FROM THE ASHES
FROM THE A SHES EARTHQUAKE IN JAPAN
People can find hope and rebirth from the ashes.
Sendai Japan
March 11, 2011 3:15:40 PM JST Offshore Ibaraki 36°11′10″N 141°11′31″E / 36.186°N 141.192°E
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Copyright Š 2020 by Heather Tang All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Imaginary Press 1233 Pennsylvania Avenue San Francisco, CA 94909 www.imaginarypress.com
�This book is dedicated to all those who love life.“
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SENDAI CITY -
PREFACE The book revolves around the 8.9-magnitude earthquake that struck Sendai, JAPAN, on March 11, 2011. Which also triggered a secondary disaster, a tsunami. In the aftermath of the earthquake, houses were + damaged, and their lives were left in ruins.++ What can we find in the ashes, and what can we gain from loss?+++ Once again, we learn and are reborn, and from the ashes, we find more than a future.
TA BLE OF CONTENT S DAWN
INTRODUCTION
00
03 ▸▸▸▸
40_ When the city is rebuilt 40_ Rebirth of People’s life
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40_ From the ashes
10_ Defining the earth’s crust 10_ Understand the System
DARKNESS 20_ Crash down
01
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20_ Life is broken into pieces 20_ Secondary Disasters
NIGHTFALL
02
30_ The Secret of the Core 30_ Seismic wave
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From the Ashes
Chapter_ 00
15
→→→→→→
“Black water broke into the building through the windows with a rumbling noise, and I was just helplessly tossed around by the water. I don’t even remember how I was swept along.”
INTRODUCTION It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan, and the fourth most powerful And earthquake in the world since modern record-keeping began in 1900. The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that may have reached heights of up to 40.5 meters in Miyako in TĹ?hoku’s Iwate Prefecture, and which, in the Sendai area, traveled at 700 km/h (435 mph) and up to 10 km (6 mi) inland. Residents of We can tell Sendai had only eight to ten minutes of warning, and more than a hundred evacuation sites were washed away.
From the Ashes
Chapter_ 00
19
The earthquake moved Honshu (it’s tthe main island of Japan) 2.4 m (8 ft) east, shifted the Earth on its axis by estimates of between 10 cm (4 in) and 25 cm (10 in), increased earth’s rotational speed by 1.8 µs per day, and we can see the generated infrasound waves detected in perturbations of the low-orbiting Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite etc. And Initially, the earthquake caused sinking of part of + Honshu’s Pacific coast by up to roughly a metre, but after about three years, the coast rose back and kept on rising to exceed its original height. And the tsunami swept the Japanese mainland and killed over ten thousand people, mainly through drowning, though blunt trauma also caused many deaths. + The latest report from the Japanese National Police Agency report which confirms 15,899 deaths,6,157 injured, and 2,529 people missing across twenty prefectures, in fact a report from 2015 indicated 228,863 people were still living away from their home in either temporary housing or due to permanent relocation actually.
01
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DARKNESS
EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI IN SENDAI JAPAN The 2011 Tohoku earthquake struck offshore of Japan,and along a subduction zone and where two of Earth’s tectonic plates collide. In a subduction zone, the one plate slides beneath another into the mantle, the hotter layer beneath the crust. The great plates are rough and stick together, building up energy that is released as earthquakes. East of Japan, the Pacific plate dives beneath the overriding Eurasian plate. And actually the temblor completely released centuries of built up stress between the two tectonic plates, a recent study found.+ The March 11 earthquake started on a Friday at 2:46 p.m. local time (5:46 a.m. UTC). It was centered on the seafloor 45 miles (72 kilometers) east of Tohoku, at a depth of 15 miles (24 km) below the surface. The shaking lasted about six minutes. ++ Scientists drilled into the subduction zone soon after the earthquake and discovered a thin, slippery clay layer lining the fault. And the researchers think that this clay layer allowed the two plates to slide an incredible distance, some 164 feet (50 meters), facilitating the enormous earthquake and tsunami.
