Energy Audit Report by houyin99

ENERGY AUDIT REPORT Name: Chong Hou Yin Student ID: 0336812 Tutor: Ar. Sateerah Hassan

0 Content 1-2

Introduction SITE INTRODUCTION FLOOR PLAN ELECTRICAL BILL

A-4

Energy Load Proﬁle WEEKDAY/WEEKEND ENERGY CONSUMPTION (APPENDIX) ELECTRICAL BILL/U-VALUE CALCULATION COMPARISON

5-8

Energy Consumption Analysis P1

AVERAGE DAILY USAGE OF APPLIANCES BY SPACES SOLAR GAIN SITE BENEFIT DAILY SPACE USAGE PATTERN

FACADE STUDY ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES ALLOCATION NEGATIVE BEHAVIOURAL FACTORS ISSUES POSITIVE FACTORS

Energy Eﬃciency Strategies & Proposal

9 - 11

ISSUES/SOLUTIONS CONCLUSION

References

1 Introduction SURROUNDING CONTEXT

SITE ORIENTATION

SITE PLAN NTS Located at the elevated hilltop site, east side of the building buffer by a dense area of Ayer Hitam Reserve Forest. Series of terrace house at lower site facing south. West and north side having different residential area at flat ground level.

WIND ROSE

Dad Electrician

Son Student

SITE PLAN NTS Mum Beautician

Wind ﬂow mainly from east direction. Cool breeze at the greatest speed of 10km/h passing through dense of greenery of reserve forest, hence lower down temperature of interior and exterior. Rainfall ﬂuctuated in range of 30mm-100mm from Jan to Sep. Spontaneous rise of rainfall precipitation from Sep to Dec due to monsoon season.

SUN CHART

Daughter Student

4 persons, students mainly having virtual classes at home due to CMCO.

Front elevation of terrace house slightly tilted from south, direct towards south-east; enchance wind ﬂow into the building and dense forest on east side cool down temperature on site, elevated hill slope provide sunshade especially in the morning.

Annual rainfall precipitation

Location: Bandar Puteri Puchong, Selangor Building Type: Double-Storey Terrace House Built-up: 2000 sq. ft. Land area: 2400 sq. ft.

OCCUPANCY

SITE PLAN NTS

Morning Sunshade from the hillslope on east. Minimum daylight. Noon Direct heat gain from sun. Maximum daylight with greatest room temperature. Evening Indirect heat gain from sun. Low daylight with moderate room temperature.

Annual temperature

Temperature:

Max.

Avg.

Min.

2 Floor Plan

Electrical Bill

Backyard

Wet kitchen

Store 2 Toilet 3

Toilet 1

Dry kitchen Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Guest room

Staircase

Store 1

Family hall Staircase

Dining room

Master bedroom

Living room Toilet 2

Balcony

Car porch

GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:150

FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:150

A Weekday Energy Consumption Area Car porch

Appliances

Status

LED downlight Active Lamp Standby Gardening spotlightStandby Ceiling Fan Active Living Room LED downlight Active Spotlight Standby Ceiling Fan Active Dining Room Recessed light Active Spotlight Standby Ceiling Fan Active Store 1 LED downlight Active Fluorescent light Active Guest Room Featured light Active Ceiling Fan Active Dry Kitchen LED downlight Active Ceiling Fan Active Refrigerator Active (Duty) Toilet 1 LED downlight Active Wet Kitchen LED downlight Active Fluorescent light Active Kettle Active Mini Kettle Active Washing machine Active Store 2 Fluorescent light Active Backyard Fluorescent light Standby Staircase Featured light Active Family Hall Fluorescent light Active Spotlight Standby Ceiling Fan Active Master Bedroom LED downlight Active Television Active Air conditioner Active (Duty) Ceiling Fan Active Balcony Ceiling FanActive Hairdryer Active Iron Standby Phone charger 1 Active Phone charger 2 Active Toilet 2 LED downlight Active Water heater Active Bedroom 1 LED downlight Active Air conditioner Active (Duty) Ceiling Fan Active Desk lamp Active Desktop PC Active Laptop Active Phone charger Active Bedroom 2 LED downlight Active Air conditioner Active (Duty) Ceiling Fan Active Desk lamp Active Laptop Active Phone charger Active Toilet 3 LED downlight Active Water heater Active

