Week 8 E-learning 
Opening in walls
There are many important purposes for openings and they are: -
Lighting Ventilation Enable users to walk in and out from the interior to the exterior
Furthermore, they also have other purposes like: -
Casting different shades at certain seasons Allow sufficient light and ventilation in the building
http://www.viree-malin.fr/guide-de-barcelone-logementpension-visite/
A few examples of building with different openings were mentioned.
This shows how openings can play a huge part in aesthetics as it can take different forms and shapes
One of them is the Cassa Battlo, Barcelone
There are also structural properties in doors and windows Uniform lateral loads are applied to the lintel or the top plate. The load is then transferred to the ground using columns. Slab loads are transferred through inter columns as concentrated loads
Load
Steel is used to make frame openings
Stiffening
Steel column that frames the opening
Stairs are also used as bracing and to stiffen the structure of the building.
For timber structures, timber stud frames are used Jack studs
Stiffening from stairs acts as a brace via tensile strength
Lintel- carry load around the window
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Glass/ Glazing
Glass has many properties that make it a good material to be used in buildings. -
Has a high melting temperature Has a long life with those added with stabilisers
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Made from a mixture of sand Is a midway from a solid to liquid which gives its crystalline structure Dense (heavier than concrete) Elastic (however it has a breaking point) Brittle Chemical resistant Durable Acts as an electrical insulator Hard Optical (gives the transparent or translucent appearance)
Glass block wall drawing which is at the scale of 1:10
There are many types of glass made and used since the 11th century -
Sheet glass Drawn glass Laminated glass Tempered glass Float glass (clear float glass. Laminated glass) Wired glass Patterned glass Glass fibres
Tutorial We were required to draw a 1:1 scale of a section from the plan given of Queens College. The section that I was required to draw was the section of the wall system with the glass blocks and the roof structure that acts cantilevers that is located at the veranda of the college
The roof section at the scale of 1:10
The materials used are: -
Scaled ruler ruler Pencil Eraser
Finish drawings:
Scale ruler
Pencil eraser
Using the 1:10 side of the scale ruler, the plan is measured. Then the measurement is transferred to the paper and drawn using a long ruler and pencil to the actual scale.