1990's- period 9

RELIVING THE PAST

Table of Contents 3-4: Education 5-6: Fashion 7-8: Film and Theatre 9-10: Food 11: Advertisement 12-13: Culture 14-15: Sports 16: Advertisement 17-18: Music 19-20: Way We Lived 21: Advertisement 22-23: Government and Politics 24-25: Law and Justice 26-27: Advertisment 28-29-30: Foreign Affairs 31-32-33: Domestic Affairs 34: Advertisement 35: Book Review 36: Crossword 37: Celebrity Gossip 38: Works Cited

EDUCATION

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EDUCATION Education in the 90s was very different to today’s education. It was the first decade in which whiteboards were introduced to classes instead of chalk boards. In the 1994, the Clinton Administration passed the Improving America’s Schools Act which reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. This provided extra help to disadvantaged students, promoted equity, created safe and drug free schools, and many more. The Clinton Administration also started to require every state receiving federal money for high-poverty schools would begin testing in third-eighth grade annually in math and reading. In 1996, President Bill Clinton also passed the Illegal Immigration and Immigrant Responsibility act. This prohibits states from offering higher education benefits on in-state tuition to undocumented immigrants. Many Americans believed that this was unfair. A very tragic event happened on April 20, 1999, when the deadliest school shooting incident happened at Columbine High School in Colorado. Education was very different back then.

By: Leo Azuela

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Fashion

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Fashion The 90s were a decade of both rebellious and preppy fashion, a turn from the bright, crazy, poofy clothes of the 1980s. Fashion was influenced more than ever before by the media, TV, and internet. Music videos and musical groups changed the fashion world for people everywhere. Some influential musical stars include Madonna (known for her wide array of styles), the Spice Girls (Scary, Sporty, Baby, Ginger, and Posh Spice were staples of the 90s), TLC, Gwen Stefani, and Britney Spears. Movies and TV shows also changed the way people saw fashion. Movies like clueless portrayed a schoolgirl chic style that is known decades after its release, and classic TV shows like Saved By the Bell give a more realistic view of the clothes teenagers wore. Popular fashion icons of the 90s were models, actresses, and singers. Drew Barrymore, Winona Ryder, Courtney Love, Rose McGowan and even Jennifer Lopez were all fashion icon’s of the 90s which made the top trends of the transition decade. Some well known trends of the 90s include chokers, crushed velvet, platform shoes, and crop tops.

There were different popular styles of clothing such as the preppy chic style of movies like clueless, and the 90s grunge trends that have been popularized in the last few years. Some of the highlighting trends of the 90s have recently come back into fashion today. They can be seen all over the media and even in real life!

By: Aleks Copeland

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FILM & THEATRE

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FILM & THEATRE

The 90s introduced many films which are frequently rewatched and are still conversation starters to this day. One of the most famous disney princesses was introduced with their cartoon film in 1991, while the actor portrayal of the same movie has just been released. Beauty and the Beast was one of the most revolutionary princess movies out of all of the Disney princesses, not just in the 90s.While Beauty and the Beast is one of the most revolutionary Disney princess films out there, The Lion King is the most revolutionary Disney film in all, it is also one of the most famous. The Lion King was so successful, that there have been musicals and other inspirations made and performed worldwide. In the 90s, two family films which would become trilogies were introduced, one in 1990 and the other in 1995. These films include Home Alone and Toy Story; respectively. One of the most famous on screen couples was also introduced in the 90s. In the Titanic, Leonardo Dicaprio (playing Jack) and Kate Winslet (playing Rose) found their chemistry and are still making movies based on it. One of the most iconic holocaust movies Schindler’s List was also first screened in 1993.

This movie was the first true movie which portrayed what the Holocaust was really about and what it was like for the people involved and how people who were just trying to help would do anything to stop others or themselves from being killed. In the true story, Schindler is a Nazi who is highly thought of and receives a lot of money, but is secretly employing Jews to work in his factory as a way of saving them. By the end of the war, Schindler uses all of his fortune to bribe the Nazi’s in saving his over 800 Jewish workers. Many of the films created in the 90s had massive impacts on people worldwide.

