Project 1 Passive Green Building Case Studies Booklet GREEN STRATEGIES FOR BUILDING DESIGN (ARC61804)
T a n X u a n Ze C h o n g Ho u Yi n K o n g Zh e n O n n J a c kso n G o h Din g Yu an W o n g Ye w F a y
0335513 0336812 0336068 0332139 0335977
T u to r : N i k S y a z w an Bin N ik Ab . Wah ab
Content
Diamond Building, Putrajaya, Malaysia 1.0 I n t rod u c ti o n
03
2.0 Sit e P lan n i n g
04- 05
3.0 D aylighti n g
06- 08
4.0 Facad e De si g n
09
5.0 Nat ural V e n ti l a ti o n
10
6.0 St rat egic L a n d sc a pi n g
11- 12
Pixel Building, Melbourne, Austrialia 1.0 I n t rod u c ti o n
13
2.0 Sit e P lan n i n g
14
3.0 D aylighti n g
15-16
4.0 Facad e De si g n
17- 18
5.0 Nat ural V e n ti l a ti o n
19- 20
6.0 St rat egi c L a n d sc a pi n g
21
Comparative Analysis
22-23
R efe re nces
24
02
1.0 Introduction Diamond Building Malaysia Background Info Location: Putrajaya (Precinct 2), Malaysia Owner: Energy Commission of Malaysia Principal Use Office Architect: NR Architects Employees/Occupants: 400 Built-up area: 14000m2 Completion Date: 2010 Total Cost USD: $21.5 million Substantial Completion/Occupancy: June 28, 2010
Table 1 Energy Use Modeled
Introduction
Energy Savings
The Diamond Building is the headquarters of Malaysia’s Energy Commission, includes seven floors above grade and two underground levels for parking. The building focus on efficient use of energy, water and other resources, protection of occupants’ health, safety and comfort, reduction of waste, pollution and environmental degradation. Its sustainable design maximise the energy efficiency and the building energy intensity of 20.6 kBtu/ft2 · year mean it uses on average four times less energy than typical Malaysian office buildings. Strategies include site planning, self-shading facades, daylighting, natural ventilation and strategic landscaping.
Energy Savings (%) Lighting
53.6
Air-Conditioning Plant
47.1
Air-Side Fans
90.0
Mechanical Ventilation
10
Elevators
10
Domestic Water System
30.3
Garage Lighting
60.2
Total Building Energy Consumption ( with PV)
46.1
Notable Features
Site Planning
Facade Design
Daylighting
Strategic Landscaping
Natural Ventilation
Wastewater Management
Awards Awards for Platinum Green Building Index 2012 (Malaysia) Asian Energy Award 2012 BCA Green Mark Platinum – Overseas 2011
03
2.0 Site Planning Climate Study
Average temperatures and precipitation
Tropical Climate
The building is located in Putrajaya, Malaysia which has a hot and humid tropical climate. The average dry bulb temperatures over the year and day fall typically within the range of 27°C and 35°C with a very small change around the year. Average monthly sunhours
Precipitation amounts
The monthly average of sunhours ranges from 150 hours to 210 hours or about 2200 h of sunshine a year. On average, March is the most sunny and November has the lowest amount of sunshine. Malaysia's geographical position provides the opportunity to have abundant solar energy. The is a great deal of rainfall in Putrajaya, the rainfall is usually exceeds 2600mm in a year. The period from December to February is considered as high rainy season. As a result the design considerations for the Diamond Building are suited for this climate, with emphasis on cooling and ventilation due to the high temperatures and humidity.
Site Context
Putrajaya Corporation Palace Of Justice
Immigration Department
Kem. Dalam Negeri & Hal Ehwal Pengguna
The building is surrounded by various large scake building as well as large reserved hill land. On the west side of the building is Immigration Department building with just a street distance. The north and south of the building are used as open parking ground.
Building Orientation & Sun Path The construction of the building has also taken into account on the rising and setting of the sun, to minimise the areas impacted by direct sunlight. The orientation allows the northern and southern facades to be fully self-shaded but still able to exploit the daylighting and sun ray benefits.
