The Wandering Hole | Thesis (english version) by Hann L Ore

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THE WANDERING HOLE Âť The

l argest man-made holes in the world And their consequences

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The hole :

Lake(2090)

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1995

Master thesis by Hannah Hiecke, Information Design (M.A.), Design Academy Eindhoven, June 2015 Mentors : Simon Davies, Nikki Gonnissen, Joost Grootens, Jennifer Pettersson, Arthur Roeloffzen and Gert Staal

Supply (RWE Power AG);

Activists;

Demand;

Politics;

Pro-Resettlement;

Contra-Resettlement;

Community;

Critic;

Research

A bs tr act

The broad range of research sources regarding this topic indicates multifaceted perspectives from which to question the necessity, sustainability of “‘Garzweiler II’”, and the legitimacy of each of the interest groups involved. This research was implemented in form of the design project “The wandering hole”, which shows the interwoven multitudes of contrasts and dimensions. Looking in detail at the complexity at hand highlights the dynamic movements around and differing understandings of its various elements. Each position reacts differently to the economic realities. “The wandering hole” creates transparency, sensitivity and an opportunity to bring the viewer closer to the various perspectives involved in “‘Garzweiler II’”.

To the current day, Germany counts worldwide as a model for the utilisation of and investment in renewable energy. Measures such as the exit from stone coal and nuclear power generation in the near future have contributed to this image. But these decisions have consequences and are becoming a tangible reality in projects such as the brown coal strip mine “‘Garzweiler II’”. “‘Garzweiler II’” is a migratory brown coal strip mine moving steadily through the landscape of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany in order to provide a constant supply of energy from brown coal. “The wandering hole” examines the effects and reactions triggered by the mechanisms and dynamics regarding “‘Garzweiler II’”. The “‘Garzweiler II’” situation is representative of a number of economically utilised areas in Germany. Beyond that, similar conditions appear worldwide, where the interests of a community collide with individual circumstances. The present research is based on studies on village sociology, geography, and environmental psychology. These studies in the context of “‘Garzweiler II’” show a range of local, social, ecological as well as global effects of human interference with nature. Consequences can be shown to be expected for the near as well as distant future. “The wandering hole” visualises the relationship between the energy revolution, the large German utility corporation RWE, political as well as global decisions and their influence on long-standing structures, systems and relatively small seeming elements like families, communities, and the notion of home.

Photo : Open brown coal pit in Germany 1990

Legend

geogr aphical

energy source

Farmland Brown coal Field Ground water Park Sand or ‚excavation material ‘ Lake Forest

Nuclear energy Open brown coal pit Natural gasoline Mineral oil Renewable energy Biogas Sun Wind Water Other energy sources Opencast lignitic coal pit Thermal power station Hydroelectric power plant

Infr astructure Autobahn (highway) Railroad Gas pipe Oil pipe Motorway Street Water

Other Cultivation Digger Inner harbour Airport Leisure time Industry Pumps Opencast pit ‘Garzweiler II’ Stock farming

City ( < 100.000 population) Large city ( > 100.000 population) Megacity (> 1.000.000 population) House or block of buildings

interest groups The present research and design project „The wandering hole“ is used to

Other resourceS

represent and raise awareness of the individual involved interest groups. For this purpose the different interest groups are distinguished in the course of the thesis :

Iron Tin Copper Zinc Nickel Chrome Manganese Aluminium Lead Gold Silver Salt Potassium Sulphur Spar

Supply by energy company (RWE Power AG) Activists (From non-governmental, environmental and nature protection till voluntary committed organizations)

Demand ( From local, national till global users) Politics (Governing parties in NRW) Resettler Pro-resettlement (Unanchored-to-home) Contra-resettlement (Anchored-to-home ) Community (Example : Rifle assoication

Borschemich)

Audience : Critiv (Example UN Climate Change Conference) Audience : Designer (Positioning of the narrative

and investigative research)

Fluorite Asbestos Talc Phosphor Gypsum Titanium

CONTENT 03

ABSTRACT

CommuniCation

LEGEND

Criticism

Social Networks

introduction

Garzweiler

[ Opencast pit in Germany 1968 – 2050 ]

RESEARCHmethod

16 17 17 18

Borschemich

evaporating homelanD

Definition of the Sense of Home

The Awareness of Surroundings

Orientation & Aesthetics

(Social) Constructivist Landscape Research

The Location-Updating Effect

friction

economy & common Good

Design Approach

Methodology

Implementation of the Design Approach

Positioning

RESEARCHare a NORTH RHINE WESTPHALIA

NRW’s Energy Policy

BROWN COAL IN NRW

Formation of Brown Coal

Problem

RESEARCHQuestion

Quality of the Brown Coal from the Garzweiler Strip Mine

The Rhineland Mining District

RWE ( Rheinisch–Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk )

PRESENCE

STABILIT Y

IDENTIT Y

MEMORIES

JUDICIARY

APPROVAL

THE RIGHT TO A HOME

Resistance and Solidarity

consequences

MIGRATION

CONSEQUENCES FOR THE L ANDSCAPE

TOTAL LOSS

open brown coal pit IN Germany : Today

Inefficiency

Future

current Situation

conclusion

appendix

INTERFERENCE With NATURE

Dewatering

Woodland Clearing

Reclamation

Final-Cut Pits

SOcIAL CONSEQUENCES

PROCESS

resources

Partial Resettlement

REFERENCE – Intervie w

cONcEPT

REFERENCE – bücher

Community

REFERENCE – PDFS / Links

COMPENSATION

REFERENCE – VIDEOS

UPROOTING & E XPROPRIATION

REFERENCE – Other

Inde x

COMPENSATION

resettlement

Social Changes

introduction

figure 01 : Economic use in NRW

figure 02 : Urban agglomeration in NRW (dark means high density of agglomeration)

figure 0 3 : Commuter in NRW

figure 0 4 : (Large) cities in NRW

Germany as a whole sources almost a quarter of the energy mix it consumes from local brown coal. The industrial utilisation of brown coal as a resource has a history of almost 200 years in Germany and forms the origin of German industrial history (see Ta ble 01 on the next page). The locations of brown coal power plants indicate the areas with the highest industrial activity. The largest industrial region lies in North Rhine-Westphalia - NRW (see Fig. 01). Economic hubs are not only attractive for companies, but also a magnets for many people (see Fig. 02) working or looking for work in that industry. A mutual economic dependence becomes evident (see Fig. 0 3). Over time, industrial history has developed its own mechanism and legitimacy .

Around 18 Million people live in NRW; it is the most populous of the German federal states . In 2014, there were 29 cities (see Fig. 0 4), with a rising tendency for growth1. In no other area of Germany are population density and industrial activity as high as in NRW2. This makes the area particularly prone to clashes of economic, social and political interest groups. The dynamics and tensions of an industrialised country and their consequences become apparent. Economic phenomena and proportions particularly stand out: It is a construct of power, money, sacrifices for the greater good, dependency and insecurity, rethinking, trust and distrust. Added to this is a growing awareness for the environment and sustainability . Climate change causes a change in 1 City with more than 100,000 inhabitants (Source: http://universal_lexikon.deacademic.com/35009/Gro%C3%9Fstadt 26 January 2015) 2 „The excellent infrastructure, the central location and the people‘s high qualifications have made the most populous of the German federal states an economic power on an international scale in its own right. North Rhine-Westphalia ranks among the world‘s best in many economic indicators.” (Translated quote) [ Source: http://www.nrwinvest.com/nrwinvest_deutsch/NRW_ im_Ueberblick/Daten_Fakten/Wirtschaftsregion/index.php ( 26 January 2015 ) ] 10

‚The wa ndering Hole‘

Figure 05 : History and development of RWE as a monopoly company in the Rhineland

many views, and there will be, and will have to be, some restructuring. Energy generation from brown coal is inefficient and one of the energy sources causing the most damage to the environment3. Brown coal strip mines and power plants attract increasing criticism. The debate on the issue of harmful emissions gains more and more weight. In contrast to sustainability-focussed rethinking, lignite strip mining continues to stand as a leading element of industrialisation in the Rhineland: After Germany’s exit from stone coal (2006) and nuclear power generation (2011), brown coal is one of the last remaining fossil energy sources that guarantees a continuous supply of electricity. Furthermore, the technical requirements for generating energy from brown coal are met. The arising conflict drags instances such as politics, authorities and judiciary into a tangle with large corporations. With regard to future climate conferences, energy from brown coal - due to its high divergence in cost, efficiency, and environmental impact - will be increasingly harder to justify. At the same time, brown coal in Germany is a major economic player not to be dismissed, for instance as an employer. The aspects of the debate around brown coal have fundamentally diverse viewpoints and reasonings in a variety of magnitudes. These points and criteria only become a tangible reality in the face of the actual area. As soon as implementation begins, complementary expectations, the interest groups’ ideas of values and utilisation, as well as dimensions and power relations, become visible. This master thesis aims to document and analyse this:

On the one hand, interest groups form that are primarily interested in brown coal as a source of energy. (See Fig. 05) For one, in the shape of a large public limited company (in this case, the RWE Power AG) , who makes money by turning brown coal into electric energy. This satisfies the majority of Germany’s energy demand. Connected to them is the interest group that determines demand . It ranges from individual households to big business. The consumers have an expectation of a stable, affordable electricity price. On the other hand we have the interest group of people who are mainly interested in the speck of land that is their home; here, we roughly distinguish between those unanchored-to-home those anchored-to-home (chapter “Memories”, p. 25). Connected to them is the interest group of activists who represent the concerns of nature and environmental protection. Politics forms another interest group . Germany’s modern political philosophy generally puts the interest of the ‘common good’4 first. . Meaning here, both the covering of basic needs, in this case guaranteeing the security of energy supply, as well as protecting the fundamental rights of each individual citizen. None of the interest groups can be clearly defined. The groups are multifaceted in themselves. And yet a rough classification helps to clarify the dynamics, complexity and the issues resulting from them. It must be noted that there are conflicting interests and values regarding 4 Adam Smith: „The common good is the result of peaceful processes striving for the realisation of individual ambitions. ‚Common good‘ and ‚individual good‘ thus are inseparably related. Politically pursuing a common good is postulated as impossible and counter-productive.” (Translated quote) by Martin Gessmann (Ed.): Philosophisches Wörterbuch. - 23th Edition. - Kröner, Stuttgart, 2009: ‚Bonum commune‘

3 Source: http://www.co2-emissionen-vergleichen.de/Stromerzeugung/CO2-Vergleich-Stromerzeugung.html ( 26 January 2015 )

Supply (RWE Power AG);

Activists;

Demand;

Politics;

Pro-Resettlement; 11

Contra-Resettlement;

Community;

Critic;

Research

Ta bLE 01 : Opencast pit in Germany 1968 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2050

the mining area. For one side, it is priceless and irreplaceable homeland and cultivated land, for the other side it’s a valuable resource.

tion which implications the ‘Garzweiler II’ project has on the various structures. Also, how varied, extensive and pervasive the resonances are. Borschemich was chosen as the location for this investigation and thus stands as representative for the research on the topic of living with coal. Based on various dimensions, the research investigates relationships and effect mechanisms. The village of Borschemich is being officially resettled since 2005, with its ultimate demolition scheduled for 2015. Using Borschemich as an example, the present master thesis shows the social and anthropological impact on the structure of a community. Borschemich shows the extent of change on a smaller scale. This study aims to close a gap between the portrayals by different interest groups. The reader will be presented with the rationale, relationships and emerging issues of ‘Garzweiler II’: This research and the associated design project aims to promote sensitivity to the differing perspectives of the interest groups involved. Which dynamics are involved in the Project? And how extensive and pervasive is the impact of the ‘Garzweiler II’ project on the interwoven systems?

To illustrate the opposing interests, tensions, issues, and resulting conflicts regarding lignite mining in Germany, this master thesis focusses on the research area of ‘Garzweiler II’. The German State approved the ‘Garzweiler II’ project in 1995. With this act, federal politics gave NRW permission to extend the brown coal mine ‘Garzweiler I’ by an area of 4,800 hectares. The compelling point for politicians at the time was that they were acting in the common interest and ensuring a secure power supply . This was supported on the legal level by the following rationale :

The aim of this work is to create transparency, a sense of the various groups, and an overview. This is to be achieved by offering a basis for discussion that is as objective as possible, for identifying issues and finding solutions with the help of the design project. To this purpose, the following research question is being investigated with the aim of enabling a largely neutral portrayal of the subject:

» [ To ] continue to guarantee Germany’s economic success and independence « 5. With political permission, the project ‘Garzweiler II’ was set in motion, with consequences that can be shown to have been far-reaching, long-term and up to irreparable. The implications reach far beyond the exploited area and material values : Nature is being completely destroyed. The largest and most important groundwater reservoir in Germany is being substantially impaired to the point of not being able to be revegetated. Historically grown towns are being dissolved, putting their social networks under heavy strain. Add to this the so far barely estimable environmental effects of emissions at the point of extraction, transport as well as processing . The affected region has been living with these interferences for a while : In 1995, a project was set in motion with ‘Garzweiler II’ that can’t be simply brought to an end either . The first part of the research will examine the details and relationships surrounding the ‘Garzweiler II’ project. The demonstrated circumstances and tensions lead to the ques5 Translated quote; Source to case law in an indictment amongst others against the lignite strip mine ‘Garzweiler II’: https://openjur.de/u/124287.html ( 15 December 2014 )

‚The wa ndering Hole‘

Supply by the energy provider

Activists

(RWE Power AG)

Activists

(Non-governmental, environmental and nature protection organizations)

Demand

Politics

(Local user)

(Nationwide user)

Pro-resettlement

Contra-resettlement

(Anchored-to-home)

Activists

(Voluntary committed organizations)

Politics

(Governing Party 2015)

Community

(Unanchored-to-home)

Audience/ Critic

(Example : Rifle assoication)

(UN-Climate Change Conference)

Figure 06 : Involved interest groups and perspectives

RESEARCHQuestion

RESEARCHMETHOD

Can a detailed study, structural analysis and multifaceted comparison of the complexity, the diversity of dimensions and information of a project such as ‘Garzweiler II’ support transparency, sensitivity and ultimately consensus-finding?

