1970's = period 9

May 26, 2017 Vol. 2 Edition 10

See the inside scoop on The Beatles and David Bowie!

From the 70s: Record Breaking, Culture Defying Films of the 70s Disco or Rock?

Nostalgic Foods + Drinks from the 70s With a groovy word search

By: Isabella del Rey, Alexandra Ramirez, and Porter Bowen By: Isabella del Rey, Alexandra Ramirez, and Porter Bowen

Table of Contents 1. Polyester Pants and Punk Personalities………………………………………………………..1 2. Nostalgic Foods + Drinks from the 70s…………….…………………………………………..2 3. The Talk of the Seventies…………….………………………………………………………………………..3 4. Recording Breaking, Culture defying, Films of the 70's………………………..4 5. Disco or Rock?…………….……………………………………………………………………………………………...6 6. Battle to Victory…………….….……………………………………………………………………………………….7 7. 1970's TV Word Search…………….…………………………………………………………………………….8 8. Open Education, Open Doors, Open Education….…………………………………....9

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The Domestic Affairs of the 70s……………….………………………………………………...11-12

10. Department of State During the 70s…………….….……………………………………...13-14 11.

Changing Lives One Step at a Time……….…………………………………………………….16

12. A Gained Confidence and a Gained Music Genre….……………………………..18 13. How Life has Changed…….………………………………………………………………………………….20 14. Book Review: Jonathan Livingston Seagull, by Richard Bach……….21 15.

Justifiable Laws and Lifelong Justice….…………………………………………………….23

16. Citations……………….………………………………………………...……………….………………………………….24

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and

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Punk

Personalities

By Isabella del Rey

The 70s was a revolutionary decade for fashion, as it was a stray away from the modest skirts and blouses women wore in the early 1900s. With the Vietnam War looming, the birth of the hippies from the 1960s was still well and growing. The style of the 70s can be divided into two groups, Bohemian-hippie and punk-rock. The hippies are most known for wearing bell bottoms, or jeans that widened at the ankle. This trend was unisex, which was revolutionary, along with the fact that women were gaining rights and speaking out.

Lace and ruffles were popular for tops and women wore cropped shirts, another symbol of their increasing rights and freedom. Peace sign necklaces, the staple of any modern-day 70s Halloween costume, were indeed popular at the time, with doves showing their intolerance of the Vietnam War. Hair was often styled straight, with a slight wave, and it was worn down.

70s fashion can be attributed to the current events of the time, with the war influencing the hippies and a new, undiscovered music genre influencing the punk-rockers. It was a time a free expression, through clothing, especially because of the growing confidence of people at a time of war and cultural revolution.

Punk-rock was a style of music that lived through much of the 80s and 90s, but its beginnings were in the 70s, with bands such as the Ramones and the Sex Pistols making their way to fame. Much how like world peace and gained rights inspired Bohemian clothing, this type of music influenced what people wore in the mid-1970s.

Leather jackets, Doc Marten shoes with large platforms, torn fishnet stockings, and much more were among the punk-rock fever that would consume the entirety of the 80s. All was in black, of course.

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Nostalgic Foods + By: Alexandra Ramirez

There were many foods popular in the 70s, especially some famous recipes that can sum up the decade. A few popular recipes included pineapple chicken, quiche, cheese balls, carrot cake, crepes, and salads. The 70s is the decade where people really started to care about weight. Salads became one of the most popular foods as a result.

Not only will this be the focus on meals, but on snacks and drinks too. One of the most popular desserts from the supermarket was Ding Dongs. These are chocolate cakes with a white frosting filling.

In 1967, Hostess began selling Ding Dongs, and they became popular in the 70s. The name was giving to go with a television ad featuring a ringing bell, hence the name “Ding Dongs�. The company, Hostess, went out of business in 2012 and a new Hostess brand reopened the company in 2013.

A very popular drink in this decade was Hawaiian Punch. The drink still exists today.

In 1934, the drink was created by A.W. Leo, Tom Yates, and Ralph Harrison as an ice cream topping. Customers thought it tasted good when mixed with water so the creators made Pacific Hawaiian products as a drink. In 1962, the first 20 second commercial was produced for the drink, but then, in the 70s the drink really became popular with the majority of flavors being created then as well.

