[Me]Mory Paradox: An Architectural Representations of The Conflicted Emotions and Memory

DESIGN THESIS REPORT

[ME]MORY PARADOX

A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

an architectural representations of the conflicted emotions and memory

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, (UiTM) PUNCAK ALAM

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE 04 Sept 2017 - Jan 2018

Prepared by: Hazirah Hani Hamzah

Supervisor : Ms Kartini Kasmuri Studio Leader : Assoc. Prof. Ar. Dr. Norhati Ibrahim

CONTENTS

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

ii

Acknowledgement

iii

Abstract

1

Prologue Problem Statement Thesis Statement Aims & Objectives Project Viability

6

Background Study Potentials, Issues & Propaganda Client & Strategic Partnership Site Apprehension Precedents

18

Formulations Design Thesis Framework Design Theory Design Approach & Strategy Conceptual Ideas, Sketches & Diagrams Schedule of Accommodation

29

Schematic Proposal Site Plan Floor Plans Elevations & Sections Sectional Perspectives Perspectives

43

Technical Integration Services Zoning Logic Fire Protection System Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (ACMV) Electrical and Communication System Water Supply System Sewerage and Refuse System

68

Special Studies Space, Ambiance, and Materiality Structural Study and Materiality

75

Epilogue Physical Model Design Implications Perception

79

References i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis grew out of curiosity and interest to understand the dynamic between architecture, space, time, and the paradoxical connections between them. The need to expand upon traditional definitions of commemorative architecture lead to the current line of questioning. This work has grown from an idea thanks to the contributions of many people, and I would like to reflect on the people who have supported and helped me so much throughout this period.

I would first like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Ms Kartini Kasmuri, for her continuous support, criticism, patient guidance, encouragement, and advice throughout my time as her student. I have been extremely lucky to have a supervisor who cared so much about my work, who responded to my queries so promptly, and for giving me encouragement and great freedom to develop the thesis. I must also express my deepest sense of gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Tn Syed Sobri Syed Zubir, in spite of being busy with his duties, took his time out to hear, guide and keep me in the correct path which was extremely valuable throughout my years of study.

My sincere appreciations to my studio leader, Assoc. Prof. Ar. Dr. Norhati Ibrahim, for all her guidances, which keep me on the right track through this whole process. To my fellow friends, thank you for your continuous support. We were not only able to support each other by deliberating over our problems and findings, but also happily by talking about things other than just our assignments.

Nonetheless, I must express my profound gratitude to my parents for their endless support and countless words of encouragement throughout my years of study. This accomplishment would not have been possible without you. Again, thank you.

Hazirah H. Hamzah [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

ii

ABSTRACT With the recent emergence of culture as the fourth pillar of sustainability as stipulated by UNESCO and its affiliated institutions, there is no doubt that culture is a vehicle towards a more sustainable development not only for communities but one’s nation as well. As part of addressing culture, architecture is seen as a powerful and commanding marker of memories. The formation of national memory depends to a large extent on a nation’s success in constructing multiple commemorative forms: symbols, ceremonies and celebrations, museums and monuments, traditions, and cultural texts that provide symbolic arenas for narrating the nation. These forms assist the nation’s memory in tracing themes of continuity between the past and present – establishing shared history and cultural heritage.

Significant changes in a nation’s life, whether social or political, alter the collective mind of its citizens. With a constantly changing background and audiences, existing forms of remembrance may be transformed or reinterpreted, or they may be altogether demolished to make way for the new commemorative symbols in their place.

quality of experiences. Design progresses from sketches of concepts utilized in the case studies and the literature to create ‘languages’, which are then tested in the final design, where the communication between the past, present, and future is vital in the narrative and experience of the building.

The outcome of this study is expected to open up a new dimension of commemoration, broader historical awareness, and collective identity, by focusing mainly on drawing together the different racial, ethnics, and cultural narratives of a richly diverse nation in an attempt to portray a nation moving forward into a transformed future.

The motivation for this thesis is an attempt to bridge the gap between remembering and forgetting tragic antiquity in order to shape a nation’s memory. The argument this paper present is that creation of memorial with constantly changing background and audiences is believed to have to be able to not just look back at history but to move forward. This thesis also seeks to re-establish the ideologies of personal experience within the communal memory manifested through the architectural typology of memorial architecture in creating spaces for discourse; a place to experience various aspects of life, not just history.

To pursue these arguments, this thesis will look into matters of public commemoration pertaining traumatic and dark events, in order to explore applications in architectural design based on the understanding of the constructed spaces, as well as the spatial typology of commemorative architecture that were deemed successful.

The case studies formulate the typologies of commemorative design, incorporating built form, spatial layout, and programs, as key qualities alterable to produce the appropriate [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

Keywords: collective memory, culture, narratives, commemorative architecture, memorial, discourse iii

PROLOGUE

“Architecture is an art of forgetting” The idea is very interesting though I am also unsure of how much I agree with it. At first, I was persuaded by the whole “we remember to forget” ideology, as remembering the past and leaving it intact can remind us of the need to transcend it. However, if we still need to remember in order to forget, then, is architecture actually an art of remembering? Reason being is that I think people will always need objects, material, things external to themselves to remember. But I do believe the idea that memory and forgetting are tied together. Hence, the paradox.

Taking consideration into the typology of building for this project – a memorial – it makes me wonder, to what extent memorials are about forgetting because eventually they become citations of themselves, or, trying to state this another way, because they become more about themselves than about what it is they ostensibly commemorate? What do people who visit, say, the National Monument, ‘remember’ or ‘forget’? Do some people perhaps visit just to experience the monument? And how (or perhaps what) do people ‘experience’?

I’ve came across about an analogy, “a child who has experienced a trauma will often suppress the memory until he or she is much older and is able to process the experience”. Thus, theoretically speaking, is it possible for a nation or a race to suppress a memory in the same way that a child does? If this is the case, do memorials keep traumatic events conscious and thus prevent the atrocities from repeating? However, even with memorials we need to recognize that the genocide of the Jews during the Holocaust is repeating itself only this time the Muslims are being persecuted and the Croatians are performing the ‘ethnic cleansing.’ What will the memorials for this conflict look like? Do we have to experience the trauma of death to experience history and to value life?

Just to put the topic into the context of Kampung Baru, is memorial supposed to help us remember the suppression of heritage in order to make way for urban development, the dark events that took place there, the individuals who died, or the national impact? How can something aim to memorialize such complex events? It seems to me that these questions are unanswerable without some sort of concept of ‘collective memory.’

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

1

PROLOGUE

Maybe I’m just projecting from what I’ve read so far, but I think that an effective monument/memorial should speak on a level beyond that of the individual. This way, instead of silencing the plurality of narratives, the monument can speak to them all on the collective level. Take Maya Lin’s Vietnam Memorial as an example. It is subjective enough that it leaves room for individual narrative, yet it also maintains some basal level of objectivity with the list of names and the unified materiality.

Typically, memorials/monuments attempt to present some sort of static memory, but tend to take on a life of their own was created. I think their dynamic nature is a result of interacting with the population that comes to see them, bringing their own memories and interpretations of events to this common location, where stories mix.

A lot of times I forget that people visit memorials and monuments and talk to each other. I don’t really think a stone structure can tell a story, but it can help a society remember a story by prompting people to share their memories, which, in turn, changes the collective memory and the interpretation of the monument.

Next, onto the question of context/location of memorials, as I’m trying to justify the rationale of proposing a memorial in Kampung Baru which doesn’t necessarily portray the soon-to-be-lost legacy. Is it necessary to identify a memory with a location (temporal or physical) in order to be remembered? And if architecture really is a ‘living’ art (always changing), how is associating memory with a building synonymous with attaching memory to a location? Maybe architecture is as close as we can come to something static to hold our memories.

This topic also had me wondering about the spatial relationship of monument to memory. Should the density of the memorial reflect the density of the tragedy? The Gettysburg memorial seemed to try to do this to some extent by leaving markers haphazardly where the fighting occurred. At some point, there must be physical limitations to this approach. The devastation caused by 9/11, for example, was so immense that it seems nearly impossible to capture. Is this when we should employ ‘the void’, when the physicality of the monument cannot possibly reflect the weight of the memory?

Void-esque monument of Benjamin Franklin’s house by Robert Venturi, suggested that a main archetype of the monument is a featureless hulk or picture of emptiness on which the attention is paradoxically concentrated. The idea of the void also calls to mind in Libeskind’s Jewish Museum in Berlin which has an empty passageway that cuts through the middle of the museum to represent the void left by the Holocaust.

It seems that the void is not only valid but important as a form for a monument. How does negative space act differently than positive space in terms of memory? Is one more compelling than the other? Perhaps, one represents an art of forgetting and the other an art of remembering: negative space forcing remembrance and positive space embodying that which we can forget.

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

An interesting discussion I’ve came across talked about the difference between people who have experienced the event visiting a memorial versus people who are going to experience the event through their visit. These build markers seemingly have their own effects on different generations.

The technique of memorial of absence (for example, for the World Trade Center) might have a particularly strong effect on those who knew the space before the structures were destroyed. But later generations will only know what the skyline looked like from pictures. Is the effectiveness of the memorial of absence diminished, because the later generations no longer feel the trauma of the tragedy? Or is this a necessary step in the healing process?

Readings on psychology has brought me to a conclusion that the more the human brain actively tries to forget an experience, person, memory, etc. the more that memory is actually reinforced.

Interesting in its own right, but particularly so in reference to the debate on whether or not architecture is an art of forgetting. This one fact sort of skews my view on the matter; I think ideally architecture is meant to be an art of remembering rather than forgetting, but over time as those who the monument means most to fade away the monument and the memory linked to it also lose their potency and become almost distorted. Then again, perhaps distortion of memory can happen at any time.

Finally, after countless of brain-frying session, in order to proceed with this project, the fundamental question is how then, should a memorial be used to recreate the presence of a lost place, and events – symbolically, physically, or neither?

2

PROLOGUE

PROBLEM STATEMENT In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in memory discourse and increasingly anxious debate regarding the suitability of longestablished and outdated commemorative methods. Traditional types of memorial have not only proven ineffective but can also be seen to have played a role in manipulating collective memory.

Artists and architects are now therefore faced with the challenge of conveying memory through new channels, no longer creating memorials which propagate glory, heroism, and prestige but ones which are principally non-triumphalist, apologetic and conscious of their own metalanguage and its political connotations. The same question of how to articulate memory has arisen in architecture; although here memory must be assimilated into a language which is primarily functional and serves a structural purpose.

The argument presented is that creation of memorial for people with background and audiences surrounding typically memorials are constantly changing. Thus, it is believed that these structures should do so in a more ephemeral way, and to be able to not just look back at history but to move forward.

communal memory

individual’s memory unilateral relation of traditional memorial singular communal memory

society person

en

cu

vir onm

ltu r

e

en t

time [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

3

PROLOGUE

PROLOGUE

PROJECT VIABILITY

THESIS STATEMENT This thesis explore a memorial as an architectural inscription and forum that enables the preservation and creation of memories of the Malaysian society, that respects and reconcile conflicting demands to neither suppress diversity nor dispense unity. This is achieved through engaging the senses and memory, with architectural spaces and atmospheres, in order to evoke emotive response.