The earthqua World Stand
25
Chapter_ 01 /
By Linda Givetash and Arata Yamamoto
ake occ ur r ed on Fr id ay, Mar c h 11, 2011, at 5:46:2 3 a.m. ard Time, or 2:46:23 p.m. Japanese Standard Time.
From the Ashes
+
USGS reported that the earthquakes “occurred as a result of thrust faulting on or near the subduction zone interface plate boundary.�
27
From the Ashes
Residents of Tokyo received a minute of warning before the strong shaking hit the city, thanks to Japan’s earthquake early warning system. And the country’s stringent seismic building codes and early warning system prevented many deaths from the earthquake, by stopping high-speed trains and factory assembly lines. People in Japan also received texted alerts of the earthquake and tsunami warnings on their cellphones. + The number of confirmed deaths is 15,894 as of June 10, 2016, according to the reconstruction agency. More than 2,500 people are still reported missing. ++ Less than an hour after the earthquake, the first of many tsunami waves hit Japan’s coastline. The tsunami waves reached run-up heights (how far the wave surges inland above sea level) of up to 128 feet (39 meters) at Miyako city and traveled inland as far as 6 miles (10 km) in Sendai. Actually, tsunami flooded an estimated area of approximately 217 square miles (561 square kilometers) in Japan.
Chapter_ 01 /
“ The number of confirmed deaths is 15,894 as of June 10, 2016, according to the reconstruction agency. More than 2,500 people are still reported missing.”
38°6.2 N 14 2°51.6 E / 38.1033°N 14 2.8600°E
The waves overtopped and destroyed protective tsunami seawalls at several locations. The massive surge destroyed three-story buildings where people had gathered for safety. Near Oarai, the tsunami generated a huge whirlpool offshore, and captured on video.
From the Ashes
Chapter_ 01 /
29
The Anatomy of the Earthquake
Secondary disaster, tsunami
Sendai, Japan Elevation(m) 0
1500
3000
3500
0
Depth(m) 7000
38째6.2 N 142째51.6 E / 38.1033째N 142.8600째E
From the Ashes
Chapter_ 02 //
31
n
“Unless it’s absolutely necessary, everyone should avoid entering dangerous areas and take precautions to ensure your own personal safety,” Japanese broadcaster NHK.
Meteorological agency official Toshiyuki Matsumori warned aftershock tremors are expected and could occur for up to three days after the initial quake.
By Reuturs Tokyo April 18, 2016 9:41:51 am
35
Chapter_ 01 /
“Fukushima was created by the tsunami. The earthquake was not a factor,”
In fact the tsunami caused a cooling system failure at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, and which resulted in a level-7 nuclear meltdown and release of radioactive materials. And the electrical power and backup generators were overwhelmed by the tsunami, and for the plant lost its cooling capabilities. + “Fukushima was created by the tsunami. The earthquake was not a factor,” Titov said. “Fukushima was designed for a tsunami smaller than the one we saw.”++ And very low levels of radioactive chemicals that leaked from Fukushima have been detected along the North American coast offshore,Canada and California. Trace amounts of cesium-134 and cesium-137 (radioactive isotopes) were found in seawater collected in 2014 and 2015.
By Reuturs Tokyo April 18, 2016 9:41:51 am
From the Ashes
CAUSE OF TSUNAMIS
From the Ashes
In the tsunami’s aftermath, Japan’s Meteorological Agency was criticized for issuing an initial tsunami warning that underestimated the size of the wave. Country recently unveiled a newly installed, upgraded tsunami warning system. In some regions, such as Miyagi and Fukushima, and only 58 percent of people headed for higher ground immediately after the earthquake, according to a Japanese government study published in August 2011. Many people also underestimated their personal risk, or assumed the tsunami would be as small as ones they had previously experienced, the study found.
Chapter_ 01 /
37
On March 11, 2011, Tsunami caused by earthquakes can be extremely destructive
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NIGHTFALL
5-5.9 This map shows the location of a large aftershock off the coast of Japan on April 7, 2011.