Problem Through the present research, it quickly emerges that the subject carries with it an enormous complexity, variety of information, and lack of transparency. The implications of the ‘Garzweiler II’ project are manifold and are met with very varying reactions within the surrounding affected structures. The large number of interest groups creates viewpoints that are in part even complementary. This results in perceptions and consequently views that are in part very different, as well as diverging notions of right and wrong.

Supply (RWE Power AG);

Activists;

Demand;

Politics;

Pro-Resettlement; 15

Contra-Resettlement;

Community;

Critic;

Research

Previous discussions on the necessity of brown coal energy and the associated implications are rife with allegations of miscommunication and misinterpretation of data. There are further allegations of rash judgment, imparting half-truths, concealing and withholding information, lack of transparency, and corruption. This greatly disrupts productive discourse. So far, no constructive conflict could result from it. The consequences are hardened fronts, lack of trust and understanding, ignorance, fears and a sense of being patronised. It is clear that information, data and facts have a range of possible interpretations. Accordingly, each interest group constructs and advocates different truths (see Fig. 06). In addition, affected groups are exploited by, for instance, the media, or a respective interest group, for example in politics.

of the facts, information can be brought together on a single plane. This approach is not meant to take away from the issue, but rather offer one common plane. All interest groups are to be included and should aim to debate constructively with a common ‘language’. Through effective conflicts forward-facing decisions and solution models can be identified. Criticism and questioning are the basis for any development: to give shape to opportunities and problems. Methodology The subject at hand is treated with a methodology similar to the one used by “The wandering hole” in researching the area and structures : The topic is fragmented, analysed, organised, and reordered; and thus fully refurbished. This full refurbishment is equivalent to the regional development6 by RWE; one of the reasons RWE gave for restructuring the cultivated land was redevelopment of the region in light of current standards. The fragmentation, like in the project “Disassemble” by McLellan (see Fig. 07) enables the illumination of each individual part of a complex.

Design Approach The necessity to implement this issue as an information design project lies in the objective to create transparency . A clear portrayal of the issue at hand results from a critical, rational, equal and accurate examination of the ‘Garzweiler II’ project. There is an opportunity to create clarify, order, and, through the multitude of possible interpretations, at least an attempt at equal treatment of the various ‘truths’. Misinterpretations and false information are to be avoided in the process. Through a detailed and investigative analysis

A multi-page analysis of the respective components renders the deposited complexity as a whole more tangible and transparent. 6 Source RWE Website : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/de/1140406/umsiedlung/ wie-funktioniert-umsiedlung/vertraege-regelwerke/bkp-braunkohlenplan/ (28 February 2015)

Figure 07 : Project ‚Disassemble‘ by the canadian photographer Todd McLellan. His latest series shows daily items in a unique, dismantled and exposed form ; 2013 16

‚The wa ndering Hole‘

One example would be the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris in November 20157, which represents a target scenario for the design project. On the one hand, this event is important for the future of ‘Garzweiler II’ and on the other hand, almost every interest group will have representatives in the audience.

Positioning When implementing the design approach through the described methodology, the author is meant to step into the background. The aim is to avoid imposing a certain position. Rather, the design work acts as a director, providing and arranging stages for the respective groups. The objective is achieving a neutral and equal portrayal of the situation. Creative measures purely serve to communicate all the different possible interpretations on a single plane, leaving the viewer to form their own opinion. Within the framework of the research at hand, marking of the ‘interest group’ (see up to p. 05) supports this approach. A completely neutral position is impossible, since every process of information processing necessitates some interpretation for organising it. Design decisions are being made accordingly. This serves primarily for structuring, not for expressing opinion. The aim is providing a nuanced way for the viewer to access the topic.

Figure 08 : Extract of a glossary; Example by the understanding of ‚Home‘

Furthermore, the methodology of this thesis is modelled after media such as encyclopedias or atlases. These media aspire to examine complex topics in multi-faceted ways. In encyclopedias, for example, a term will be assigned different meanings in different contexts (see Fig. 08). The circumstances are examined in different dimensions and planes in order to highlight the accord as well as discord in the various understandings (form up to ). The methodology of unfurling and analysing the fragments aims to visualise the varying views and rationales. Finally, the results of the analysis are presented on one plane: Every perspective has its ‘space’ to represent its own legitimacy. The sensitivity and stimulation towards its respective motivations are being encouraged. The approach of the viewer and the absorption of information through the project “The wandering hole” can be customised. Thus, “The wandering hole” sketches out the issue of finding a common consensus. At the same time, the extent and relative magnitudes of economic phenomenon and emotional dramatics are conveyed. Implementation of the Design Approach The design project “The wandering hole” visualises the complexity of life with coal in the Rhineland mining district of Germany. Thus, the implementation of the design approach is to serve as tool, basis and common denominator for future discussion fora. Supply (RWE Power AG);

Activists;

Demand;

Politics;

7 Full original title: United Nations Climate Change Conference, also called (world) climate summit or world climate conference. Prospective date: 30 November – 11 December 2015. [ Further information: http://climate-l.iisd.org/events/unfccc-cop-21/ and http://newsroom.unfccc. int/ ( 11 February 2015 ) + Video about the UN Climate Change Conference 2014 in Lima, Peru : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PiVFtZN0t2c ( 08. March 2015 ) ]

Pro-Resettlement; 17

Contra-Resettlement;

Community;

Critic;

Research

ResearchAre a :

Figure 09 : The research area Borschemich and its forthcoming open brown coal pit ‚‘Garzweiler II’‘ in NRW, Germany (March 2015)

The research at hand examines the space between business and the fate of the individual on the basis of the ‘Garzweiler II’ project. The detailed portrayal of the situation aims to facilitate an effective conflict for instance about the shift in values between the common good, the good of the individual, and economic viability. What are the possibilities for an investigative analysis with a creative background? Can a shift in thinking or a level of empathy be achieved? Can a basis for constructive debate help reach consensus? The ‘Garzweiler II’ project serves in this context as a research focus to outline the economic dynamics and mechanisms and resulting external tensions on structures that have been developed and have existed over many years.

tral Europe. Germany’s most abundant water reservoir lies under the largest part of NRW. With a population of nearly 18 million, NRW is the most densely populated and most urban of Germany’s federal states. Unemployment lies at 7.8%9. NRW counts as the most popular immigration destination in Europe10. Characteristic for NRW are several key industries which make NRW one of Germany’s industrial centres. Coal mining is the origin of the Rhineland’s industrial heritage. NRW’s Energy Policy With the Agenda 2020 , Germany has set itself some ambitious climate goals in connection with the Kyoto Protocol II, for example to reduce greenhouse emissions by 40% by 2020, compared to 1990. In 2014, a reduction of 23.8% compared to 1990 had been achieved. The near-term deadline of the agreement strongly influences any energy policy. In 2012, Hannelore Kraft (NRW Minister-President11) stated that by the year 2015, at least 30% of all power generated in North Rhine-Westphalia was to be produced from renewable sources. At the same time, the industrial focus of its economy was to be preserved12. For the transition phase, the

NORTH RHINE WESTPHALIA (NRW) NRW is the westernmost state of Germany, sharing borders with the Netherlands and Belgium. One of the largest brown coal deposits in Germany lies in NRW. In addition, NRW features fruitful lands with historic communities and abundant nature. Among these features are the fertile loessic soil as well as the roughly 12,000 year old Hambach forest8, one of the last ‘primeval forests’ in Cen-

9 Average unemployment in Germany was 6.3% in 2014 http://de.statista.com/ statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/ (04 December 2014) 10 Source on migration and attractiveness of NRW as a destination for (qualified) Immigrants from all over Europe: https://www.stiftung-mercator.de/de/presse/mitteilungen/nachrichten/nrw-beliebtes-ziel-fuer-zuwanderer-aus-der-eu/ and here: http://www.svr-migration.de/ content/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Web_SVR_Jahresgutachten_2013.pdf (21 January 2015)

8 Source : http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambacher_Forst ( 20 January 2015 ) „According to legend, many villages owe the Bürge forest to St. Arnoldus. The users of the Bürge woods were obliged to pay an annual fee called Wachszins” (Translated). This means that Bürge forests have been particularly protected and preserved as far back as in Roman times. But the Hambacher forest never have been officially approved as forest that have to be protected by any justical principle. Thus, the Hambach forest has long maintained and protected. However, it has failed to protect the forest by the law.

11 Since 2007, Kraft has been the SPD state chair in NRW and since 2009 deputy federal chair of the SPD. Minister-President of NRW since 2010 and at least until the next state elections in 2017. 12 Article „Kraft bremst bei der Energiewende“ in the Süddeutsche Zeitung. Source : http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/koalitionsverhandlungen-in-berlin-kraft-bremst-bei-der-energiewende-1.1804563 ( 19 February 2015 ) 18

‚The wa ndering Hole‘

mining of local coal would continue to be supported, as well as the construction of coal-fired power plants would continue to be possible on the basis of existing laws.

reach ever deeper layers of brown coal. This removes the natural boundaries of brown coal seams that lie too deep down as an obstacle.

» It is important that we preserve the industry jobs in our state «, H. Kraft said.13

Formation of Brown Coal Brown coal is formed over the course of many millions of years in swamp areas from decayed plants. The main period of its formation lies in the tertiary period (about 25 million years ago). » First moor, then peat, then brown coal, after that black coal, then graphite and then diamonds, we just can’t wait that long «15, says Mr. Kunde, RWE’s head of the Garzweiler strip mine.

1990

Today, brown coal can only be found in a few isolated areas. The former bay where NRW now lies fulfilled all the conditions necessary for the formation of brown coal. Over the years, the current brown coal layer (or seam) has sunk lower. Hermetically16 sealed from the surface, the layer was exposed to high pressures and temperatures. This started the coalification process17. Seams can occur in depths ranging between 20 and 350 metres and have a diameter of 3 to 100 metres. After having descended, the brown coal seams now lie under various strata of sand and rock, which are called ‘overburden’. More than ten tons of overburden need to be removed for each ton of brown coal to be mined18.

2014

Figure 10 : Electricity generation in Germany

The NRW state government publicly banks on investing in the development of renewable energies on the one hand, and at the same time on the use of conventional energy sources (see Fig. 10). However, the UN climate conference at the end of 2015 puts pressure onto the respective state governments to redirect energy policy measures.

BROWN COAL IN NRW

The economic use of brown coal started at the end of the 18th century. This ties the economic progress of Germany, and NRW in particular, closely to its coal mining activities. During the period of industrialisation, its independence in energy generation afforded Germany a rank of global significance that it maintains until today. By earlier standards, power from brown coal had the lowest production costs compared to other sources of energy14. Brown coal in itself is cost free . It is the most important national energy source and is not, unlike oil or gas, dependent on the global market and global politics . Despite the well-known inefficiency of brown coal, the tendency from various sides is towards a continued mining of brown coal. A continuous further development of and investment in new technologies makes it possible to

Translated quote from the Interview with Lutz Kunde on 17 February 2015

Hermetical means airtight, untouched by air

13 Translated quoty; Article „Kraft bremst bei der Energiewende“ in the Süddeutsche Zeitung.[ Source : http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/koalitionsverhandlungen-in-berlin-kraft-bremst-bei-der-energiewende-1.1804563 ( 19 February 2015 ) ]

17 Source: http://artikel.schuelerlexikon.de/Chemie/Entstehung_und_Verwendung_ von_Braunkohle_und_Steinkohle.htm ( 31 January 2015 )

Source: http://www.oeko.de/oekodoc/55/1998-001-de.pdf ( 18. Jan 2015 )

Supply (RWE Power AG);

Activists;

Demand;

Politics;

Pro-Resettlement; 19

Source : http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergregal ( 30. Januar 2015 )

Contra-Resettlement;

Community;

Critic;

Research

The Rhineland Mining District About 4500 AD the first farmers settled in what is now the Rhineland mining district. With their still very simple means, they could only harvest on very fertile soil. This they found between Aachen and Cologne. The soil was exceptionally fertile loess soil, and the mild, dry climate was well suited for agriculture. About 5000 years later, the Romans dominated the densely populated region and built estates, villas and military roads. The region was called ‘granary’19 for its strong agricultural suitability. Many villages formed along the trade routes. Temporary French occupation, revolution and administration of the region helped to quickly modernise its economy. The French Mining Act of 1812 declared lignite a “regal mineral”20 and regulated the - previously unrestricted - mining of lignite. Brown coal was the “poor people’s heating fuel”21. Today, the brown resource counts with a 24% share of the federal republic’s energy mix as the main contributor to its power supply . The main share of it is mined in the Rhineland mining district, where it is also directly processed further. It is the location of large-area and high quality brown coal deposits with up to 55 billion tons of lignite22.