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By: Lilly Enekes

FOOD

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FOOD The 90s introduced a lot of multicolored and new edition treats. Many junk foods and frozen items were brought into households. The treats which were bought with the new editions include one of the most desired dorito chips of today, Doritos; with the additional slogan “Nacho Cheesier!”.

Another new edition snack includes the blue bagged M&M’s; which are blue to symbolize their new crispy factor. This snack was limited edition and was only available for a couple of months in the 90s, but the edition was just re released. Two cereals were also released in the 90s, but were only available for a couple of months too. These include the Oreos snack which was made into a cereal named Oreo O’s. Their appearance included a dark cheerio shape with white dots/markings included. The second cereal which was first brought to stores in the 90s is French Toast Crunch which have the appearances of tiny toasted pieces of bread that can be put into milk and eaten as cereal. Two types of gums were also released in the 90s. One being bubble type which is still popular today, and the other being gum put into everyday containers or just not gum containers, for instance a “Bubble beeper.” The frozen meals mentioned earlier include tiny pizzas or a brand known as Lunchables which creates different types of snacks such as tiny sandwiches, using crackers as the bread, and some circles of ham and cheese as the insides. Overall, the 90s mostly introduced breakfast foods, and small snacks which could be brought to places and suffice as to bring some taste and stop a bit of hunger, but still not be enough to be a proper meal.

By: Lilly Enekes 11

The Refreshing Taste of Vanilla Coke!!

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CULTURE

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CULTURE The 1990s were a transitional period for culture. In comparison to the disco, hippie, and pop movements of the earlier decades, the 90s changed the game and paved the way for the culture of the 2000s.

In art, the 1990s took a turn from the bright and fame-oriented pieces to works more focused on everyday life. The Internet affected art and helped to inspire pieces based around human and global interaction. The 1991 market crash changed the art market. Value dropped and art was remade after that crash. The book Relational Aesthetics, by Nicolas Bourriaud was arguably the best art book of the decade. Some well known artists of the 1990s include Elizabeth Peyton, FĂŠlix GonzĂĄlez-Torres, Rirkrit Tiravanija, Piotr Uklanski, and Jeremy Deller. Most of the artists of that decade did not work with conventional mediums or have a monogamous commitment to one certain medium. It was an era of artistic exploration and transition, a new globalised take on what art is and how technology affected the world through their art.

Literature dealt with social and societal issues throughout the 1990s.

Some popular novels of the decade include Generation X, Prozac Nation, and Fight Club. Each book covered a different topic, such as depression and societal violence. The bestselling series Harry Potter was written in the 1990s as well as other well known books that shaped America. Jurassic Park, Game of Thrones, The Silence of the Lambs, and A Brief History of Time are a few of the bestselling novels of that time.

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Sports

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Sports In the 90’s, the most known sports are the ones similar today. In 1991, the greatest basketball player began to rule the game. Michael Jordan. He won the Chicago Bulls the championship title and then took them to win six more in the next eight years. American Football was extremely popular in the 90’s because of the 90’s Dallas Cowboys. They won 3 superbowls and three of the greatest football players made their sensations. Michael Irvin, Emmitt Smith, and Troy Aikman. Baseball in the 90’s also made history.

The Florida Marlins won their first ever world series against the Cleveland Indians. Also, Jack Morris pitched 10 innings in Game 7 of the 1991 World Series. Hockey was somewhat weird in the 90’s. The Florida Panthers won The World Series in 1995 and before the game, a player killed a rat in the dressing room. So in the game, when the Panthers scored, the fans threw plastic rats onto the ice. Sports were a sensation in the 90’s.

By: Leo Azuela

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Music Madonna has been in the music industry for decades, but her work in the 90s challenged what it is to be a popstar. She had multiple successes in the 90s in her album Ray of Light (1998) as well as writing more hit songs, further expanding into film, and writing a book. Ray of Light earned her 3 Grammy awards and had the best critic reviews since her hit Like a Prayer was released in 1989.