PROLOGUE

AIMS & OBJECTIVES The thesis proposes a memorial as an architectural statement to represent the Malaysian attempt to bridge the gap between remembering and forgetting tragic antiquity, hence drawing out the narratives in order to shape a nation’s memory – not just in terms of its physicality, but also cultural values represented through the medium of architecture to address issues of memory and race.

Most countries commemorate events, incidents, people, and actions, often setting aside space, or providing an object or building to pay respect and to remember.

Some memorials are small, intimate places, others are vast spaces which make the hairs on your arms stand up. Often, such built memorials reach for the sky, but equally, connection to the ground has great resonance.

The way people see memorials are of ritualised atmosphere which invites people to occupy the space, to walk and stand with presence alongside the architecture - a community, social space.

[ways of conveying message]

The study aims at elucidating some of the broader relationships between architecture and collective memory. From the study, it is possible to clearly comprehend what type of architecture and/or design that draws on notions of memory. In line with the aim, the objectives are:

dialectic meaning

didactic meaning

• To derive memorial design parameters based on in-depth analysis of memorial and monumental design.

memorial architecture

• To reappropriate ways for people to remember through the impact of architectural settings in connecting people with the built environment.

• To re-investigate memorials as more than a monument for the dead, but rather an active facilitator of ongoing experiences. death

memory

monumentality

honour & respect

time

light & darkness

[concept]

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

4

PROLOGUE

However, in Malaysia, such commemorative monuments and memorials are lacking in a sense of providing people with the articulation of meanings, manifestations of the pasts, and the inscription into and onto spaces - other than being built as physical markers. While these types of architecture have the utmost potential in embodying its spatial narrative - a story which unfolds through space, by traversing it, by walking across it in our own peculiar way; there are little to none which really captures the poetics of representations.

Sandakan Memorial Park | Sandakan, Sabah

National Monument | Kuala Lumpur

Millennium Monument | Putrajaya The Overseas Chinese Anti-War Memorial Park | Penang

mounds statues temples obelisks

MEMORIALS & MONUMENTS typology IN MALAYSIA

form & symbolism

cenotaphs war memorials memorial museums buildings as landmarks

landscape

Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

Last POW Camp Memorial | Ranau, Sabah

Atkinson Memorial Clock Tower | Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

Kundasang War Memorial | Kundasang, Sabah

Cenotaph | Penang

Birch Memorial Clock Tower | Ipoh

Penang War Museum | Penang

Penang War Museum | Penang

Proclamation of Independence Memorial | Melaka

historical marker

Kundasang, Sabah

Georgetown, Penang Sandakan, Sabah

Ipoh, Perak

WP Kuala Lumpur

WP Putrajaya

Kota Tinggi, Johor

Bandar Hilir, Melaka

Locations of memorials & monuments in Malaysia [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

5

BACKGROUND STUDY

BACKGROUND STUDY

POTENTIALS, ISSUES & PROPAGANDA

The past is not a single, linear history, but multiple layers of conflicting histories reflected and embedded in a city’s built fabrics. It is difficult to narrate a place’s actual history when parts of the urban layers are selectively destroyed. The city is filled with residual markers of memory, both those that operate at a civic level and those that embody personal recollection. In this way, the cityscape becomes a form of palimpsest, which reveals and conceals the events of the past according to residual built form.

Many, if not all cities bear the signs of the past, constructed and scarred by acts of history.

In a more global respect, architecture supports, stocks and transmits memory. Human beings consciously and above all unconsciously lean on architecture to ease and reassure their own memory for architecture is the most tangible sign-post between

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

their terrestrial existence and that of their ancestors. Architecture can be conjugated in the past, present and future as a constant of existence.

Whence the danger if it submits to memory.

Memory. A dangerous word. The word of someone elderly, reeking of death.

How can a society be built, a world, or even an entire universe, on this unique orientation, on this obsession with the past? The earth is cluttered daily with signs of this universal memory.

Contemporary art is bogged down in its reminiscence, the cinema brings out its old films on TV and radio compiles endlessly. In short, our life can be read and discovered in the lifeless pages of an archaeological dictionary. What has become of the taste for the future, the curiosity concerning tomorrow, the appetite for things to come? They have disappeared, they are forgotten, even evacuated from our consciousness.

6

BACKGROUND STUDY

We went looking for truth But found only lies.

What was real?

That was the mission.

We had seen things, heards things But could we believe our eyes?

Well, could you?

What was real?

That was the mission.

How do you find the facts When memory becomes a dream?

Alice went down the rabbit hole, Dorothy landed in Oz. Or did she?

— adapted from: Syd Berret, Legion (Season 1, Chapter 4) [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

In short, memory encumbers, expands shamelessly, occupies the mind, closes off all avenues of escape and kills the imagination present in the recesses of our minds. In our cities, what else does memory do besides block space, erect obstacles, shout ‘off limits’, fossilise places to better ensnare men - pinballs careening back and forth without being able to discover the void in which to rest. Captors of nostalgia, all these magnificent monuments absorb energy. Black holes of the urban without use or destination, they devour the freedom of the other and proliferate in all impunity, each year harvesting their crop of memory.

What can be done against this avalanche of memory? Destroy to make some room? Live in our museums, submerged in the past? Such a gesture of recoil is not appropriate either, for it is a gesture of death. Only one act can save: to save architecture, to change radically, from head to toe, to throw off the orthogonal, curve the vertical, erect the horizontal. Upset and unbalance. To go from stability to instability.

To take on the question of form, in its globality and its unicity. To contest its haughty selfsufficiency, in uncontested expression, and to install contradiction at its centre. Introduce disquiet, the doubt of its appropriateness. Disrupt its inscription which is its legitimacy. The world is moving. Territories are moving. Sensibility is being transformed. Under the onslaught of these changes, the enclosed space of our cities is escaping and we must, whether we like it or not, live an adventure in its dynamic structures incorporating the sliding of forms. This rupture with the past is done in the name of survival.

Deliberately constructed memorials and museums assume a symbolic role within the community. They are intended to operate as a repository for collective memory sanctioned by those in power. As a result, they are constructed in such a way that they embody the agenda of those who commissioned them, and regularly convey a controlled narrative of the past. Contemporary museums and memorials are no longer confined to the traditional limits of collection and display.

It is extending beyond the built form as a purveyor 7

BACKGROUND STUDY

of truth to present a new kind of reality. This space marks the intersection between the museum and its artifact, so that either the built form itself becomes the artifact or the experience of visiting the space does.

memory

architecture (translation tool, medium, instrument)

emotions

In a way, memorials are the structures or spaces which are associated with the people in terms of their emotional, social, cultural and historical values. Societies commemorate events, incidents, people, and actions, often setting aside space, or providing an object or building to pay respect and to remember. Some memorials are small, intimate places; others are vast spaces which make the hairs on your arms stand up. Often, such built memorials reach for the sky, but equally, connection to the ground has great resonance.

The way people see memorials are of ritualized atmosphere which invites people to occupy the space, to walk and stand with presence alongside the architecture – a community, social space.

Successful memorial projects stimulate catharsis and nation-building by acknowledging and utilizing the past for positive change and growth in the present, whilst creating hope and promise for the future. However, in Malaysia, such commemorative forms are lacking in a sense of providing people with the articulation of meanings, manifestations of the pasts, and the inscription into and onto spaces; other than being built as physical markers. While these types of architecture have the utmost potential in embodying its spatial narrative, there are little to none which really captures the poetic of representations, moreover, stimulate somewhat a broader cathartic purpose that is to reassess our values and contemplate the idea – to either bury or embrace a city’s pasts in order to heal the wounds inflicted on the people.

A memory. A place in space. A drama in time. From a traditional village to a timeless heritage slowly diminishing into modernity, all the while feeling like something existing, well, between reality and dream. A narration that anchors our conscious and subconscious mind to the real world, even as it conjures images of a fantasy quest. Juxtaposing memory of the real with the fantastic, like ghosts in a haunted house, the golem of myth. Sometimes it felt like a make-believe, but it’s not.

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

8

BACKGROUND STUDY

MEMORY OF A CITY

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

9

BACKGROUND STUDY

CLIENT & STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP CLIENT

OTHER COLLABORATORS

DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY AND INTEGRATION (JPNIN) (UNDER THE PRIME MINISTER DEPARTMENT) The Department of National Unity and Integration (JPNIN) was established following the racial riot on May 13, 1969, which raises many concerns on the importance of dealing with issues related to race, culture and religion. They are aspired to be the leading agency in preserving, enhancing, and strengthening the unity and harmony within the Malaysian societies in accordance with the Federal Constitution, National Philosophy and Gagasan 1Malaysia.

Ministry of Tourism and Culture Malaysia (MOTAC)

MOTTO

VISION To be a leading agency in preserving, enhancing, and strengthening the unity and harmony within the Malaysian societies / communities.

MISSION Enhancing and strengthening the unity and harmony within the societies / communities in accordance with the Federal Constitution, National Philosophy and Gagasan 1Malaysia.

"UNITED WE PROGRESS"

Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board (MTPB)

MAIN COLLABORATOR KAMPUNG BHARU DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (PKB) Kampong Bahru Development Corporation Act 2011 [Act 733] was passed by the Parliament on December 7, 2011 while the Kampong Bharu Development Corporation (PKB) was established on April 1, 2012. PKB has been entrusted as the coordinator, facilitator and prime mover in the redevelopment of Kampong Bharu.

VISION Generating potential of the property and transforming the economy towards greater well-being which is balanced with the preservation of historical value, cultural characteristics and the Malay heritage of Kampong Bharu.

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

Department of Museums Malaysia (JMM)

MISSION No landowner and inheritor shall be marginalized in the mainstream of Kampong Bharu Redevelopment by the year 2020.

National Archives of Malaysia

PROMOTION

EXHIBITION

EDUCATION

MANAGEMENT

CONSERVATION

CONGREGATION 10

BACKGROUND STUDY

SITE APPREHENSION Kampung Baru, formed by British colonial authorities in 1900, comprises seven villages over about 300 acres. Its prime location — it’s the sole remaining large tract of developable land in the city’s center. Kampung Baru is the last hold-out against the city’s enveloping concrete jungle. Truly a village within a city, Kampung Baru now stands bravely under the long shadows of skyscrapers and elevated highways.

However, Kampung Baru will undergo a RM43bil facelift in the next 20 years, and is expected to change Kuala Lumpur’s landscape. The rustic village is slated to become the new Malay cultural centre and the city’s new economic hub with 1,900 hotel rooms, 30mil sq ft of office space, 17,500 residential units and 12% green and water feature space. The Kampung Baru redevelopment is a 20year project under the master plan launched last year, which is expected to be completed in 2035.

Peninsular Malaysia

Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur City Centre

Thus, this proposal is to be integrated with the future Kampung Baru Redevelopment Plan.

Kampung Bharu, Kuala Lumpur [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

11

BACKGROUND STUDY

SITE APPREHENSION Kampung Bharu is aptly chosen as the project site as this was where the infamous 13th May incident ignited the country’s most savage outbreak of racial rioting. Malaysians were exposed for what they were – and could be – ordinary mortals capable of senseless butchery and irrational ethnic hatred for each other given the right circumstances. The only redeeming feature of that national tragedy was its brevity.

The physical hostilities were mercifully over in a matter of days. The psychological trauma and latent mistrust lingered, afflicting some of the present generation.

MACRO STUDY

In addition, lack of awareness and appreciation towards its heritage and history, among governmental and private organizations, societies, and Malaysians in general, is an alarming act of societal decay.

