Culture mapping and Place Making

Cultural Mapping By: Hafizuddin Haron Dip. (ID), BA (Int. Arch), M.Sc., MIID.

Reference: Cultural Mapping: A Guide to Understanding Place, Community and Continuity 2nd Edition, Janet Pillai, 2020

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PART I

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Role of Culture Placemaking and Planning Human settlements and the Phenomenon of Placemaking Human Settlements:

Natural Environment

Human Settlement

Human

The result of reciprocal between people and particular given environment over time.

HUMANS x ENVIRONMENT

Adaptation / Problem solving / Innovation / co-operation / cocreation Interaction between humans and the environment

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Placemaking: To explain that dynamic Settlement Patterns & Expressions

Given Environment & Resources

Social Patterns & Expressions Livelihood Patterns & Expression

process by which people

People

interact with and mold the environment over a period of time for various coexisting

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–

to

CREATE shelter, env. & make a livelihood and build human relations.

Placemaking and it’s outcomes

functions

Creating Settlements

Environment

Culturally Distinct Settlement

Humans

Making a Livelihood

Building Relationship

Cultural dimensions in placemaking

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Environment Dimension

Economic Dimension

Social Dimension

Environment Dimension Natural Physical environment and resources that humans directly depend on and the man-made, built, planted and mined env., modified for shelter, security, sustenance, goods and services Lombok - Source: Hafiz, 2017

Economic Dimension Repeated activities performed by individuals, families or communities as a means to secure / meet the basic requirements of life- FOOD, WATER, SHELTER, etc – both human & env.

Endowments that are available & accessible.

Rattan basket weaving - Source: Lokallocal, 2020

Social Dimension Social & political interactions (worldview, values, beliefs and ideology)

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Yogja- Source: Hafiz, 2013

Role of Culture Placemaking and Planning From Space to Place

place [ pleys ]

noun 1

MATERIALITY + LOCATION + MEANING

Involved with tangible (cultural product) & intangible (making the impacts a people’s sense of identity and belonging). - Paasai (2001) Sense of place I Spirit of place

Yogja- Source: Hafiz, 2013

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Role of Culture Placemaking and Planning

Culture and its Manifestations

culture /ˈkʌltʃə/

noun 1

Viewed as both process and product of

Practices, Norms & Belief system

placemaking.

2

Dynamic force that facilitates human adaptation to new places through the use of available resources and creative ways of thinking and doing

3

Environment

Built Environment Product & Services Aesthetic Expressions Knowledge & Skills

The range of knowledge, experiences and

products

that

useful

are

transmitted through social learning, customary practices and value within society / group 05/10/2020

Elements of culture

Human

Cultural elements are unique to a place.

- Carry meaning and use of particular community and the constructs upon which identity is built.

Tangible and Intangible aspects of culture

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Role of Culture Placemaking and Planning

Cultural and Ecological Perspectives of Place

Ecology

[ɪˈkɒlədʒi,ɛˈkɒlədʒi]

noun 1

INTERACTION

BETWEEN

ORGANISMS

&

ENVIRONMENT

Cultural Ecology [ ]

noun 1

Ways in which culture + cultural change is induced by human adaptation to the environment.

2

The environment influences the character of human adaptation, - the specific physical features of an environment may require specific social and technological adaptation.

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IndonesiaSource: Hafiz, 2015

Ecology of place noun

PLACE

Given built / Natural environment

1

component

USE

Use of place and material resources for human needs and wants

PEOPLE

Knowledge, skills, expressions, norms meanings, systems & value

Can lose its dynamic equilibrium if any one is

weakened,

compromised

/

foregrounded to the detriment of the components.

Culture in Planning noun 1

Urbanization

has

displaced

place

based

communities and their fragile cultural ecologies.

Neighborhoods are consistently being erased and replaced with generic built landscapes.

2

Understanding places and the functions – offers a foundation for how we might begin to plan for the place, while attending to the interconnections

Ecology of place is maintained by ensuring a balance between place, use and people

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between its ecological, social and economic processes.

Environment-al Dimension Buildings, blue & green spaces planted, mined, buried & excavated spaces.

Social Dimension People and their org. system contributing to cohesion, identity, dignity & well-being

Economic Dimension

Activities, assets, and resources that support sustainable livelihood

CULTURAL ways of thinking and doing

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PART II design : homesickdesign 2012 photo by ⼤岩洋介

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An overview of Cultural Mapping

What is Mapping?

mapping [ˈmapɪŋ ]

Noun Graphic representations that facilitate a spatial understanding of things, concepts, conditions, process or events in the human world – Harley and Woodward, 1987.

