believed that the U.S military should not intervene as much. He even held America’s allies accountable for their human rights failing. Also, Carter had to deal with an international crisis in which revolutionaries from Iran overthrew the leader, the Shah. Carter allowed the Shah to enter the U.S. which angered the revolutionaries and seized an American embassy. They took 66 American hostages and held them for months. This made America less confident in Carter. Furthermore, him and Brezhnev signed an agreement which was called SALT II in which they would get rid of arms.

The Shah

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Government and Politics The 70’s were a time when there were three different presidents, Nixon, Ford, and Carter. The 70’s was mainly controlled by Republicans, Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, yet ended with democrat Jimmy Carter. One of the most memorable events of the 1970’s politics was the watergate scandal. This was when Richard Nixon was found out to have stolen secrets for the DNC by wiretapping and hiring robbers to do this.

One of the robbers confessed that Nixon was behind the whole plan. This decreased the public trust in the government and resulted into having Nixon impeached. Nixon was fortunate enough to have Gerald Ford be elected after him and he would later receive a pardon. Democrat Jimmy Carter would later become president and create the Department of Energy and Education which still stand to this day.

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Music: From Rock to Pop In the 70s, there was a huge variation of genres that a person could chose from. Since there were many types of genres in this time, there were tons of bands and genres that shaped the 70s. Funk, Soul, R&B, Pop, Hard Rock, Soft Rock and Disco all carved out their place in the music world in the 1970s. James Brown, Earth, Wind, and Fire, and Stevie Wonder were some of the very prominent artists in the funk scene. Soul, R&B, and funk was mostly common in the African American community. Rock was an extremely important factor in the music area in the 70s. Rock bands like Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin, Queen, and Black Sabbath were famous artists that began the subgenre Hard Rock. After this emergence of hard rock, AC/DC, Kiss, Aerosmith, and Van Halen began to gain popularity. Progressive Rock, a sub genre from Rock that is characterized by classical influences, the use of keyboard instruments. Progressive rock songs could last up to fourteen minutes. People would sit in their rooms just relaxing and listening to their vinyls. This genre from psychedelic rock and blues-rock. Famous Progressive rock bands would be Pink Floyd, Genesis, and Rush. Pink Floyd’s “The Dark Side of the Moon”, was arguably the most important and popular progressive rock albums. It stayed in the charts for 741 weeks and sold about 50 million copies, becoming one of the best-selling albums worldwide. Soft Rock was becoming increasingly popular. Mainstream rock music divided between soft rock and hard rock. Soft rock derived from folk rock. The most famous soft rock band was Fleetwood Mac, with their album Rumours which was the best-selling album of the decade. There were also other artists like Rod Stewart, Cat Stevens, and Elton John. Finally, Bob Marley, a Jamaican artist, became very important in the Reggae scene, with his famous hits like “No Woman, No Cry.” Obviously, there are many types of genres that one could, because there were so many popular genres and subgenres at the time. Some of the most famous albums of the 70s were “Dark Side of The Moon”, “The Wall”, and “Led Zeppelin IV.”

Way We Lived

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The 1970s were a tumultuous time. In some ways, the decade was a continuation of the 1960s. Women, African Americans, Native Americans, gays and lesbians continued their fight for equality, and many Americans joined the protest against the ongoing war in Vietnam. In other ways, however, the decade was opposite from the 1960s. A “New Right” mobilized in defense of political conservatism and traditional family roles, and the behavior of President Richard Nixon lost many people’s faith in the good intentions of the federal government. By the end of the decade, these divisions and disappointments had set a tone for public life that many would argue is still with us today. The 1970’s were defiantly the decade that made and broke America. One other important thing that the 1970’s are definitely remembered for is the watergate scandal. Basically, Nixon was the first president to be impeached because he lied to congress.

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Sports In 1970 as many other decades there were many events and milestones in the world of sports. To begin with in major league baseball the Oakland A’s won the world series three times with other teams such as the Yankees, Pirates and Reds winning two. Hank Aaron a star player for the Braves broke Babe Ruth’s home run record. In football, Monday night Football became much more popular with people watching it more and more. For the game the Pittsburgh Steelers were the dominant team winning 4 superbowls in that decade, however the Dolphins did have an undefeated season which is a record that still hasn’t been broken. Furthermore for basketball there were multiple teams with two championships:Celtics, Knicks, and Lakers. For hockey Wayne Gretzky would dominate the sport.

Continuing, the summer olympics came every four years (1972 and 1976), and they were in Munich and Canada. Therefore in the 70s there were multiple teams dominating each sport except for football in which there was one.

The Pittsburgh Steelers

Hank Aaron

Wayne Gretzky

Fashion In the 70s fashion had a lot to do with self expression people tended to show what kind of person they were through this fashion. Therefore the styles were completely different with a mix of hippie, punk, and retro.

For example hippies wore simple garment that were loose and based on a European peasant costume. Worn with sandals, clogs and boots. Also, women and men had a similar style in which they wore long pants and button down shorts with the pants being high and the shirt tucked in. Therefore women began wearing pants suits more than in previous decades.

Furthermore, women had geometric print on their clothing.

There were people who did not support the hippie movement therefore punk was created.

This is where people wore black clothing and sometimes fish nets. Continuing in the 70s women tended to have bigger hair compared to before. In conclusion the 70s was a time in which fashion was quite different.

Men wearing high up pants with button down shirts tucked in.