RWE ( RHEINISCH-WESTFÄLISCHES ELEKTRIZITÄTSWERK ) RWE is the stock company and utility corporation behind the ‘Garzweiler II’ project. The corporation is one of the most influential companies and largest employer in the Rhineland mining district. With its numerous subsidiaries, RWE has influential contacts on all levels: Politics, public and private authorities, local administration and media (see Fig. 11) . In addition, a number of global successor and affiliated companies (see Fig. 13) are connected with the corporation. RWE owns a large global network (see Fig. 12). RWE Brown coal committee National district District chief executive Parliament (state)

» A supply [ of lignite in the Rhineland mining district ] with an energy content equivalent to the Iranian oil reserves. « 23

Politics Police

Figure 11 : Example of linked instances by the example of John Kaptain, chairman of the brown coal committee for ‚‘Garzweiler II’‘ until 1989

19 „Due to the high to very high quality of its soils, the Jülich-Zülpich Börde region was known as the granary of the Holy Roman Empire. Corresponding to this long history of agricultural use, the Jülich and Zülpich Börde today are forest-free with the exception of the Bürge woods.“ ( Translated ) [ Source : PDF by Forschungsstelle Rekultivierung „Rekultivierung im rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier – Exkursionsführer Teil I“ by Achim Schmacher, Maren Stollberg, Ulf Dworschak, Jochen Weglau et al. 2011 ( 29 January 2015 ) ] 20 „The Bergregal, or Bergwerksregal, was the historic right of ownership of untapped mineral resources in parts of German-speaking Europe.“ (Translated) [ Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergregal ( 24 March 2015 ) ] 21 Source : “Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und seine Folgen”, by Albert Kirschgens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock, and Bernhand; Lins, page 83 22 „[In the Rineland mining district] there is a deposit of around 55 billion tons of lignite covering an area of 2500 square kilometres. This region is the largest contiguous lignite deposit in Europe and has, with nearly 60%, the largest share of extraction in Germany.” ( Translated ) [ Source : http://www.energiewelten.de/elexikon/lexikon/seiten/htm/010405_Braunkohlereviere_und_Reserven_in_Deutschland.htm ( 29 January 2015 ) ]

Figure 12: Examples of oil and gas production foreign locations own by RWE

23 Source : http://www.oekoplus.sepeur-media.de/RUBenergie/Braunkohle.php ( 21 December 2014 )

‚The wa ndering Hole‘

Subsidiary companies :

Partner, splitter- or succession companies :

Figure 13 : Interlocking of RWE (Partner, Subsidiary-, splitter- or succession companies)

According to RWE, the company is one of Europe’s five leading electricity and gas companies24 : » Through our expertise in lignite production, in electricity generation from gas, coal, nuclear and renewables, and in energy trading as well as [...] distribution and supply, we are active at all stages of the energy value chain. Around 60,000 employees supply over 16 million electricity customers [...] with energy, both reliably and at fair prices. In fiscal 2013, we recorded approximately €54 billion in revenue. [...] The European energy sector is undergoing fundamental change. Political intervention is making our business challenging [ with reference to the German market ]. «25

Figure 14 : Development of RWE share from 1985 up to today (2015)

Where 59% are institutional investors, 25% communal shareholders and only 13% are private shareholders. This shows close links with local authorities and businesses. RWE needs restructuring. The “RWE 2015” programme formulates strategies for cost reduction. According to the RWE website, measures such as investment in renewables and the modernisation of network infrastructure are planned :

RWE communicates an awareness of ongoing changes in the energy supply system both in Germany and across Europe. RWE sees a ‘threat’ to the corporation in the slowly declining interest in conventional power plants at the hand of rising subsidies for renewable energies in Germany. This has an effect on the balance sheets of the energy provider (see Fig. 14) :

» Despite difficult framework conditions, we want to play our part in the continued development of the European energy system [...] by offering a wide range of innovative energy products and services. « 26

24 In Europe, RWE is in third place as electricity provider. Source under the menu item „Profile“ : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/1029638/rwe/about-rwe/profile/ ( 24 March 2015 ) 26 Translated source under the menu item „Profile“ : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/ en/1029638/rwe/about-rwe/profile/ ( 24 March 2015 )

25 Translated source under the menu item „Profile“ : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/ en/1029638/rwe/about-rwe/profile/ (24 March 2015)

Supply (RWE Power AG);

Activists;

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PRESENCE

RWE cultivates a strong “community engagement”27; pan-European partnerships28 and the promotion of their locations are amongst RWE’s core activities.29 The RWE website lists sponsorships that lie mainly in the cultural realm. Its public appearance both locally as well as in various media30 is strategically thought out and executed to a high professional standard. The large number of employees provides a diversified network of representatives of the corporation :

COMMUNICATION

The RWE website verbalises trust through extensive programmes for ‘their’ region. They also convey transparency: The strategy of disclosure, for instance concerning incidents in power plants, annual business reports and the opportunity to attend company meetings. Which raises the question: Are these all the critical points? How much does a large corporation like RWE have to disclose, and to what extent is information being withheld? How far does this transparency reach regarding RWE marketing?

» RWE Germany is there for the people in the region. We support a variety of community projects and initiatives. And in times of need, our employees themselves will volunteer in their home communities for a good cause. « 31

In the research area, this situation became conspicuous in the context of railroads connecting the strip mine with the power plant :

RWE supports many sponsorship activities in nearby cultural institutions, towns and clubs . They financially support village fairs, the RWE Big Band frequently performs at events, societies like the “Girls from the gravel pit” are sponsored and “they play Saint Nick at the school or nursery“32. But at these points it becomes clear that RWE is financially worse off than a few years ago : » Due to cost-cutting measures in the RWE corporation, we regret to say that the RWE Band will be dissolved at the end of the year « 33, says Alfred Turbanski, chairman of the choir .

Photo: Picture taken on the 15th of february 2015, by H.Hiecke

A locomotive derailed and employees work to repair the damage. After extensive research regarding this incident, one article could be retrieved from the ‘Neu Grevenbroicher’ local newspaper34. This was the only source of information. This establishes that complete transparency does not exist. There is also no relevant engagement with unsatisfied customers and resettlers, of which there are many. Little to no information at all can be found about conflicts with activists, critical questions about outdated technologies, and sustainability. Behind RWE’s public appearance stands a professionally trained, goal-oriented management .

27 Source : RWE website http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/1904248/rwe/responsibility/ community/community-engagement/ ( 24 March 2015 ) 28 Examples are 10 year partnership with International Filmfestival Karlovy Vary (Czech Republic), Partner of International Prague Spring music festival since 1946, for more than 10 years partner of Museum Folkwang (Essen), also the Dortmunder U and the Dortmund Concert Hall, a dedicated Norwegian Scholarship Programme in Music for several years Source : RWE website, menu item „Sponsoring has a long tradition at RWE“ [ Source : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/1386288/rwe/responsibility/community/community-engagement/social-commitment/sponsorings/ ( 24 March 2015 ) ]

» Our sponsoring activities are part of RWE’s integrated communication concept and are based on a Group-wide sponsorship strategy. Corporate interests always embrace social responsibility issues, making corporate social responsibility a key part of this strategy alongside brand communication. For this reason, all

29 „RWE Germany is there for the people in the region. We support a variety of community projects and initiatives. And in times of need, our employees themselves will volunteer in their home communities for a good cause.“ Translated quote from the following link Source: http://www. rwe.com/web/cms/de/499914/rwe-deutschland-ag/engagement/ ( 17 January 2015 ) 30

Media such as the internet, brochures, information desks and videos

31 Translated quto. [ Source under the menu item „Unser Engagement“ : http://www. rwe.com/web/cms/de/499914/rwe-deutschland-ag/engagement/ ( 17 January 2015 ) ] 32 „Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und seine Folgen“ by Albert Kirschgens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins, page 55

34 Translated quote from the article „Zwei Loks kollidieren am Kraftwerk” in the Neu-Grevenbroicher Zeitung. [ Source : http://www.rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/grevenbroich/zweiloks-kollidieren-am-kraftwerk-aid-1.4874500 ( 15 February 2015 ) ]

33 Translated quote from the article „Verlust: Die RWE-Power-Band wird aufgelöst“ in the Aachener Zeitung, 28 April 201. [ Source : http://www.aachener-zeitung.de/lokales/eschweiler/ verlust-die-rwe-power-band-wird-aufgeloest-1.565873#plx1485182651 ( 19 February 2015 ) ] 22

‚The wa ndering Hole‘

our sponsoring activities are closely linked to the overall objective of generating profits as a company and achieving a positive social and environmental impact as a result of our activities. Even though RWE is an internationally oriented corporation it still remains firmly anchored in the regions from which it has grown. The individual regional companies have sufficient autonomy within the RWE sponsoring model to allow them to implement individual, targeted projects for their own respective region. «35

dilute reality with the aid of professional and targeted marketing: Visible through false or incomplete presentation of facts and information. In this context it must be mentioned that interviews have shown the side of activists and those fighting to protect the cultivated land and the environment as well not only arguing with unbiassed information40. In this point, both sides are facing similar criticism.

Social Networks RWE doesn’t only have a physical representation; there are numerous points of contact in the digital realm: Such as in the social networks (Twitter, Facebook). Pages like “RWE helps”, “RWE SmartHome” and the Twitter group “@RWE_AG” communicate, according to the corporation, internal and global news and serve as an information desk on top of it.

Photo: Extract from a commercial by RWE „Wer, wenn nicht wir“ ( Who, if not us ), 2008

Criticism Even back in 1985, author Albert Kirschgens amongst others speaks very critically about RWE’s activities : » Public opinion is being targeted and manipulated, laws and regulations concerning the strip mines, the resettlement measures and energy policy are being adapted in advance to suit the needs of the mining industry. «36

Photo: Extract from a commercial by RWE „Unser Land geht voRWEg“ ( Our country goes in advance / leads ), 2013

In addition, critics accuse RWE of using outdated technologies despite known risks and problems, while at the same time investing too little in the development of sustainable, renewable energies. Further allegations in that regard concern an entanglement with important bodies such as politics, which lead to stronger allegations of lobbying37.38 Statements by RWE and communication addressed to the public do not match up with the corporation’s actual conduct. This is often referred to as ‘greenwashing’39. In addition, RWE is said to

Photo: Extract from the commercial by RWE „Der Energieriese“ ( The energy giant ), 2015

35 Translated quote from the RWE Website under the menu item „Sponsorings” [ Source : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/1386288/rwe/responsibility/community/community-engagement/social-commitment/sponsorings/ ( 24 March 2015 ) ] 36 Translated quote form the book „Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und seine Folgen“ by Albert Kirschgens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins, page 42 37 Lobbying: “A form of advocacy in politics and society. Through lobbying, interest groups (lobbies) attempt to influence the executive and legislative branches, mainly through fostering personal connections. They also influence public opinion through public relations. This is mostly done via mass media.” (Translated) Source : Wikipedia (de)> Lobbyismus ( 01 March 2015) 38

Source :Wikipedia http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWE_Power (22 December 2014)

39 Greenwashing: „In the figurative sense it means ‚putting on a green coat‘. Greenwashing is a critical name for PR methods that aim to give an environmentally friendly and responsible image to a company in the pubic eye, without there being substantial grounds for it.” (Translated) [ Source : Wikipedia (de) > Greenwashing ( 01 March 2015 ) ]

Supply (RWE Power AG);

Activists;

Demand;

Politics;

40 Interview Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Niemann-Delius, BBK III – Lehrstuhl und Institut für Rohstoffgewinnung über Tage und Bohrtechnik, RWTH Aachen

Pro-Resettlement; 23

Contra-Resettlement;

Community;

Critic;

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GARZWEILER Garzweiler was a town in the Rhineland mining district. Now - in place of the town - there is the brown coal strip mine Garzweiler I. Garzweiler I has claimed an area of 6,600 hectares and, since 31 March 1995, has been extended by an area of 4,800 hectares with the start of the ‘Garzweiler II’ project41. ‘Garzweiler II’ holds, according to geological estimates, lignite reserves of 1.3 billion tons. Until World War II, brown coal strip mining, and with it the interference in settlements and cultural spaces, was limited to a sparsely populated and utilised space (Ville)42. Growing energy demand and improved mining technologies (deep strip mining) have since led to expansions of those areas.

Figure 13: Aerial view of Old-Borschemich before the demolition and resettlement (2000)

Quality of the Brown Coal from the Garzweiler Strip Mine Studies show that the lignite mined from the Garzweiler pit has diminished in quality43. The material is very damp. The lignite from Garzweiler therefore often needs to be mixed with coal from nearby mines (Inden and Hambach) or needs to be ‘upgraded’ with burnable oil or biomass44 .

BORSCHEMICH The town of Borschemich is a district of the city of Erkelenz and lies in the mining area of ‘Garzweiler II’. Borschemich is one of a total of 15 towns that have to make way for the ‘Garzweiler II’ strip mine. Borschemich is a village with nearly a thousand-year history (Fig. 13). The village was, before the announcement of the ‘Garzweiler II’ project, home to around 700 people. Between 2005 and 2015, about 300 residents of Old Borschemich will be resettled to New Borschemich, 8km away (Fig. 14 and 15). The preparations and the residents’ resistance against the approval of ‘Garzweiler II’, as well as the imminent resettlement, however, were already set in motion in 1970.

Source : http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagebau_Garzweiler ( 12 February 2015 )

„Umsiedlungsatlas“ by Frank Dickmann Page 19

Figure 14: Plan of New-Borschemich; location and settling attached to the northern part of the city Erkelenz

43 Source from the Interview with Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Niemann-Delius, BBK III – Lehrstuhl und Institut für Rohstoffgewinnung über Tage und Bohrtechnik, RWTH Aachen ( 19 Febuary 2015 ) Figure 15: Arial view of New-Borschemich (2014)

44 Source from the PDF „Zukunft statt Braunkohle“ by BUND : http://www.bund-nrw.de/fileadmin/bundgruppen/bcmslvnrw/PDF_Dateien/Braunkohle/Materialien/ZsB_Dokumentation_screen.pdf ( 19 February 2015 ) 24

‚The wa ndering Hole‘

evaporating homelanD

In Germany, the concept of the homeland has, in the years since World War I, brought forth very different sentiments: Directly after the end of World War II there is talk of the lost homeland, or ‘Heimat’45 and the longing for an unblemished world. This shaped the perceptions of the war and reconstruction generations.