Mapping and analyses of people, places, activities and objects in relation to notions of time, space, distance or frequency can provide both metaphorical and functional information of relational patterns, hierarchy and categories, movements and Source: London SPECTRUM Map M ᴧ u c o ., Behance.net

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flows in our world.

Micronesian navigational chart on display at the Barkley art Museum and Pacific Fil Archives. From “Micronesian Navigational Chart�, by J. Heaphy, 2016.

Copyright 2016 by Jim Heaphy.

Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons

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Clay tablet with map of the Babylonian City of Nippur (c.1200 BC) and modern topographical overlay map.

Source: M. Krebernik Hilprecht- Sammlung Jena. Sinclair et al. (2010 p. 131)

Photo essay of historic George Town published in the MyGeorgeTown newspaper (2011) Source: Arts-ED

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An overview of Cultural Mapping

What is Cultural Mapping?

HUMAN [S] + ENVIRONMENT Mapping should include: HISTORY, SOCIOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, ECONOMICS AND ARCHITECTURE. Geddes (1909) – “Diagnosed before treatment” Generate detailed knowledge and understanding of place, people and use in time. By combining historical perspectives, field research and ecological thought. To Conduct contextual analysis and assessment of place.

Baeker (2011) – systematic approach to identifying, recording and classifying a community’s cultural resources.

Photo by croter on flickr

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An overview of Cultural Mapping

Why Map

Underlying factor that drive placemaking, and gives rise to unique cultural products and expressions.

Cultural mapping as a tool in planning

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Economic Dimension

Social Dimension

Environmental Dimension

An overview of Cultural Mapping

When to Map

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An overview of Cultural Mapping

What to Map

LAYERS OF MAPPING

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Asset Mapping

Cultural Assets – tangible & intangible cultural products and expressions that bring immediate benefit to individuals or groups within the community ( e.g. fishing, or boat making occupations, foods made from marine products, boats, nets, harvest festival)

Resource Mapping

Cultural Resources– source from which products are accrued and which are important for cultural production and continuity. (e.g. natural coastline and the ocean, marine life, shared community knowledge about nature, occupational knowledge)

Concept Mapping

Cultural concepts – abstract principles, beliefs, and values that underline cultural practices and expressions. (e.g. beliefs and philosophy regarding nature)

Systems Mapping

Cultural systems – organized and interacting mechanisms and networks that allow for the production, consumption and transmission of cultural goods and services (e.g. value chain of seafood business, apprenticeship system)

An overview of Cultural Mapping

Outcomes

Source: Pinterest

An inventory of cultural assets and resources

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Source: Pinterest

Cultural characterization and contextualization of an area.

Source: Pinterest

Condition or vitality of cultural assets & resources and cultural subsystems (site assessment)

Collage by set sail

Insights into how the site functions (place ecology)

PART III

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Culture Mapping Procedure Framing

Shape the project brief

Engagement with Client & Site Reconnaissance

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Profile the site

Determine the Scale & Scope of Mapping

Determine the approach to Mapping

Determine Team and scope of work

Select Tools & Techniques

Setup a Project Manageme nt system

Scale Intimate scale

Determine Team and scope of work

Local Area Study Mapping a single building and its immediate compound (e.g. factory, house and garden, apartment block)

Intermedia Mapping a site (e.g. a street, a neighborhood, an te scale industrial site, a coastal village) Determine the Scale & Scope of Mapping

Determine the approach to Mapping

Select Tools & Techniques

Setup a Project Manageme nt system

Regional scale

Mapping the larger cultural landscape or region surrounding a site Scale of Mapping

•

Establish the Geographical Boundaries of the Mapping Exercise

BUILDING LEVEL MAPPING To study building history, architecture, condition, use and users

SITE / STREET LEVEL MAPPING

To study a cultural landscape, an ensemble of buildings or a street

VILLAGE OR TOWN LEVEL MAPPING To identify assets and resources that contribute to the cultural character & ecology of a place

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Geographical scales of mapping for a local area study

Regional Level Mapping

To study the interdependence of a local area in relation to regional ecology

•

Determine Cultural Dimensions to be Mapped

Integrated mapping, i.e. mapping of a site from a multidimensional perspectives, - important for sustainable planning and development.