Association of Islamic architectural elements with the indigenious Malays of Kampung Bharu in the existing proposal should be reconsidered in order to highlight collective memory as the key purpose of the project.

RAIL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

INTEGRATED LAND USE & TRANSIT DEVELOPMENT

Since Kampung Bharu is going to be redeveloped totally, it’ll not be just an enclave to the Malay people but for Malaysians, generally. Thus, the project is going to generate new ideas about how Kampung Bharu would tackle this vast diversity, honors the country’s diverse history, heritage, and culture.

LOCATION OF PROPOSED SITE IN RELATION TO KL TOWNSHIP [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

HIGHWAY & EXPRESSWAY

DENSITY DISTRIBUTION Low density

Medium density

High density

12

BACKGROUND STUDY

SITE APPREHENSION MICRO SITE STUDY Location Coordinate Site area

Jalan Raja muda Abdul Aziz

1

Jalan hj yahya sheikh ahmad

23

2

lik

17 18

14 Jalan Raja Alang a jal

9

11 Jala

n su

Jalan Raja

12 ltan s

ula

21

muda musa

10 i ma

n

13

16

n raja muda

20

19

ma

15

ul

8

bd

6

Jalan Raja uda

kA

5

Jalan Raja bot

tu da

7

n la Ja

Jalan Raja Abdullah

jalan tuan ku abdul rahman

4

Jalan hamzah

Jalan mahmud

3

mu

sa

22

: Kampung Bharu, Federal Territory Kuala Lumpur : 3° 9’51”N 101°42’22”E : Approximately 2.47 acres

1

Chow Kit Monorail Station

2

City Park

3

Masjid Pakistan

4

Fire Station

5

Food Alley

6

Raja Bot Market

7

Gudwara Sahib Temple

8

‘Souq’

9

Creative Industry

10 Sultan Sulaiman Club 11 School Complex 12 ‘Heritage Walk’ 13 Kampung Bharu Development Corporation 14 Masjid Jamek Kampung Bharu

Jal a

n Su l tan Ism a

15 Pedestrian Promenade

il jal a

Jala

ns

ult an

16 MRT Station

n Ra ja A b

ism

al

18 Convention Centre

dull ah

Jal a

nd an

19 Recreational Park n la Ja

gw an

gi

17 PROPOSED SITE

Am

pang

20 Kampung Bharu LRT Station 21 Linear Park 22 AKLEH 23 Bonus River

Kampung Bharu Masterplan 2035

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

13

BACKGROUND STUDY

SITE APPREHENSION

Based on the newly approved Kampung Bharu Masterplan 2035, the proposed site is located in the heart of the new CBD of Kampung Bharu.

New development comprising of midrise mixdevelopment of commercial-housing, and several public facilities are proposed adjacent to the chosen site.

A man-made lake in the site compound, which serves as a retention pond, is an added value to the site. It is anticipated to have a crucial role as one of the social catalysts for this project.

In terms of transportations and accessibility, the site is located along one of the major roads in Kampung Bharu, complete with cycling tracks, pedestrian pathway, buses lane and pit stops.

In this new development plan for the Kampung Bharu CBD, parking facilities are to be located underground to maximise greeneries and to promote walkability. An MRT station is also proposed to be built within 5 minutes walk, just next to the chosen site.

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

14

BACKGROUND STUDY

SITE APPREHENSION PROJECTED SITE SECTIONS

A

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

alfresco & food alley

mix development

b

west view

c

east view

commercials

JALAN YAHYA SHEIKH AHMAD

residential

JALAN RAJA MUDA MUSA

JALAN SULTAN SULAIMAN

JALAN RAJA MUDA MUSA

residential

south view

c

JALAN HAMZAH

b

alfresco & food alley

waterways / river

JALAN RAJA UDA

JALAN HAMZAH

JALAN YAHYA SHEIKH AHMAD

mix commercials residential development

proposed site

JALAN RAJA UDA

proposed site

A

JALAN DATUK ABDUL MALIK

proposed site

JALAN RAJA MUDA ABDUL AZIZ

future mix development with pedestrian promenade

recreational park

waterways / river

masjid jamek

future ‘souq’ (market)

JALAN SULTAN SULAIMAN

raja bot market

JALAN RAJA ABDULLAH

food alley

future convention centre

15

BACKGROUND STUDY

SITE APPREHENSION SITE SYNTHESIS

nodes & prime views

water element & passive cooling

lcc t: k ou

green network & integrated landscape

w vie

view out: kl

tower

Nodes, Public Plaza, Park Connectors & Green street Park & Open space Water body

pedestrian nodes are created with pedestrianrelated amenities to increase the perception of an active urban corridor, and to encourage more walking, cycling, and transit use - which in return will contribute to the overall vibrancy, safety, and desirability of the area.

water body adjacent to the site acts as passive cooling system which lower the heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or nil energy consumption Re-location area for Heritage Building

building footprint & permeability

seamless network & connectivity

Malay Heritage buildings

preservations & re-locations of heritage buildings

Small and fragmented building footprint means having less hard-paved surface areas reduces issues of storm water run-off and the urban heat island effect. Leaving more of the surface area of a lot as vegetation, as opposed to building, allows more room for plants and trees, which is vital for water filtration and our ecosystem.

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

adequate road network and water network make the proposed site more accessible. provisions of mrt station within 300 meters range, brt stations, pedestrian and cycling network connects the entire neighbourhood and city.

institutional cluster area 16

BACKGROUND STUDY

SITE APPREHENSION SITE SYNTHESIS

strength

current population & ethnic composition in Malaysia.

s

• • • •

flat topography - reducing the needs to cut & fill construction visible skyline due to flat land around the site presence of water element - as natural cooling system strategic location - at the central precint of Kg. Bharu, and just next to KL Golden Triangle • variations of economic activities around the area - potential people magnet • mix building typology and functions - increase liveliness of the area • transit-oriented development area - ease accessibility to the site

bumiputera non-malaysian 10.3% citizens

68.6%

others

malaysian citizens

1.0%

80.7%

indians 7.0%

31.7million

chinese 23.4%

28.4million

weakness

source: department of statistics malaysia, 2016

w

projected 2040 population & ethnic composition.

• lack provisions of shaded public facilities and amenities for pedestrian

indians 6.4% others 1.5%

current population & ethnic composition in Kampung Bharu, KL. 3.86%

72.76%

o

• water element to be incroporated into the site • convention centre and masjid jamek could support the proposed project • potential users from nearby schools and institutions, residentials, commercial area, and mrt commuters.

• integrated underground parking system - maximize ground level for public realm

Malay

others

2.18%

1.15%

indians

chinese

opportunity

72.1% bumiputera 20.0% chinese

41.5 million population

racial demographic

50.5%

19.12%

80.88% population

non-malaysian

15%

age <10 years

49.5%

m f

35k

*total population in

kg. baru (current)

malaysian

64%

age 20-44 YEARS

21%

age >45 YEARS

constraint

source: department of statistics malaysia, 2016

projected 2035 population in Kampung Bharu.

c

• point of entry and exit form one side only - ingress and egress from the main boulevard to the site • quirky shape of the proposed site

35k

population 2016

77k projected 2035 population

source: PTIKB, 2015

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

17

FORMULATIONS

“ARCHITECTURE IS BOUND TO SITUATION. AND I FEEL LIKE THE SITE IS A METAPHYSICAL LINK, A POETIC LINK, TO WHAT A BUILDING CAN BE”

- Steven Holl

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

18

FORMULATIONS

DESIGN THESIS FRAMEWORK

Issues

Potentials

Agenda Dissertation

Memory

Emotions

Unity

Didactic

Dialectic

Discourse Analysis

Theoretical framework

JPNIN Hunch: [Me]mory Paradox

PKB

Abstraction of space Design generators

Thesis

Client + Collaborators

Aims

Objectives

[ME]MORY PARADOX

Transmit + Process info

Spatial Experience

JMM

Fragments Axial space

Space syntax

Hypothetical programs

Layers

Convex Space

Exhibition hall

Memory projection

Liminal spaces Purpose

Engram / Tracing memories

Extended experience

Library

Social encounter

Urban room

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

Core spaces

Isovist Memorial Museum Supporting spaces

Core programs Memory Discourse

Target users Youth

Historian

Cafe/Restaurants

Public plaza

Museum shop

Workshops

Amphitheater

Retails

Performing artist

19

FORMULATIONS

HYPOTHESIS & HUNCHES

Architecture IS memory: For memory, architecture symbolizes a point of reference in time - a proscenium against which experience are remembered.

But in architecture, memory reveals the essence of form which allows the built environment to lend itself to human spatial comprehension. Memorialization represents a powerful arena of contested memory and offers the possibility of aiding the formation of the new national, community, and ethnic identities.

Thus, architecture should function as constellations of meanings, symbols, emotions, memories, and narratives.

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

Paradox of memory (of remembering and forgetting): Memorials are to provide experience, and no doubt, experience involves memory. The absence of memory or the inability to recall memories properly in an emotional context leads to dysfunction but, paradoxically, memories that generate too much emotion can be equally disabling. Sometimes, reliving the past hurts just as much as when it happened; alternatively, happy times can sour into bitter memories. What is paradoxical about memory is that when we attempt to recall something, it is not as if we are rifling through a drawer in or brain. During recollection, we are literally “recreating” the memory, based on the culmination of our life experience.

Architectural Determinism / Panopticism: “Architectural determinism (sometimes called environmental determinism) describes the effect of architecture/ environment on the viewer’s behaviour, that is, the idea that the environment may control or amend how people behave in a space.”

20

FORMULATIONS

DESIGN THEORY

space syntax

abstraction of space SPATIAL DIMENSION OF MEMORY • flashbacks to break the chronological continuity of the core narratives CONNECTIVITY

VISIBILITY

METAPHORS

• end of the journey is metaphorically open to multiple interpretations.

SYMBOLIC FORMS

VOID street, in-between spaces, squares, fields

PERMEABILITY

flashback start off jo jjourney

social

SPATIAL LAYOUT INTERPRETATIONS

end of journey

flashback

economics

SOLID building blocks, walls, anything that restrict visualfield and/or movement

environmental

ABSTRACT CONCEPTS

SPATIAL EXPERIENCES

!

METAPHOR FOR DEMATERIALIZATION OF MEMORY

1 1

ISOVIST

SPATIAL SETTINGS In order to be significant, architecture must be forgotten, or must present only an image for reverence which subsequently becomes confounded with memories.

: total area that can be viewed from a point

2

AXIAL SPACE : straight line possible to follow on foot

3

CONVEX SPACE : space where no line any two of its points crosses the parameter

physical

non-physical

-aldo rossi

stimulate past by bringing together events and feelings in a process of REBIRTH OF MEMORY

2

3 by means of the diagrams of layering, memory can be captured as a layer between layers of time; the seeing-through the transparence folds.

-gilles deleuze, 1986

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

21

FORMULATIONS

DESIGN APPROACHES

MOVEMENT AS PATTERN OF TRANSITIONS

SCULPTING THE VOID

LAYERS

FRAGMENTS

VIOLATING GEOMETRY TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE

a

b

c

DESIGN HACKING

!

a

x

b

c !

MODERN CITIES

!

a

b ?