Power per appliances (W) 10.5 10.5 400 20 10.5 10 30 18 10 30 10.5 18 18 20 10.5 20 800 10.5 10.5 18 0 150 2100 18 18 10.5 18 10 20 10.5 80 880 20 20 2100 1000 5 5 10.5 1500 10.5 880 20 10.5 200 150 5 10.5 880 20 10.5 150 5 10.5 3600

No. of appliances 8 1 1 1 6 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

Total Power 00:00- 01:00- 02:00- 03:00- 04:00- 05:00- 06:00- 07:00- 08:00- 09:00- 10:00- 11:00- 12:00- 13:00- 14:00- 15:00- 16:00- 17:00- 18:00- 19:00- 20:00- 21:00- 22:00- 23:00(W) 00:59 01:59 02:59 03:59 04:59 05:59 06:59 07:59 08:59 09:59 10:59 11:59 12:59 13:59 14:59 15:59 16:59 17:59 18:59 19:59 20:59 21:59 22:59 23:59 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 800 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.5 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 2100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 52.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 880 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 880 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 200 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 150 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 880 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 3600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5

Usage (h)/day 1.5 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25 2 2 12 0.5 1.5 1.5 1 0.5 1 0.5 0 14 0.5 0 0.5 4 5 7 5 2 1 0 1 1 1.5 1 14 0.5 16 5 18 13 4 7 6 8 4 8 4 0.5 1

0.126 0 0 0.02 0.063 0 0.06 0.108 0 0.045 0.00525 0.009 0.009 0.005 0.126 0.04 9.6 0.00525 0.01575 0.027 0 0.075 2.1 0.009 0 0.147 0.018 0 0.01 0.21 0.4 6.16 0.1 0.04 2.1 0 0.005 0.005 0.0315 1.5 0.294 0.44 0.32 0.0525 3.6 1.95 0.02 0.147 5.28 0.16 0.042 1.2 0.02 0.0105 3.6

TOTAL / day Month

40.3108 886.837

kWh

A Weekend Energy Consumption Area Car porch

Appliances

Status

No. of appliances 8 1 1 1 6 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

Total Power 00:00- 01:00- 02:00- 03:00- 04:00- 05:00- 06:00- 07:00- 08:00- 09:00- 10:00- 11:00- 12:00- 13:00- 14:00- 15:00- 16:00- 17:00- 18:00- 19:00- 20:00- 21:00- 22:00- 23:00(W) 00:59 01:59 02:59 03:59 04:59 05:59 06:59 07:59 08:59 09:59 10:59 11:59 12:59 13:59 14:59 15:59 16:59 17:59 18:59 19:59 20:59 21:59 22:59 23:59 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 800 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.5 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 2100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 52.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 880 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 880 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 200 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 150 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 880 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 3600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 TOTAL / day Month

Usage (h)/day 1.5 0 0 1 3 0 2 2 0 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25 2 2 12 0.5 1.5 1.5 1 0.5 1 0.5 0 14 0.5 0 0.5 2 2 5.5 2 0 0.5 0 1 1 1.5 1 14 0.5 16 5 18 13 4 7 6 8 4 8 4 0.5 0.5

kWh 0.126 0 0 0.02 0.189 0 0.06 0.108 0 0.045 0.00525 0.009 0.009 0.005 0.126 0.04 9.6 0.00525 0.01575 0.027 0 0.075 2.1 0.009 0 0.147 0.018 0 0.01 0.105 0.16 4.84 0.04 0 1.05 0 0.005 0.005 0.0315 1.5 0.294 0.44 0.32 0.0525 3.6 1.95 0.02 0.147 5.28 0.16 0.042 1.2 0.02 0.0105 1.8 35.82175 286.574

3 Electrical Bill Calculation Block Tariff (kWh) 1-200 201-300 301-600 601-900 901-onwards TOTAL

Details Usage (kWh) RM Economy Discount (2%) Total Usage (RM) Tax (6%) KWTBB (1.6%)