6-6.9 7-7.9 8-8.9
41
Seismography
From the Ashes
Since the massive magnitude 9 earthquake stuck on March 11, 2011, 58 aftershocks of magnitude 6 or greater have rattled Japan, said the U.S. Geological Survey. One of the stronger aftershocks to date, a magnitude 7.1 quake, hit on April 7, 2011, at 11:32 p.m. local time, killing four and injuring 141, according to Japanese news reports. Though a warning was issued, the earthquake did not cause a tsunami.+ This map shows the location of the April 7 aftershock in relation to the large March 11 quake. he earthquake occurred 40 kilometers east of the Oshika Peninsula at a depth of 66 kilometers along a thrust/reverse fault. It is the third largest aftershock since the March 11 earthquake. The two larger aftershocks were magnitude 7.7 and 7.9, and both occurred on March 11.
Chapter_ 02 //
“ One of the stronger aftershocks to date, a magnitude 7.1 quake, hit on April 7, 2011, at 11:32 p.m.�
36
38
40
42
44
46
Longitude
Tsunami Joint Survey Group
34
140
142
Chapter_ 02 //
In addition, tsunamis associated with the earthquake were measured over a wide widearea, are from Hokkaido to Okinawa Okinawa, mainly along the Pacific side of the Tohoku Region and the northern part of the Kanto Region, as shown in.
From the Ashes
144
146
43
THE EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
The quake caused no injuries and little damage.) The March 11, 2011, earthquake was the strongest to strikeand the region since the beginning of record keeping in the late 19th century, and it is considered one of the most powerful earthquakes ever recorded. It was later reported that a satellite orbiting at the outer edge of Earth’s atmosphere that day had detected infrasonics (very low-frequency sound waves) from the quake.+ The sudden horizontal and the vertical thrusting of the Pacific Plate, which has been slowly advancing under the Eurasian Plate near Japan, displaced the water above and spawned a series of highly destructive tsunami waves.++ In fact a wave measuring some 33 feet high inundated the coast and flooded parts of the city of Sendai, including its airport and the surrounding countryside. According to some reports, one wave penetrated some 6 miles (10 km) inland after causing the Natori River, which separates Sendai from the city of the south, to overflow.+++ Damaging tsunami waves struck the coasts of Iwate prefecture, just north of Miyagi prefecture, and Fukushima, Ibaraki, and Chiba, the prefectures extending along the Pacific coast south of Miyagi.
John Rafferty, associate editor of Earth sciences at EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica, discussing tsunamis. EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica, Inc.
From the Ashes
+
In addition to Sendai, the other communities hard-hit by the tsunami included Kamaishi and Miyako in Iwate; both Ishinomaki, Kesennuma, and the Shiogama in Miyagi; and Kitaibaraki and Hitachinaka in Ibaraki. As the floodwaters retreated back to the sea, they carried with them enormous quantities of debris, as well as thousands of victims caught in the deluge. + Large stretches of land were left submerged under seawater, particularly in lower-lying areas.++ The earthquake triggered tsunami warnings throughout the Pacific basin. The tsunami raced outward from the epicentre at speeds that approached about 500 miles (800 km) per hour. It generated waves 11 to 12 feet (3.3 to 3.6 metres) high along the coasts of Kauai.+++ And Hawaii in the Hawaiian Islands chain and 5-foot (1.5-metre) waves along the island of Shemya in the Aleutian Islands chain. Several hours later 9-foot (2.7-metre) tsunami waves struck the coasts of California and Oregon in North America.
Chapter_ 02 //
45
City of Sendai will do “ The its best to overcome this
disaster along with the people, and we will continue our efforts in order to actualize the city envisioned in the Sendai City Basic Vison.