?

subtraction of space

c

SPACE INVADERS SPACE HACKING

b

x INTERACTIVE ARCHITECTURE

a

b

CONFLICTING SPACE

c

a !

!

c

!

! odd shapes intrude on “pure” space

FORMULATIONS

DESIGN STRATEGY 1. ground for public

3. connectedness

2. place-making

4. visibility

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

22

FORMULATIONS

CONCEPTUAL IDEAS, SKETCHES & DIAGRAMS

option

INITIAL SKETCHES

01

loop

option

INITIAL SKETCHES

02

loop

option

INITIAL SKETCHES

03

loop

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

23

FORMULATIONS

CONCEPTUAL IDEAS, SKETCHES & DIAGRAMS

BUILDING FORM AND CIRCULATIONS: CONCEPTUAL SKETCHES

EXPERIMENTATIONS

FRAGMENTS

LAYERS

CONCEPTUAL SECTION 1

CONCEPTUAL SECTION 2

SUBTLETY

GROUND LEVEL [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

LEVEL 1

LEVEL 2

LEVEL 3 24

FORMULATIONS

CONCEPTUAL IDEAS, SKETCHES & DIAGRAMS CONCEPTUAL EXPLODED DIAGRAM EXPERIMENTATION B

sky lounge active area reading area REVERIE (reflection space)

discussion pockets

URBAN ROOM (viewing deck)

FLASHBACK CHAMBER (moments in history)

TEMPORAL DIMENSION (socio-culture development) t)

SPATIAL JUMP (physical ( hhysica morphology of Kg Bharu) (p

management office flexible shared workspacess discussion pokects main lobby bookshop momento shop

retail f&b

URBAN ROOM (recreation space) CONCEPTUAL EXPLODED DIAGRAM EXPERIMENTATION A

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

25

FORMULATIONS

CONCEPTUAL IDEAS, SKETCHES & DIAGRAMS

circulation 2241.00 m2

services 744.80 m2

memorial museum 3568.00 m2

SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM MEETING SPACE WORKING SPACE

administration 257.60 m2

[ME]MORY PARADOX 11204.00 m2

PANTRY

public facilities 1282.50 m2

SERVER ROOM memory discourse

OFFICE LOBBY

CONTROL ROOM

ARCHIVE

ADMINISTRATIVE

3144.00 m2

MEDIA ROOM

(STORAGE)

circulation & services

archive library

RESTROOMS

“HYPERDRIVE”

“ENGRAMS”

MEMORIAL MUSEUM

“CONFLICT”

“PRESENT”

3144.0 m2 auditorium 1294.00 m2

urban room 970.00 m2

exhibition hall 1 519.00 m2

MUSOLLA

circulation & services

EXHIBITION AREA “REFLECTIONS”

MUSEUM SHOP

535.20 m2

EXHIBITION AREA

THRESHOLD EXPERIENCE

“RECOVERY”

exhibition hall 2 715.00 m2

memorial museum

SERVICES

RECEPTION

3568.0 m2

floating exhibition 1264.00 m2

(LOADING / UNLOADING)

LEARNING CENTRE SPACE INVADER

LIBRARY ARCHIVE

“URBAN ROOM”

ADMINISTRATIVE AUDITORIUM

DISCUSSION POCKETS

THEATRETTE

BOOK CAFE

PUBLIC PLAZA

CO-WORKING SPACE

CAFE / RESTAURANTS

MEMORY DISCOURSE

MAIN VEHICULAR CIRCULATION

LOBBY

“ESTABLISHMENT”

EXHIBITION AREA

880.00 m2

memory discourse

“EXTENDED EXPERIENCE”

LOUNGE

EXHIBITION AREA

“PAST ORDEAL”

THRESHOLD EXPERIENCE

(TEMP. EXHIBITION)

THRESHOLD EXPERIENCE

MINI GALLERY

THRESHOLD EXPERIENCE

471.60 m2

exhibition hall 4

exhibition hall 3

505.00 m2

565.00 m2

circulation & services

main lobby

192.38 m2

220.00 m2

musolla 120.00 m2

public facilities 1282.50 m2 terminal kitchen 710.50 m2

retail 180.00 m2

Political instability // Singapore left Malaysia // racial tension // May 13

Amidst modernity // the case of Modern Malaysia // the hidden agenda // racial clash of the 2001 Kg Medan

circulation

toilet

33.60 m2

52.00 m2

Rebuilding Nation // envisioning of a better future // social cohesion strategies // remember to forget management office

SPATIAL JUMP in

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

TIME REPOSITORY TEMPORAL DIMENSION

FLASHBACK CHAMBER

REVERIE

01

02

03

04

04

morphology of development

architectural replication

socio-cultural growth

dark history & significant events

reflection space

administration

224.00 m2

2

257.60 m

out

26

FORMULATIONS

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

PROGRAM

FUNCTION / OBJECTIVE

Spaces

Exhibition Hall 1

Exhibition Hall 2 “Conflict”

MEMORIAL MUSEUM

an engram - a traced memory, providing people with information and historical narratives

Exhibition Hall 3 “Recovery”

Exhibition Hall 4 “Reflections”

Floating Exhibition

Area (sqm) Total area Percentage PAX (sqm) (%)

Detail Spaces

PAX

Nos

Exhibition area

40

1

10

400

1

15

15

1

2

4

Storage Media Control room

2

Evolution Matrix

10

Exhibition area

40

Storage

1

10

1

10

400

1

15

15

10

2

10

200

Hyperdrive

10

1

10

100

Exhibition area

40

1

10

400

Spaces

Archive Library 519

1

15

15

715

565

MEMORY DISCOURSE

an extended experience to further strengthen and conclude the narrative journey

Urban Room

Auditorium

Area (sqm) Total area Percentage PAX (sqm) (%)

Detail Spaces

PAX

Nos

Reception area

30

1

8

240

Reading area

50

1

8

400

Living Lab

30

1

8

240

Discussion pockets

6

6

5

180

Coffee lounge

30

1

3

90

Amphitheater

100

1

2

200

Rooftop Urban Room

100

1

5

500

Hall

500

1

2

1000

Prefunction area

30

1

8

240

Media room

2

1

5

10

OKU

1

2

6

12

Memory Void

10

1

15

150

Toilet (M)

4

2

2

16

Exhibition area

25

1

10

250

Toilet (F)

4

2

2

16

1

15

15

Storage Reverie cube

20

1

12

240

Gallery

40

3

10

1200

Lounge area

15

1

3

45

Media Control room

2

1

2

4

1

15

15

Storage Circulation & Services

Subtotal

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

FUNCTION / OBJECTIVE

100

Ordeal

Storage

PROGRAM

505

Circulation & Services

471.6 Subtotal 3144

880

970

1294

471.6 28%

1264

535.2

535.2

3568

32%

27

FORMULATIONS

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION PROGRAM

ADMINISTRATION

FUNCTION / OBJECTIVE

Oversees the programsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; operation

Spaces

Management Office

Detail Spaces

PAX

Nos

Area (sqm) Total area Percentage PAX (sqm) (%)

Retail PUBLIC FACILITIES

Provided facilities and amenities for public use

Toilet

PAX

Nos

1

3

9

Lounge

5

1

3

15

Air Conditioning System

Director Room

1

1

12

12

Working Area

15

2

3

90

Meeting Room

15

1

1.6

24

Failing Room

15

1

2

30

Pantry

4

1

6

24

Storage

2

1

2

4

Toilet (M)

4

1

2

8

Toilet (F)

4

1

2

8

224

2%

Main Lobby

30

1

3

90

Reception area

10

1

3

30

Lounge Area

30

1

3

90

Male

20

1

4

80

Female

10

1

4

40

Museum shop

10

1

9

90

Book shop

10

1

9

90

OKU

1

2

6

12

Toilet (M)

5

2

2

20

Toilet (F)

5

2

2

20

7

20

1

1

10

100

Plant room

1

72

72

AHU

1

30

30

Sprinkler water tank

1

54

54

Hose Reel Water Tank

1

54

54

Fire Control Room

1

30

30

100

102

138

0

220

Maintaining the Facilities

Services for the building operation

TNB Substation

1

32

32

Gen-set Room

1

32

32

Main Switch Board (MSB)

1

16

16

Riser

80

0

Telecommunication System 120

MDF Room

1

16

16

PABX Room

1

16

16

Riser 180

32

0

Water Supply System Suction Tank

1

72

72

Rainwater Harvesting Tank

1

72

72

140

Domestic Water Tank

1

72

72

Waste Management System 76.8

76.8

76.8

Subtotal

684

6%

Dining area (indoor)

30

7

1.5

315

Dining area (outdoor)

15

7

1.5

157.5

Wash area

7

4

28

Storage

7

10

70

Subtotal

100

Electrical System 33.6

10

1

Riser

33.6

Entrance Foyer

Area (sqm) Total area Percentage PAX (sqm) (%)

Fire Fighting system

224

SERVICES

Circulation & Services

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

Detail Spaces

3

Kitchen area

Terminal Kitchen

Spaces

Loading and unloading area

Subtotal

Musolla

FUNCTION / OBJECTIVE

Office Reception Lobby

Circulation & Services

Main Lobby

PROGRAM

52

710.5

192.38

192.38

1282.5

12%

AWCS

1

Total Net Floor Area 8902.5 Circulation 2226 Total 11128

216

80% 20% 100%

28

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

“EVEN A SPACE INTENDED TO BE DARK SHOULD HAVE JUST ENOUGH LIGHT FROM SOME MYSTERIOUS OPENING TO TELL US HOW DARK IT REALLY IS”

- Louis Khan

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

29

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

SITE PLAN

site plan SCALE 1:500 [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

30

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

FLOOR PLANS

ground floor plan (gf) SCALE 1:500 [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

31

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

FLOOR PLANS

UPPER ground LEVEL floor plan (UG) SCALE 1:500

SCHEMATIC PR PROP PROPOSAL OPOS OSAL AL L

ELEVATIONS ATIO ONS & SECTIONS SECTIONS

NORTH ELEVATION SCALE 1:500 [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

32

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

FLOOR PLANS

LEVEL 1 floor plan (1F) SCALE 1:500

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

ELEVATIONS & SECTIONS

EAST ELEVATION

WEST ELEVATION

SCALE 1:500

SCALE 1:500

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

33

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

FLOOR PLANS

LEVEL 2 floor plan (2F) SCALE 1:500

SCHEMATIC PROP PROPOSAL OPOS OS SAL A

ELEVATIONS ATION NS & SECTIONS SECTIONS

SOUTH ELEVATION SCALE 1:500 [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

34

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

FLOOR PLANS

LEVEL 3 floor plan (3F) SCALE 1:500

lower ground 1 floor plan (lg1) N.T.S [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

35

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

FLOOR PLANS

LEVEL 4 floor plan (4F) SCALE 1:500

lower ground 2 floor plan (lg2) N.T.S [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