What constitutes a sense of home? What does it mean to have to give up ones home and lose it ? » In order to write about home, it must already be lost. « 47 Definition of the Sense of Home Nearly every human being feels, over the course of their life, ‘at home’ in a certain place. They are integrated into a social, often also family environment, are familiar with their surroundings, find their way around and may have witnessed changes in the structure. The sense of home comes from a concept of interplay of time, space, and identity48. Home describes the relationship between space and person within a time dimension. Frequently the term nowadays carries, due to its history and the ties to a location, very nostalgic overtones . Home is a concept based on a personal perception in interaction with the spatial environment, whereas its loss represents the boundary and at the same time the awareness of this concept. As is also expressed by Eduard Spranger, a scholar on ‘Heimat’:

Photo : Example the home of family Oldenbourg since 1902

In the 1960s/’70s, the term ‘Heimat’ has more negative connotations - which persist in part until today. Its use was considered backwards, an instrumentalised bit of vocabulary for those who are stuck in the past, stuffy old people who couldn’t keep up with the times of the ‘Wirtschaftswunder’. ‘Heimat’ was often used to convey social, political and cultural ‘intentions’, promises and utopias. Today, Heimat is a term with various meanings: The definition of the term remains a vague notion and is connected with the sentiment of belonging. Globalisation and the utilisation of spaces give the term ‘Heimat’ and the question of belonging a whole new meaning again. ‘Heimat’ and the concept of home are experiencing a change in times of a requirement for increased flexibility :

» Therefore, Home is both: surroundings and soul, corporeal, personally executed, soulfully shaped rooting into a life-whole and its order, it lives on a special speck of land. « 49

IDENTITÄT How do people identify through their surroundings? In the aforementioned interplay between person and space, the person develops a feeling of belonging, or also familiarity. Over time, a sense of habitude and regularity develops, which is of central significance for many people and reflects existential security50.

» The culture of home, as opposed to an international culture, means to say: here every folklore has put its own mark on it; here, the figurative and the concrete come before all that is purely intellectual. « 46 45

47 Translated quote by Friedrich Kittler (1986) „De Nostalgia“ In: Hans-Georg Pott (Hg.), Literatur und Provinz. Das Konzept ‚Heimat’ in der neuen Literatur,Paderborn u.a: Schöningh; page 153 48 „Heimat – Konturen und Konjunkturen eines umstrittenen Konzepts“ by Gunther Gebhard, Oliver Geisler and Steffen Schröter, page 10 49 Translated quote from the book „Heimatkunde im Wandel“ by Eduard Spranger, 1923, page 11 (07 March 2015)Schöningh; page 153

Heimatsvertriebenen (the expellees of their homeland)

46 Translated quote from the book „Heimatkunde im Wandel“ by Eduard Spranger, 1923, page 10 (07 March 2015)

Supply (RWE Power AG);

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STABILIT Y

Demand;

Politics;

50 See also the turn of phrase “old habits die hard”. Thus, a living space represents routine and expectations.

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judgment dimension in terms of l andscape Tr adition

Me aning of the l andscape

perfection of the l andscape

Cultural heritage

Traditional

Nature

Diversity, presence of rare species

Factor of production

Profitable use

Leisure area

Diversity, symbolic value

nature conservancy yield Emotion

Figure 16: According to M. Hunziker (2010); The meaning or significance of the environment for the people : Objective feature of the landscape or individual perception of man?

The perception of an environment and developed stability connects closely with the person: a sense of home. This process takes time and habits51. A deviation from it develops internal tensions .

This underlines that the perception, utilisation and the understanding of a landscape differ and therefore so does the understanding of the necessity for a project such as ‘Garzweiler II’ . The human being lives as an ‘animal symbolicum’ in a world of symbols. The person constructs this world themselves (Fig. 17), interprets it and bases their actions on it56. Structural changes also cause a change in the values or symbols, but only slowly :

The Awareness of Surroundings According to Professor Kühne, a scholar on identity and the sense of home, the awareness of a landscape can be roughly divided into “the normal home landscape” and “the stereotypical landscape”52. In this, the “normal home landscape” does not need to be stereotypically beautiful, but rather familiar. A change of the “normal home landscape” is frequently reconstructed as loss of home. Since the “normal home landscape” is subject to intergenerational changes, it is important to classify the different assessments of acquired physical landscape depending on different dimensions of judgment (see Fig. 16) 53.

» Symbols encompass levels of meaning that go beyond the concrete-denotative, going deeper, including emotional bearings and connotations which can only incompletely be captured by discourse. « 57 (Social) Constructivist Landscape Research The landscape perspective (see Fig. 16) can have a key role in the interaction with space58. This opens up access to material, social and individual developments and correlations. In addition, this enables the integration of aesthetic and emotional approaches as well as different functionalisations to spatial arrangements. This visualises and constitutively integrates the perspectives of power distribution in society.

Orientation and Aesthetics of the Landscape The aesthetic experience can be understood as “a way to orientate oneself in the world“54 : » The history of aesthetics consists of a steady reinterpretation of the concept of beauty. There is no one reference point for determining beauty that can hope for acceptance from all sides and for all times, and of which can’t be said, with equal justification, the exact opposite. « 55

51 „Man is a creature of habit“, this saying means that fixed rituals, known and familiar things are very important for humans and accordingly play a large role in life.

56 Cassirer, E. (1990[1944]): Versuch über den Menschen. Einführung in eine Philosophie der Kultur. Frankfurt a.M.

52 Kühne, O. / Spellerberg, A. (2010): Heimat und Heimatbewusstsein in Zeiten erhöhter Flexibilitätsanforderungen. Empirische Studien im Saarland, Wiesbaden. Source from the Symposium by Holemann, 2014

57 Translated quote by Knappstein, Th. (2002): Stadt und Symbol: Die Bedeutung von Symbolen in städtischen Lebenswelten. Angebote der hermeneutischen Methode des Therapeutischen Sandspiels. Dissertation. [ Source : http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgibin/dokserv?idn=965575322&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=965575322.pdf ( last accessed 15.5.2011 ) ]

53 Hunziker, M. (2010): Die Bedeutungen der Landschaft für den Menschen: objektive Eigenschaft der Landschaft oder individuelle Wahrnehmung des Menschen? In: Forum für Wissen 2010, 33-41. 54 Küpper, J./Menke, C. (2003): Einleitung. In: Küpper, J./Menke, C. (Hg.): Dimensionen ästhetischer Erfahrung. Frankfurt a.M., 7-15.

58 Hesse, M. (2012): Suburbaner Raum – Annäherungen an Gegenstand, Inhalte und Bedeutungszuweisungen. In: Schenk, W. / Kühn, M. / Leibenath, M. / Tzschaschel, S. (Hg.): Suburbane Räume als Kulturlandschaften. Hannover, 13-24.

55 Translated quote by Borgeest, C. (1977): Das sogenannte Schöne. Ästhetische Sozialschranken. Frankfurt am Main. 26

‚The wa ndering Hole‘

South America

Denmark

These examples show that memories and the structures of what and how a person remembers something are closely linked to the spatial environment. What about the memories of resettled people who have no chance to return to the place of origin of their memories?

Germany

Finland

France

The Netherlands

Italy

Kenya

Poland

Russia

The Ukraine

The United States of America

A countereffect is the change of location when ruminating. Through movement, change of surroundings and changing impressions one can sort their thoughts anew. This is a conscious method for influencing the mental state. Thus, a resettlement can also be seen as a chance for a new start and re-orientation ( pro-resettlement). This is true mainly for the younger generation of resettlers.

Figure 17: Landscape painting by various artists worldwide

MEMORIES The Location-Updating Effect » The brain often binds a thought to the room in which it was formed. This is why people sometimes struggle to remember something that they decided to do in a different room. The reason: The brain bundles memory packages - but not necessarily by aspects of content, but sometimes also into other chapters. Therefore, often spatial circumstances are a deciding factor in the structure of memory. «59 This insight has been discovered in the context of dementia research. But what about people who connect memories with their surroundings and these surroundings get destroyed and wiped out? What then happens inside the human brain and with the memories? Research into the phenomenon of déjà vu confirms this finding. Déjà vu occurs as a result of a false linking of memories and spatial environment.

59 Translated article on Focus – online : http://www.focus.de/wissen/natur/erinnerungskiller-tuer-gehirn-koppelt-gedanken-an-zimmer_aid_724288.html (27 November 2014)

Supply (RWE Power AG);

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Politics;

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friction economy & common Good The ‘Garzweiler II’ project highlights mechanisms and phenomena regarding business. Here collide not only different viewpoints and values, but also different dimensions. The ‘Garzweiler II’ project has an impact on many levels and areas of life. The common good and the well-being of the individual come into conflict: Large versus small, professionalism against insecurity and fear, power and money against emotional values, the interest of the general public versus traditional, enrooted villages. In the research area, the good of the individual must give in and make way to the common good60. This shows implications also for the ‘soft’ structures. Figuratively speaking, hard clashes with soft, steady with uncertain, strong and tangible with fragile, strong and tangible with emotional and mental. Where are the limits? Which ones does the economic mechanism encounter, and which one does it cross? How are decisions constructively made and conveyed, when aspects are compared that are so divergent?

this ban was replaced by Adolf Hitler’s mining law. Since then, it was permitted that, if an “overriding public interest” could be proven, even residential or commercial buildings have to be given up. Decisions including the one regarding the ‘Garzweiler II’ project were still made on the basis of the 1937 mining law64 around 1990. The mining authority in Düren approved the “Garzweiler I/II plan of operations” in 1997 and thereby released the area for coal strip mining until 2045 . In the brown coal district, there is a saying : » Mining rights break fundamental rights «65.

THE RIGHT TO A HOME The corporation acts with political support, even though regarding the strip mine, several principles of the state have been set aside. So far, more than 200,000 resettlers66 have had their right to self-determination, free choice of location, the right to a home and to property repealed. In addition, laws concerning environmental protection like ‘securing natural means of subsistence’ (State development plans III)67, the state water regulations or the water supply regulations are given less weight. Ranked higher is for example the regulation „Expropriation is only admissible for the benefit of the general public“ (article 14, paragraph 3)68. And the federal mining law (article 79, paragraph 1 )69 : „Compulsory purchase of land is admissible on a case by case basis, if it serves the common good, if in particular the supply of the market with raw materials, preservation of jobs in the mining industry, maintaining or improving the structure of

JUDICIARY APPROVAL 1908, after a number of mergings, unions came together to form the “Rhenish public limited company for brown coal mining and briquette factory (RAG)”61, which later became RWE. Since then, the main shareholders and investors of today’s RWE shares have been mainly communal and institutional bodies. These bodies therefore have an interest in the economic progress of the corporation . The energy corporation RWE acts in the interest of the so called common good . The associated intrusions and resettlements count as ‘Sonderopfer’, a specific type of sacrifice one is expected to make in favour of the national interest. The number of so-called ‘Sonderopfer’ of the ‘Garzweiler II’ project amounts to roughly 7000 affected people62. Until 1934, the mining law in effect63 stated that landowners can “never” be forced to give up “land on which stand buildings for living, business or industry”. Under the NS regime,

64 Article from the TAZ „Gesetze aus der Nazi-Zeit, die bis heute gelten. Wo Adolf noch regiert“ Source : http://www.taz.de/!114913/ (31 January 2015) Comment : „ [ … ] the German mining law, because there, the mining authorities (who in turn answer to the economic ministries) alone can decide the approval of mining projects – and thus, the industry that was important for the war back then had free reign. The fact that environmental authorities or even other democratic bodies have no say in the matter has apparently not come to anyone‘s attention for a long time […].”; (Translated ) 65 Translated quote from the article „Recht auf Heimat“ from „Der Spiegel“ 23/2013. Source : http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-97012801.html ( 15 December 2014 ) 66 The list of mined towns allows a rough calculation of at least 200,000 affected people. [ Source : http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_abgebaggerter_Ortschaften, ( 15 December 2014 ) ] 67 Land development plan 2013. [ Source : http://www.landesentwicklung.sachsen.de/ download/Landesentwicklung/LEP_2013.pdf ( 15 December 2014 ) ] 68 Excerpt from the current version of the Federal Republic of Germany‘s constitution on 15 December 2014 : (1) Property and inheritance rights are guaranteed. Content and bounds are determined by law. (2) Property obliges. Its usage shall at the same time serve the common good. (3) Expropriation is only admissible for the benefit of the general public. It must only take place by law or based on a law that regulates the nature and extent of compensation. The compensation is to be determined under just consideration of the interests of the general public and the concerned parties. In light of the amount of compensation, in case of a dispute it is possible to take legal action before a court of law. Source : http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/art_14.html ( 15 December 2014 ); ( Translated )

60 Interview with Hans Willi Schulte, member of the rifle assoication Schützenbruderschaft, Borschemich 61 „Zukunft statt Braunkohle – 30 Jahre Widerstand gegen den Braunkohlentagebau ‘Garzweiler II’“ by Dirk Jansen and Dorothea Schubert; BUND NRW; April 2014; page 21ff 62 Source http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/ DE/2013/bvg13-076.html ( 01 February 2015 ) 63 The Allgemeine preußische Berggesetz (mining law) originates from 24 June 1865, this replaced parts of the Allgemeinen Preußischen Landrechts (land law) of 1752 as well as 50 provincial mining laws. With the start of industrialisation and reformation of administration and state in the mid-19th century there was also an aim to restructure feudal mining law to a functional mining administrataion. For the source see PDF : http://www.dnjv.org/14Green/Ring-Bergrecht.pdf ( 01 February 2015 )

69 Excerpt from the current version of the Federal Mining Law §79 „Requirements for the admissibility of compulsory purchase“ from 13 August 1980, this article has not been changed until today, 15 December 2014. Source : http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/bbergg/ gesamt.pdf and : https://www.juris.de/purl/gesetze/_ges/BBergG (15 December 2014); (Translated) 28

‚The wa ndering Hole‘

the economy, or the meaningful and planned mining of the deposits are to be secured, and the purpose for the compulsory purchase with regards to the site-dependency of the extraction operation can not be achieved by any other acceptable means.“

many resettlers are themselves employed by RWE, one of their associated industries or trades. They fear consequences for their job. Too often, compensation and employment contract negotiations go hand in hand. And on the other hand, many resettlers hope for good conditions or better replacement properties if they complete negotiations more quickly. Each property is assessed and sold individually. As RWE communicates comprehensibly: “No house is like the other”75. Meanwhile, in the village, this leads to a mixture of secret-mongering and competition about compensation sums. This ‘atmosphere’ faces the large corporation with legally trained and professional personnel. Routine and expertise meets anxious victims. For the individual affected person, this is about existence and the looming threat of expropriation. This makes resettlement the logical consequence for many of the affected parties.