Block ProRate (kWh) 200 100 300 300 273 1,173

Non-taxable 600 244.40 -4.64 227.16

U-value Calculation LIGHTWEIGHT ROOF

Rate (RM)

Amount (RM)

0.281 0.334 0.516 0.546 0.571

56.20 33.40 154.80 163.80 155.88 564.08

Taxable 573 319.68 -6.39 313.31

Total 1173 564.08 -11.03 540.47 18.80 8.65 567.92

Total Bill of the Month (RM)

WEEKDAY/WEEKEND COMPARISON Average energy consumption on weekday is 40.31 kWh, which is relative higher than weekend, 35.82 kWh, and has diﬀerence of 4.49 kWh. This is due to long working hours and virtual classes ongoing at home from Mon to Fri. Average energy consumption on weekend is lower because family members usually spending majority of time on common space such as living and dining room to have social engagement among each other.

For concrete roof tiles with 50mm fibre glass insulation: Component Thickness (T) Conductivity (k) (exterior to interior) (mm) [w/(m.K)] Outdoor solar absorption Outside surface resistance Roof tile Fibreglass Air space Asbestos free ceiling board Inside surface resistance Total thermal resistance 2 U-value (W/m K) Total thermal resistance 2 U-value WALL(W/m K)

12 50 12 -

0.836 0.035 0.108 -

Resistance (T/C) 0.700 0.055 0.014 1.429 1.095 0.111 0.148 2.852 0.351

Concrete roof tiles with great insulation and air space has lower down rate of solar heat gain. U-value does not exceed common value, 0.4 W/m2K for Light (under 50 kg/m2) weight roof.

2.852 0.351

onent ess (T) ity (k) sistance Total thermal resistance 150 mm wall with 140 mm aerated(mm) cement blocks 6 mm.K)] screed both2.852 2 interior) T/C) U-value (W/m K) 0.351 sides: ption 0.400 Component Thickness (T) Conductivity (k) Resistance (exterior to interior) (mm) [w/(m.K)] (T/C) esistance 0.044 Outdoor solar absorption 0.400 ster 60.533 0.011 dry) 140 0.3 0.467 Outside surface resistance 0.044 ster 60.533 0.011 Cement sand plaster 6 0.533 0.011 esistance 0.120 Brickwall (dry) resistance 140 0.3 0.467 Total thermal 0.653 Cement sand plaster 6 0.533 0.011 2 U-value (W/m K) 1.531 Inside surface resistance 0.120 Total thermal resistance 0.653 2 U-value (W/monent K) 1.531 ess (T) ity (k) sistance interior) (mm) .K)] T/C) Total thermal resistance 0.653 2 U-value (W/monent K) sistance 1.531 WINDOW esistance -ess (T) - ity (k) 0.04 interior) (mm) .K)] T/C) lass 0.005 3.16 0.0016 Clear glass esistance 0.13 Component (T) Conductivity (k) Resistance esistance Thickness 0.04 Total thermal resistance 0.1716 (exterior (mm) [w/(m.K)] (T/C) lass to2 interior) 0.005 3.16 0.0016 U-value (W/m K) 5.828 esistance 0.13 Exterior surface resistance 0.04 Total thermal resistance 0.1716 2 Clear glass 0.005 3.16 0.0016 U-value (W/m K) 5.828 Inside surface resistance 0.13 Total thermal resistance 0.1716 2 U-value (W/m K) 5.828

U-value of the building wall exceed the common standard, 0.3 W/m2K (ideal value for wall), This proved that the building wall have greater thermal conductivity, which contribute to high room temperature.

U-value of the clear glass is highest among all components of building envelope, which has greatest solar thermal conductivity to elevated room temperature. Therefore, resolution is required to reduce solar heat gain.

4 Comparison Average Energy Consumption (kWh)

AMOUNT OF ENERGY IN HOURLY USAGE 45

Area Car Porch

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

kWh

PHASE 1

Time

Weekdays

Weekend

00:00 - 07.59 Consistent energy consumption rate mainly causing by air conditioner usage throughout the midnight.