36

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

ELEVATIONS & SECTIONS

SECTION A-A' SCALE 1: 500

SECTION B-B' SCALE 1: 500 [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

37

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

ELEVATIONS & SECTIONS

1

3

2

7

4

4300

LEVEL 4

PSYCHASTHENIC ROOM

LOUNGE

VOID

LEVEL 2 4000

TEMPORARY EXHIBITION

4000

LEVEL 3

LIVING FRONTIERS (EXHIBITION AREA 3) STORAGE

LOBBY

OUTDOOR THEATRETTE 2

RIVER

RE-CREATION PAVILION

LEVEL G

4160

640

GRAB N' GO

5500

LEVEL 1

CAR PARK

3300

LEVEL LG 1

CAR PARK

LEVEL LG 2

SECTION C-C' SCALE 1: 500

7

4

3

2

7

1

4

3

2

1

4300

LEVEL 4

4300

LEVEL 4

LIFT CORE

CAR PARK

4000 4000

4000

RIVER LEVEL G

4160

CAR PARK

LEVEL LG 1 3300

CAR PARK

CAR PARK

LEVEL LG 2

SECTION D-D'

SECTION E-E'

SCALE 1: 500

SCALE 1: 500

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

5500

OUTDOOR THEATRETTE 1

640

F & B RETAIL

LEVEL G

4160

ALFRESCO DINING

LEVEL 1

LEVEL LG 1 3300

TURF

LEVEL 2

LEVEL 1

640

RIVER

LIFT CORE

LEVEL 2

5500

DECK

LIFT CORE

LEVEL 3

4000

LEVEL 3

FLASHBACK CHAMBER (EXHIBITION AREA 4)

LEVEL LG 2

38

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE 1

AUDITORIUM

2

PEDESTRIAN BOULEVARD

3

OUTDOOR THEATRETTE 1

4

PSYCHASTHENIC ROOM (LIMINAL SPACE)

5

WATER TANK & ACMC AREA

6

FLASHBACK CHAMBER (EXH. HALL)

7

URBAN LOUNGE

8

LIBRARY RECEPTION

9

SCIENCE & EXPLORATION SECTION

10

ART & DESIGN SECTION

11

DIGITAL ARCHIVE & HISTORY SECTION

12

NATURALLY-VENTILATED HALLWAY

13

BRIDGEWAY

14

LIFT LOBBY B

15

UNDERGROUND PARKING

12

5

11

13

10

13

12

4 6

1

2

9

8

13

12

13

3 7 15

12

15 14

14

SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE A-A' N.T.S

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

39

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

PERSPECTIVE VIEWS

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

40

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

PERSPECTIVE VIEWS

“The first thing that you notice as you walk up to and towards this building is the light, how the sun reflects and puncture through the building’s translucent exterior so the building looks like a massive rectangular cloud – light, at the same time, grounded. Then you go inside. There, enormous amount of lights pour into the building through passages that go straight towards a park, and a lake. Irregularities of the upper floors brought down fair amount of lights to the ground floor, creating some sort of a pillar of lights in the central courtyard/amphitheatre. The lights turn the gently sloping stairs on the left blue, white, or grey, depending on the angle and the density of the sun. Green walls soften and compliment the rough, mass concrete skeletal of the building. And it’s not just on the ground floor, the courtyards, or the amphitheatre either. Nearly every room, apart from light-sensitive permanent exhibition space, received direct sunlight softened off by the translucent envelope.”

“There’s a freedom of discovery on each floor in the building, as you move towards the spaces.

The whole complex houses a small auditorium, multi-storey library, exhibition spaces, flexible coworking spaces, f&b retails and cafes, alongside recreational area adjoining the lake at the heart of Kampung Bharu. From the perspective of an outsider, coming from the main street of Jalan Raja Muda, one would see an ordinary rectangularshaped yet translucent building. Inside, there’s also covered picnic/play area and a section to host a digital library dedicated to the evolution of these urban spaces through documenting their pasts, the construction of their futures and the daily lived experience of those of us living through these changes.”

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

41

SCHEMATIC PROPOSAL

PERSPECTIVE VIEWS

“I guess the intention is to provide an abundance of the single most important resource – natural light, letting the language of light unfold as you move through the building. The light shines through multiple openings — floor-to-ceiling translucent windows that bring a diffused light into offices and light courts, and skylights that blanket the foyer. And then, when the sun goes down, the process is reversed, so the light coming from inside shines through to the exterior.”

“There’s a freedom of discovery on each floor in the building, as you move towards the spaces.

The whole complex houses a small auditorium, multi-storey library, exhibition spaces, flexible coworking spaces, f&b retails and cafes, alongside recreational area adjoining the lake at the heart of Kampung Bharu. From the perspective of an outsider, coming from the main street of Jalan Raja Muda, one would see an ordinary rectangularshaped yet translucent building. Inside, there’s also covered picnic/play area and a section to host a digital library dedicated to the evolution of these urban spaces through documenting their pasts, the construction of their futures and the daily lived experience of those of us living through these changes.”

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

42

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

“EVERY BUILDING IS A PROTOTYPE, NO TWO ARE A LIKE”

- Helmut Jahn

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

43

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

SERVICES ZONING LOGIC

DESIGNATED PURPOSE GROUP Every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use. Only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which purpose group it falls.

FIFTH SCHEDULE (by-law 134, 138) VII Place of assembly [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

44

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

ROOF LEVEL L4 L3 L2 L1 GF LG1 LG2

Office

Shop (retails)

Place of assembly

Storage and general

Shop (business premises)

ESTABLISHING PARAMETERS

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

NUMBER OF PURPOSE GROUP

DESCRIPTIVE TITLE

PURPOSES FOR WHICH COMPARTMENT IS INTENDED TO BE USED

IV

Office

Office, or premises used for office purposes, meaning thereby the purpose of administration, clerical work (including writing, book-keeping, sorting papers, filing, typing, duplicating, machine-calculating, drawing and the editorial preparation of matter for publication), handling money and telephone and telegraph operating.

V

Shop

Shop, or shop premises, meaning thereby premises not being a shop but used for the carrying on there of retail trade or business (including thesale to members of the public of food or drink for immediate consumption, retail sales by auction, the business of lending books or periodicals for the purpose of gain, and the business of a barber or hairdresser) and premises to which members of the public are invited to resort for the purpose of delivering their goods for repair or other treatment or of themselves carrying out repairs to or other treatment of goods.

VII

Place of assembly

Place, whether public or private, used for the attendance of persons for or in connection with their social, recreational, educational, business or other activities, and not comprised within group I to VI.

VIII

Storage and general

Place for storage, deposit or parking of goods and materials (including vehicles), and other premises not comprised in group I to VII.

45

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

GROUND LEVEL FLOOR PLAN (GF) SCALE 1:750

DOTTED LINE INDICATES BUILDING LINE ABOVE

VOID

VOID

DN

VOID

VOID

VOID VOID

VOID

VOID VOID

AUDITORIUM (200 PAX)

VOID

VOID

MOMENTO & BOOK SHOP

VOID

VOID

STAIR. A

MEDIA

VOID

VOID VOID

T

S.

PRES

SHAF

VOID

VOID

STAIR. B

DESIGNATED PURPOSE GROUP Every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use. Only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which purpose group it falls.

VOID VOID DN

VOID

VOID

DN

DN

DN

VOID SMALL LOUNGE VOID VOID

DN

VOID F & B RETAIL

VOID

VOID

FIFTH SCHEDULE (by-law 134, 138)

VOID

VOID VOID

VOID

VOID

Office

DOTTED LINE INDICATES BUILDING LINE ABOVE UP

Shop (retails) F&B RETAIL

VOID

Shop (business premises) VOID

UPPER GROUND LEVEL FLOOR PLAN (UG) SCALE 1:750 [ME]MORY PARADOX X | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

Place of assembly Storage and general 46

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

TEL BAS

LIFT LOBBY B

ELV

LOUNGE & RECEPTION

PA

ELEC.

MEMORY VAULT (EXHIBITION AREA)

DN FROM L2

PRESS. SHAFT FIRE RISER

BAS ELV

AHU

LIFT LOBBY A

AHU

21.93 sqm

PRESS. SHAFT

TOILET (F)

ELEC.

TOILET (M)

OFFICE SPACE

TEL

EXEC. OFFICE

RAMP DN FROM L2

FILINGS

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

FIRE RISER

RAMP UP TO L2

TOILET (M)

T

S.

PRES

SHAF

LOUNGE

SPATIAL JUMP (EXHIBITION AREA)

AHU

STORAGE LOCKER

OUT

STAIR. B

OKU TOILET TOILET (F)

TEMPORARY EXHIBITION

VOID

RECEPTION AREA VOID

DN TO L1

VOID

DN

UP TO L2

IN

UP FROM L1

VOID

VOID DECK (LOOKOUT)

LOBBY BOOK CAFE

VOID

TIME TUNNEL

DN

DN FROM L3

AHU

LIFT LOBBY A

ELEC.

TO L1

VOID

STAIR. B VOID

DN TO L2 UP

OKU TOILET

FIRE RISER

TOILET (F)

T

S.

PRES

SHAF

IERS ONT EA 3) G FR N AR LIVINIBITIO (EXH

HO ECMBER A CH

UP

TOILET (M) JANITOR

STORAGE

RAMP UP FROM L1

ELV

LEVEL 1 FLOOR PLAN (L1) SCALE 1:750

LIFT LOBBY B

RAMP DN

BAS

TEL

PRESS. SHAFT FIRE RISER

PA

RENTABLE CO-WORKING SPACE

ELEC.

AHU

PRESS. SHAFT

ELV

TOILET (F)

TEL

TOILET (M)

VOID

BAS

UP

TEMPORAL DIMENSION (EXHIBITION AREA 2)

AHU

UP

FLASHBACK CHAMBER (EXHIBITION AREA 4)

DN

UP TO L3

PSYCHASTHENIC ROOM

UP FROM L2

RENTABLE CO-WORKING SPACE

DN

LINE INDICATES WALL BELOW

DN

LEVEL 2 FLOOR PLAN (L2) SCALE 1:750

B DN FROM L3

DP 1

DN

VOID

DN TO L2

UP

DP 5

DISCUSSION POCKETS UP TO L3

UP FROM L2

DP 6 DP 8

DP 7

LINE INDICATES WALL BELOW

RENTABLE CO-WORKING SPACE

LEVEL 3 FLOOR PLAN (L3) SCALE 1:750

TOILET (M)

TOILET (F)

BAS

TEL

PRESS. SHAFT FIRE RISER

PA

ELEC.

AHU RENTABLE CO-WORKING SPACE

ELV

LIFT LOBBY B

STAIR. B VOID

DN TO L3

MEDIA ROOM & DIGITAL ARCHIVE UP FROM L3 DN

Office

Place of assembly

ARCHIVE & REPOSITORY LINE INDICATES WALL BELOW

Shop (retails) Shop (business premises) [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

Storage and general LEVEL 4 FLOOR PLAN (L4) SCALE 1:750 47

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

RAMP DN TO B2

IN

OUT

BOUNDARY LINE

BOUNDARY LINE

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM RAMP UP FROM B2

DN FROM L1

DN FROM GF

UP TO L1

UP TO GF

T

S.

PRES

SHAF

LIFT PIT

STAIR. B

6m SETBACK LINE

GRADIENT 1:8

MAIN SWITCH ROOM

FIRE RISER

RAMP UP TO GF

BAS

TEL

PRESS. SHAFT FIRE RISER

LIFT LOBBY B

ELV

WATER HARVESTING TANK

PA

ELEC.

CW BOOSTER PUMP

PUMP ROOM

LIFT LOBBY A

ELEC.