Gwen Stefani was a music icon in the 1990s- named the “Queen of Confessional Pop”. During the 1990s she was in the band titled No Doubt.

They released multiple albums throughout the decade and their single “Don’t Speak” got on the Hot 100 Airplay chart in 1997. Her success in No Doubt in the 90s set Gwen Stefani up for individual success in future years.

Mariah Carey was a very significant musical and fashion figure during the 90s. She released Music Box (1993), Merry Christmas (1994), Butterfly (1997), and #1 (1998), all very successful albums with multiple No. 1 hits. She had many chart topping singles and collaborations with popular singers.

She has often been named the pop princess of the 90s.

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Music

The Backstreet Boys were the biggest boyband in history, selling over 130 million records. They were bigger than One Direction and have become one of the most well-known bands of the 1990s. They performed jack balladry, hip hop, R&B, and dance club pop.

Nirvana, a band whose name means enlightenment, was a world renowned band led by Kurt Cobain. Its 1992 song “Smells Like Teen Spirit� reached the top of the charts, and their albums Nevermind and In Utero did a fantastic job of capturing human emotion. Kurt Cobain unfortunately battled a heroin addiction and depression, committing suicide in 1994.

The Red Hot Chili Peppers took the music industry by storm with a mix of punk pop music that made them easily recognizable as 90s superstars.

Multiple albums and singles reached the eop of the charts and the band continued into the 2000s with great popularity.

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WAY WE LIVED

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WAY WE LIVED During the 90s, the fright of terrorist attacks and bombings tragically started. The 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 lead to this scare which became the start of having to be vitally and intensely focused on one’s surroundings, which is still recommended and enforced to this day. The Oklahoma City bombing which killed 168 people, was suspected to be the cause of a man named Timothy McVeigh and he had claimed to bomb the business building in retaliation for the 1993 Waco massacre. This bombing was especially tragic because the first floor of the bombed building held a nursery, and so sadly many of the deaths were of those of kids. The 1993 World Trade Center bombing was the first major attempted terrorist attack made by Al Qaeda on US grounds, and marked the beginning of the following attacks continued in the 21st century.

New technology was introduced to households around the US. The online shopping business had began with the founding of Amazon in 1994.

Other computer softwares and programs were invented to help with the continuation of booming computer development. The programming language Java, was developed during the 90s and helped revolutionize the way that computer scientists would now be coding. Microsoft Windows was also founded in the 90s and helped become present in many of the PC compatibles of the time. The first ever satellite cell phone was also invented in the 90s with a satellite coming from the top right of the phone.

The revolution of women’s appearance in government also began with the record amount of women being elected into high office in the US during 21 1992, which was renamed as the “Year of the Women.”

-By: Lilly Enekes

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GOVERNMENT And POLITICS

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GOVERNMENT And POLITICS Government and Politics was somewhat considered a tough time in the 90’s. The only good thing was Bill Clinton getting elected president in 1992 and in 1996. That’s when things started to turn around. In 1993, president Clinton signed a law called “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”. This law stated that homosexuals or bisexuals could not serve in the military. This caused widespread hate throughout the country and considered it as “total discrimination”. In late 1995, there were two government shutdowns. Some 800,000 federal workers were told to stay home and millions of Americans were shut out of everything from their national parks to small-business loans. Bill Clinton’s presidency ended when he was impeached for lying under oath. This made people in the country begin to not trust the Clinton Administration. The 90’s ended with the government in pannick in trying to protect themselves from the Y2K Bug. This problem was not just in the US, but worldwide.

By: Leo Azuela

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LAW & JUSTICE

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LAW & JUSTICE There are a few cases of the 1990s that are still famous to this day. The involvement of the media and the Internet publicized and spread awareness about many cases on a national and globalised scale. The OJ Simpson case, the Timothy McVeigh case, and the John Gotti case are still remembered for the tragedy involved and the justice served.

The OJ Simpson case of 1994 - 1995 was possibly one of the biggest and most controversial cases of the decade. OJ Simpson was accused of the murder of his ex - wife Nicole Brown as well as Ronald Goldman. The trial was televised and involved a celebrity, bringing lots of attention to the case.