04
2.0 Site Planning Tilting Facade
Climate and the solar path of equatorial Malaysia (3° north) helped shape the building’s diamond design. From solar studies, the sun path is from east to west, it will tilt to the north or to the south, so the building’s facade follow the tilt angle which is about 25°. The 25° tilting facade allows self shading on the north and south facades, protect the building from direct sun rays, reducing solar impact by 41% and lowering the cooling load. Besides, a central atrium was introduced to maximise the use of daylighting.
Spaces Allocation
Basement Level
Car park area is placed at north-east of the building, taking advantage of natural daylighting and ventilation.
Ground Level
Lobby area located at ground floor area, taking advantage of landscaping, which provide cool ambience and also daylighting.
Seventh Level
In the office area, lighting is zoned so it can be maximised the use of daylighting and limited to only the areas needing it.
05
3.0 Daylighting Indirect light through roof
The skylight was designated in a way where the sun lights is emitted through a side windows on top and being reflected through reflective panels and and bringing indirect lights which heat was filtered to the level 7 lounge area underneath it. The above image shows the light rays strikes into the window at the top towards the reflective panels and reflects light towards the space underneath, providing sufficient indoor lights.
From the rooftop garden, it is visible that the extruded skylight that brings light to the spaces below.
Photovoltaic Panels There are photovoltaic panels located on top of the building which specifically being installed on roof that designated in an angle facing 4 alternative direction, fully accepting the heat energy of sunlight from the sun. The energy created from the photovoltaic panels produced almost 10% of the building needed. underneath the roof where the photovoltaic panels are, there aree rooms and services to control the active of the panels. The diagrams beside shows where the photovoltaic panels located and how it is angled due to the sun paths
06
3.0 Daylighting Dome and Atrium The crown of the building is a ‘diamond dome’ skylight made from laminated tempered glass. Located within the dome space are fixed blinds that filter and diffuse the daylight to provide even and glare-free daylight for the offices around the atrium. For the atrium, the window size is larger deeper into the atrium to cater for lower daylight levels. The atrium is also optimised for daylight utilisation with Tannenbaum reflector panels.
Tannenbaum Reflector Panels A band of Tannenbaum reflector panels are applied to 4 th and 5 th floor to deflect daylight across the atrium to 1st and 2nd floor where daylight levels are the lowest. The ‘christmas tree’ profile reflectors have an inclination of 10° and reflect about 85% of the light in semi-diffuse manner, hence, avoiding visual glare issues for the building occupants.
There are fixed blinds being installed at the rooms’ window thaat faced the atrium to avoid glare issues.
The images show the light situation of the atrium before and after the automated glazing roller blinds are activated.
Above shows the configuration of the automated glazing roller blinds being engage ate different parts of the dome.
07
3.0 Daylighting Internal Light Shelves & Window Sill Lighting Situation with Light Shelves & Window Sill
A split window design for all exterior facades together with an internal light shelf helps to redirect natural light into the depths of the working space.
Mirror for reflect lights into
Fixed
the deeper part of the room
control
blind
for
glare
Lighting Situation with only Light Shelves
Lighting Situation with only Window Sill
Window sill is designated to reflect and filter the heat of the sunlight, there are also verticle operatable blinds for glare control.
From the table we know that the depth of room is 5000mm and 3000mm respectively for south and west facades.
Y
X
The table shows that the depth of the room does not exceed 5375mm (the 2.5x of the window heights 150mm.) The room depth X is less than 2.5x of the height of windows Y, which is a great condition for the daylight to reach into the room.
08
4.0 Facade Design Tilting Facade
The tilting façade (face of the building) allows self shading for the lower floors, protection from direct sun rays into the building, eliminating the need for sun shading devices and lowering the cooling load. While the sun’s path is from east to west, it will sometimes tilt to the north or to the south. The tilt angle is about 25°, so the building's facade is also tilted at 25°. The windows that face the atrium gradually increase in size from the upper floors down to the lower floors where there is less sunlight.
Materiality The building is using low e glass for every facades that is reflective on the outside, allowing daylight into the building and minimising heat from the sun.
The diagram besides shows how the light being filtered through the low e glass.