ELV

BAS

ZONE B GENSET

PRESS. SHAFT

WR / HR TANK ROOM

TEL

6m SETBACK LINE

GRADIENT 1:8

RAMP DOWN FROM GF

12m SETBACK LINE

FAN ROOM

DN TO L1 DN TO LG2

IN

OUT

UP FROM LG2

IN

FAN ROOM

OUT

COMMON AREA GENSET

LIBRARY GENSET

E

IN

KL

AC

6m

B ET

S

E

RY

LIN

DA

N OU

B

NDARY LINE BOUNDARY

NDARY LINE BOUNDARY

LOWER GROUND 1 FLOOR PLAN (LG1) SCALE 1:750

GENSET

STAIR. B

T

S.

PRES

SHAF

GRADIENT 1:8

MAIN SWITCH ROOM

FIRE RISER

RAMP UP TO LG1

LIFT LOBBY A

BAS ELV

LIFT LOBBY B

PRESS. SHAFT

ELEC. PRESS. SHAFT FIRE RISER

TEL

ELEC. ELV

PA

SUCTION PUMP ROOM

TEL

CW BOOSTER PUMP

6m SETBACK LINE

SUCTION TANK

FIRE PUMP ROOM

BAS

6m SETBACK LINE

GRADIENT 1:8

RAMP DN FROM LG1

12m SETBACK LINE

FAN ROOM

DN FROM B1

IN

OUT

UP TO B1

FAN ROOM

HEAT EXCHANGER ROOM

PUMP SUM

Office Shop (retails) Shop (business premises) E

IN

6m

KL

AC

TB

SE

LOWER GROUND 2 FLOOR PLAN (LG2) E LIN SCALE Y 1:750 AR

Place of assembly Storage and general

ND

U BO

[ME]MORY PARADOX X | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

48

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM B1. BOMBA APPLIANCES ACCESS (By-Law 140) SITE PLANNING REQUIREMENT

All buildings in excess of 7000m3 shall about upon a street or road or open spaces of not less than 12m width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the building abutting the street, or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale: Volume of building (m3)

Minimum proportion of perimeter of the building

7 000 to 28 000

1/6

28 000 to 56 000

1/4

56 000 to 84 000

1/2

84 000 to 112 000

3/4

112 000 and above

island site

Building volume = 70 293 m3 Total building perimeter Bomba access road required perimeter Bomba access road provided

= 3 311.24 m = 50% of total building = 1 655.62 m = 1 715.95 m (complied)

B2. EXTERNAL HYDRANTS (BY-LAW 225) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and distinguishing fire and the fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the 10th schedule to these by-laws:

GROUND LEVEL FLOOR PLAN (GF) SCALE 1:750

Fire hydrants

Asssembly point

Hydrants locations: 1. Not less than 2m from adjacent buildings and overhangs.

2. Between 0.61m - 2.4m from fire appliances access.

3. Away from risk of vehicular damage.

4. Not more than 91.5m apart from each other (in new building - provided if there is no hydrant in 45m radius) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5m from the nearest point of fire brigade access. Depending on the size and location of the building, and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as required by the authority (Fire Department).

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

Distance of Fire Hydrants: H1 to H2 = 76m H2 to H3 = 85m

49

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM PASSIVE FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

C.1 COMPARTMENTATION (BY-LAW 136) LIMITS OF DIMENSION PURPOSE GROUP

BUILDING HEIGHT

BY-LAW 136

Cubic capacity of building/ compartment (m3)

Floor area of storey in building/ compartment (m2)

if sprinklered - limits specified are doubled

Part 1 - Buildings other than single storey buildings I

Small residential

-

II

Institutional

•

III

Other residential

• •

IV

Office

-

-

-

any height

2 000

no limit

4 000

not exceeding 28m exceeding 28m

3 000 2 000

8 500 5 500

6 000 4 000

-

-

-

V

Shop

•

any height

2 000

7 000

4 000

VII

Factory

• •

not exceeding 28m exceeding 28m

2 000 no limit

28 000 5 500

4 000 no limit

VIII

Place of assembly

-

-

-

VIII

Storage and general

• •

not exceeding 28m exceeding 28m

2 000 no limit

21 000 no limit

4 000 no limit

II

Institutional

•

any height

3 000

no limit

6 000

III

Other residential

•

any height

3 000

no limit

6 000

-

-

SUMMARY

Part 2 - Single storey buildings

IV Office Largest floor area = 986.00m2 No. of compartment = 1 V Shop Largest floor area = 192.47m2 No. of compartment = 1 VIII Place of assembly Largest floor area = 844.84m2 No. of compartment = 1 VIII Storage and general Largest floor area = 5 941.00m2 No. of compartment = 2

C2. STAIRCASE WIDTH AND NUMBER OF STAIRCASE (BY-LAW 167 (2), 168 (2), 170 (C), 175) Largest suspended floor L1 (Place of assembly)

CAPACITY EXITS PURPOSE GROUP

IV

Office

V

Shop

VII

OCCUPANCY LOAD

Horizontal exits

Ramp main exit

Ramp secondary exit

Escalator

Stairs

100

100

100

60

60

60

100

100

100

75

75

75

10 gross

street floor and sale basement

3 gross

other floors

6 gross

storage and shipping

10 gross

Place of assembly

Doors outside

1.5 net

areas of concentrated use without fixed seating

0.7 net

standing space

0.3 net

Largest floor area = 1560.56m2 Occupancy load (OL) = 1.5 person / unit No. of person / floor = NFA / OL = 1040 person / floor Capacity exit = 75 person Total exit width

= No. of person / capacity exit = 13 Exit width required = Total exit width x 0.55m = 13 x 0.55 = 7.15m Exit width provided = 2.40m Staircase required = exit width required / exit width provided = 2.9 (3) Staircase provided = 3 (+1)

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

50

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM C3. TRAVEL DISTANCE AND NUMBER OF STAIRCASE (BY-LAW 167 (2), 168 (2), 170 (C), 175) PURPOSE GROUP

LIMIT WHEN ALTERNATIVE EXITS ARE AVAILABLE Dead-end limit

Unsprinklered

Sprinklered

IV

Office

15

45

60

V

Shop

15

30

45

VII

Place of assembly

NR

45

61

VIII

Storage and general low and ordinary hazard

NR

NR

NR

high hazard

NR

22.5

30

parking garages

15

30+

45+

aircraft hanger (ground floor)

NR

30+

45+

aircraft hanger (mezzanine floor)

NR

22.5

22.5

Staircase A3 Staircase A1

Fire lift B

Staircase A4 Staircase A2

Fire lift A

Fire lift Staircase B1 Fire Staircase

Additional Staircase

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

51

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM ACTIVE FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

Fire control room

WR / HR pipes

SPR tank room

Sprinkler pipes

WR / HR tank room

D1. ACTIVE PROVISION (BY-LAW 226 (1), 237 (1)) 10th schedule - Table of requirement for fire extinguishment alarm system and emergency lighting.

Extinguishing system note 2

Extinguishing system note 3

Extinguishing system note 4

-

-

-

i) building less than 4.5 storeys or 15m

-

-

-

•

single storey less than 750 sqm

-

-

-

•

two storeys (Total floor area) less than 750 sqm

G

-

a

OCCUPANCY HAZARD IV

Offices •

V

VIII

4 storeys and less or less than 1000 sqm GFA

Shop •

VII

Office, Shop, Place of assembly, Storage and general

floor area not exceeding 250 sqm per floor built as separate compartments

Place of assembly •

class A and B below the level of the exit discharge

•

hazardous area

A&G

2

b

A, B, C, D, E, or F

-

a

H&G

2

a

Storage and general •

special structures - 4 storeys and below

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

Note 2 A - automatic sprinklers B - water spray system C - High expansion foam system D - Carbon dioxide system E - approved halogenated extinguishing system F - Other automatic extinguishing system G - hose reel H - hydrant system Note 3 2 - manual electric fire alarm system Note 4 a - signal point unit b - central battery 52

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM D2. HOSE REEL PROVISION (BY-LAW 255 (1), 237 (1), 244 (B)) Fire hose reels are located at strategic places in buildings to provide a reasonably accessible and controlled supply of water for fire extinguishing. Fire hose reel system consist of pumps, pipes, water supply, and hose reel located strategically in a building, ensuring proper coverage of water to combat fire.

The system is manually operated and activated by opening a valve enabling the water to flow into the hose that is typically 30m away. The system’s pressure loss will activate the pump, ensuring adequate water flow and pressure to provide a water jet of typically a minimum of 10m from the nozzle.

FLOOR LEVEL

USABLE AREA (m2)

COVERAGE AREA (m2)

LG2

7051.05

9

LG1

7051.05

9

GF

4805.58

6

UG

875.03

L1

2759.71

L2

2375.08

3

L3

906.57

2

L4

859.22

2

800

TOTAL NO. OF HOSE REEL

NORMALISED

1 4

36

According to UBBL 10th schedule: • first hose reel = 600 galloons • additional hose reel = 300 galloons • pipe range in 30m radius • maximum galloons for a system = 9000 galloons Total no. of hose reel = 36 Total water capacity = 600 + (300 X 36) = 11400 galloons No. of tanks required = 11400 / 300 = 38 tanks

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

53

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

LOWER GROUND 1

LOWER GROUND 2

WR / HR tank room

CO2 extinguisher system

SPR pipelines

WR / HR riser

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

54

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM D3. AUTOMATIC CO2 EXTINGUISHER SYSTEM CO2, also known as carbon dioxide, occurs naturally; it is a colourless and odourless gas which does not conduct electricity. Its outstanding characteristic is that it does not reach with other substances, not does it leave any residue. This means that CO2is a clean extinguishing agent which is ideally suited to protecting highly sensitive risks against fire.

This system consists of carbon dioxide cylinders, steel piping, discharge nozzles, heat and smoke detectors, and control panels which monitors the space, activities - both visual and audio alarm - before releasing the gas. This system is usually provided for electrical transformer room,switch room, and standby generator room, and not installed in a normally-occupied rooms as described in By-Law 233.

D4. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM (BY-LAW 255 (1), 237 (1), 244 (B)) FLOOR LEVEL

USABLE AREA (m2)

NO. OF HEADS (1per 10m2)

LG2

7051.05

705

LG1

7051.05

705

GF

4805.58

481

UG

875.03

88

L1

2625.16

263

L2

2508.60

251

L3

906.57

91

L4

859.22

86

TOTAL NO. OF HOSE REEL

2670

D5. AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM (BY-LAW 255 (1), 237 (1), 244 (B)) There are 2 types of Fire detection system: 1. Automatic fire detectior system: • monitors fire detectors and break glass • monitors fire fighting equipment • control indicators and M&E equipment • provide signals to the Fire Department (BOMBA) and others 2. Manual electrical fire alarm system: • manual call point • alarm bell Automatic fire detectors system, manual call points, and alarm bells are to be located along escape route in the building.

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

D6. EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEM An emergency power system is an independent source of electrical power that supports important electrical systems on loss of normal power supply. A standby power system may include a standby generator, batteries and other apparatus.

Calculation for genset: • Rule of thumb : 2 sqm for every 1000sqm Total GFA

= (4805.58 m2 + 2759.71 m2 + 2375.08 m2 + 906.57 m2 + 859.22 m2) / 1000 x 2 = 11 703.16 m2 / 1000 x 2 = 23.41

Genset room size

= 23.41 + 10% = 23.51 m2 = 5.0 m x 5.0 m 55

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

AIR CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (ACMV) AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Heat exchanger room

Chilled water

AHU room

Return

Domestic meter

A1. DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM (CHILLED WATER SUPPLY)

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

56

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

AIR CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (ACMV) A2. AC SYSTEM - CENTRALIZED SYSTEM + VRV SYSTEM VRV system is a multi-split type air conditioner for commercial buildings that uses the variable refrigerant flow control to provide customers with the ability to maintain individual zone control in each room and floor of a building.