The Dimensions of place

Dharavi Water Tower by Lawson Lai

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Mapping past events, experiences, gathering archival documents, stories and memories can reveal the morphology of the physical environment, the movements of people and changes in use activities over time as well as patterns and trends that characterize the site.

•

Determine Cultural Elements to be Mapped

Dimensions

Tangible Elements

HISTORY Collect historical evidence of people, place and use

• • • • •

Past environment Buildings, monuments Artefacts Documents Knowledge bearers

• • • • •

Historical events Migration/settlement patterns Use and activities in the past Memories and meanings Heritage values

PLACE Collect data on current features of the site

• • • • • •

Building, structures Recreational and spiritual spaces Natural environment Planted, mined, buried environment Infrastructure (utilities, roads, parking) Public amenities (e.g. toilets, bins, street furniture)

• • • • • •

Design aesthetic Ownership and management Well-being Scientific and technological value Place identity Symbolic or emotional meaning of spaces to community

PEOPLE Collect Data about individuals and groups that inhabit or use the site

• • • • •

Owners, residents Tenants, newcomers Business, political, social groups User, visitors Other social capital (e.g. leaders, knowledge keepers, networkers)

• • • • •

Skills and knowledge Transmission and communication Relationships and organization system Norms and behavior Value and belief systems

USE Collect evidence of varied use of the site, resources and outputs from use.

• • • • • • •

Cultural products and artefacts Domestic products Industrial products Tools, equipment, materials Records and documents Human Resources Natural resources

• • • • • • •

Livelihood, commercial or industrial use Administrative, educational, health or welfare use Culinary, medical, leisure, social or religious use Technology, design, aesthetics involved Knowledge, skills, processes involved Supporting organizational structures Use value of activities, products and spaces to community.

Potential areas of mapping

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Intangible Elements

Culture Mapping Procedure Mapping

MAPPING Engagement with key stakeholders

Data collections, Analysis & Interpretation

Data Synthesis

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To identify an important driving force in placemaking.

“Stakeholders” – who may have decision making power over the future of the site, or are able to contribute information towards the study.

The engagement should be carefully planned and requires strategic and clear lines of communication, trust and consensus building, alignment of interest and goals.

Mode of communication that “stakeholders” are familiar and comfortable with. ( Format meetings with authorities, popularstyle infographics and informal face-to-face session with the community.

MAPPING Engagement with key stakeholders

Data collections, Analysis & Interpretation

Data Synthesis

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Data collection: Process of gathering and measuring information in a systematic manner.

• Ability to hold different forms of data (e.g. multimedia, statistics, maps, documents); • Accuracy and consistency; • Easy access and easy updating; and • Ensure security of data.

Data analysis: Process of deduction. The different data gathered is summarized, condensed and visualized to give an instant picture in the best possible way. (plans, maps, as well as narrative, pictorial, audio, video graphic or multimodal forms).

Data interpretation: task of drawing inferences from the collected facts after analysis to arrive at a conclusion.

Making sense of data that has been analyzed and presented may involve explaining the data itself in relation to the context, linking it with other phenomena on site – comparing / contrasting it with examples drawn from the outside or in relation to a theoretical premise.

Summarized / visualized data can speak for themselves but need to be interpreted in the site to logically explain the recorded event, image or story / the recorded occurrence of pattern and trends.

Visualizations & interpretations should be include as evidential support when conducting assessment / evaluation

MAPPING Engagement with key stakeholders

Data collections, Analysis & Interpretation

Data Synthesis

DATA COLLECTION TOOLS

DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

DATA VISUALISATION TECHNIQUES

DATA SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES

WHAT COULD BE REVEALED

Oral/ Audio Interviews Storytelling Focus group discussions Expert opinion Audio recordings

1. Organize Categories Classify Rank Sequence Tabulate Locate on Map

Textual Representation Stories Quotations

Textual Diary writing Note taking Listing

2. Summarize Edit Condense Statistical modelling

Map Overlay Approach Layering various information collected on to a geographical map to discern geographical map to discern geographical connectivity

Chronology Location Distribution Frequency Patterns Trends Cause and effect Processes Relationships Networks Cycles Hierarchy Contrasts Connectivity Systems Significance S.W.O.T

Visual Video/drone Sketches Plan drawings Photography 3-D modelling Mind Mapping Numerical Survey (qualitative & quantitative) Observation count measurement scales Secondary Sources Archival documents Publication Statistics

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3. Interpret Describe Explain Compare and contrast Make links Make inferences

Visual Representation Comic strips Photo essay Geospatial Models Drawings Posters Audio Visual Video documentary Podcasts Graphical Representation Maps Technical plans Time series/ timelines Diagrams (histograms graphs, tables) Word clouds Matrix charts Multi-modal Inventory Dynamic mpas

System Approach Identifying interdependent variables on site that form systems which support place and community

•

Map Overlay Approach

Mapping tangible & intangible aspects of a human settlement is complex. Layering helps – organize and integrate the collected data.