Façade Daylight Design The building is 50% daylit. The façade daylighting system consists of a mirror lightshelf and a white painted window sill. Both deflect daylight onto the white ceiling for improved daylight distribution until 5 meters from the façade + 2 additional meters of corridor space. Installed office lighting is 8.4 W/m2, but 1-year measurements show consumption of only 0.9 W/m2 showing high reliance on daylighting
09
5.0 Natural Ventilation Wind studies
In Malaysia, our climatic ondition is hot and humid weather. There are 3 main factors that controlling the changes of wind movement and direction which come from 2 monsoons seasonal. In addition, those 3 factors also make a different weather effect in Putrajaya area. There are 2 different Monsoon seasons that Putrajaya experiences: Monsoon Seasons
Period
Weather Condition
North-East
November to
the wind from north east is
Monsoon
March
blocked by TItiwangsa Mountains, the wind flow is steady.
Season South-West
June
Monsoon
September
Seasons
to
the wind from south west is weaker but there is no natural obstruction blocking the wind flow
The air movement and rainfall in selangor is affected due to the monsoon seasons and the natural terrain Titiwangsa Mountains is a natural obstruction that helps Putrajaya to accept more stable wind flow
Cross Ventilation
From, the wind rose diagram of Putrajaya, we know that the wind from Northeast , West, Southwest and South is comparatively higher and more frequent than other direction.
There is only cross ventilation happening at the basement of the building. The stack ventilation of the atrium is cancelled due to the fixed glass dome.
The basement carpark of the building is having an open area which is a sunken garden at the north east area, accepting wind flow and creating cross ventilation across the basement carpark area. The sunken garden open area is located at northeast area because there is no existing building that blocked the incoming wind flow.
10
6.0 Strategic Landscaping
Without strategic landscaping design
Without strategic landscaping design
With strategic landscaping design
Strategic landscape design is an easy and inexpensive way to improve the energy efficiency of a building. It prevent from extensive building heat gain, reduce the energy consumption and water consumption as well as produce the natural and healthy ambience to the surrounding, give comfort both inside and outside the building. By applied strategic landscape design at the surroundings , it protects the building from direct sun ray, reduce ambient temperature of its surroundings and also the heat gain in the building. From the study, the temperature around the building decreases from 39°C to 32°C, these passive sustainable design strategies reduce the daily cooling load requirement of diamond building effectively.
Building Footprint The inverted pyramid shape of the building allows it to have smaller footprint compared to adjacent building, increases ground space for injecting in a lot of landscape around to cool down the building, hence maximizing roof space for PV panels.
Soft Landscaping Soft landscaping and water features create a cool and serene outdoor ambience. The water walls that flank the glass canopy at the entrance moderate indoor temperature through the effects of evaporative cooling while the streetscape lined with tall trees gives a shading effect.
11
6.0 Strategic Landscaping Sunken Garden A sunken garden was carefully incorporated into the building design. The greenery within the sunken and landscaped garden at basement level give natural ventilation and daylighting, provide a cool and shaded environment for the occupants.
Green Roof
Heavy rain event
Latent heat
Sensible Heat Reflected Light
Heat transfer into building Stormwater Radiation Reflected radiation Filtered radiation
The Diamond Building has applying extensive green roof. The green roof provides insulation, decreases energy demand on space conditioning which emit the GHG and improves thermal performance of building. From the study, the indoor temperature values decrease from 35.1 to 30.6 in the building with green roof than the original exposed concrete roof. Green roof reduces the heat flux transferred through roof surface and contribute to energy saving of the air-conditioning system.
Grey Water Recycling Wetland on the ground floor, which is irrigated by grey water from the toilet wash basin and floor trap. Grey water recycling reduces potable water demand for irrigation.
Rainwater Harvesting The rainwater is utilised for toilet flushing and landscape irrigation in the building, reduced annual potable water consumption by 35% compared to potable water. Rainwater is collected from the 7,530 ft 2 (700 m 2) catchment area dome and stored in four 2,600 gallon (10,000 L) rooftop tanks.
12
1.0 Introduction Pixel Building, Melbourne, Austrialia Background Info Architects : Studio505 Location : Melbourne, Australia Completion Date : July 2010 Type : Commercial Offices Area : 1136.4 m2 Project Objective : To design and construct the world’s first carbon neutral and water balanced office building with regard to both operational and embodied carbon emissions.
