RESILIENCE BY S E L E N A I S I L DA R
Professor Simone Giostra and Hope Strode Politecnico di Milano 2020
MONTE COFANO
CUSTONACI BASIN
LOCALIZATION Area Analysis
Trapani
Custonaci
Localization: SICILY
Annual Mean Temperature
Tree Cover Density
DESERTIFICATION in Sicily
1979
2018
DESERTIFICATION Risks of Climate Change
Source: IPCC Climate Change & Land Report (2019) / Visual Capitalist
AGRICULTURE Area Analysis
Landuse 1:100.000 Quarries Grassland Mediterrian Shrubs Limestone Cliff Oak Forest Builtup areas Cropland
90% of land is classified as cropland with the remaining 10% classified as non-cropland.
GREENHOUSE GASES
Climate Change Contrubuting Factor
Source: IPCC Climate Change & Land Report (2019) / Visual Capitalist
QUARRY BASINS Area Analysis
Quarries 1:30.000 Active Quarries Non-active Quarries Excavation Waste Ecological Corridor
CONSEQUENCES of Stone mining
custonaci basin
1,800,000 tons/year 85% of marble in Sicily 2.7% in World Stone: Limestone, Perlato di Sicilia Composition: calcite (98%) and (2%) dolomite, apatite, illite, goethite and quartz
Only 20% of marble is used, reaming 80% is waste of production
CUSTONACI BASIN Site Analysis
MINING WASTE of Custonaci Basin
Quarry
2,500
Quarry
2,00,000
Sawmill
Sawmill Finishing Plant
1,800,000 2.000 1,400,000 800,000
1,500
600,000 1,000 400,000 200,000
500 0
Spoil (quarry)
0
Scraps
Electrical Energy (MJ)
Energy Use
Main wastes from marble production Marble tiles
(g/m3)
Slabs
1200 900 700 500 300 100 0 CO2
Diesel Oil (MJ)
NOx
S02
CO
Pollutant emissions from the marble production
} POLLUTION AND ENERGY USE Source: Marble quarrying: an energy and waste intensive activity in the production of building materials V. Liguori, G. Rizzo & M. Traverso
UNDER RISK
Natural Reserve Area
.
San Vito Lo Capo
.
Zingaro Reserve
.
Monte Cofano Reserve
Ecological Corridor 1:100.000 Quarries Ecological Corridor Ecological Bugger Zones River Basins Linear Corridor Redevelopment of Linear Corridor
Quarries located next to the natural habitat are increasing the risk of depopulation.
HABITAT
& Local Species
Bonelli’s eagle
Italian Wall Lizard
Sicilian Pond Turtle
Green Whip Snake
Eleonora’s Falcon
European Shag
Sicilian Wall Lizard
Egyptian vulture neophron
Reptiles Mammals
Birds Amphibians
Red Fox
Italian Tree Frog
European rabbit
Least weasel
Crested porcupine
Discoglossus
HOW TO REVERSE THE PROCESS ? OF DESERTIFICATION
& RECOVER NATURE
1.
RESTORE DESERTIFIED LAND : REACTIVE APPROACH
Reforestation / Increase Biodiversity Enrich Soil with algae Introduce non-native plants & species adapted to changing climate
2.
Water Management
PREVENT DESERTIFICATION : PROACTIVE APPROACH
Bio-fertilizer for nearby croplands Algae Cultivation to combat climate change
Bio-fuel for active quarries
REACTIVE APPROACH REFORESTATION PROCESS
WATER RUNOOFF and Slope Analsysis
In oder to slowdown the running water and have a healthy hydrological cycle, reforestation has introduced. 660 m
250 m 150 m 50 m
Steepness
SHRUBLANDS & Desertification
SHRUBLANDS ARE MORE PRONE TO DESERTIFICATION
High Risk Areas 1:30.000 Quarries Shrublands Desertification High Medium
PLANT SPECIES & Level of sensitivity
Level of sensitivity to desertification
Mediterrenean shrublands
Riparian Vegetation
Pioneer vegetation
Downy Oak Trees
Chestnut trees
Turkey Oak
Beech Forest
Representaviness in Sicily Potential Selected non-native species
We introduced non-native species in order to provide a positive contrubuion to a relatively stable forests. These species are selected considering their draught resistanse and adaptability to sub-tropical climate. Under scarcity, the variability will create a better chance of survival.
Downy Oak Trees
Turkey Oak
Selected non-native species
Beech Forest
SOIL QUALITY
LOW
DRYLAND RESTORATION STRATEGY of Custonaci Basin
Current Ecological Corridor
Identification of areas at high risk to climate change
Reforestation in segments
Long-term expansion of the ecological corridor
X
TREKKING PATH as an expansion
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X Since Riserva di Monte Cofano is also used as a trekking area, an expansion of the trekking path has designed. Plantation occurs in the areas where there is less human interaction.