Women’s fashion in 70s

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Film and Theater: Star Wars On May 25, 1977, an American epic space opera would become one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures. It lead to generations of movies that were greatly influenced by these films. This is of course, the Star Wars franchise. The first Star Wars movie sold 178,119,600 tickets and generated $1,574,577,264 (Adjusted for inflation). This movie was nominated for 10 Academy Awards and won 7 of them. They also won a lot more awards like Grammys. The creator of Star Wars, George Lucas, was also nominated for many awards like the academy awards, winning one of them.

Furthermore, the upcoming Star Wars movies would continue on to win many awards. In total, worldwide, Star Wars made 7,604,560,371. The franchise became so popular that in 2012, Disney bought Lucasfilms for $4 billion, to then release another Star Wars movie in 2015. Finally, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the "Most successful film merchandising franchise.�

Food

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During the 1970’s, food evolved a lot. Many snacks such as kool-aid and Twinkies were invented. It was really the decade that modernized food. In the 1970’s, the most delicious food was invented, crepes.

These delicate beauties were very much in vogue during the 70s, especially when filled with savory things like ham and cheese. Crepes were very easy to make and are definitely the most delicious food on this planet. Vegetables and fruits, virtually unknown to most Americans 10 years ago, now supplement carrots and green beans, pineapples and pears: Snow peas, spaghetti squash, hot peppers, papayas, mangoes, kiwis, burpless cucumbers and of course the rage, sugar snap peas. Old-fashioned vegetables are also staging a comeback -- turnips, butternut squash and Jerusalem artichokes, now called sunchokes.

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Culture In the 70s culture was extremely unique with a lot of hippie things such as mood rings or incense or even things with wild colors. It was a decade full of fads. In homes people made their decorations extremely colorful, with colors orange, brown or red. People had odd looking lamps and bean bag chairs in their homes. Some fads in the 70s include crystals, mood rings, adhesive daisies, pet rocks, etc. “Have a nice day” became a common phrase used in the 70s and people made the modern day happy face. Some literature in the 70s included “Carrie” by Stephen King, “The Exorcist” by William Blatty and “Sophie’s Choice” by William Styron. Some key inventions in the 70s were the VCR ,made in 1970, the floppy disk, made in 1970, and in 72 the hacky sack was created. In conclusion, the 1970s had a unique culture with an array of things that were things in pretty much only that decade.

Lava Lamps

Mood Rings

Hacky Sack

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Games: Crossword Puzzle

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Gossip Like in many other decades there was gossip in the 70s about celebrities such as movie stars or musicians. To begin with in the 70s the Beatles broke up with Paul McCartney leaving the group.

However John Lennon and McCartney still made songs in which they added slight jabs at each other. Sadly, Lennon died in 1980. Also in 1973, Don Everly, from the Everly Brothers, showed up drunk to a show and kept messing up the lyrics until his brother smashed a guitar on him. Furthermore, the band Black Sabbath was destined to break up due to the fact that they rarely talked to each other and their shows got worse due to drug use, Ozzy Osbourne told The Guardian this on an interview in 1979. In conclusion, gossip in the 70s had to due with a lot of band break ups.

The Beatles

The Everly Brothers

Black Sabbath

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Book Review: The Lorax “The Lorax” is a children’s book that was written by Dr. Seuss in 1971. The book concentrates on the danger that corporations pose on nature. This novel is Dr. Seuss' personal favorite, this is due to the fact that he was able to talk about an important issue about environment without being dull. This book lead to many years of children reading this novel and also a couple controversies. Some people believed that the novel was a bit unfair to the logging industry, so the book “The Truax,” was written. But, other people argued that this was an attack on "The Lorax," and believed that "The Truax" contained skewed arguments. This just caused more anger upon "The Truax."

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"The 10 Most Infamous Band Feuds in Rock History." Pastemagazine.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2017.

70's Culture. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2017.

"70's Rock Bands Printable Word Search Puzzle." Word Search Puzzles. N.p., n.d.

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Davidson, James West., and Michael B. Stoff. Prentice Hall America: History of Our Nation. Boston: Pearson, 2014. Print.

"EHA - Education for All Handicapped Children Act." Special Education News. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2017.

Fasinoli, Roberta. "Miami Demonstrations." UPI. UPI, 1977. Web. 23 May 2017.

"Grease (1978)." IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 15 May 2017.

"Jimmy Carter: Foreign Affairs." Miller Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2017.

"Miller Center." Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2017.

Monet, Dolores. "Clothing History - Fashion and Style in the 1970s." Bellatory.

Bellatory, 10 Apr. 2017. Web. 18 May 2017.

"Richard Nixon's Top Domestic and Foreign Policy Achievements Âť Richard Nixon Foundation." Richard Nixon Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 May 2017.

Schou, Solvej. "Mickey + 'Star Wars' = Disney Completes Lucasfilm Acquisition."

EW.com. Time Inc, 21 Dec. 2012. Web. 16 May 2017.

Seuss, Dr. "The Lorax." Barnes & Noble. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 May 2017.

"Sports in the 1970s." Sports in the 1970s - Professional Sports in the Seventies.

N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2017.

"Star Wars (1977)." Box Office Mojo. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 May 2017.

Swatman, Rachel. "1977: Highest-grossing Sci-fi Series at the Box Office."

Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records, 19 Aug. 2015. Web. 16 May 2017.

US History: Politics of the 1970's. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2017.