Pixel is one of Melbourne and Australia’s most significant and ambitious projects. Pixel is a ‘Future Office’ – a prototype of the commercial buildings that will emerge when a carbon constrained environment demands a greater focus on energy efficiency. Scoring a perfect 105 Green Star points and 105 LEED points, Pixel is Australia’s first carbon neutral office building, generating all its own power and water on site. Pixel radically pushed the boundaries of what is achievable in a Green Building. Many new sustainable building technologies were implemented, including a complex water capturing system, solar and wind harnessing, thermal cooling, water usage reduction through vacuum toilets, anaerobic digester to reduce waste from toilets and Pixelcrete, a specially designed concrete that contains half the embodied carbon of conventional concrete for the same structural properties.
Passive Design Strategies
Site Planning
Day Lighting
Façade Design
Natural Ventilation
Strategic Landscaping
Awards Scoring a perfect 105 Green Star points and 105 LEED points, Pixel is Australia’s first carbon neutral office building, generating all its own power and water on site.
13
2.0 Site Planning Climatic Studies
SubTropical Oceanic Climate In Melbourne, a city of southern Australia and the capital of the state of Victoria, the climate is subtropical oceanic, with mild winters of average temperature of 9.5 Celcius and pleasantly warm summers with average temperature of 25 Celcius. Precipitation is on average of 650mm per year and is evenly distrubuted throughout the year. Average sun hours in summer is about 8 hours and for winter will be about 4.5 hours.
Sun Chart Diagram
Site Context
Average precipitation of Melbourne
Average sun hours of Melbourne
Pixel Building is located in an urban site, it is surrounded with buildings with similar height and scale on the north and west. On the east of the building is a abandoned construction site and on the far south is a high rise. The surroundings of Pixel building does not provide much shade due to their similarities of scale and proportion, which includes the vegetations.
Space Allocation Spaces within the Pixel Building are strategically located to maximise the use of natural daylighting , working spaces (red) are located facing the west facade where it receives most sunlight throughout the day thus reducing the needs for artificial lighting. Services (peach) which requires little daylighting are located on the east facade.
14
3.0 Daylighting A boldly colored and distinctively shaped sun-shade system on the building's exterior that allows the maximum amount of daylight into occupied space, but prevents excessive glare and heat from penetrating the building envelope. The office space have 100% natural daylight, the pixel building tried to abandon the traditional louver design method and introduce the design technology of double wall.
Daylighting Features Introduce Daylight in All Area
Full Ceiling Height Window
Pixel introduce daylight even at the staircase area as it will visually enlarge a narrow and small area, also with the help of the white reflective wall panel.
To ensure an introduction of the natural light in to the building, Pixel make full use of the natural daylight by maximizing the window height to full ceiling height window.
Daylight Glare Control Throughout the day and over the course of the year, the sun will be in different positions, so the space needs to be flexible to adapt to this. Pixel is designed to provide 100% daylight penetration into the office space whilst allowing screen based technologies to be deployed without the need for blinds. Through advanced 3D computer-aided design simulation, the external shading system can exert its maximum efficiency, and the large amount of natural lighting in the indoor space prevents the office with large windows from becoming a greenhouse.
15
3.0 Daylighting
The pixel uses open concept so that all the interior spaces can make full use of the natural daylight. The wall and ceiling are mostly covered with white colour to reflect the natural daylight without any glare. The coloured facade with shading louvers blocks the direct sunlight in the same time still maintaining gaps in between each louver which enable natural daylight to penetrate into the interior spaces. The sunlight passes through the double glass wall which acts as a solar protection layer and also hot air is filter so that the interior spaces can achieve thermal comfort level. People are protected against harmful ray from direct sunlight, yet still able to make full use of the daylight.
Impact of Natural Daylighting After a daylighting system has been installed, electricity and maintenance costs drop even further than after the installation of LED bulbs. Daylighting harnesses the free and natural light provided by the sun, so no electricity is required.
When the natural light in the room meets a comfortable working environment, the artificial lighting system in the building will gradually turn off.