Resistance and Solidarity When the first rumours of resettlement start, often the thought of resistance unites the residents in the joint decision to take a stand. They want to protect and preserve their home. Residents call upon the “right to a home” and environmental protection . Often, associations, citizen’s initiatives, coalitions for action and town meetings are put in motion. » We don’t accept that we should have our lives turned upside down for the profit of a public limited company «70 says Mr. Pütz, a former citizen of Immerath, in court.

Resettlement can also be seen as a chance, a new start and improvement76. The implications are not exclusively negative. One example for this is the comparison of resettlement towns Heuersdorf and Lippendorf77. Heuersdorf has taken a stand against resettlement until just before its demolition , whereas Lippendorf has come to terms with the idea early on and explored all options . Today, Heuersdorf is in a worse structural state than Lippendorf. It is to be noted hat the majority suffers mainly from the lengthy process of resettlement, since the future of their home is often in question within this process.

Citizens and environmental organisations have tried to defend the planned mining area in court - but unsuccessfully in most cases. In June 1997, the judge rejected the constitutional complaint against ‘Garzweiler II’ : » If you take a closer look at these cases, you start to wonder if you live in Germany or under some other regime «, said lawyer Dirk Teßmer71 Legal protection is the exception, “most victims give up, exhausted, at some point“72. So far, only few villages could be saved from strip mining, for example Kaster73 and Röcken74. Kaster has a historic Old Town and Röcken is the birthplace and site of the tomb of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. This place could be saved from the nearby mining operations by heritage protection. But these towns are isolated cases. In the course of the lengthy process of resettlement, often the residents split up according to their different interests. Solidarity and mutual support crumble. On the one hand, 70 Translated quote from the article in Spiegel – online: http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/soziales/braunkohle-tagebau-garzweiler-verfassungsgericht-erlaubt-abbau-a-939589.html ( 19 December 2014 ) 71 Translated quote by the lawyer Dirk Teßmer, who represented Mr. Pütz and the BUND in the case of the town of Immerath. Immerath was a town that had to make way for the Garzweiler mine on 22 January 2011 72 Translated statement from the article „Recht auf Heimat“ from „Der Spiegel“ 23/2013. Source : http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-97012801.html ( 15 December 2014 )

75 „Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und seine Folgen“ by Albert Kirschgens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins, page 102

73 In the 1970s, the town of Kaster bordered in the north and east on the then-operational Frimmersdorf and Fortuna-Garsdorf strip mines, today called Garzweiler I. „Die historische Altstadt von Kaster stellt ein besonderes Baudenkmal im Revier dar.“ [ Source : http://forschungsstellerekultivierung.de/downloads/exkursionsfuehrerteiliv.pdf page 15f ( 29 January 2015 ) ] 74

76 „Dorfzerstörung und Relokalisierung durch Braunkohletagebau in konzeptionellen biografischen und kollektiven Kontext von Raum, Ortsbezügen und Nachbarschaft“ Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grads Dr. phil.by Heidrun Gode-Leurßen, page 103 77

Röcken is a district of the city of Lützen in the federal state of Sachsen-Anhalt.

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Towns near Leipzig and the strip mine Vereinigtes Schleenhain, East Germany

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consequences eventually the brown coal. An emptiness forms, a void compared to what used to be where there currently is the pit. The overburden that gets dug up at the front is being tipped into the back, where all the coal has already been removed. The tipping mostly happens as a mixture, which means that geological rock strata have been irrevocably destroyed. After that, reconstruction and revegetation follows : » Through the mining, only the history of the cultivated land is lost. After the mine, a new beginning starts at zero hours. According to current knowledge, every functional aspect of the landscape can be fully restored. [...] Additionally, we get given the chance to protect, with the support of RWE, landscape and animal species «, says U. Dworschak, biologist at the land reclamation department79 .

PHOTO : Town and infrastructure at the edge of the open brown coal pit ‘Garzweiler II’

The dimensions of the interference with the environmental balance and impact on the structures of the mainly rural, populated region are known and enormous. The migration of the strip mine wipes out everything that has grown to that day. The cultivated land makes way for a pit.

CONSEQUENCES FOR THE LANDSCAPE

MIGRATION

INTERFERENCE WITH NATURE

The structure of cultivated land that’s been familiar for many years changes, including for example infrastructure and reference points (motorways, church spires, forests and fields). This has an impact on orientation within the Rhineland mining district and its ecosystem . Rivers have to be redirected, forests cut down, farmland and meadows dug up. ‘Nature’ is no longer a unit, but after the passage of the mine an artificial-functional structured area organised into farmland and ‘recreational areas’ . The landscape that has developed naturally and historically makes way for artificially planned functional areas.

Figure 18 : Migration and dynamic of the open brown coal pit ‘Garzweiler II’ 1995, current (2015) and the planned end in 2045 before any routing decision

Dewatering The Rhine bay is rich in groundwater reservoirs spanning an area of 600,000 hectares80 (see Fig. 19). The strip mine is circled by numerous concentrically arranged pumping stations (see Fig. 20). These pumps stand out through their sheer number. They are placed close together and keep the mine dry (see Fig. 21). For the ‘Garzweiler II’ project, a maximum dewatering volume of up to 150 milli-

The migration of a strip mine through the landscape is quite special78. The mining area of a strip mine does not become larger, RWE calls the migration through the landscape ‘wandering’. The diggers steadily excavate brown coal, so that the surrounding power plants have an uninterrupted supply of brown coal . The Garzweiler strip mine is active 24 hours a day, every day of the year. At a speed of 2.282 cm per hour, the pit moves steadily through NRW. Nothing can withstand the diggers. Everything is dissolved, just like

The reclamation department works in cooperation with RWE

80 Article „Die Niederrheinische Bucht – Grundwasserreservegebiet von höchster Bedeutung“ by Bund Natur und Umweltschutz Deutschland. [ Source : http://www.bund-nrw.de/ themen_und_projekte/braunkohle/braunkohle_und_umwelt/braunkohlentagebau_und_gewaesserschutz/ ( 01 February 2015 ) ]

78 The “wandering” has technical reasons (location, conveyor belts and their efficiency) and could be associated with a worm that eats its way through the land. The pit can therefore be compared to a foreign body or a black hole in the middle of the Rhineland mining district. 30

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on cubic metres per year was approved81. For the most part, the drained water is pumped, unused, into the Rhine. The draining has far-reaching consequences: Streams dry out, wetlands disappear and the quality of the drinking water is rapidly lowered. Waterworks are no longer able to supply urban areas with their own groundwater . Soil strata collapse, causing soil settlement and surface damage. Fertile loess soils experience desertification. Farms within a large radius complain about crop failures. The largest German groundwater reservoir is being destroyed. The ecological system becomes unbalanced and the local biodiversity is measurably reduced82. The groundwater draining measures has fatal consequences for the Rhine bay’s water supply. Any further expansion of dewatering activities83 extends the affected area to the north and west - reaching as far as the Netherlands - more and more. RWE offers an artificial compensation, which creates a dependency. In the end, the draining and compensation measures not only grant RWE the energy supply monopoly in Germany, but also control over the groundwater supply in NRW and surroundings.

Figure 19 : Effect on the ground water in Rhineland Mining District trigger by ‚‘Garzweiler II’‘

Figure 20 : Dewatering system of Borschemich on the edge of ‚‘Garzweiler II’‘ (red)

81 Article „Ein Bodenschatz wird geplündert“ by Bund Natur und Umweltschutz Deutschland. [ Source : http://www.bund-nrw.de/themen_und_projekte/braunkohle/braunkohle_und_umwelt/braunkohlentagebau_und_gewaesserschutz/ ( 01 February 2015 ) ] 82 Article „Die Grundwasserabsenkung reicht weit über das Abbaugebiet hinaus“ by Bund Natur und Umweltschutz Deutschland. [ Source : http://www.bund-nrw.de/themen_und_ projekte/braunkohle/braunkohle_und_umwelt/braunkohlentagebau_und_gewaesserschutz/ ( 01 February 2015 ) ] 83 Due to the wandering of the pit, constant dewatering extension is necessary to keep the mine consistently dry.

Figure 21 : Dewatering pits to keep ‘Garzweiler II’ dry

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Woodland Clearing The Hambach forest was, before being cut down for the mine, NRW’s largest contiguous woodland with 5,500 hectares84 (see Fig.22 ) : A forest grows slowly, but it dies quickly. The clearing of the forests destroyed an irreplaceable and unique woodland ecosystem. Its destruction wiped out entire habitats. RWE biologists and geologists endeavour to intercept irreversible damage by taking measures for revegetation .

Reclamation The reclaimed land turns out ecologically depleted in comparison87. Trees grow with effort. Farmland is less yielding. Any long term effects are only partially, if at all, known. Only about 40% of independent farms can continue to operate after the resettlement, mostly however separate from settlements . RWE has to provide a reimbursement. Whether or not this is comparable in quality, and brings a stable yield in the long run, is no longer RWE’s responsibility after mining is finished. The Chamber of Agriculture complains about ‘extreme land shortage’. On the one hand because, due to ‘temporary use’ by RWE, the corporation is obliged to recultivate farmland for 7 years (Fig. 24), while at the same time receiving agricultural subsidies from the EU88. On the other hand, the strip mine leaves behind a pit which will reduce the agricultural space89. Final-Cut Pits In the end, a large pit remains. There is no more overburden left to fill the so-called last-cut pit with soil. These pits are often restructured into recreational lakes and are therefore intended as economic compensation for the region . In the past, such lakes have lost their ecological balance and gone bad. They were biologically dead and have turned into foul smelling, murky cloacas, like the final-cut lake of former fill site Berrenrath in the Rhineland mining district90 (Fig. 25). This lake has been filled too fast and not in a controlled manner. Reclamation takes time, and mistakes have been made that have been learned from. One example of a successful reclamation of a final-cut pit is the 100 hectares wide lake ‚Blausteinsee‘91 (Fig. 26). The German office for reclamation has seen substantial development and is a global leader in the field .

Figure 22 : Hambacher Forest (green) and boundary of a mining claim of the open brown coal pit Hambach (red)

COMPENSATION

The compensation measures taken during and after the mining operation are aligned with its profitability for RWE. It’s a matter of “economy before ecology“85. A rethinking in society and growing awareness of sustainability have raised the value that is placed on ecological arguments today (2015). Meanwhile, the protection of nature and the environment has become a topic in politics. As long as RWE keeps to the ‘concept of ecological requirement’86 and the fulfillment of revegetation measures’, ‘Garzweiler II’ will get political approval.

87 „Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und seine Folgen“ by Albert Kirschgens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins page 98 88 “The soil that the excavator eats up, RWE has to revegetate by law. The billion-dollar corporation becomes a farmer in the eyes of the EU, agricultural subsidies are paid by area distribution – what else the owner of the area gets up to, doesn‘t matter. 304 Euros are paid per hectare o land, the same as for small-scale farmers. Since everyone is equal before the law, RWE can cash in subsidies – only just a little bit more. Because a lot of area brings a lot of money. Since RWE has to revegetate the fields for 7 years before it gives it back to the farmers, that adds up. In 2010 it was over half a million of farmers‘ money.” (Translated) [ Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Igd0pvt8Ebg ( 20 February 2015 ) ] 89 Source from the Interview with Ulf Dworschak, biologist and employee at the land reclamation department in cooperation with RWE

84 Pfälzer forests in comparison. Source : http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pf%C3%A4lzerwald ( 01 February 2015 )

90 „Angewandte Grundwasserchemie, Hydrogeologie und hydrogeochemische Modellierung – Grundlagen, Anwendungen und Problemlösungen“ by Frank Wisotzky, Springer Verlag, pages 202 to 205

85 “Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und seine Folgen“ by Albert Kirschgens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins page 97

91 PDF „Rekultivierung im Rheinland“ page 12 by RWE Power AG. Source : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/mediablob/de/235956/data/235578/3/rwe-power-ag/presse-downloads/braunkohle/Rekultivierung-im-Rheinland.pdf 01 February 2015)

86 PDF „Rekultivierung im Rheinland“ by RWE Power AG. [ Source : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/mediablob/de/235956/data/235578/3/rwe-power-ag/presse-downloads/braunkohle/Rekultivierung-im-Rheinland.pdf ( 01 February 2015 ) ] 32

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Figure 2 3a : Cultivated landscape – Hambacher Forest

Figure 23B : Recultivated landscape – Sophienhöhe

Figure 24 A : Historical farmland

Figure 24B : Recultivated farmland

Figure 25 : Final-Cut Pit „Zieselsmaarsee“

Figure 26 : Final-Cut Pit „Blausteinsee“

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Metrol Deutschland Aachen Cologne Resettled villages (organised by date of demolition) :

1800

20 4 0

Figure 27 : Map of resettled villages in Germany because of an opencast pit 34

‚The wa ndering Hole‘

Social CONSEQUENCES resettlement In Germany, around 300 villages92 have so far been resettled due to brown coal (see Fig. 27 and Ta ble 02, p. 42 et seq.). A resettlement should be planned and completed within a 10 year period. For the residents, it is a much more lengthy process that takes up to 30 years93. As the first rumours of a potential resettlement arise, the village already loses its future and consequently, any development dies. Nothing is built, no investments made any longer. Younger generations move away comparatively early94. The life of individuals, families and the entire town community changes. From its announcement on, the resettlement is on everyone’s mind, and all have to confront it. Dealing with the associated processes and events, and ultimately the decisions about one’s future, influence the daily routine of each affected party.