The final nostalgic drink is Tab. Tab is a drink created by the Coca-Cola company after they released Diet Rite Cola which was a huge success. Tab was Introduced in 1963, and really took off in the 70s because the drink was meant to be an alternative option to sugary drinks and to help customers lose weight.

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The Talk of the Seventies

By Isabella del Rey

While David Bowie was in London in 1976, he was spotted during a Nazi salute, but he claimed that he was just waving to fans.

John Lennon was caught under fire in the early 70s when he stated that the Beatles were more popular than Jesus. This angered many fans of the Beatles, especially those who practiced Christianity.

Plastic surgery was a large trend that began in the 1970s. With famous stars claiming that they did not surgically operate on their skin, when it was clearly obvious. Actor Mickey Rourke is an example of plastic surgery outcome.

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Record Breaking, Culture Defying By: Porter Bowen Films of the 70’s During the 70s lots of popular movies had come out. After the release of Jaws, many people were afraid to go into the ocean. It had given people a false perception that sharks were killing machines.

Not only were sharks feared, but their entire population had also decreased dramatically, as fishermen continued to attempt and catch prize winning sharks.

Another box-office record breaking movie entered the theatres in the 70s and scared even the most daring movie-goers.

The Exorcist was one of the top grossing movies racking up around $900 million dollars of today’s currency. Many interviewees recollect the countless spells of fainting and vomiting throughout every theatre showing and the leaving of many guests, as the movie was too intense for some people.

Star Wars was another record breaking movie that won several Academy Awards for its music and special effects.

From today’s point of view, the earlier versions of the Star Wars franchise might not seem to have the best special effects, but back in the 70s they were revolutionary. As Sci-fi wasn’t big back then, Star Wars blew everyone away, not only with the incredible special effects but also with the extremely modest advertisements. Children had henceforth replaced their GI Joes with their Star Wars action figures.

These movies provided record increased the standards of films.

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box-office

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Disco or Rock?

by Isabella del Rey

With one of the most famous pop bands’ breakup, the Beatles, in 1970, the pop genre died down, while the rock and disco genres rose up. Rock bands like Queen, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, The Rolling Stones, AC/DC, The Who, the Eagles, Fleetwood Mac, and Kiss gained fame for their loud sound, electric guitar solos, and their head-banging potential. Those looking for a catchier and more danceable tune, turned to disco bands like ABBA, The Jackson 5, Village People, and KC and the Sunshine Band, hailing from Hialeah, Florida.

Perhaps some of the most legendary rock songs written in the 1970s are Bohemian Rhapsody, by Queen, Highway to Hell, by AC/DC, Stayin’ Alive, by Bee Gees, American Pie, by Don McLean, and We Will Rock You, also by Queen. Some disco hits include YMCA, by Village People, That’s the Way I Like It, by KC and the Sunshine Band and Dancing Queen, by ABBA. Music had a large effect on people, with rock music influencing the punk clothing of the late 70s.

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Battle to Victor

Sports have been popular in America since 1852. In the 70s though, the most popular sports were baseball being the most popular followed by football, soccer, basketball, and boxing.

One of the most famous boxers of the time was Muhammad Ali. His most famous fights was known as "The Fight of the Century". It was probably the most eagerly anticipated fight then and is still tremendously famous to this day. Ali and Frazier, two undefeated boxers, fought against each other and Frazier won only by points.

Baseball was the most popular sport in the 70s. The three teams that won more than one world series in the 1970s were the Oakland Athletics, the Cincinnati Reds, and the New York Yankees.

At the time, Johnny Bench was one of the most famous baseball players. He was the catcher for the Cincinnati Reds. Throughout the entire decade, Bench hit 290 home runs which beat out all the other catchers since no other catcher has even hit 175 in one decade. Bench was the best power hitting catcher in history. He also stole the most bases in the 70's.

In 1970s, the top football team in the U.S was the Miami Dolphins. In 1970, it was the Dolphin's first time participating in the playoffs. Even though they were eliminated in the first game, they were still considered the top team in 1970.