OJ Simpson was found not guilty, though many believe the case and evidence was mishandled leading to the verdict. However, before the Civil case Simpson was found guilty and had to pay the families.

The Oklahoma City Bombing was a tragic and significant event, leading to the case of Timothy McVeigh in 1995 - 1997. He and Terry Nichols had bombed the Alfred P. Murrah federal Building, a building with a children’s daycare on the bottom floor. There were 168 casualties and was considered the most dangerous terrorist attack on American soil until 9/11.

The case of John Gotti in 1992 brought forth one of the heads of nationalized crime to court. John Gotti was notorious for his involvement with organized crime and was the head of the Gambino family- one of the five most recognized criminal families of America. He was charged with murder, conspiracy, racketeering, obstruction of justice, tax evasion, and money laundering. Gotti was sentenced to life in prison without parole and eventually died in the Medical Facility for Federal Prisoners in Springfiels, Missouri.

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FOREIGN AFFAIRS

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FOREIGN AFFAIRS The Clinton Administration had many different foreign affairs.

President Bill Clinton began with the dispatch of troops in Somalia in 1993.

They were trying to keep the peace in Somalia but there were no clear accomplishments when the troops came back in 1994.

Clinton criticized Bush for not punishing China for abusing human rights. However, Clinton realized China’s economic importance and grip on the U.S. Instead of penalizing China, Clinton strengthened U.S.-Chinese trade relations. He promoted and validated the 2000 China Bill that made China a complete trading partner of the U.S. Middle Eastern diplomacy was the major concern for Clinton. He moderated Israeli and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) meetings.

Clinton made progress in getting Israel and PLO to agree that Palestine have independent rule within Israel. However, progress was deterred and slow after the Israeli president was assassinated. Clinton and Secretary of State, Madeline Albright, spent the rest of the ‘90s trying in vain to get PLO and Israeli relations better. They never accomplished their goal.

By: Leo Azuela

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FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Clinton also made attempts to amend affairs with former Soviet Union territories.

Bosnia: U.S. troops did not intervene until NATO declared a peacekeeping mission to protect the Balkans (1995). The NATO contingent was the only blockage and deterrent from the massacring of Balkans.

In 1994, the U.S. started Operation Uphold Democracy. The operation deployed U.S. troops to Haiti after a military coup overthrew their president and U.N. economic sanctions failed. The U.N. did not militarily intervene until 1995. During Haiti’s political unrest and when the operation was going, many Haitians fled to Cuba to live in Guantanamo Bay, U.S. military base.

The U.S. ran a refugee “safe haven” city maintained 15,000 Haitians in Guantanamo Bay. In Haiti, the dictator was publicly murdering citizens who opposed him, regardless of their stature or accomplishments to society. The Haitian-refugees were seeking political asylum in the United States.

By: Leo Azuela

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DOMESTIC AFFAIRS

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DOMESTIC AFFAIRS Bill Clinton created the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994.

After the end of World War II, the organization was in high demand by free-trade advocates. The streets of Seattle became flooded with protesters trying to stop the WTO from succeeding. These protesters would debate on how the economic globalization would create harmful environmental and human costs. By the end of the protests, trade talks ended and nothing was actually accomplished for the WTO. Gingrich led Republicans to start their new political plan and promised them a Contract with America. These Republicans promised to take on budget deficits and reduces welfare programs. This plan with Republicans known as the Contract with America plan, got Congress to be majorly controlled by Republicans after the 1994 congressional election.

Bill Clinton signed the Welfare Reform Bill of 1996 to create deep cuts in the amount of welfare grants and recipients. This required people on welfare to help immigrants if legal or illegal with finding employment and with helping with restricted benefits.

By: Lilly Enekes

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DOMESTIC AFFAIRS Bill Clinton was an advocate for stricter gun laws and regulations. He introduced multiple bills, which banned various assault weapons and created more regulations to have to be done. In 1999, the school shooting at Columbine High School shocked the nation. Events as such made gun control a major topic in the 90s and this topic would be continuingly discussed for following years.