It stands to reason that historically grown cultivated land can not be compared to modern regulations and norms. Partial Resettlement Each individual goes into negotiations of varying duration with RWE, usually without legal counsel. Everyone is isolated and isolates themselves from the others. A resettlement comes with a lot of stress as it is: the residents develop anxieties and neuroses, become depressed or physically ill with psychological causes.97 » A place full of hate and envy «, says Ms. Esser (resident of Old-Borschemich) After the negotiations, everything depends on the progress of the strip mine. Each resettlement is conducted in isolation from others, according to necessity. Thus, a village’s resettlement never happens in one go. The emptying of the village happens one by one and stretches over years. The old folks stay behind in the village. Neighbourhoods that have grown over decades slowly fall apart. Many elderly people decide unusually early to move into a nursing home.

» The resettlement in the Rhenish brown coal district hits the people in a similarly inescapable and final way as it does small-scale farmers in a rain forest. «95

PROCESS

» Compulsory resettlement [ shows that ] often, people are thrown into a new residential relocation without being sufficiently mentally prepared for its challenges « 98

Resettlement is an all-encompassing process. This covers finding a location for the new village, with its structure and design, as well as parcelling out the land and assigning it to the citizens. Then follows construction, relocation and setting up. The process from the old to the new involves, despite compensation pay, usually a high financial burden and in most cases debt. The city planners and coordinators are provided and paid for by RWE. The statement by RWE : » At the same time, this offered a unique chance for improving the local infrastructure. In the place of of old villages with their nestled houses and properties, the narrow streets and dangerous thoroughfares, modern arrangements and facilities were built. «96 92 The list of mined towns allows a rough calculation of at least 200,000 affected people. [ Source :http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_abgebaggerter_Ortschaften, (15 December 2014) ] 93 Interview with Hans Willi Schulte, Brüderschaftsmeister at the rifle association of Borschemich : „We‘ve been dealing with the topic of resettlement for 30 years now after all, in the beginning we went around the boundaries of the alleged strip mine with pitch torches. Have staked out that area.”( Translated ) 94

time, 1981, current brochures use comparable portrayals (Fig. 28) 97

Information from the interview with Hans Willi Schulte, held on 21st February 2015

95 Translated quote from the book „Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und seine Folgen“ by Albert Kirschgens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins page 42 96

Translated quote from the „Blickpunkt Rheinbraun“ from the Rheinbraun at the Supply (RWE Power AG);

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98 Translated quote from „Dorfzerstörung und Relokalisierung durch Braunkohletagebau in konzeptionellen biografischen und kollektiven Kontext von Raum, Ortsbezügen und Nachbarschaft“; Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grads, Dr. phil.von Heidrun Gode-Leurßen, page 7 Pro-Resettlement; 35

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CONCEPT One example is the Borschemich rifle association (see Fig. 29). They have been proudly running for almost 400 years now, but the resettlement did leave its mark on their format as well .

COMPENSATION Figure 28 : Concept of Resettlementling by RWE „Resettling together“

(See Fig. 28) RWE on their concept of ‘resettling together’99

» This is not only about fair compensation for material possessions, [...] it is also about immaterial values such as tradition, community and home, which cannot be compensated with money. However, the resulting strains on each individual person and each individual family can be cushioned by enabling the preservation of the village community and by mastering the resettlement task together. «

Photo : Substitutive clinker for the outer wall of the new building of Mr. Loerkens (House Paland, Borschemich)

A compensation is based on standard values’. For home and property owners, this standard value is calculated against data such as the state, age and location of the property. The land and estate are measured. Thus, every estate is fragmented (Fig. 30) and assigned a compensation value according to established data. When determining value, material things such as trees, bushes, power outlets, number of rooms and floors are decisive. Different conditions determine the individual value of each property. Either a ‘replacement’ is offered in the new village, or the corporation and the affected party agree on a financial compensation. Tenants in the old village are offered a comparable flat or house to rent in the new village.

Community The things that constituted ‘home’, the village’s own history, its social structure, societies, neighbourhoods, acquaintances and cemeteries prove to be complex aspects of resettlement. It is not unusual for the population of a village to reduce by half after a resettlement100. Retailers and trade businesses often have to close down years ahead of a resettlement, since they gradually lose their customers. Such meeting places very rarely survive resettlement.

Figure 29 : Rifle association Borschemich 2012

99 PDF „Umsiedeln im Rheinland“ by RWE. [ Source : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/contentblob/77362/data/116624/Umsiedlungen-im-Rheinland-Partnerschaft-sichert- Sozialvertraeglichkeit-RWE-Power-AG-.pdf ( 02 January 2015 )] 100

Figure 30 : Exploded view when planning a house. ( Metaphorically, this plan be seen as the contra-rating of the functional aspects of a home.)

Information from the interview with Hans Willi Schulte, held on 21 February 2015 36

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UPROOTING & E XPROPRIATION » Resettlement is a radical, profound emotional loss. I won’t just let something be taken away from me. «,101 says Mr. Pütz (resident of the demolished town of Immerath)

Everyone experiences the same problems, but handles them differently. This can lead to lack of understanding and alienation amongst each other. In addition, the individual negotiations with RWE suddenly provide a basis for valuation and thus comparability. This can lead to discord in a community, between friends and neighbours.

Social Changes Studies of the resettlement towns find, when comparing the new and old villages, that many social networks are greatly changed, upset, if not destroyed. During the lengthy, individually and gradually conducted resettlement process, societies only rarely manage to withstand the community’s dispersal. Members of gun clubs, church choirs, volunteer fire departments, sports and youth clubs or altar servers scatter over at least two locations, the old and the new village. Meeting venues and accessibility become more difficult. The new resettlement towns are often connected to larger cities (see Fig. 31). This means that after the resettlement, people get their supplies from the nearby cities. This often makes everyday life harder for the elderly .

The process of a brown coal project like ‘Garzweiler II’ has many soft and hard aspects that come together. Economic mechanisms confront numerous individual everyday lives that are threatened for the long term by the impending resettlement. Where once were homes, landscapes, forests, villages, and memories, now there is a pit :

» The largest man-made pit in the world «102

The pit makes way for a functional landscape that is structured according to a plan. This is among the biggest contrasts within the whole process of lignite mining: From an organically and historically grown landscape, to fragmentation and dissolution of various structures by the wandering pit, to a construct of structured life- and reclaimed natural spaces.In the case of resettlement - due to lignite mining - the affected people are left with nothing but longitude and latitude. People lose the ground beneath their home. Home and nature are de-materialised. People deal differently with this intrusion. In the end, it’s about survival on all levels ( up to ). As proven by evolution, people and many systems can adapt to changing circumstances. Many ecological systems are flexible, but an interference this harsh is very unnatural. For a rapid and definitive cut like this, it is questionable whether the environment even has a chance to adapt to circumstances. This leads to a current political issue : How sustainable and necessary is ‘Garzweiler II’?

Braunkohlenplan Umsiedlung Borschemich Zeichnerische Darstellung

Legende

TOTAL LOSS

Erkelenz Umsiedlungsflächen Straßen zur Anbindung der Umsiedlungsflächen

Figure 31 : Plan of New-Borschemich (red) with connection to the city Erkelenz

101 Translated quote from the article by Greenpeace : https://www.greenpeace.de/ themen/energiewende/fossile-energien/garzweiler-klaeger-tiefgreifender-emotionaler-verlust ( 25 November 2014 )

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102 Translated quote. [ Source: http://www.bund-nrw.de/fileadmin/bundgruppen/bcmslvnrw/PDF_Dateien/Braunkohle/Materialien/Verheizte_Heimat_Teil_I.pdf ( 20 March 2015 ) ]

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Open Brown Coal Pit in Germany : Today The resettlement and its social implications are complex. It poses a strain for the various social structures in a community. However, if a community sees this as a new beginning, it can be used productively. Take as example the town of Pödelwitz103 (see Fig.32), which will start resettlement voluntarily in 2018.

Figure 3 3 : Possible position of Holzweiler close by the later open pit lake; within the current routing decision of the state government (Hannelore Kraft) if it would not be resettlement.

» Our domestic brown coal is the only energy source that is competitive and guarantees a secure supply. To forgo it is grossly negligent. «, says Christian Lindner from the liberal party FDP107 Inefficiency Since nuclear and black coal energy are being phased out, brown coal is one of the last remaining inefficient forms of power generation. Current political and economic decisions make clear that as long as lignite mining remains profitable, there is no end to its extraction in sight.

Figure 32 : Situation and problems of the village Pödelwitz (red) near the open pit „Vereinigtes Schleenhain“ within a probably possible non-resettlement

In Germany, brown coal and energy generation has a high media profile. Regarding emissions regulations and the efficiency of this type of power generation, brown coal is heavily discussed . In the course of a precedence-setting political decision104 it was announced that roughly 300 milion out of 1.3 billion tons of lignite are not to be mined105. The changes would mean a restriction of the ‘Garzweiler II’ lignite mining activities. As of April 2014, two of the planned resettlement town106 are to be spared by ‘Garzweiler II’. This means 1400 fewer people need to resettle (see Fig. 3 3). But several voices express that this ‘premature’ decision will be legally disputed by RWE. Where the chances of RWE winning the dispute are relatively high.

» Thus the accountants at RWE are the ones who determine the future of Garzweiler «108 Future Brown coal therefore remains a current issue. Energy related decisions are pending and slowly, a re-thinking becomes noticeable. Is the resistance from so many people and activists starting to bear fruit ? Also with regard to pending direction-setting decisions and the UN climate conference important decisions have to be made. The uncertain situation leaves the affected parties in doubt. Both those who hope for their ‘Heimat’ , and those who look for a new start . This makes the process very emotional and any anger understandable.

103 „On 16 November 2012 [ … ], the requirements were met for the voluntary resettlement that was desired by a large majority of the 130 residents of the town of Pödelwitz.The resettlement of 130 residents of the town of Pödelwitz at the mining site Vereinigtes Schleenhain is to be completed in 2018 at the latest. The majority of Pödelwitzers has signalled a wish for resettlement towards MIBRAG already in late summer of 2009 with the announcement and public hearing in the context of the reconfiguration of the brown coal plans for the strip mine Vereinigtes Schleenhain.“ (Translated) [ Source: MIBRAG ( 19 February 2015 ) ] 104 A precedence-setting decision (‚Leitentscheidung‘) is a verdict or ruling in high or supreme courts that clarifies legal questions of fundamental interest for the first time or makes a significant fundamental change in the interpretation of a current law.

107 Translated quote by Christian Lindner in the context of the Crimean crisis. C. Lindner is a German politician (FDP) and has been federal chair of the FDP since 7 December 2013. Since May 2012 he has, like previously from 2000 to 2009, been a member of the state parliament in NRW.

105 Article „Was bedeutet die ‘Garzweiler II’-Verkleinerung?“ in Die Welt on 2 April 2014. [ Source : http://www.welt.de/regionales/duesseldorf/article126488195/Was-bedeutet-die-Garzweiler-II-Verkleinerung.html ( 01 February 2015 ) ]

108 Translated quote from the article in the Handelsblatt : http://www.handelsblatt.com/ unternehmen/industrie/urteil-zu-garzweiler-ii-es-darf-gebaggert-werden/9228644.html (22 November 2014)

106 Spared from the „‘Garzweiler II’“ mine are the municipality of Holzweiler, the town of Dackweiler and one individual farm. 38

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Current Situation Even where the complexity mostly concerns the mining area of ‘Garzweiler II’ - the events and interest groups are spread across various arenas. Thus, the spatial dispersion and fragmentation of viewpoints alone indicates a lack of perception of each other’s understandings (see Fig. 3 4). Supply by the energy provider (Employee at RWE Power AG)

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(Non-governmental, environmental and nature protection organizations)

Demand

(Nationwide user)

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Politics

(Governing Party 2015)

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(Unanchored-to-home)

Audience/ Critic

(Example : Rifle assoication)

(UN-Climate Change Conference)

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Figure 3 4 : Arena and situating of the various stakeholders

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Research

conclusion The present research makes clear the complexity and diverse implications of the ‘Garzweiler II’ project. The intrusion into long established systems is enormous. The reactions to it are as diverse as the affected parties are numerous. The implications mentioned go hand in hand with the movement of the pit and the mechanisms within RWE. Next to the implications, this research aims to visualise how the RWE mechanism has developed, both in how it functions as well as how far and deep it reaches: How dependent is Germany really on ‘Garzweiler II’ and consequently on RWE?

As an information design project, it is the aim of this research to create transparency and an overview within this important and difficult process. For example to highlight, at a gathering such as the climate conference in November/ December 2015, the complexity on the one hand and the necessity on the other – to find a consensus. The monopoly position of the ‘kraken’ that is RWE means that a project like ‘Garzweiler II’ can’t be suddenly stopped this would come with strong complications. Opposite the rethinking of brown coal energy stands a long industrial history, mutual dependence and mechanisms of the Rhineland mining district, as well as the associated investment and exploitable technologies. At the start of the project, its utilisation was set and approved for the period between 1995 and 2045. All plans for this period are made. A gradual restructuring, however, should be possible. It is to be noted that an incentive to rethink has taken place on the political side. This has opened up a demand for discussing new options. Constructive debate requires transparency of information and equal rights of the interest groups. Constructive debate can only take place when all interest groups are represented, acknowledged, and appreciated. The present research work aims to offer this basis together with the associated design project.