16
4.0 Facade Design “The distinctive looking sun shade system on the exterior of the building will provide the maximum amount of daylight into the office space, while protecting it from too much glare and heat in a summer.” - Daniel Grollo
A multifaceted and multi hued façade wraps are to be built, though such wraps are included in one of the best identities of Pixel. The construction is done in the utmost manner that the assembly includes a simple structure made by doing zero waste.
Materiality Double glazed low - e coating Low-E, or low-emissivity, glass was created to minimize the amount of infrared and ultraviolet light that comes through your glass, without minimizing the amount of light that enters your home. Low-E glass windows have a microscopically thin coating that is transparent and reflects heat.The Low-E coatings keep the temperature in the office consistent by reflecting the interior temperatures back inside.
Composition
ALPOLIC TM /fr
Fluorocarbon coating
A fire-retardant ACM composed of aluminum skins and mineral-filled fire-retardant core. It passes most countries’ fire-safety codes for exterior and interior. ALPOLIC™/fr is lightweight, rigid and flat compared with solid aluminum panels. The surface finish is a coating of fluorocarbon paint. Die Coater that we use in the continuous coil coating line ensures uniform color and smooth coating. The coating variation includes Patterns (Stone, Timber, Metal, and Abstract), produced with a unique image-transfer coating.
Benefits
Aluminium 0.5 mm Fire - retardant core 2.0 - 5.0 mm Aluminium 0.5 mm Wash coating or servicecoating Total thickness: 3, 4 and 6 mm Building Fabric External Walls Windows (incl. frames)
U - value 0.55 W/m2K 1.80 W/m2K
R - value 1.82 m2K/W 0.55 m2K/W
Roof Ground Floor Slab
0.31 W/m2K 0.13 W/m2K
3.23 m2K/W 7.69 m2K/W
Mean Building Envelope
1.06 W/m2K
0.94 m2K/W
U-values indicate better insulating performance, higher R-values indicate better thermal resistance. Recycled colour panels maximise daylight input, shades, views, and frown control. Supported with living edge spandrels creating shades and also providing grey water treatment on the other hand.
The façade provides a platform to achieve immediate greenery on the every office floor.
17
4.0 Facade Design Construction Details Series of coloured panel clamped and fixed on swivelling steel tubes. Every coloured panel was angled to specific angle fo sunshading purpose.
Facade Strategy Pattern The building’s pixelated facade is a striking point of difference. Consisting of dozens of fixed panels of vivid colour arranged at different angles to minimise heat gain and maximise light penetration, the facade resembles a harlequin’s cloak. Evolution of Facade Strategy
Daylight Pixel is designed to provide 100 % daylight penetration into the office space whilst allowing screen based technologies to be deployed without the need of blinds. Daylight experimential model
3 Building Skins The facade texture presents different visual feelings at the human scale, and has a sense of flow and consistency. "Pixels" provide natural daylight while filtering sunlight.These colored wings are fixed on the skin (can't rotate) and have 3 functions: firstly give the building a unique visual effect; secondly, it acts as a sunshade and louver system in the summer to reduce the load of the air-conditioning system and lighting adjustment for a more ideal working ambience.
Spatial Qualities The designed blades allow 100% of natural light to enter the office area while avoiding the effects of glare. Therefore, the indoor light is very mild, no shading shutters need to be set on the main windows, and laptops can be used in all areas.
18
5.0 Natural Ventilation Average wind speed
Site orientation N
W
E
S
Wind direction Wind flow especially direct from north side during the winter to spring season (Jun - Oct) annually. The Pixel building having openable windows to allow fully controlled of wind flow during day time occupancy.
Fresh outside air
100% return air is exhausted
Heating Double glazing low e coating insulated facade
Main space allocation
During process of heating, fresh air from outside is used. Heat from exhaust air used to pre-warm incoming cool outside air in heat exchange unit. Gas fired ammonia absorption heat pump. Heats air which feeds into floorspace on each level. On the final stage, exhaust air purged via exhaust risers.
Vibrant interior in the workspace.
Combination of full glazed curtain wall and recycle colour panel able to control amount of sunlight going into the open plan office space efficiently.