PHASE 2 00:07 - 09.59 Oﬀ action of space cooling appliances such as air conditioner and fan hence sudden drop of rate of energy consumption. 00:07 - 16.59 Fluactuation of rate of energy consumption during mid of the day due to usage of electronic devices such as laptop and desktop for learning and studying through virtual classes, and most of them rely on charging plug. 12:00 - 12.59 Lowest rate of energy consumption during lunch time. Majority of the electrical appliance is oﬀ for one to two hours while eating activities of occupants, so device is under resting mode.

PHASE 3 20:00 - 20.59 Peak rate of energy consumption during night time. Parents back from work and most family members gathered at common interactive space such as living and dining room for social engagement. Son (student) usually continue work in his room until late of the night time.

Appliances

LED downlight Lamp Gardening spotlight Ceiling Fan Living Room LED downlight Spotlight Ceiling Fan Dining Room Recessed light Spotlight Ceiling Fan Store 1 LED downlight Fluorescent light Guest Room Featured light Ceiling Fan Dry Kitchen LED downlight Ceiling Fan Refrigerator Toilet 1 LED downlight Wet Kitchen LED downlight Fluorescent light Kettle Mini Kettle Washing machine Store 2 Fluorescent light Backyard Fluorescent light Staircase Featured light Family Hall Fluorescent light Spotlight Ceiling Fan Master Bedroom LED downlight Television Air conditioner Ceiling Fan Balcony Ceiling Fan Hairdryer Iron Phone charger 1 Phone charger 2 Toilet 2 LED downlight Water heater Bedroom 1 LED downlight Air conditioner Ceiling Fan Desk lamp Desktop PC Laptop Phone charger Bedroom 2 LED downlight Air conditioner Ceiling Fan Desk lamp Laptop Phone charger Toilet 3 LED downlight Water heater

Weekday 0.126 0 0 0.02 0.063 0 0.06 0.108 0 0.045 0.00525 0.009 0.009 0.005 0.126 0.04 9.6 0.00525 0.01575 0.027 0 0.075 2.1 0.009 0 0.147 0.018 0 0.01 0.21 0.4 6.16 0.1 0.04 2.1 0 0.005 0.005 0.0315 1.5 0.294 0.44 0.32 0.0525 3.6 1.95 0.02 0.147 5.28 0.16 0.042 1.2 0.02 0.0105 3.6

Weekend

Average Energy Consumption by Space (kWh) Weekday

0.126 0 0 0.02 0.189 0 0.06 0.108 0 0.045 0.00525 0.009 0.009 0.005 0.126 0.04 9.6 0.00525 0.01575 0.027 0 0.075 2.1 0.009 0 0.147 0.018 0 0.01 0.105 0.16 4.84 0.04 0 1.05 0 0.005 0.005 0.0315 1.5 0.294 0.44 0.32 0.0525 3.6 1.95 0.02 0.147 5.28 0.16 0.042 1.2 0.02 0.0105 1.8

Weekend

Usag

0.146

0.123

0.249

0.153

0.01425

0.014

9.766

0.01425 2.21775

0.009 0 0.147 0.028

9.02

6.205

1.5315

6.6765

6.849

3.6105

1.8105

Amount of energy consumption during weekdays is greater than weekend. This is because more appliances is run during the weekday time . During weekend, most of the family members will have social engagement time/social meeting at common interactive space such as living and dining room, Less home appliances per space is on at the same moment.

5 Energy Consumption Analysis Average Daily Usage of Appliances by Space (kWh) Bedroom 2 Master Bedroom Bedroom 1 Dry Kitchen Toilet 3 Wet Kitchen Toilet 2 Living Room Dining Room Staircase

13.70 15.23 13.36 9.77 5.42 4.44 3.06 0.37 0.31 0.29

SOLAR GAIN Bedroom 2 owned most of the electrical appliances, such as desktop, laptop, smart phone etc. Although short time usage of air conditioner compared to other rooms, long period usage of desktop and laptop cause the highest consumption value among all spaces.

Early/mid of year

End of year

6:00 PM

7:19 PM

N 6:00 PM

6:56 PM

9:00 AM

7:02 AM

1 June

6:58 AM

13 November

Master bedroom has longest usage period of air conditioner daily, hence contribute to second highest usage of appliances by space. Misc space such as living room, dining room and staircase only ultilized in short duration by night tiime, hence have less amount of usage of appliances by space.