VRV A/C SYSTEM CALCULATIONS Rule of thumb: 1 unit fan coil covers 1000sqft (92.20 sqm) Total NFA (Zone B)

1 unit 22 unit 1 unit size

= 1995.36 m2 = 1995.36 / 92.20 = 21.64 = 22 unit

Therefore, total space needed : = 22 unit x 2.96m2 = 65.12 m2

= 48 Hp = 1056 Hp = 3.7m x 0.8m = 2.96 m2

Central air conditioning systems serve multiple spaces from one base location. These typically use chilled water as a cooling medium and use extensive ductwork for air distribution. The principal advantages of central air conditioning systems are better control of comfort conditions, higher energy efficiency and greater load-management potential. The main drawback is that these systems are more expensive to install and are usually more sophisticated to operate and maintain.

In this project, Zone A comprises of exhibition areas, auditorium, and retail area on the ground floor (GF) are using a centralized HVAC system. While spaces in Zone B (library, office, cco-working space, and retails) are using the VRV system.

Centralized systems are defined as those in which the cooling (chilled water) is generated in a chiller at one base location and distributed to air-handling units or fan-coil units located through out the building spaces. The air is cooled with secondary media (chilled water) and is transferred through air distribution ducts.

Variable Air Volume (VAV) system is an all air system which can satisfy the individual cooling requirements of multiple thermal zones. This is achieved by supplying air at a constant temperature from central plant to one or more VAV terminal units in each zone and adjusting the amount of supply air to meet required cooling loads.

return cooling water BUILDING supply chilled water

Chiller 1

HEAT REJECTION SYSTEM

Chiller 2

Pump

Chiller 3

District heat exchanger

BUILDING HEAT EXCHANGER

AHU (HVAC system)

District heat exchanger

BUILDING HEAT EXCHANGER

AHU (HVAC system)

District heat exchanger

BUILDING HEAT EXCHANGER

AHU (HVAC system)

return chilled water

supply cooling water [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

57

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

LOWER GROUND 2

LOWER GROUND 1

GROUND LEVEL

UPPER GROUND LEVEL

LEVEL 1

LEVEL 2

LEVEL 3

LEVEL 4

AIR CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (ACMV)

58

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM

TNB Sub-station

MSB Board

Main electrical distribution trunk

Switchgear Room

Genset Room

Electrical distribution trunk

Control Room

Domestic meter (Smart grid)

Telecommunication system distribution

A1. SMART GRID / HYBRID POWER SYSTEM The Smart Grid System introduces a two-way interchange where both electricity and information can be exchanged — in both directions — between the power utilities and the consumers. This growing network of communications, automation, computers, and control help make the grid more efficient, more reliable, more secure, and “greener.” The Smart Grid also allows for renewable technologies, such as wind and solar energy production and plug-in electric vehicles, to be integrated into our national electrical grid.

The Smart Grid also helps power and network companies to remotely anticipate and respond to problems, thereby allowing local distribution repair crews to fix power outages faster.

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

Building automated system trunk

A2. DEMAND ESTIMATION CONSUMER GROUP

COINCIDENT GROUPS

Commercial

0.87

Demand estimation = GFA x 80 x 0.87 = 11 703.16 m2 x 80 x 0.87 = 814 539.94 = 814.54 kVA

M.D RANGES OF SINGLE DEVELOPMENT

SUBSTATION REQUIREMENT

1000 kVA up to <5000 kVA

11/0.4 kV and/or 11kV substation is required. A new PPU may be required, subject to system capability study by TNB 59

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM A3. ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SEQUENCE

Genset

Control Room

Transformer 1

from TNB main

TNB SWITCHGEAR

Main switch board (MSB)

Load (Lightings)

Sub-switch board

Transformer 2

Load (Machineries) Distribution panel (DB)

SOLAR WINDOWS

Load (Electrical fittings)

Solar controller

Battery management system

Final sub-circuit

Load (Street lightings) DC / AC INVERTER

PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

60

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

300 lux

ILLUMINANCE LEGEND 250 lux

200 lux

150 lux

LOWER GROUND 2

LOWER GROUND 1

GROUND LEVEL

UPPER GROUND LEVEL

LEVEL 1

LEVEL 2

LEVEL 3

LEVEL 4

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

61

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

B1. INTEGRATION OF BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)

B2. TELECOMMUNICATION DIAGRAM

Telephone line are tapped from the main Telekom line, from the main road into the building’s MDF room. The MDF will then distribute and divide the lines into direct lines and internal lines.

A direct line are used for the main area such as the director’s office (executives), and retails, as well as the co-working spaces. Other internal lines will go through the PABX room, which are controlled by the operator at the reception area. The MDF and PABX room are located in the Lower Ground 1 Level.

The telephone system uses one room distribution system consist of: • Main Distribution Frame (MDF) • Private Automatic Branch (PABX) • Distribution telephone closet • Local circuit distribution system Extra low voltage: • Includes all the system in the buildingwhich operate on low voltages like telephone, data transmission, LAN, CCTV, fire alarm etc.

Telekom line

MDF ROOM

LAN 1 (exhibition)

PABX room

Main control room

Wireless point

Auditorium control room

LAN 2 (main office & retails)

LAN 3 (library)

LAN 4 (rentable spaces) GF

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

L1

L2

L3

L4

62

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

C1. LIFT / ELEVATORS The MRL (Machine-room-less) elevator for low rise to midrise buildings is a space-saving configuration. The MRL system requires less building material and less construction time. By locating all the lift equipment in the shaft, it offers architects and designers the freedom to design without a machine room, hence freeing up valuable space inside the building for more productive use. And thanks to the compact gearless machine, a larger car can be fitted into a standard shaft space, which also saves on headroom space and pit depth.

Environmental considerations are increasingly gaining importance within the building industry in Asia, seen from soaring demand for energy-saving products and green building certifications. Therefore the enormous environmental benefits offered by MRL-valuable building space savings, reduction in energy consumption (in starting and running of the lift) and gearless-oil-free system; it is foreseeable that this technology will someday become an industry standard for low to mid-rise buildings in Asia.

LIFT CALCULATIONS ZONE B

ZONE A Capacity Speed Well Car Lift efficiency

: 1350 [20 people] : 1.5m/s : 2.50 x 2.00m : 2.00 x 1.5m : 105 second

Capacity Speed Well Car Lift efficiency

: 1350 [20 people] : 1.5m/s : 2.50 x 2.00m : 2.00 x 1.5m : 105 second

Average floor area Area person Total floor Total passenger Total passenger to be lifted up Total passenger to be lifted up by 105 1 lift in 30 minutes No of lift required

: 490 sqm : 10 sqm/ person :5 : 5 x 490 = 245 : 75% x 245 : 184 : 30 x 60 x 20

Average floor area Area person Total floor Total passenger Total passenger to be lifted up Total passenger to be lifted up by 105 1 lift in 30 minutes No of lift required

: 620 sqm : 10 sqm/ person :6 : 6 x 620 = 248 : 75% x 248 : 186 : 30 x 60 x 20

Lift provided

: 343 people : 222 / 343 : 0.5 /1 lift : 1 lift

Lift provided

: 343 people : 186 / 343 : 0.5 /1 lift : 1 lift

C2. ESCALATORS An escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building. It consists of a motor-driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks which keep them horizontal.

Escalators are used around the world in places where elevators would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls, airports, transit systems (railway/ railroad stations), convention centers, hotels, arenas, stadiums and public buildings.

Escalators have the capacity to move large numbers of people. They can be placed in the same physical space as a staircase. They have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic). They can be used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits. They may be weatherproofed for outdoor use. A nonfunctional escalator can function as a normal staircase, whereas many other methods of transport become useless when they break down or lose power.

Speed Width Angle

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

= between 0.45m/sec to 0.7m/sec = 600mm, 800mm, 1000mm, 1200mm = the most efficient angle is between 27.5 to 35 degree.

63

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM COLD WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Rainwater harvesting tank

Domestic water tank

Domestic meter

Rainwater harvesting pipeline

Pump room

Pump sump

Water supply distribution pipeline

Wastewater pipeline

A1. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM : GRAVITATIONAL DOWNFEED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Roof tanks allow the users to have both water pressure and water supply in situations where there is no electrical power. Roof tanks vary greatly in size, but common to them all is that they feature â&#x20AC;&#x153;water at the readyâ&#x20AC;?, storing water for domestic purposes and fire-fighting. The simple construction basically entails a tank, inlet and discharge piping, a float switch, and a pump. When the water level in the tank drops below a certain level, the float switch engages the pump, refilling the tank.

For this project, the source of water is provided by the authority, Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (SYABAS) through trenching. The water supply is tapped from the main pipeline, and direct pipes are connected directly to the mains for areas/spaces that need clean water (kitchen).

As for non-direct pipes used for non-drinking and other domestic purposes, the water is supplied directly or from the suction tank. From suction tank, the water are distributed to other tanks.

Domestic water tank are located at the rooftop level for this system.

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

64

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM A2. DOMESTIC TANK & SUCTION TANK PROVISION

GROUND LEVEL (GF) AREA

LEVEL 3 (L3) FITTINGS

AREA

WC

Basin

Urinal

Tap

Sink

Male toilet

6

6

5

-

-

Female toilet

9

8

-

-

OKU Toilet

1

1

-

Male musolla

-

-

Female musolla

-

Cafe/F&B Retail Kitchen TOTAL

WC

Basin

Urinal

Tap

Sink

Male toilet

3

3

2

-

-

-

Female toilet

4

5

-

-

-

-

-

Rentable Space

-

-

-

-

1

-

4

-

7

8

2

0

1

-

-

4

-

-

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3

16

17

5

8

3

TOTAL

Calculation for quantity of water needed is based on the number of water closet (40 galloon/unit), tap (20 gallon/unit), urinal (40 gallon per unit), basin (20 gallon per unit) and sink (20 gallon per unit).

Standard module for water tank is 1.2x1.2x1.2, which is able to accommodate 400 galloon.

LEVEL 1 (L1) AREA

FITTINGS WC

Basin

Urinal

Tap

Sink

Male toilet

6

6

5

-

-

Female toilet

9

8

-

-

-

OKU Toilet

1

1

-

-

-

Cafe/F&B Retail

-

-

-

-

1

16

15

5

0

1

TOTAL

The domestic water tank is located at roof level to allow the easier distribution.