Germany looks back on a long list of statewide strip mines and associated resettlement locations. Back then, the actions of the corporation alongside politics were seen as unchallenged and irrefutable. Affected persons put up with their ‘ fate’109. But a growing awareness for citizens’ fundamental rights, taking a stand for their basic needs and questioning sustainability has set in motion a rethinking in affected parties and activists , at the latest since the planning of ‘Garzweiler II’. A resistance is forming which is subtly growing and thickening. This rethinking and awareness of the role as an affected party (no matter in what form) is important in the process of structural change and development into a more sustainable economy. Ultimately, this rethinking has in April 2014, with the possible changes to the project’s requirements, finally found political support . Or was this political quick-fire decision nothing more than an exploitation of the situation?

The issue at hand is not only topical within Germany. Similar tensions exist worldwide: For example in Holland and the USA concerning fracking110, Canada and Australia concerning coal mining111 (see Fig. 35 and Fig. 37 on p. 64 et seq.). Topics such as necessity, treatment of resources and handling of consequences, as well as the increasing privatisation and monopolisation need to be discussed. This does not only concern the Rhineland mining district. » The aim of commerce [ is ] the free human «112

109 When comparing older and more current literature, current literature shows a larger occurrence of critical assessments of lignite strip mines. Criticism in such cases comes from environmentalists, from urban planning and heritage protection bodies or from action groups such as the Hambach group.

110

Source : http://gruppen.greenpeace.de/ingolstadt/ ( 01 February 2015 )

111

Source : http://www.multiwatch.ch/de/p97001717.html ( 01 February 2015 )

112 Translated quote from an advertisement by the Duisburger Kupferhütte, from : Auss. Kat. Eisen und Stahl, Düsseldorf 1952 40

â&#x20AC;&#x161;The wa ndering Holeâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

Figure 35 : Opencast pits worldwide (different resources)

THE WANDERING HOLE – appendix –

Ta bLe 02 : Resettlement towns in Germany because of opencast coal mines

a ppendi x

Figure 36 : The wandering hole, 1995 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2045

2090 1995

2015

Erkelenz

Infrastructure between Erkelenz, Mâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;gladbach and Cologne | North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

2045

The hole :

1995

2015

2045

See (2090)

1km

a ppendi x

2090 2045

2015

1995

1km

Geographical differences in altitude

THE WANDERING HOLE – resource –

resource INTERVIEWS – 22nd November 2014 : Interview with Mr. Bayer, residents of Jüchen and Archivist of the municipal archives Jüchen – 23rd November 2014 : Interview with Wilfried Lörkens, resident of House Paland in Borschemich, Erkelenz – 23rd November 2014 : Interview with Arne Münster, Photograph and administrator : http://www.garzweiler.com/ – 25th January 2015 : Hambach Forst Führung „Forest instead of coal“ and interview with Michael Zobel, Forest guide and nature educator – 25th January 2015 : Interview withActivists and environmentalists, Hambacher Forest – 16th February 2015 : Interview with Thomas Balzhäuser, employee at the city of Erkelenz, planning office – 17th February 2015 : Interview with Lutz Kunde, RWE Power Aktiengesellschaft Leiter Tagebau Garzweiler – 17th February 2015 : Interview with Ulf Dworschak, Biologe und Angestellter bei Forschungsstelle Rekultivierung in Zusammenarbeit with RWE – 17th February 2015 : Interview with Prof. Dr. Horst Bannwarth, Institution for für Biology and Didactics, Cologne – 18th February 2015 : Interview with Dirk Jansen, Director at the environmental and conservation policy, press and public relations of BUND NRW - Association for the Environment and Nature Conservation Germany – 18th February 2015 : Interview with Anja Schürmans, Employee at the city Erkelenz, Planning Department – 19th February 2015 : Interview with Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Niemann-Delius, BBK III – Chair of the d epartment for raw materials and mining, RWTH Aachen – 19th February 2015 : Interview with Dr.-Ing. Peter Vossen, BBK III – Employee at the d epartment for raw materials and mining, RWTH Aachen – 20th February 2015 : Interview with Bachelor architect Jan Tihon – 21st February 2015 : Interview with Hans Willi Schulte, Brudermeister at the rifle association of Borschemich – 21st February 2015 : Interview with Herrn Goebels, Küster / Sexton of the old church Saint Martinus, Alt-Borschemich – 22nd February 2015 : Hambach Forest guide „Forest instead of coal“ and interview with Michael Zobel, Forest guide and nature educator – 23rd March 2015 : Interview with Dorothea Schubert, employee from BUND NRW – Association for the Environment and Nature Conservation Germany; Author of the book „Future instead of brown coal 30 years resistance to ‘Garzweiler II’“ – 06th March 2015 : Interview with Prof. Ulrich Horst Prof. cityplaner, architect and planning of Garzweiler I – 06th March 2015 : Invitation and contribution of the General Assembly of the rifle association of Borschemich, New – Borschemich – 22nd March 2015 : Interview with members of the rifle association of Borschemich, New – Borschemich – 27th March 2015 : Interview with Wilfried Lörkens, resident of House Paland in Borschemich, Erkelenz – 10th April 2015 : Interview with Hans Willi Schulte, Brudermeister at the rifle association of Borschemich

resource BOOKS – „Aachen geographische Arbeiten, Heft 29 : Anspruch und Wirklichkeit von Ortsumsiedlung im Rheinischen Braunkohlerevier – Untersuchung zur Bedeutung von Umsiedlungsstandorten in der kommunalen Siedlungsentwicklung und –planung“ [ „Aachen geographical works, Issue 29: Expectations and reality of local resettlement in the Rhenish lignite mining area Investigation on the importance of resettlement sites in the municipal urban development and planning“ ] by Frank Dickmann; Aachener geographische Arbeiten; 1995 – „Anspruch und Wirklichkeit von Ortsumsiedlungen im rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier“ [ „Expectations and reality of local resettlement in the Rhenish lignite mining area“ ] by Frank Dickmann; Aachen: Geographisches Institut der RWTH; 1995 – „Beiträge zur Geologie und Erkundung von Braunkohlenlagerstätten“ [ „Contributions of geology and exploration of lignite deposits“ ]by Rainer Vulpius; Berlin : ZGI; 1989

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als Faktor kommunalen Strukturwandels“ [ „Resettlement Atlas of the Rhenish lignite mining area - settlement, housing, infrastructure - resettlement as a factor for municipal structural change“ ] by Frank Dickmann; Rhineland Regional Council, Office Rheinische Landeskunde Bonn; Köln [i.e.] Pulheim : Rheinland-Verlag (publisher); 1996 – „Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohlentagebau und seine Folgen“ [ „Dissipated home - The lignite mining and its consequences“ ] by Albert Kirschgens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins; Alano; 1985 – „Zeitraum Braunkohle“ [ „Period lignite“ ] by Ulrike Stottrop; Essen, Pomp; 1993 – „Zukunft statt Braunkohle – 30 Jahre Widerstand gegen den Braunkohlentagebau ‘Garzweiler II’“ [ „Future instead lignite 30 years resistance against the lignite opencast ‚Garzweiler II‘„ ] by Dirk Jansen and Dorothea Schubert; BUND NRW; 2014

resource PDFS – http://forschungsstellerekultivierung.de/downloads/exkursionsfuehrerteili.pdf Source : PDF Research recultivation „Reclamation in the Rhenish lignite mining area - Exkursionsführer Part I“ by Achim Schmacher, Maren Stollberg, Ulf Dworschak, Jochen Weglau and others; 2011 (29th of January 2015) – http://www.bund-nrw.de/fileadmin/bundgruppen/bcmslvnrw/PDF_Dateien/Themen_und_Projekte/Braunkohle/Inden/ Kurzgutachten_Evaluierung_Umsiedlung.pdf | Source : PDF of the BUND NRW – Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (Association for the Environment and Nature Conservation Germany) „Kurzfassung Gutachten zur Evaluierung von Umsiedlungen im Rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier im Hinblick auf ihre Sozialverträglichkeit im Auftrag des Ministeriums für Umwelt, Raumordnung und Landwirtschaft Nordrhein-Westfalen“ [ „Summary report for the evaluation of resettlement in the Rhenish lignite mining area in terms of their social acceptability on behalf of the Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Agriculture of North Rhine-Westphalia“ ] (19th of Febuary 2015) – „Braunkohlenplan – Umsiedlung Borschemich“ [ „Lignite plan - resettlement Borschemich“ ] by the district council Cologne ( BKP Borsch_textliche_darstellung.pdf ) – 140625_ 3 Abschnitt Rückbaukonzept Borschemich.pdf – „Bebauuungsplan Nr. XXI – Umsiedlung Borschemich; Erkelenz - Mitte“ [ „Zoning No. XXI - Resettlement Borschemich; Erkelenz - center“] by the city Erkelenz ( B_Plan Umsiedlung Borsch_Begründung Teil1; Source : http://www.erkelenz.de/de/ bauen/Planen/Bebauungsplan.html ) – „Umsiedlungsfiebel – Borschemich“ [ „Resettlement Manual - Borschemich“] by the city Erkelenz (Gemeinsame Umsiedlung Borschemich.pdf) – „Walking through doorways causes forgetting: Further explorations“ by Gabriel A. Radvansky, Sabine A. Krawietz and Andrea K. Tamplin ( Aktualisierungs__Radvansky Krawietz & Tamplin 2011 (QJEP).pdf ) – „Externalismus und die Kontextabhängigkeit der Erinnerung“ [ „Externalism and the context dependence of remembrance“ ] by Sven Bernecker ( Context depended memory.pdf) – „Braunkohle in Deutschland 2013 – Profil eines Industriezweiges“ [ „Lignite in Germany in 2013 - Profile of an industry“ ] by DEBRIV Bundesverband Braunkohle („Federal Lignite“) ( debriv_izb_2013.pdf) – „Die Zukunft der Braunkohle in Deutschland im Rahmen der Energiewende“ [ „The future of lignite in Germany as part of the energy revolution“ ] by Clemens Gerbaulet, Jonas Egerer, Pao-Yu Oei, Judith Paeper, Christian von Hirschhausen; German Institute for Economic Research; 2012 – „Futuro Promitivo – Orimitive future“ by Sou Fujimoto; 2008-2010 – „Braunkohlesanierung – Grundlagen, Geotechnik, Wasserwirtschaft, Brachflächen, Rekultivierung, Vermarktung“ [ „Lignite remediation - foundations, geotechnical engineering, water management, brownfields reclamation, marketing“ ] by Carsten Drebenstedt and Mahmut Kuyumcu (Hrsg.); Springer Vieweg; 2014 – „Wir übertragen die Heimat – Umsiedlung im rheinischen Braunkohlerevier1“ [ „We transmitted the home - resettlement in the Rhenish lignite mining area 1“ ] by Susanne Lohmann; 2012 – „Umsiedlungen infolge des Braunkohlenbergbaues im Rheinland Das Beispiel der Ortsumsiedlungen im Abbaugebiet Frimmersdorf“ [ „Resettlements due to lignite mining in the Rhineland The example of the local resettlement in the mining area Frimmersdorf“ ] by Michael Brückner; Rhenish lignite plants consortium; 1989 – „Quarks & Co : Braunkohle – Von großen Baggern und dicker Luft“ [ „Quarks & Co : Bown coal - About large excavators up to thicker air“ ] vby Sonja Kolonko, Daniel Münter, Michael Ringelsiep; 2009 54

re source

– Article in the magazine „Die Welt“ : „Das alte Immerath ist ein Geisterdorf geworden“ [ „The old Immerath has become a ghost town“ ] ( Umsiedlung_ Das alte Immerath ist ein Geisterdorf geworden - DIE WELT.pdf) (12th of January 2015) – „Umsiedlung im Braunkohlenbergbau Erfahrungen und Perspektiven“ [ „Resettlement in the lignite mining experiences and perspectives“ ] by the university Leipzig Institution Environmental and Planning Law; Workshop; 11./12. November 2002; Leipzig

resource LINKS – Article by Focus – online : http://www.focus.de/wissen/natur/erinnerungskiller-tuer-gehirn-koppelt-gedanken-an-zimmer_ aid_724288.html (27. Nov 2014) – Statistics by Statista : http://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/ (19. Dez 2014) – Article by Spiegel – online: http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/soziales/braunkohle-tagebau-garzweiler-verfassungsgericht-erlaubt-abbau-a-939589.html (19. Dez 2014) – Article by Greenpeace : https://www.greenpeace.de/themen/energiewende/fossile-energien/garzweiler-klaeger-tiefgreifender-emotionaler-verlust (25. Nov 2014) – Article by Handelsblatt : http://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/urteil-zu-garzweiler-ii-es-darf-gebaggertwerden/9228644.html (22. Nov 2014) – Energy research study 2013 by BGR see bund.de : http://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Downloads/Energiestudie_2013.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=5 (03. Deczember 2014) – Bundesverbund Braunkohle (Federal composite lignite) : http://www.braunkohle.de/ – Greenpeace : http://www.braunkohle.info/Urwald-Weisswasser/Grundwasserspiegel – http://www.bund-nrw.de/fileadmin/bundgruppen/bcmslvnrw/PDF_Dateien/Themen_und_Projekte/Braunkohle/Inden/ Kurzgutachten_Evaluierung_Umsiedlung.pdf (11. Januar 2015) – http://www.borschemich.de/bruderschaft.html – http://www.borschemich.de/ – Monitoring by the lignite Committee Cologne ( Source : http://www.bezreg-koeln.nrw.de/brk_internet/gremien/braunkohlenausschuss/)

resource VIDEOS – http://youtu.be/0fKBhvDjuy0 Powers of Ten™ (1977) (watched 26th January 2015 ) – http://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/68er-bewegung/52077/peter-zlonicky „Der öffentliche Raum wurde zum Besitz der Bürger“ [ „The public space was the property of the citizens“ ] Interview with the city planner Peter Zlonicky (19th February 2015) – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tiQmRJzDFE „Demographischen Wandel“ von Prof. Dr. Dr. Olaf Kühne (19th February 2015) – Quarks & Co : „Braunkohle – Von großen Baggern und dicker Luft“; Sendung vom 14.04.09

resource OTHERS Horst Köhler : „Demokratie und Streitkultur aus Weihnachtsansprache des Bundespräsidenten 2006“ [ „Democracy and culture of debate from Christmas speech of the Federal President 2006“ ] (www.kultur.institut1.de) 14th December 2011 – Monitoring ‘Garzweiler II’ annual reports 1995 upto 2015 ( Lignite Committee - Archive)