09:00 am

09:00 am Shadow mainly cast on west, front balcony and frontage least shaded.

Shadow mainly cast on west, front balcony exposed to morning sun.

12:00 PM

6:00 PM

12:00 PM

7:19 PM

12:00 PM

6:00 PM

6:56 PM

7:02 AM

1 June

6:58 AM

13 November

12:00 pm

Average Daily Usage of Appliances (kWh) Air Conditioner 22.44 Refrigerator 19.20 Water Heater 8.40 7.20 Desktop PC Laptop 6.30 Washing Machine 4.20 Hair Dryer 3.15 LED Downlight 2.09 Ceiling Fan 1.46 Featured Light 0.31

12:00 pm

Direct sunlight from top causing least shade, car porch and front balcony is shaded.

Long duration of usage for air conditioner during bedtime cause highest value among all appliances.

Direct sunlight from top, bedroom 1 and 2 slightly shaded compared to early/mid of the year..

5:00 PM

6:00 PM 5:00 PM

5:00 PM

Refrigerator on duty for 24/7 to keep freshness of raw meat and vegetable is one of the high amount of energy usage.

7:19 PM

6:00 PM

6:56 PM

7:02 AM

1 June

6:58 AM

13 November

Featured light with LED light bulb installed on staircase walkway only on for night time for path guidance hence least usage of energy.

05:00 pm Shadow mainly cast on east, front balcony is more shaded and frontage is least shaded.

05:00 pm Shadow mainly cast on east, front balcony, bedroom 1 and 2 is more shaded.

Front portion of the building has better daylight, it also required more shading device to achieve better comfort.Back portion of the building is more shaded during end of the year.

6 Site benefit Nature sunshade Hillslope at greater top elevation shade the building from morning sun.

Strategic location

SITE SECTION NTS

Large area of forestry ﬁlter the breeze from east direction. Its cooling down the breeze and reduce temperature of the building. Fog will be exist due to rain and during midnight, hence reduce usage of electrical cooling appliances.

SITE PLAN NTS

Open perimeter Perimeter of residential site surrounded by park and central water tank at lower ground level. Minimise blockage of structure or building enchance rate of wind ﬂow into the exterior or interior of the building.

Daily Space Usage Pattern ENERGY USAGE: High Usually operating more than 3 appliances, with large energy capacity appliances such as desktop and air conditioners. Moderate Usually operating more than 2 appliances, with normal energy usage appliances such as downlight or ceiling fans but operate in few amount of appliances in a same time. Low Usually operating more than 1 appliances, with large/normal/low energy usage appliances such as downlight and water heater but using in a short period.

8-11 am

12-6 pm

Air cons oﬀ in master bedroom and bedroom 2. Least energy usage in toilet for showering before work.

Son/daughter having virtual lessons all day long. Little energy use at dining room during lunch time.

7-12 pm Parents back from work, moderate energy use in majority of space during dining time and social interaction occur after dinner.

12-7 am Air cons operated over midnight. Average energy consumption is high.

7 Electrical appliances allocation

ROOF SECTION

Facade Study

LEGENDS

Pitched roof

Roof type: lightweight roof

Meter

Distribution box

Operable double casement window

Downlight S

Spotlight Fluorescent light LED (Recessed light) 4 blade ceiling fan

Timber door

Glazed mullion sliding door with grill fenestration

5 blade ceiling fan

REF.

S S S

FRONT ELEVATION 1:150 S

Single awning window Operable double casement window

Galvanised steel door

Window shaft

BACK ELEVATION 1:150

GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:150

FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:150

Air conditioner Heater

8 Negative Behavioural Factors

Issues

1. Leaving fans and lights on even when the space is not using. 2. Turning on AC at unnecessarily condition such as low room temperature or raining etc. 3. Sleeping late and midnight activities cause long run of electrical devices. 4. On and oﬀ electrical appliances frequently within a short period inrush current causing that contribute to slightly higher of energy usage. Inrush current Inrush current is the instantaneous high input current drawn by a power supply or electrical equipment at turn-on. This arises due to the high initial currents required to charge the capacitors and inductors or transformers.