Below is calculation for DOMESTIC TANK capacity required: Water closet Tap Basin Sink

LEVEL 2 (L2) AREA

FITTINGS WC

Basin

Urinal

Tap

Sink

Male toilet

4

5

4

-

-

Female toilet

7

8

-

-

-

OKU Toilet

1

1

-

-

-

12

14

4

0

0

TOTAL

AREA

FITTINGS WC

Basin

Urinal

Tap

Sink

Male toilet

3

3

2

-

-

Female toilet

4

5

-

-

-

7

8

2

0

0

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

: 58 x 40 : 66 x 20 : 62 x 20 : 5 x 20 Total

= 2320 = 1320 = 1240 = 100 = 4980 gallons

1 tank module ( 1.2 x 1.2 x 1.2 ) : 400 gallons Nos. of tanks 4980 / 400 Required = 12.45 tanks

|

Provided : 18 tanks

SUCTION TANK SIZE 1/3 amount of domestic tank + sprinkler + hose reel 1/3 ( 4980 + 9000 + 17800 ) = 10593.33 gallons Nos. of tanks : 10593.33 / 400 gallons

LEVEL 4 (L4)

TOTAL

FITTINGS

Required : 26.48 tanks

|

Provided : 30 tanks

65

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM A3. RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM Rainnwater harvesting systems channel rainwater that falls on to a roof into storage via a system of gutters and pipes. Roof gutters should have sufficient incline to avoid standing water. They must be strong enough, and large enough to carry peak flows. Rainwater harvesting systems require regular maintenance and cleaning to keep the system hygienic.

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

SEWERAGE AND REFUSE SYSTEM B1. SEWERAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM

B2. AUTOMATED WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM (AWCS)

Sewerage collection and disposal system transport sewage from inhibited area through sewerage manholes to treatment plant (STP), in order to protect public health and prevent diseases. The sewage is treated to control water pollution before discharging them to the surface water. In Selangor, the Indah Water is in charge of such responsibilities.

MANHOLE CALCULATION Population equivalent

= 3 per 100sqm GFA = 3 x (11 703.16 / 100) = 351.09 PE

Manhole 1 to Manhole 2 Population equivalent Peak flow factor

: = 351.09 PE = 4.7 x (PE/1000) = 1.65 l/s

Sewage production at average daily flow, Q: Q = (peak flow x PE x 225) / (24 X 60 x 60) = 1.51 l/s

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

66

TECHNICAL INTEGRATION

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

LOWER GROUND 2

LOWER GROUND 1

GROUND LEVEL

UPPER GROUND LEVEL

LEVEL 1

LEVEL 2

LEVEL 3

LEVEL 4

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, SEWERAGE AND REFUSE SYSTEM

67

SPECIAL STUDIES

“THE NATURE OF SPACE REFLECTS WHAT IT WANTS TO BE”

- Louis Kahn

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

68

SPECIAL STUDIES

SPACE, AMBIANCE, AND MATERIALITY

MEMORY CHAMBER

“So what happens if you withdraw attention from the objects in space and become aware of the space itself? What is the essence of this room? The furniture, pictures, and so on are in the room, but they are not the room. The floors, walls, and ceiling define the boundary of the room, but they are not the room either. So what is the essence of the room?”

Space, of course, EMPTY SPACE.

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

69

SPECIAL STUDIES

SPACE, AMBIANCE, AND MATERIALITY MEMORY CHAMBER

URBAN ROOM - REFLECTIVE POOL

URBAN ROOM - OUTDOOR THEATRETTE [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

70

SPECIAL STUDIES

STRUCTURAL STUDY AND MATERIALITY

ENGRAM - ZONE B - LIBRARY ARCHIVE [ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

71

SPECIAL STUDIES

STRUCTURAL STUDY AND MATERIALITY

• STEEL FRAME • WOOD CLADDING MAIN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM • RC POST & BEAMS

MAIN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM • STEEL BEAMS SUB-STRUCTURAL SYSTEM • CHS STEEL BEAM

• STEEL FRAME • LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE CLADDING / GRC

• RC POST & BEAMS • RC FLAT ROOF

MAIN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM • RC RETAINING WALL

• STEEL FRAME • STEEL STAIRCASE • STEEL FRAME • STEEL STAIRCASE

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

MAIN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM • RC RETAINING WALL

72

SPECIAL STUDIES

STRUCTURAL STUDY AND MATERIALITY

SUB-STRUCTURAL SYSTEM • STEEL FRAME (I-BEAM) • RHS STEEL FRAME • GLASS PANEL SYSTEM (TRANSLUCENT, FROSTED)

• STEEL FRAME • WOOD CLADDING

• STEEL FRAME • GLASS PANELS (SKYLIGHT)

MAIN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM • STEEL BEAMS SUB-STRUCTURAL SYSTEM • CHS STEEL BRACING • GLASS PANEL SYSTEM & CLADDING (TRANSLUCENT, FROSTED)

• STEEL FRAME • WOOD CLADDING

• STEEL FRAME • STEEL STAIRCASE

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

• RC POST & BEAMS • RC PEDESTRIAN RAMP • RC FLAT ROOF

73

SPECIAL STUDY

STRUCTURAL STUDY AND MATERIALITY

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

74

EPILOGUE

“YOU CAN’T PHOTOGRAPH A BUILDING. ONLY PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN THERE CAN EXPERIENCE IT”

- Steven Holl

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

75

EPILOGUE

PHYSICAL MODEL

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

76

EPILOGUE

DESIGN IMPLICATIONS

untold stories of the parallel lives:

chance encounter:

memory of a society:

veterans and the afflicted with memories of the past lived among and in the community.

chance encounter and social interactions invoke shared collective communal memory.

each individuals experiences and memorializes individual memory

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

77

EPILOGUE

REFLECTIONS

PERCEPTION [Me]mory Paradox is manifested as a memorial, with an associated social platform, which expresses its need for societal place, for chance encounters. The memorial constitutes both an architectural design and narratives, in a way, whose uncertainty is integrated as a creative and social catalyst.

In architecture, the skin of buildings has acquired a new and prominent role in recent years. The skin of buildings has reached a high level of autonomy, not only technical, but also semantic, and it has become an important element of the symbolic perception of architecture.

The overall pattern suggests that how people feel about a place, how they respond to it, transcends simply its appearance. People are responding to their memories, an amalgam of what theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re seeing and what they know about a place. Most memorials are placed in public spaces with the intention of maintaining an aspect of history.

The fundamental questions take us back to why we are motivated to build markers to remind ourselves of the tragedies and epiphanies that effect our lives. By studying memorials, we will learn how identity is formed and gain a better understanding of the relationships between conscious and unconscious thought.

Memorials are a way in which communities maintain conscious thought. They are public reminders of who we are and where we have come from. Their intentions are both to honour and to warn. Nations, states, cities, towns, neighbourhoods, and families all have memorials which maintain a conscious reminder. And because history is known to repeat itself, I believe by building memorials, we attempt to interrupt that cycle.

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

78

REFERENCES

REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.

M. Bakri Musa, (1999). The Malay dilemma revisited. 1st ed. San Jose: ToExcel.

2.

Pkb.gov.my. (2014). Pelan Induk Terperinci Pembangunan Kampong Bharu 2020 | Perbadanan Pembangunan Kampong Bharu. [online] Available at: http://pkb.gov.my/ms/pkb/pautan/pelaninduk-terperinci-pembangunan-kampong-bharu-2020 [Accessed 6 Mar. 2017].

3.

Libeskind. (2017). Jewish Museum Berlin - Libeskind. [online] Available at: http://libeskind.com/ work/jewish-museum-berlin/ [Accessed 5 Mar. 2017].

4.

Bianchini, R. (2010). Daniel Libeskind - the Jewish Museum Berlin, Part 1, Inexhibit. [online] Inexhibit. Available at: https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/daniel-libeskind-jewish-museumberlin/ [Accessed 5 Mar. 2017].

5.

Andenmatten, S. (2012). Case Study - Jewish Museum Berlin by Daniel Libeskind. [online] issuu.

Available at: https://issuu.com/stephenandenmatten/docs/casestudy [Accessed 5 Mar. 2017].

6.

Huang, T. (2014). The Holocaust In Berlin: A Case Study in Commemoration. [online] issuu. Available at: https://issuu.com/tracy.huang/docs/huang_tracy_dissertation_2014_1 [Accessed 5 Mar. 2017].

7.

Petrov, P. (2009). Modern Memorials. [online] issuu. Available at: https://issuu.com/papetrov/docs/ modern_memorials [Accessed 6 Mar. 2017].

8.

Furuto, A. (2011). Museum of Tolerance Jerusalem / Bracha Chyutin, Michael Chyutin, Jacques Dahan, Ariel Noyman. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/193490/museumof-tolerance-jerusalem-bracha-chyutin-michael-chyutin-jacques-dahan-ariel-noyman [Accessed 6 Mar. 2017].

9.

Ansari, I. (2013). Interview: Peter Eisenman. Architectural Review. Retrieved 20 December 2016, from http://www.architectural-review.com/view/interviews/interview-peter-eisenman/8646893. article

21. Kirmayer, L. J. (1996). Landscapes of memory: Trauma, narrative and Dissociation. In P. Antze & M. Lambek (Eds.), Tense Past: Cultural Essays on Memory and Trauma (pp. 173-198). London: Routledge.

22. Koran, J., Koran, M., Foster, J., & Dierking, L. (1988). Using Modeling to Direct Attention. Curator: The Museum Journal, 31(1), 36-42.

23. Lefebvre, H., Stanek, Ł., & Bononno, R. (2014). Towards an Architecture of Enjoyment. University of Minnesota Press.

24. Libeskind, D. (2004). 3 Architectural space. Space: In Science, Art and Society. Cambridge University Press, 15, 46.

25. Libeskind, D., & Zaurov, I. (2001). Between the lines.

26. Lin, M. (2000). Making the Memorial. The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 13 January 2018, from http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2000/nov/02/making-the-memorial/?pagination=false 27. Mügge, M. (2008). Politics, space and material: the ‘Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe’ in Berlin as a sign of symbolic representation. European Review of History: Revue Europeenne D’histoire, 15(6), 707-725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507480802500640 28. Savage, K. (2007). History, memory, and monuments. Pittsburgh, PA.: University of Pittsburgh.

29. Savage, K. (1999). The Past in the Present. Harvard Design Magazine, (No.9 Constructions of Memory: On Monuments Old and New). Retrieved from http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/ issues/9/the-past-in-the-present 30. Zerubavel, E. (2003). Time maps: Collective Memory and the Social Shape of the Past. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

10. Bachelard, G. (1994). The poetics of space (1st ed., pp. 160-174). Boston (Mass.): Beacon Press.

11. Baudrillard, J. (1988). Simulacra and Simulations (pp. 166-184). na.

12. Canter, D. (1977). The psychology of place (1st ed.). London: The Architectural Press.

13. Caruth, C. (1995). Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Baltimore [u.a.]: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.

14. Casanova, H., Hernandez, J., & Muller, U. (2014). Casanova + Hernandez: scale & perception. Berlin: Wasmuth.

15. Cunningham, D. (2013). Floating on The Same Plane: Metropolis, Money and The Culture of Abstraction. Journal of Visual Culture, 12(1), 38-60.

16. Eberhard, J. (2009). Brain landscape (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Izard, C. E. (2013).

Human emotions. Springer Science & Business Media.

17. Erll, A., Nünning, A., & Young, S. (2010). Cultural memory studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

18. Guggenheim, M. (2009). Building memory: Architecture, networks and users. Memory Studies, 2(1), 39-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698008097394 19. Gustafson, P. (2001). - Meanings of Place: Everyday Experience and Theoretical Conceptualizations.

Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(1), 5-16.

20. Jencks, C., & Baird, G. (1970). Meaning in architecture (pp. 10-25). New York: G. Braziller.

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

79

hazirah hamzah 2015341139

[ME]MORY PARADOX | A MEMORY VAULT OF THE MALAYS

80