X
PLANTATION STRATEGY based on density gradient
X X
X X
X X X
X
Localization
Attractor Points Attractor points are placed as an extention of the trekking path. Drylands are mainly where the attractor points are located, in order to revive nature.
X X
X
X
X
X X
Path: Shortest Walk
Plantation
provides continuity to existing trekking areas
density of plants
precipitation
Micro catment system ff
o run
infiltration
Pitting as an example of in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques. Small holes next to the plants help to increase infiltration of rainwater
X
DISTRUBUTION STRATEGY of trees and shrubs
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X Plants are planted considering the steepness of the site. Species are distrubuted according to their adaptability to different soil conditions and steepness.
water acummulation
X
SPECIES
3m
Downy Oak Holly Oak Turkey Oak Beech
6m
Palma Nana Aleppo Pine Red Pine
9m Black Pine Sicilian Fir
TREES SHRUBS 2x x
Coolatai Grass Rope Grass Foxtail Grass Chaste Tree
Retem Euphorbia b. Lantana Rock Diasy Glossy abelia
4x
x
6x
Tree Spurge Dianthus rupicola Villoso Subsp. Pricky Pear
x
plants are grouped according to the slope steepness with respect to the population density division.
Cliff
High D
Density + Diversity
Human Path/ non disruptive presence
EXPANSION STRATEGY of ecological corridor
For a natural growth and expansion of the ecological corrdior, bee hives are introduced
Trees
50 – 1,000 flowers/ per trip An average honey bee colony, with 25,000 forager bees, each making 10 trips a day, will be able to pollinate 250 million flowers per day.
Forage in radious of 4 to 5 km
Hive Localization (Forestry + Beekeping) Hives may be located within or near a tree plantation, and utilize both the trees and surrounding other flowering plants for forage.
3D Printed Honeycomb / Biomimicry bees’ most stressful, energy-consuming task – making honeycomb.
60,000 bee a week time work = one day 3d printing
Faster Pollination Process: FASTER REFORESTATION
model study
PROACTIVE APPROACH Creation of a Circular System
ALGAE CULTIVATION
WHY ALGAE ?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ENERGY FOOD + FUEL
RAPID CARBON CYCLING
CO2
+ O2
as a highly efficient photosynthesizer, algae produces 70% - 80% of all oxygen on earth.
WATER CYCLING
121,000 Litres of Biodiesel per 10,000 sqm per year
BIOFERTILIZER
EFFECTIVE WASTE WATER TREATMENT
NH4
NO3
ammonium
nitrates EATEN BY ALGAE
PO4
phosphates
Increase Soil Porosity Increase in Nitrifiers ALGAE CAN DOUBLE ITS MASS IN LESS THAN 24
hrs
PROJECT ALLOCATION according to the needs of Algae
ALGAE ESSENTIALS
STEP 02: SUN
STEP 01: WATER COLLECTION
CO2 CO2 is present in the air due to active quarries. Accumulation Area
Nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)
Project Area
February
WATER
LIGHT
July
1. Runoff rain water accumulates in the quarry.
2. Sun Radiation Analysis optima
N OPTIMIZATION
ALGACULTURE SYSTEMS
STEP 03: ALGAE SELECTION
OPEN PONDS
April
Algae can be grown on open settling ponds, but this approach is unlikely to provide the best yields. + high risk of contamination + large areas
PHOTOBIOREACTORS Therefore, a closed system has used for bioreactors. + controlled system + minimized area
ALGAE SELECTION Cyanobacteria (Blue Green Algae)
November
s used to allocate the bioreactors for al algae cultivation.
3. Photobioreactors are used vertically to use gravity for cultivation.
4. Commmon Algae type used for fertlizers and bio-fuel
VISION Surrounding croplands and ongoing excavation activities are polluting the natural environment, which is crucial for a natural reserve area of Monte Cofano. In order to connect with surrounding nature, a structure has designed which is mimicing the movement of the water. The flowing structure allows to obtain technical functions for algae cultivation inside the secondary landscape. As a result of the algae cultivation, fresh water will accumulate and provide a natural biotope for the existing species that are under danger. By time, the structure will age with nature to become a part of it.
+ Modular Structure
+ Algae Bioreactros
Hidden LAB
Form Finding Artificial Lanscape
VOXELLATION Loft is turned into a modular structure using the voxellation algorithm. Modularity of this structure is mimicing the excavated stones which are present on the site. As the structure grows into an artificial landscape, it unifities and connects with its surrounding.
voxel reference image: Custonaci Basin
LOFT Locations where the structure will be supported. Loft is created using this points which will create an organic form which flows through the site like the movement of water.