One of the leading NBA teams in the 1970s was the Los Angeles Lakers. In the 70-71 season they placed first in the Pacific Division with a record of 48-38. The Lakers were also one of the originals in the Pacific Division. The Lakers lost to the Bucks in the Western Conference Finals. Then, in the 71-72 season the coaches changed and the Lakers record was 69-13 and they made history with 33 consecutive wins in a row beating the previous record of 20.

They also won the championships for the first time since moving to LA. They also set a record for wins that season and it stayed that way until 1995-1996 when Chicago stole the record.

From the 1970s until now, many teams have changed. These include, the Lakers and the Dolphins. Both teams are not in the top charts anymore and this just shows how times 7change.

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Open Education, Open Doors, Open Opportunities By: Porter Bowen

Education in the 70s was quite a “different animal” than it is now. Where today we have detentions, schools then had the ability to physically hit students. But, education is always advancing and studied in order to find the best and most beneficial methods for students to learn.

Even though they are not actively talked about, the disabled play a large role in education. The educating of these individuals, in the 70s, was not common. Only 62% of the disabled population received an education, then in 1975, a law was passed that gave the disabled the right to receive free education in the public school program.

Transportation to school was mainly focused on race. Most parents disapproved of riding the bus to school because of racial segregation. As a result, 42% of students rode the bus and only 20% of parents approved the idea of riding the bus.

During the 70s, each gender had a very distinct role. The majority of girls who completed school ended up as elementary school teachers and an abundance of boys became, “White-collared Professionals”.

Then again, religion was also relevant. Most parents sent their children to catholic schools and made religion important at home. During the 60s, schools became segregated but Southern governors chose to ignore the act all through the 70s, leaving some Southern schools still segregated.

The most debated topic surrounding education, however, is Open Education. The initial idea around the new type of learning was, sitting in a teacher based classroom was idea inadequate for students. So subsequently, wide, open spaced learning was born. The idea was born from a study that had shown the United States had fallen behind in key subjects like math and science. So Larry Cuban, a Stanford professor, wrote, the teacher based classrooms have been crushing students’ creativity.

"No whole-class lessons, no standardized tests, and no detailed curriculum. The best of the open classrooms had planned settings where children came in contact with things, books, and one another at 'interest centers' and learned at their own pace with the help of the teacher,” wrote Cuban. Although, the whole movement faded just as fast as it appeared within the 70s. Some historians cite the reason for this rapid fading

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of this fad was that the movement became too loud and distracting.

Then thinking of the teachers, they hated it because their class became difficult to control. From the quick fading fads, to the longer lasting development of education, schools have evolved and learned from what they were only a decade ago.

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The Domestic Affairs of the 70s

By Isabella del Rey

In the 70s, three presidents took office, Richard Nixon in 1969, Gerald Ford in 1974, and James “Jimmy” Carter in 1977. They each had different standpoints and views on what their domestic policies should be. One of Nixon’s policies was to land three men on the moon, beating the Soviet Union to it. His policy to improve the economy, more specifically to target inflation, was to freeze rents, wages, and prices. However, this policy did not work very well.

Nixon also ended the mandatory draft, making it completely voluntary. He lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, as well. Nixon campaigned to end cancer by donating 100 million dollars to research on cures, which led to the formation of various cancer organizations. Lastly, he initiated the joining together of the Special Task Forces and the FBI to lower organized crime.

Gerald Ford had some domestic policies of his own. Firstly, he began the WIN policy, which also targeted inflation. The policy proposed tax cuts, which were meant to stimulate the economy, however, this did not work very well either. Although, Ford did have another domestic policy that initiated tax cuts, the Revenue Adjustment Act. 11

Ford also wanted to increase the production of oil in the U.S., so he put a tax on American oil companies. This angered many people, but it was slightly effective. Another one of his domestic policies was to have a more traditional approach to the diversity of schools, even though he did grow up in an integrated school.

The last president to take office in the 70s was Jimmy Carter. His first policy gave 23-30 billion dollars in creating jobs, and this worked very well.

During his presidency, Congress passed his Emergency Natural Gas Act, in which the government was given the authority to distribute interstate natural gas. He lessened the use of fossil fuels with the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, which normally maintained strip mining. Carter also pardoned those from jail who resisted the draft during the Vietnam War. Lastly, he ceased funding for a bomber plane.