“
AFTERMATH OF THE DISASTER
Initial reports of casualties following the tsunami put the death toll in the hundreds, with hundreds more missing. And the numbers in both categories increased dramatically in the following days as the extent of the devastation—especially in coastal areas—became known and rescue operations got under way.+ And within two weeks of the disaster, the Japanese government’s official count of deaths had exceeded 10,000; more than one and a half times that number were still listed as missing and presumed dead.++ By then it was evident that the earthquake and tsunami constituted one of the deadliest natural disasters in Japanese history, rivaling the major earthquake and tsunami that had occurred off the coast of Iwate prefecture in June 1896. As the search for victims continued, the official count of those confirmed dead or still missing rose to about 28,500. However as more people thought to be missing were found to be alive, that figure began to drop; by the end of 2011 it had been reduced to some 19,300.
Coastal cities and towns as well as vast areas of farmland in the tsunami’s path were inundated by swirling waters that swept enormous quantities of houses, boats, cars, trucks, and other debris along with them. As the extent of the destruction became known, it became clear how many thousands of people were missing—including, in some cases, half or more of a locality’s population.
From the Ashes
Chapter_ 02 //
49
March 12, 2011/by John Amos The Ring of Fire strikes again.
51
Within a week: _A nuclear emergency was declared. _More than 1 million households had no water. _The majority of the 270,000 persons within the nuclear evacuation zone were evacuated. _Roads leading to coastal towns were cleared; all 14 ports were restored to receive relief goods. _Electric service was restored to 90% of Japan’s residents.
Within a month: _Water service was restored to 90% of residents. _Train service was restored to the area, except for the destroyed coastal line.
From the Ashes
_Map of the 2011 Japan earthquake epicenter off the northeast coast of Japan’s Honshu island. _Map of the 2011 Japan earthquake epicenter off the northeast coast of the Tōhoku region of Japan’s Honshu island. _A magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck off Japan’s northeastern coast, near the Tōhoku region. _Tsunami waves smashed the coast, causing massive damage and flooding. _The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant cooling system was damaged, raising fears of a meltdown. _Aftershocks continued, many exceeding magnitude 7.0.
Chapter_ 02 //
March 11, 2011:
Sendai City Urban Restoration Program
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03
DAWN
SENDAI CITY EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION PLAN
The road ahead is long and difficult, and therefore and we hope that as many people as possible will make a Sendai, and the City of Trees “Kizuna� Aid to support the reconstruction from the earthquake disaster, to expand their kizuna, or ties, and to support one another beyond community boundaries.+ One of our important missions is to pass on the lessons and learned from the earthquake disaster to other municipalities and future generations. With tremendous support received from both Japan and abroad, Sendai City, together with its citizens, is moving ahead with the reconstruction, creating hope for the future.++ We will effectively use your contribution and repay your generosity by achieving the early reconstruction of Sendai, the City of Trees and Lively People, where everyone can live a spiritually affluent life.
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From the Ashes
Chapter_ 03 ///
MINAMISANRIKU, JAPAN - MAY 11: Convienience store “Seven Eleven” reopens among the debris at the place where the store used to be, on May 11, 2011 in Minamisanriku, Miyagi, Japan.
(1) To help people who have been severely affected by the tsunami and earthquake live a safe life again (2) To support the raising of children affected by the disaster, to give them hope for the future
Revisiting 3/11: Five years after the 2011 earthquake
(3) To support disaster-affected elderly and handicapped persons by making their lives more bearable (4) To revitalize disaster-affected small and medium-sized companies and to secure employment (5) To expand cultural, art, and exchange activities that provide the vitality for reconstruction
The Sendai Basic Plan lays the groundwork for implementing improvements within the city for the next 10 years. The plan reflects the values and ideas outlined in the Sendai City Basic Vision, which sets goals and envisions and provides potential solutions to problems that may arise over the next 50 years.+ The Sendai City Basic Vison recognizes the importance of the power of individual citizens. The importance of individual citizens working together was shown clearly through the efforts of the people after the Great East Japan Earthquake. The importance of the individual in shaping the Sendai of the future will be invaluable in all of our recovery efforts.++ The City of Sendai will do its best to overcome this disaster along with the people, and we will continue our efforts in order to actualize the city envisioned in the Sendai City Basic Vison.+++ It will be vital for us in our recovery and reconstruction efforts, namely the scope of said efforts, and the influence on the city, to implement measures that are inline with our long term goals and plans.