19
5.0 Natural Ventilation Cooling 100% return air is exhausted
Fresh outside air Insulated green roof
During process of cooling, fresh air from outside is used. Heat exchange captures energy from exhaust air to pre-heat or pre-cool fresh air. Gas fired ammonia absorption heat pump. Pipe risers to feed cool water down to each level. Cools air feeds down to each level thru chilled water that reticulated to all floors inv HDPE pipe. In the end, Exhaust risers purge warm air to outside.
Openable windows allow night purge cooling of ceiling slab
Radiant cooling system installation
Free Night Cooling
Water cooled ceiling slabs allow convection and radiant cooling.
All of the air being distributed and used in the Pixel Building is 100% fresh air. Cross ventilation occur especially on night time to cool down the internal space. Heat circulate inside during day activities is removed. By aid of the wind turbine, its act as a tool to generate electricity as a renewable resources of energy.
Wind Turbines Wind driven cowls generate electricity during the day.
Night Purge
Thermal Mass
During the night purge, windows open automatically. Cool night air cools down the internal spaces.
Heat build up in the concrete ceilings during day activities is removed try the cool night air.
Outside air pre-conditioned and fan assisted through floorspace & controlled via floor vents located at each workstation
20
6.0 Strategic Landscaping Facade
The north and west facade of Pixel Building has the most amount of ‘Pixels’ due to it having to receive direct high intensity sunlight throughout the day, the ‘Pixels’ diffuse the sunlight into the working office spaces within the building. The east and south facade has less pixel due to it only have to face the morning sun and sunlight reflected off the high rise respectively.
Green Roof
The green roof has different functions to it , first it acts as a insulating layer for the building, reducing the heat loss through the roof. Besides that it serves as a water harvesting point that chanel the rainwater collected to water storage tank located under the building to be use.
Water Harvesting
The water harvesting system corelates with waste management system.The system is so successful that the building is able to solely rely on its own rainwater harvesting system without the need for any other main water supply. Waste produced on site are used to reduce the electrical needs of the building.
21
7.0 Comparative Analysis DIAMOND BUILDING
PIXEL BUILDING Average monthly sunhours
Average monthly sunhours
Precipitation amounts
CLIMATES
Precipitation amounts
The building is located in Putrajaya, Malaysia which has a hot and humid tropical climate. The is a great deal of rainfall and high average sunhours in Putrajaya. As a result the design considerations for the Diamond Building are suited for this climate, with emphasis on cooling and ventilation due to the high temperatures, sunhours and humidity.
The building is located in Melbourne , Australia. Sun hours varies and is dependent to the seasons. The constant amount of precipitation has allowed for the building to not be connected to the main water supply of the city and yet be able to constantly provide the 80 occupants of the building safe and clean water throughout the year.
Building Orientation
Building Orientation
SITE PLANNING
The building orientation has also taken into account on the rising and setting of the sun, to minimise the areas impacted by direct sunlight. The orientation allows the northern and southern facades to be fully self-shaded but still able to exploit the daylighting and sun ray benefits.
The building orientation focusing on daylight input to the interior space. Important spaces such as office space are orientated to the north-west so that the spaces receives a good amount of diffused sunlight to reduce the reliance for artificial lighting.
Tilting Facade
Pixelated Facade
FACADE
The tilting façade (face of the building) allows self shading for the lower floors, protection from direct sun rays into the building, eliminating the need for sun shading devices and lowering the cooling load.
Recycled colour panels able to shade the workspace from glared and heat, by controlling the amount of daylight into the interior space. Double glazed low - e coating applied to reflect heat from outside, keep consistency of moderate temperature of the workspace, resulted it having optimum shade from sunny weather.
22
7.0 Comparative Analysis DIAMOND BUILDING Centralised Configuration
PIXEL BUILDING All Directional Configuration
DAYLIGHTING
The atrium and the dome of the building is located at the center of the building, providing sufficient daylights and preventing glare with different configuration of blinds to the spaces around.