Using a scaled topographical model, scaled map / cadastral survey plan as base.

Depending on the ”objective” of the mapping exercise, layering can be thematically oriented (e.g. one layer providing historical information, with the next layer providing historical information, with the next layer providing social or economic information).

The selection creates meaning by allowing readers to make associations between the layers explicitly shown on the map with other extraneous information.

It can be done both digitally / manually.

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Courtesy of Chee Heng Tan

•

System Approach

The dynamics & ecology of a cultural site are supported by systems and subsystems that have been developed over time and are distinct to the locality & cultural life of its inhabitants.

S.A – to investigates and identifies the interdependent variables and constituent parts or elements that work together as a complex whole to form a particular system that is unique to the site / community. i.e. the constituent parts of a local craft industry may include materials sourced from the natural plants in the surroundings, inherited skills and knowledge , family networks and functional products in demand by the local population.

Discovering the cultural distinctiveness of systems is a challenge and requires sensitive investigation to cultural ways of thinking and doing. Understanding culturally distinctive systems is critical to social & economic planning.

Data synthesis using a system approach

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Culture Mapping Procedure Site Assessment

Site Assessment

Site Assessment of character & Significance of Site

Assessment of Assets, Resources & Place Ecology

Recommendations Steps in site assessment

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Mapping procedures can include an assessment of the following aspects of a site: • • • •

The cultural character of site and community; The significance of the site to past, present & future generation A diagnostic assessment of cultural assets and resources; and An evaluation of the ecology of place

Site Assessment

Site Assessment of character & Significance of Site

Assessment of Assets, Resources & Place Ecology

Recommendations Steps in site assessment

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Cultural significance – values ascribed to a site, first and foremost by the community. This to determining if the site is sufficiently valued by stakeholders and users for them to want to safeguards its resources and assets.

ICOMOS Burra Charter (2013) – Cultural significance is a concept which helps in estimating the value of a place for PAST, PRESENT or FUTURE generations. (Historical, scientific, economic, social, spiritual / aesthetic value of the site).

Place Diagnostics Data gathered on different aspects of the site can be used to determine the overall condition and quality of a place from multiple perspectives.

Site Assessment

Site Assessment of character & Significance of Site

The Place Quality Tool is a quick & simple framework that allows for a general place analysis. – quick visual reading of what functions or does not function well in place, identifies gaps and helps priorities areas where intervention may be required.

Assessment of Assets, Resources & Place Ecology

Recommendations Place quality tools Steps in site assessment

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Spider-web / radar chart used to compare 2 / more variables in a two dimensional form. Mapped data may include tangible & intangible aspects of place and is collected in both qualitative & quantitative form.

The assessment provides estimated measurement of the relative quality of various aspects of the site, but not showing the “relationship between the variables”.

SWOT ANALYSIS SOCIAL / ENVIRONMENTAL / ECONOMIC DIMENSION Costs and benefits of cultural assets and resources

PEOPLE Skills, knowledge, attitude, behavior, cultural habits, beliefs, demographics and how they impact the social / environmental / economic dimension

PLACE Buildings, spaces, accessibility, management, amenities and how they impact the social / environmental / economic dimension

Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats Template: SWOT analysis

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USE Activities and use of space, objects and resources and how they impact the social/ environmental/economic dimension

Systems Analysis Cultural vitality is dependent on connections and interrelationships between the dimensions of culture as well as between elements of culture.

This can be used to assess economic, social or ecological systems operating within and supporting a place. i.e. A cottage industry based on local produce, community management of a local festival and upkeep and utilization of a forest by indigenous peoples.

S.A involves the breakdown of a system into its component parts and an investigation of those parts to assess if all the components are working efficiently to accomplish the system’s purpose. Any weakness experienced in one aspect can impact all other parts.

Systems approach to assessing place ecology

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S.A can help identify overlapping and looping subsystems that support a meta-system. Understanding systems is particularly important in helping planners identify strengths and gaps in the system, and planning for more sustainable ways of developing / managing assets and resources.

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Cultural Mapping Procedures

THANK YOU

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