User behavioural

Thermal comfort

Lack of common space usage

Occupancy

Rely on manual navigation

High electricity generated devices

Positive Factors LARGE MIRROR REFLECT DAY/ARTFICIAL LIGHT

SUFFICIENT DAYLIGHT AND VENTILATION

Toilet 3

Elevation

Few awning window installed on toilet 3, provide suﬃcient Cool air ﬂows in, hot air and daylight and ventilation, downlight no necessary to on odour expelled through single during showering and discretion at day time. Besides, ts awning window. ensure that odour does not trap inside of the space for long period.

Dining Room Large mirror installed in dining area, set back away near front entrance avoid much reflectance heat from exterior sunlight. Reflection properties of the mirror able to increase amount of daylight buy double out up illuminance level of interior space. During night time, it work in a same way by reflecting artificial light, giving more spacious and brighter space.

WIDELY USAGE OF LED DOWNLIGHT Reference to electrical appliances allocation plan, 80 % of lighting equipment compatiblw with LED features, it able to be more energy saving and released less heat compared to normal bulb/tungsten bulb.

9 SHADED CANOPY

WINDOW SHAFT WITHOUT GLAZING

FABRIC CURTAIN TO FILTER SOLAR GAIN

SKYLIGHT (STACK VENTILATION)

Thick layer of fabric curtain is used to ﬁlter out solar heat gain, allow space regulate in moderate temperature. Earthy tone of fabric colour block sunlight and heat if not necessary.

Shaded canopy make car porch as a buﬀer zone, reduce heat gain on the frontage perimeter. Living room and car porch under shaded condition .

Thick layer of fabric curtain is used to ﬁlter out solar heat gain, allow space regulate in moderate temperature. Earthy tone of fabric block sunlight and heat if not necessary.

Window shaft with fenestration allow natural air circulate through the wet kitchen area, smell and odour does not trap inside the space and escape in a short period. Air cooling appliances not desperate needed in this space.

Energy Eﬃciency Strategies & Proposal ISSUE 1

ISSUE 2

LIVING ROOM

LIVING/DINING ROOM Lack of ultilizing common space such as living and dining room

Door and window usually closed although living and dining room is occupy

Blockage of wind from outside to living room, hence interior become less ventilated and more air cooling appliances is operated to achieve thermal comfort.

80 % OF ENERGY SAVING

(equivalent to 1.356 kWh)

SOLUTION

Open the door and glazed mullion sliding door when someone is ultilizing living room an dining room . It can avoid the usage of room cooling appliances while exterior having breeze and moderate temperature, energy saving is achieved.

Occupants in the house can ultilised common space like dining room as working space when the space is not in use for proper function. Energy using commonly could be cut into at least half because sharing energy more than an individual.

Problem solving: User behavioural

Occupants work at own individual spaces, more electrical appliances operating at same time.

Problem solving: Lack of common space usage

Before: kWh of bedroom 1 + bedroom 2 (assume occupants work at own room from 10pm to 12am - weekday) = W of LED downlight +air cons + ceiling fan + desk lamp (Bedroom 1 + Bedroom 2) = [(21x4)+(880x0.5)+(20x4)+(10.5x4 )]+[(21x4)+(880x1)+(20x2)+(10.5x 4)]= 1.692 kWh After: kWh of dining room = W of recessed light + ceiling fan = (54x4)+(30x4) = 0.336 kWh

10 Energy Eﬃciency Strategies & Proposal ISSUE 3

ISSUE 5

TOILET Electricity generated water heater Alpha AS- 2ep

Joven JH68

3600 W

SOLUTION

NETT ZERO ENERGY

INSTALLATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL (WATER HEATER) Showering and bathing is essential routines for occupants in house, installation of photovoltaic panel able to convert solar to heat energy, reducing total energy consumption used to heat up water source, energy saving is achieved.

Power rating of both electricity generated water heaters is relatively high compared to other electrical appliances.

5mm clear glass casement window having highest U-value among all components of building envelope. The window act as heat absorber that gain heat at instance.