Cross Ventilation
The pixel uses open concept so that all the interior spaces can make full use of the natural daylight. The wall and ceiling are mostly covered with white colour to reflect the natural daylight without any glare. The sunlight passes through the double glass wall which act as a solar protection layer. Hot air is filter so that the interior spaces can achieve thermal comfort level. Cross Ventilation
NATURAL VENTILATION
The basement carpark of the building is having an open area which is a sunken garden at the north east area, accepting wind flow and creating cross ventilation across the basement carpark area.
Green roof
Pixel building capable with openable window. During day time, process of ventilation was driven thru mechanical way by fully using natural wind from exterior. Cross ventilation occur during night time to remove heat that trap inside the building during day activities. Green roof
STRATEGIC LANDSCAPING
Strategic landscape design improves the energy efficiency of a building. It prevent from extensive building heat gain, reduce the energy and water consumption as well as produce the natural and healthy ambience to the surrounding, give comfort both inside and outside the building.
The green roof is essential to the success of the Pixel Building, not only is reduces the electrical consumption of the building but also it increases the efficiency of the rainwater harvesting system in the building.
23
8.0 References ALPOLIC®/fr Fire-Retardant Metal Composite Panels. (2020, January 20). Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.alpolic-americas.com/products/fire-retardant/ Australia's First Carbon and Neutral Pixel Building. (2020, September 12). Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://thearchitecturedesigns.com/australias-first-carbon-and-neutral-pixel-building/ King, V. (2011, December 14). Pixel / studio505. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/190779/pixel-studio505 Marlj018. (2013, September 08). Pixel, studio 505; an innovator for green architecture. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://marlj018.wordpress.com/2013/09/08/pixel-studio-505-an-innovator-for-green-architecture/ (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2020, from https://www.st.gov.my/en/details/aboutus/9 Chen, T. (2020, May 15). Malaysia Energy Commission Headquarters: Putrajaya, Malaysia. Retrieved October 16, 2020, from https://www.hpbmagazine.org/malaysia-energy-commission-headquarters-putrajaya-malaysia/ Xin, H., & Rao, S. (2013, March 15). Active Energy Conserving Strategies of the Malaysia Energy Commission Diamond Building. Retrieved October 16, 2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029613000972 Malaysia's Stunning Green Diamond Building Wins Southeast Asia Energy Prize. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2020, from https://inhabitat.com/malaysias-green-diamond-building-wins-southeast-asia-energy-prize/ deciBel(Architecture))). (2016, April 15). Pixel Building. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://www.db-a.co/work/pixel-building/#:~:text=Located%20on%20a%20key%20urban,power%20and%2 0water%20on%20site. King, V. (2011, December 14). Pixel / studio505. Retrieved October 3, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/190779/pixel-studio505 Bridgette Meinhold. (2011, December 15). Pixel Building: Australia’s First Carbon Neutral Building is Now Complete! Retrieved October 3, 2020, from https://inhabitat.com/pixel-building-australias-first-carbon-neutral-building-is-now-complete/ STEPHENVARADY ARCHITRAVELLER. (2018, FEBRUARY 11). Pixel Building. Retrieved October 13, 2020, from https://stephenvaradyarchitraveller.com/2018/02/11/melbourne-pixel-building-australia/ Average monthly rainfall and snow in Melbourne (Victoria), Australia (millimeter). (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2020, from https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-precipitation-Rainfall,Melbourne,Australia Climate - Melbourne (Australia). (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2020, from https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/australia/melbourne Diamond building SURUHANJAYA TENAGA’S HEADOFFICE, PUTRAJAYA. (2012, October). Retrieved from http://www.mgbc.org.my/Downloads/IGEM2012/IGEM2012%20-%20MGBC%20ST%20Diamond%20Buildin g.pdf The Energy Commission Diamond building. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2020, from https://www.st.gov.my/en/details/aboutus/9 Innovative Energy Concepts for Buildings in Tropical Climates. (2016, June 1). Retrieved from https://www.ien.com.my/downloads/Innovative%20energy%20concepts%20for%20buildings%20in%20tro pical%20climates_By%20Gregers%20Reimann_IEN%20Consultants.pdf Merchant, C. (2017, March 03). Putrajaya's Magnificent Green Diamond. Retrieved October 16, 2020, from https://www.expatgo.com/my/2013/01/10/the-diamond-building-in-putrajaya/
24