Clinton began to support the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993. This agreement became the free-trade zone which includes Canada, Mexico, and the US. The organization was disliked by many people worried of losing their blue-collar jobs to lower wage immigrant workers.

When Clinton was elected, he promised to “mend it, not end it” when criticizing assaults such as the California Proposition 209. The California Proposition 209 proclaims about how the “affirmative-action preferences in government and higher education were prohibited.” Sadly, Clinton was unable to undo the measures because of the lack of public support for such affirmative action; many of the minority students temporarily and drastically declined.

By: Lilly Enekes 33

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Book Review Jurassic Park is one of the most famous novels ever made. It is a scientific-novel written by Michael Crichton and was published in 1990. It deals with a billionaire figuring out a way to clone and create dinosaurs. He decides to create a park and then realizes not to mess with mother nature. He and his fellows are now in danger of being eaten by prehistoric creatures as they travel back in time into a Jurrasic like environment.

This novel allowed people in the 90’s to understand dinosaurs and genetic engineering. This book was also written to illustrate the mathematical concept of chaos theory and its real world implications.

This novel was a bestseller and loved by millions worldwide.

By: Leo Azuela

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Crossword

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CELEBRITY GOSSIP

During the 90s, the most talked about gossip occurred when Princess Diana died in a car accident. She had just started to become popular with the paparazzi and her young death at 36 years of age, stopped her from becoming the future queen that she deserved to become.

One of the other major gossips during the 90s was the O.J. Simpson trial. This trial became known as “the trial of the century.�

The most talked about scandal that occurred during the 90s was the Monica Lewinsky scandal with Bill Clinton. This became one of the biggest relationship scandals ever to occur with a president.

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By: Lilly Enekes

Works Cited "Bill Clinton's Administration: Foreign and Domestic Affairs." The 90s (US). N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2017.

Biography of Backstreet Boys bio, history, career, evolution, new jack balladry, hip-hop, R&B music. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2017.

Fairservice, Drew. "10 of the most memorable baseball moments of the 90s." TheScore.com. TheScore, 17 July 2014.

Web. 23 May 2017.

Farago, Jason. "Culture - The '90s: The decade that never ended." BBC. BBC, 05 Feb. 2015. Web. 23 May 2017.’

Grierson, Tim. "Nirvana Biography and Profile." ThoughtCo. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2017.

Grierson, Tim. "Red Hot Chili Peppers Biography and Profile." ThoughtCo. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2017.

Lamb, Bill. "Madonna." ThoughtCo. N.p., 22 Aug. 2016. Web. 23 May 2017.

"Mariah Carey." Biography.com. A&E Networks Television, 28 Apr. 2017. Web. 23 May 2017.

"Michael Jordan." Biography.com. A&E Networks Television, 28 Apr. 2017. Web. 23 May 2017.

Riley, Richard W. "The Improving America's Schools Act of 1994." Archived: The Improving America's Schools Act of 1994. N.p., Sept. 1995. Web. 23 May 2017.

Thackray, Rachelle. "The 50 best selling books of the 1990s." The Independent. Independent Digital News and Media, 25 Sept. 1998. Web. 23 May 2017.

"The Case Profile for the Oj Simpson Case." Cases. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2017.

The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Don't Ask, Don't Tell (DADT)." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., n.d. Web. 23 May 2017.

Tschinkel, Arielle. "The 12 Biggest Celebrity Scandals Of The '90s." Bustle. Bustle, 19 Jan. 2016. Web. 23 May 2017.

Williams, Kailey. "History of Education in the 90's." Prezi.com. N.p., 13 Jan. 2016. Web. 23 May 2017.

"1990s." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 May 2017. Web. 23 May 2017.

"20 Biggest Trials of the Past 20 Years, from O.J. Simpson to Scott Peterson to Casey Anthony." The Daily Beast. The Daily Beast Company, 30 Jan. 2017. Web. 23 May 2017.

"90s Advertisements." Found in Mom's Basement. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2017.

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