From the Ashes
“ Occurred as a result of thrust faulting on or near the subduction zone interface plate boundary.�
Chapter_ 03 ///
57
WORLD VISION’S RESPONSE TO THE 2011 JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
In the 1960s, World Vision supported Japanese children in orphanages. But since 1987, World Vision Japan has funded child-focused programs in developing countries. And world Vision was, therefore, well-positioned to provide aid after the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. Within 48 hours of the disaster, World Vision sent its disaster assessment team to the most affected areas of Miyagi and Iwate prefectures.+ We assisted more than 300,000 people over three years, in coordination with government-managed recovery efforts.
March to June 2011: Emergency response: _Relief items distributed, including hygiene kits, food, blankets, clothing, and household items. _Seven Child-Friendly Spaces provided children with a safe, fun, and educational environment. _Support for education included supplies, temporary classrooms, and hot meals. _And community kitchens were furnished for the evacuation centers.
Revisiting 3/11: Five years after the 2011 earthquake
January 2013 to March 2014: Rehabilitation and transition _Joint children’s program with UNESCO _Scholarships for children from worst-affected areas Capacity building for local nonprofits
_Child development and protection services, including psychosocial training for teachers and for ChildFriendly Spaces. _Emergency power, storage, and borehole wells for schools serving as evacuation centers. _Community development focused on senior citizens, including furnishing meeting spaces and activities. _School feeding programs. _Support to restore the fishing industry. _Child-focused disaster preparedness a ctivities. _Assistance to Fukushima evacuees, including summer camp for children.
Chapter_ 03 ///
July 2011 to December 2012: Recovery
From the Ashes
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61
Index
A
F
K
P
ashes ,13 area, 16 atmosphere, 18,20 agency, 24,37
fukushima ,31 feet ,43 floor ,27,51 fly ,49
kilometers ,41 kanto, 43 kauai, 47,51
plated ,24 peninsula, 41 pacific, 10
G
L
R
B
government ,31 geological, 41
land ,43 length, 47,52 landscape, 57, loose, 27
resident ,24 radio, 29,42 risk, 31 region, 43
M
S
miyaki ,31 measure, 44 miyagi, 53 miles, 47
subduction ,12 scientists, 24 shaking, 24,27 seafloor, 37 surface, 43 system, 27,47 shiogama, 47,51 seawater, 59 shemya, 45
breakdown ,29
C
H
clay ,24 city, 24,27,31 coast, 29 chemicals, 29,37
hokaido ,43 hitachinaka ,45 hawaii ,47
D depth ,24 distance, 24 deaths, 27 destroyed, 28 destruct, 43,47
E earthquake ,24 enormous, 24
I
N
low-frequency 21,43 ibaraki,43 iwate,45 lower-lying,45
natori ,43 natori raver,43
J
O
T
oshika ,41
tsunami ,24 tohoku, 43
japan ,2-52
W warning ,24 waves, 28,27 waves, 43
COLOPHON ▸ ▸ This book was designed by Heather Tang. It was edited and set into type URW DIN, DIN, Adobe Garamond Pro. It is not intended for commercial use. This is a student project only, produced for a class assignment at the Academy of Art University, located in San Francisco, California. TYPEFACE ▸ ▸ Headings Adobe Garamond Pro. Body Copy URW DIN REFERENCE ▸ ▸ https://www.worldvision.org-World Vision https://features.japantimes-The Japan Times https://www.livescience.com-Live Science https://www.preventionweb.net/applications/ hfa/lgsat/en/image/href/824 - Sendai City Reconstruction Plan https://www.britannica.com/-Britannica https://skytruth.org/-Sky Truth https://www.reuters.com/- Reuters
March 11, 2011 3:15:40 PM JST Offshore Ibaraki 36°11′10″N 141°11′31″E / 36.186°N 141.192°E