Bill reduction

Climate friendly

BENEFIT OF SOLAR PV PANEL

Problem solving:

1500 W

ALL SPACES High U-value of window glass

Eco friendly

High electricity generated devices

Pollution free

SOLUTION DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOW (LOW-E GLASS)

ISSUE 4 BEDROOMS Highly usage of air conditioner Panasonic 1.0 hp CS PC9GKH

York 1.5HP i-Plasma Cooling King M-Series (YWM15M-AMIEB)

Air conditioners operated for long period during sleeping hours.

SOLUTION INSTALLATION OF HIGH ENERGY EFFICIENCY AIR CONDITIONERS

TIMER SETTING Timer is set by air cons remote controller so it could be oﬀ on speciﬁc time, when it reach optimum cooling temperature.

1.0 HP Air Conditioners

0.88 kWh Air conditioner has large energy capacity and its operating through long period. Energy eﬃciency air conditioner should be install on bedroom at it could save energy for long term eﬀect.

Problem solving: High electricity generated devices

0.53 kWh 39.77 % OF ENERGY SAVING

Replacing clear glass with low e-glazing to reduce heat gain ,reﬂect UV ray and remain interior’s optimum temperature.

ADVANTAGES Reduce energy cost by avoid operation of cooling devices Do not block exterior light source hence reduce energy

Problem solving: Thermal comfort

11 ISSUE 6

ISSUE 7

LIVING ROOM/BEDROOM Half openable window

MASTER BEDROOM Hot interior space during noon/afternoon time

SOLUTION INSTALLATION OF MESH WINDOW PANEL Enchance security level of room Improved ventilation and natural light Keep insect outside

Overhang eave

Spaces

Thermal comfort

Temp./°C

Master Bedroom

32.0

Bedroom 1

26.6

Bedroom 2

27.5

By modiﬁed the balcony perimeter adding extruded overhang eave, part of the master bedroom able to be shaded and reduce thermal gain from exterior.

Problem solving: Thermal comfort

ISSUE 9

ISSUE 8 SOLUTION REPLACE FLUORESCENT LIGHT TUBE TO LED TUBE By replacing ﬂuorescent light to tube to LED tube, the space getting more brighter and energy saving, hence reducing electrical cost and waste for these spaces.

Problem solving:

Fluorescent light takes more energy

Benefit area

Data measured on 3 Nov 2020

Problem solving:

WET KITCHEN/FAMILY HALL/STORE

OVERHANG EAVE

Due to western sun during end of year, Interior of master bedroom remain hot during 12pm - 6 pm. The room temperature is slightly higher compared other rooms.

BENEFITS:

Half openable window block some of the breeze from exterior.

SOLUTION

High electricity generated devices

LED tube light and fluorescent light comparison Light LED tube light type

STAIRCASE Featured light operate for overnight Featured light on wall of staircase operated during the whole night time although no occupants for home navigation during midnight time.

Fluorescent light

Spec. Energy eﬃciency

127 L/W

70 L/W

W per hour used

18 W

36 W

Light output

2,286

2,520

Life span

80,000 hrs

12,000 hrs

ISSUE 10 SOLUTION

LIVING ROOM Only one switch on all the LED downlight at a time. This causes unnecessary usage of electricity per time.

ADDING ON EXTRA LOOP OF LIGHTING CIRCUIT IN A SPACE

Before:

SENSOR FOR FEATURED LIGHT

Signal light

Detection window

A programmable or smart motion sensor can be set to automatically turn oﬀ when not occupant or away. Hence, we can avoid wasteful energy use from lighting without spending extra money on electrical bill.

After:

Problem solving:

Estimated daily energy save (assume weekend usage) = W LED downlight = 63x3 =0.189 kWh (Before) 0.189/2 = 0.095 kWh (After) Single Loop

SOLUTION

Double Loop - energy reduce by half

Occupancy

Problem solving: Rely on manual navigation

12 Conclusion The building is strategically located at hilltop site, which having vairous of beneﬁcial factor such as weather condition, surrounding context etc. Terrace house type had restricted occupants to have more opening and freedom of design compared to a larger or stand alone of housing scheme.However, they was also various ways to be modiﬁed and manipulated to achieve optimum lighting and solar heat gain, provide occupant user comfort in all times. As one of the occupant who ultilised the building daily, i had learned how energy saving can be achieved and reduce energy wastage for daily occupnacy.

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