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Department of State During the 70s BY: Porter Bowen There were three presidents throughout the course of the 70s.

Each having different approaches to their foreign affairs.

Nixon created a policy called dètente, its purpose is to ease tensions with Communist powers, especially the Soviet Union. In order to open relations with China, Nixon was also the first president to visit China when it was under Communist rule. The purpose of the trip was to initiate trade He also treated China as if Taiwan was its legitimate ruler rather than recognizing China’s communist government being its legitimate leader. Nixon also attempted to cool down the Cold War by way of S.A.L.T, or Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty.

S.A.L.T’s main goal was to restrict the number and type of nuclear 13

warheads and missiles that the United States and the Soviet Union could build and have. In order to solve the War In Vietnam issue, Nixon decided on something called hil Vietnamization. helloss The U.S soldiers would train the South Vietnamese southa a in the ways of war, then as the wars s South Vietnamese learn and begin to fight, the U.S troops could slowly hell remove themselves hi fromthe thewar. war.As from insurance, when h there there was only a few U.S troops left, they bombed cambo to get rid of the Ho Cambodia Chi Minh trail. In addition, he created ABM, or anti-ballistic missiles, these were used to calm U.S-Soviet tensions. He signed the Paris Peace Accords to end the Vietnam War. He, additionally, called the US to act

act within national interest while keeping all treaties with allies. He struggled to create a new relationship in the Middle East, which was Soviet dominated. He started Project Independence, which was used to supposedly end reliance on foreign oil by 1980. Dètente was put to the test during the Cuban Missile Crisis and dètente prevailed. Then, Nixon supported Israel with massive aid.

When Ford became president in 1974, he followed Nixon’s policy of détente. Ford was the one who arranged an airlift to rescue fifty thousand soldiers out of Vietnam. Ford founded the OES, or Bureau of Oceans and International Environments and Scientific Affairs. This was used to combat world-wide environmental issues. He was also credited for reforming the CIA.

Finally when Carter became the new president in 1977, he created the Panama Canal Treaty. This treaty promised to give Panamanians control of the canal by the year 2000. He also successfully made peace between Israel and Egypt. Then he acknowledged the Iran Hostage Crisis. There in Iran at the time, there was countless human life violations over oil. Carter also chose to continue Nixon’s policy of détente. But after several major confrontations with the Russians, Carter ordered a massive five-year build-up of arms. Following a series of events the two countries decided against ratifying SALT II but continued to abide by its terms. Carter also massively improved relations with China by granting the Communist regime formal diplomatic recognition.

This, henceforth reduced tensions between the rest of East Asia as well.

Trade between the US and China ensued China provides the US with consumer goods in return for the U.S’s lumber and food. Carter also passed the Taiwan Relations Act. Thus having an American Institute in Taiwan. On top of that, the U.S also continued supplying Taiwan with arms to protect itself from the mainland, which in effect, kept some 14 tension in U.S-China relations.

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e m i T a tep at

Chan

S e n O s e v i L g gin

By: Alexandra Ramirez

The Presidents during the 1970s were Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter. Nixon was the President from 1969, to 1974. He resigned in 1974, because of the Watergate Scandal. This happened during his second campaign. The scandal was, he hired burglars to break into the democrats office to spy, and in order to not be impeached he resigned.

Nixon also got the US out of Vietnam.

Gerald Ford was president from 1974, to 1977.

He was in office after Nixon resigned because he was Vice President for Nixon. Ford pardoned Nixon so he did not go to jail, and Ford became the first president not elected into office. Ford did not run for a second term, so he just finished out Nixon's. Ford tried to send troops back to Vietnam, but Congress denied it.

Lastly, Jimmy Carter was in office from 1977, to 1981.

Carter tried to lower the unemployment rate and the country's budget. As a result of his hard working effort Carter received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002.

There were a few problems during the decade regarding politics. There also were many strikes which affected the nation. In 1973, there was an oil ban. This was known as the Arab Oil Embargo. political strategy in the late 60s. These people Throughout 1973, the Arabs were fighting with Israel. helped shape a new political movement known as The Arabs lost the war because the Western the "New Right". The people fought against high Hemisphere helped Israel. The Arabs were outraged taxes, environmental regulations, highway speed so they banned oil from going to the Western limits, national park policies in the West, and school Hemisphere. Considering the ban, inflation increased, desegregation plans.