Towards sun
Type 01
Type 01 is the lighest element of this structure, it allow us to form the flowing structure.
Type 02
Type 02 module is distrubuted among the architectural functions that should be provided for the algae cultivation.
Type 03 Type 03 of the elements are disctrubuted towards the water and the sun. Since it has a thicker surface, it will allow moss to grow on it and naturalize the structure.
Towards water
ASSEMBLY & Construction
Type 01 and Type 02 Material: Steel: Assembly & Welding Process: The pre-manufactured elements forming the structure are made of steel and they can be easily rearranged and replaced. The tubular steel elements are interconnected at nodal points throughout the structure, which are either fully welded nodes or bolted. The connections into the nodal points have been taken as fully rigid, in both axis and torsionally.
Pre-fabrication Robot assembly & welding
Transportation of the voxel pieces
On-site assembly
SOLAR PANELS & Growth of Nature
VOXEL STRUCTURE SOLAR IRRADIANCE
OPTIMIZED PLACEMENT FOR SOLAR PANELS and moss growth
Solar Panel
Type 03 Material: In order to recycle the sand dust in around the quarry, these modules are realized by 3D printing in concrete. It is placed in the areas exposed to high levels of irradiance. Moss Growth:
Type 03 is used as a base for solar panels.
In the concrete mix, magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) has inckuded which has a slight acidity and supports biological growth.
ALGAE BIOREACTORS & Swarm Ingtelligence
CONCEPT
FORM STUDY
Algae under microscope
SCRIPT DECRYPTION Anemone has used to realize the algortihm for the swarm-like bioreactors. Newtons second law of motion has applied in order to create a swarm behaviour.
POPULATE GEOMETRY
APPLYING ATTRACTION FORCE
APPLYING SPINNING FORCE
SETTING A TARGET POINT
LARGER TRAVEL DISTANCE FOR ALGAE CULTIVATION
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING & Robots
TECHNOLOGY BY MIT MEDIA LAB
Fiberglass has a high strength despite being low in density. It’s high elastic behaviour enable us to build the desired curves for the bioreactors. With the help of the FIBERBOTS, it is easy to realize the structure tubes. For long term, fiberglass needs less maintanence compared to other contenvitonal materials for cultivation. About Fiberbots: The FIBERBOTS are a swarm of robots designed to wind fiberglass filament around themselves to create high-strength tubular structures. These structures can be built in parallel and interwoven to rapidly create architectural structures. The robots are mobile, using sensor feedback to control the length and curvature of each individual tube according to paths determined by a custom, environmentally informed, flocking-based design protocol. This gives designers the ability to control high-level design parameters that govern the shape of the resulting structure without needing to tediously provide commands for each robot by hand.
TECHNOLOGICAL DIAGRAM Algae Cultivation System
SOLAR PANELS
0 1
WATER PUMP INCUBATION CHAMBER / CULTURE TANK
ALGAE BIOREACTORS
2 lipid tank
slo
pe
3
<3
GRAVITY CLARIFIER/ OIL EXTRACTION FRESH WATER
4 GRAVITY CLARIFIER
A circular system designed to sustain the algae cultivation
FUNCTION POSITIONING Technological System Allocation
Volumes are formed by substacting the cubes from the voxel structure.
1 WATER PUMP & ALGAE TANK
2 SHAFT BIOREACTORS
3
EXTRACTION ROOM
4
FRESH WATER
MASTERPLAN
& Programme Allocation
SOLAR PANELS
LOOKOUT POINT
INSIDE THE LAB
BIOREACTORS
PUMP & ALGAE TANK
EXTRACTION & FRESH WATER OBSERVATION
LAB
PLAN 1:500
rain water Pump & Algae Tank
Extraction
Algae Cultivation fresh water
LAB
observation path
entrance
end-products will be transported using the existing road from quarry.
accessible through the trekking path
SITE SECTION 1:500
PUMP & ALGAE TANK
BIOTOPE
LAB Wet Meadow
Emergent Plants
small stones from the quarry
BIOTOPE PLANT DISTRUBUTION
Floating and Submersed Plants
habitat for local species
SITE SECTION 1:500
ALGAE TANK
Max. sunlight for algae cultivation
3
RAINWATER COLLECTION
4
2 WATER PUMP
5 EXTRACTION
FRESH WATER
FRESH WATER
6
1
ALGAE SECTION 1:100
Fiberglass Algae Culture
Waterproof Seal Steel Support Pipe
Concrete Base
D-1 1:5
D-1
BIOREACTORS
EXTRACTION AREA