THE WANDERING HOLE – INDE X –

Belonging – 25 Big Band – 22 Biodiversity – 31 Biomass – 24 Black coal – 19 Blausteinsee – 32 Borschemich – 14 24 36 Boundary – 25 Brown coal – 10 11 19 24 Brown coal energy – 16 Brown coal layer – 19 Brown coal power plant – 10 Business – 11 18 21 28

A Absorption – 17 Accountant – 38 Acquaintance – 36 Activist – 11 Activity Industrial activity – 10 Administration – 20 Aesthetics – 26 Agenda 2020 – 18 Agglomeration – 10 Agreement – 18 Agriculture – 20 32 Aim – 14 17 Allegation – 16 2 3 Analysis – 16 Structural analysis – 15 Anchored-to-home – 11 15 Animal species – 30 Annual business report – 22 Appearance – 22 Approach – 17 Design approach – 16 Aprproval – 28 Assessment – 26 Association – 29 Atlas – 17 Atmosphere – 29 Audience – 17 Australia – 4 0 Author – 17 Authority Private authority – 20 Awareness – 10 21 26 4 0

B Background – 17 Basic need – 11 4 0 Basis – 14 Basis of existing law – 19 Beauty – 26 Belgium – 18

Canada – 4 0 Challenge – 35 Chance – 38 Change Climate change – 10 Choir – 22 Circumstance – 17 37 Circumstances – 14 Individual circumstances – 3 Citizen – 11 Citizen’s initiative – 29 City planner – 35 Classification – 11 Cloaca – 32 Coal-fired power plant – 19 Coal mining – 19 Coal strip mining – 28 Common good – 11 18 28 Common Good – 28 Common interest – 14 Common plane – 16 Communication – 22 23 Community – 3 35 36 38 Historical community – 18 Commuter – 10 Company – 10 20 Comparison – 32 Multifaceted comparison – 15 Compensation – 32 36 Economic compensation – 32

Complementary – 15 Complex – 16 Complexity – 3 11 15 17 39 Complication – 4 0 Concealing – 16 Concept – 25 36 Condition – 3 21 29 Conflict – 14 18 Constructive conflict – 16 Consensus – 18 4 0 Common consensus – 17 Consensus-finding – 15 Consequence – 3 10 Consequences – 30 Constructivist – 26 Context – 3 17 Corporation – 3 20 21 Corporeal – 25 Cost-cutting – 22 Countereffect – 27 Country Industrialised country – 10 Countryside – 3 Criticism – 16 23 Ctizens’ fundamental rights – 4 0 Culture – 25

D Data – 16 Deadline – 18 Debate – 18 Constructive debate – 4 0 Decision – 3 35 Definition – 25 Déjà vu – 27 Dementia – 27 Demolition – 14 Denominator Common denominator – 17 Density – 10 Dependence – 10 4 0 Dependency – 10 Destruction – 32 Detail – 14 Development – 16 23 4 0

Inde x

Regional development – 16 Dewatering – 30 Digger – 30 Dimension – 14 15 17 30 Director – 17 Disassemble – 16 Discourse Productive discourse – 16 Discussion – 14 16 Discussion fora – 17 Distribution – 21 Distrust – 10 Diversity – 15 Dramatic – 17 Dynamic – 3 10 11

E Economic – 10 Economic hub – 10 Economic success – 14 Economy – 18 28 29 Ecosystem – 30 Effect – 3 Environmental effect – 14 Emission – 14 38 Empathy – 18 Employee – 22 Encyclopedia – 17 Energiewende – 3 Energy corporation – 28 Energy demand – 11 Energy generation – 11 Energy mix – 10 20 Energy policy – 18 Energy provider – 21 Energy revolution – 3 Energy source Conventional energy sources – 19 Engagement Community engagement – 22 Environment – 10 26 Spatial environment – 27 Environmental protection – 11 Europe – 18 Event – 35

Everyday life – 37 Evolution – 37 Examination – 16 Expansion – 24 31 Expectation – 11 Experience – 26 Exploitation – 4 0 Expropriation – 28 Extraction – 14

Garzweiler I – 14 24 ‘Garzweiler II’ – 14 15 28

F Facebook – 23 Fact – 23 Facts – 16 Family – 3 Farmer – 20 Farmland – 32 Fate of the individual – 18 Fear – 16 28 Federal mining law – 28 Federal politic – 14 Federal state – 10 Fertile soil – 20 Final-cut pits – 32 Finding – 35 Flexibility – 25 Folk – 35 Folklore – 25 Forest – 30 Primeval forest – 18 Formation – 19 Fracking – 4 0 Fragmentation – 16 Framework – 17 21 French mining act – 20 French occupation – 20 Friction – 28 Friend – 37 Fundamental right – 11 28 Future – 3 17 29 38

G Garzweiler – 24

Gas – 19 Generation – 3 Geography – 3 German State – 14 Germany – 10 12 17 Globalisation – 25 Global market – 19 Global politics – 19 Good Greater good – 10 Government – 19 Granary – 20 Graphite – 19 Greenhouse emission – 18 Greenwashing – 23 Groundwater draining – 31 Groundwater reservoir – 14 Groundwater supply – 31 Growth – 10 Guarantee – 38

H Half-truths – 16 Hambach – 24 Hambach forest – 18 32 Heimat – 25 38 Help – 14 Heritage Industrial heritage – 18 Heuersdorf – 29 History – 10 24 26 30 36 German industrial history – 10 Holland – 4 0 Home – 11 36 37 Homeland – 14 25 House – 36 Household – 11 Human – 4 0

I Identity – 25 Ignorance – 16 Illumination – 16 Image – 3 Immigration – 18 Impact Social impact – 14 Implementation – 17 Implication – 15 16 4 0 Imposing – 17 Improvement – 29 Inden – 24 Independence – 14 19 Industrialisation – 19 Industry – 10 Inefficiency – 38 Information – 15 17 Infrastructure – 35 Insecurity – 10 28 Integration – 26 Intention – 25 Interest Conflicting interest – 11 Opposing interest – 14 Interest groups – 3 10 39 Interference – 3 14 30 Interpretation – 17 Possible interpretation – 16 Range of possible interpretations – 16 Investigation – 14 Investment – 3 19 35 Investor Institutional investor – 21 Iranian oil reserves – 20 Issue – 14 17 4 0 Issues – 11

Justification Equal justification – 26

K Kaster – 29 Key industry – 18 Knowledge – 30 Kraft, Hannelore – 18 Kraken – 4 0 Kyoto Protocol II – 18

L Lack of corruption – 16 Lack of transparency – 16 Lake – 32 Landscape – 3 26 Functional landscape – 37 Language – 16 Legitimacy – 3 10 Life – 25 Life with coal – 17 Lignite mining – 14 37 lignite strip mine – 14 Lignitic coal – 3 Lindner, Christian – 38 Lippendorf – 29 Living with coal – 14 Lobbying – 23 Local newspaper – 22 Location – 10 14 36 Location-Updating Effect – 27 Locomotive – 22 Loessic soil – 18 Loess soil – 20 Looming – 29 Loss Emotional loss – 37

J Job – 19 29 Judgment – 26 Rash judgment – 16

M Magnet – 10 Material – 24

Meaning – 17 Mechanism – 3 10 14 Mechanisms – 4 0 Media – 16 17 22 Meeting – 29 Meeting place – 36 Meeting venue – 37 Member – 37 Memory – 27 Mental state – 27 Methodology – 16 17 Migration – 30 Migratory – 3 Mining area – 14 Mining authority – 28 Mining industry – 28 Miscommunication – 16 Misinterpretation – 16 Model – 3 Modernise – 20 Money – 10 28 Monopolisation – 4 0 Moor – 19 Motion – 14 24 Motivation – 17 Movement – 3 4 0

N Nature – 3 11 14 Necessary – 37 Necessity – 3 16 4 0 Negotiation – 35 Neighbour – 37 Neighbourhood – 36 Netherlands – 18 Network – 22 Neu Grevenbroicher – 22 New resettlement town – 37 News – 23 New village – 36 Nietzsche, Friedrich – 29 Norm – 35 North Rhine-Westphalia – 3 he auch NRW Nostalgic – 25

Sie-

Inde x

Notion – 15 25 Notion of home – 3 NRW – 10 14 NS regime – 28 Nuclear power – 3

O Oil – 19 Opencast pit – 12 Opinion Own opinion – 17 Opportunity – 3 Opposite – 26 Organising – 17 Orientation – 26 Origin – 18 Overburden – 32 Overburden’ – 19 Overview – 14

Politics – 11 16 32 4 0 Population – 10 18 36 Portrayal – 14 16 17 Positioning – 17 Possession – 36 Power – 10 28 Power generation – 38 Power plant – 30 Power supply – 14 Precedence-setting political decision – 38

P Paris – 17 Partial resettlement – 35 Past – 25 Peat – 19 Perception – 15 25 26 39 Period Tertiary period – 19 Permission Political permission – 14 Perspective Differing perspective – 14 phenomena – 28 Phenomena – 10 Phenomenon Economic phenomenon – 17 Philosophy – 11 Pit – 37 Plane – 17 Planning – 4 0 Pödelwitz – 38 Point Compelling point – 14

Presence – 22 Presentation – 23 Preservation – 28 Price Electricity price – 11 Privatisation – 4 0 Problem – 15 Process – 29 35 37 4 0 Processing – 14 Process of resettlemen – 29 Promise – 25 Property – 29 36 Proportion – 10 Pro-resettlement – 27 Psychology – 3 Pumping station – 30 Purpose – 14

Q Quality – 24 Question – 29 Questioning – 16 Quick-fire decision – 4 0

R Railroad – 22 Rain forest – 35 Rationale – 14 17 Raw material – 28 Reaction – 3 15 4 0 Reader – 14 Reality – 3

Economic reality – 3 Reclamation – 32 Reconstruction – 30 Reconstruction generation – 25 Refurbishment – 16 Regime – 29 Region – 10 14 20 22 Regulation – 28 35 Relationship – 3 14 25 Relocation – 35 Renewable energy – 3 19 21 Re-orientation – 27 Requirement – 25 4 0 Research – 26 Research area – 14 Research source – 3 Resettlement – 35 Resettler – 27 Resettling together – 36 Resistance – 24 29 Resonance – 14 Resource – 10 14 Responsibility – 32 Restriction – 38 Restructuring – 10 16 21 4 0 Result – 16 17 Re-thinking – 38 Rethinking – 10 32 Revegetation – 30 32 Revolution – 20 Rhine – 31 Rhineland – 18 Rhineland mining district – 17 40

Rife – 16 Rifle association – 36 Right to a homa – 28 Right to a home – 29 Röcken – 29 Roman – 20 Rooting – 25 Rumour – 29

S Sacrifice – 10 Saint Nick – 22 Scale – 14 School – 22 Security Existential security – 25 Security of energy supply – 11 Self-determination – 28 Sense – 14 Sense of being patronised – 16 Sensitivity – 3 14 15 17 Sentiment – 25 Shareholder – 21 Single plane – 16 Site-dependency – 29 Situation – 3 17 Sketch – 17 Social changes – 37 Social network – 14 2 3 Society – 26 36 Solidarity – 29 Solution – 14 Solution model – 16 Sonderopfer – 28 Soul – 25 Space – 17 25 Speck of land – 11 25 Sponsorships – 22 Spranger, Eduard – 25 Stability – 25 26 Stage – 17 Standard – 19 Current standards – 16 Standard value – 36 Statement – 35 Stimulation – 17 Strategy – 21 Strip mine – 3 24 Strip mines – 4 0 Structure – 3 14 15 Social structure – 36 Studies – 3 Study – 15

Suitability – 20 Supply – 21 Support – 15 22 Surface – 19 Surrounding – 15 25 26 Sustainability – 3 10 32 Swamp area – 19 Symbol – 26 System – 37 Interwoven system – 14

Industrial utilisation – 10 Utopia – 25

V Valuation – 37 Value – 11 Emotional value – 28 Material value – 14 Variety – 22 Viability – 18 Victim – 29 View – 17 Viewer – 3 17 Village – 3 24 Village fair – 22 Ville – 24 Volunteer – 22

T Target scenario – 17 Technology – 19 4 0 Tendency – 10 19 Tension – 10 14 26 External tension – 18 Time – 25 Tool – 17 Total loss – 37 Town – 14 Tradition – 36 Transparency – 3 16 Transport – 14 Treatment – 4 0 Equal treatment – 16 Trust – 10 Truth – 16 Twitter – 23

W 22

U Unanchored-to-home – 11 UN Climate Change Conference – 17 19

Understanding – 16 17 39 Differing understanding – 3 Unemployment – 18 Uprooting – 37 Urban – 18 USA – 4 0 Use Temporary use – 32 Utilisation – 3 4 0

Water reservoir – 18 Website – 21 Wirtschaftswunder – 25 Withholding – 16 Woodland clearing – 32 World – 37 World War II – 24

Iron Tin Copper Zinc Nickel Chrome Manganese Aluminium Lead Gold Silver Salt Potassium Sulphur Spar Fluorite Asbestos Talc Phosphor Gypsum Titanium