The main goal of this this lead to a huge political debate. This event proved movement was to try and reduce government the West depended so much on the Arabs. This involvement. economic event was the top discussion in politics for a while.

A lot of events in politics and government In the early 1970s the "Silent Majority" shaped occurred in the 70s and some even affected life of the new political movement. This group was the American people. considered the poor taxpayers and they formed a hello 16

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A Gained Confidence and a Gained Music Genre

By Isabella del Rey

The 70s was a revolutionary decade, for many reasons.

People gained confidence in speaking against many things they did not believe in or agree with, the ever-so groovy disco music genre soared in popularity, and bell-bottoms were making their way into fashion magazines everywhere.

In the early 70s, the Vietnam War waged and it was broadcasted on television. After seeing the bloody images of soldiers on television, people protested for the end of the war, and for the beginning of peace. This led to hippiedom, or the lifestyle of a typical hippie who believed in expanding love and peace. War was not the only thing protested for, as the movement encouraged many to fight for women’s rights and environmentalism.

Disco clubs, disco music, and disco clothing were the great fad of the seventies, but many know little about the disco origin-story. In early 1940s France, a club was opened, known as La Discotheque. This was club was unlike any other, since the music played was not live, it was a mix of pre-recorded songs with a person controlling them, or a present-day DJ. In the mid-1960s, nightclubs, featuring DJs, opened all over New York City. Because of the diverse population in New York, these clubs wanted to appeal to the minorities with funk, latin, and soul music, all of which morphed together to create a new style of music, and thus, disco was born.

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How Life has Changed By: Alexandra Ramirez

The 70s lifestyle is a lot different than the lifestyle nowadays. People in the 70s smoked a lot, did not go to universities, did not miss work on foreign holidays, and an abundance of people did not own cars. The average life span then was 68 whereas, now in America it is 79. During this decade, about 24% of men and 13% of women smoked and today only 7% of people smoke. This probably plays a role in why people live longer because the life expectancy was shorter. Also, women in the 70s were married and had their first baby by age of 25.

Decades ago, the average household spent a fifth of their income on food at home and today only 1.5% of Americans income is spent on food at home. Most Americans today, go out rather than cooking. And, instead of the majority of the income being spent on food and essentials, the average household spendings most of their income on electricity.

Another way life was different in the 70s was, not as many people were going to college. Today, a greater number of students want to go, as a result it is a lot harder to get into college. Back then your SAT scores did not have to be perfect to go to Stanford and Harvard, while today your SAT scores have to be almost perfect to get into amazing schools.

Obesity has certainly gone up since the 70s. 15% of Americans were obese then and now, 24% of people in America are diagnosed as obese. Also, in the 70s there was seldom any processed foods considering today the majority of people eat processed foods on a daily bases.

The last major way of life that has changed, is, in the 70s a lot of people did not have cars and either walked, rode the bus, or took their bike everywhere they went. Although today the main mode of transportation is a car. Life has certainly changed from then to now.

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Justifiable Laws and Lifelong Justice By: P orter Bowen

During the 1970s, Supreme Court cases declared much of the same things of that are still hotly debated today.

A major occurrence that is still debated widely throughout the United States is whether abortions are constitutional, Roe vs. Wade. On January 22, 1973, Norma McCorvey was pregnant for the third time and decided she didn’t want the baby but she was unable to get an abortion. The case made it to the Supreme courts where it was a 7-2 Court vote. The Supreme Court decided women should be able to decide whether or not they have a baby. The Court also obliged all 50 states of the U.S to legalize

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abortions for women. Another debated topic is the Equal Employment Opportunity Commision of 1972. It was decided by the Supreme Court that no matter a person’s race, sex, age, or religion, if one is qualified for a job, that person would be able to get the job. That person would not be turned down based on their age or race etc.

Specifically, during the 70s, the EEOC generally dealt with the gender issues following equal opportunities. Throughout the 70s many Supreme Court cases ensued and stated, the voiding of arbitrary height and weight requirements, they abolished slavery mandatory pregnancy leaves, and the courts sustained both state and local laws prohibiting gender discrimination.

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