Energy and Architecture Project 2: Net Zero Energy Building Analysis

Indira Paryavaran Bhawan (IPB) Energy and Architecture (ARC61904) / Net Zero Energy Building Analysis

“India’s First Net Zero Energy Building” Chang Au Siong 0334216 | Chong Hou Yin 0336812 Tutor: Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Table of Contents 1.0

Introduction

2.0

Energy Efficient Strategies 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

Facade Lighting HVAC Water Management Waste Management Renewable Energy

01

02 03 04 06 06 08

3.0

Impact of Energy Efficient Strategies

09

4.0

Conclusion

11

5.0

References

12

1.0

Introduction

01

IPB is a net zero energy building, with the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is almost equal to the amount of renewal energy produced at site (14.3 lakh unit KWh).

IPB is north-south oriented, surrounded by strategic landscaping with no hard paving eliminating heat island effect. Containing 8 �loors with 3 basements, equipped with regenerative lifts which saves 25% energy by converting braking energy into electricity, and a fully automated robotic car park.

Location

: New Delhi, India

Climate

: Subtropical 12m Large Overhang Roof

Seasons

: Summer, Winter, Monsoon

Occupancy Type : Office Project Area : 30,914 sqm Softscapes & Vegetations

EPI

: 45.25 kWh/m²/year

Recognition : LEED India Platinum : GRIHA 5 Stars Atrium Leading to Courtyard

Permeable Facade

2.1

02

Facade

Wall Section

Insulation

Shading Device uPVC Window

A low Window-Wall ratio (WWR) of 20% reduce the heat gain and requirement for high-ef�iciency glass.

More cost effective. With careful planning of the window, daylighting will not sacri�iced with less windows.

Double Glazing Interior

Large overhang is provided on perimeter of the facade

Exterior

Wall: AAC Block

Insulation: Rockwool

AAC block masonry wall and�ly-ash-based plaster and mortar with U-value as ow as 0.34. This is great for thermal resistant and require less energy to cool or heat.

AAC External Wall Shaded area with large overhang

Rock wool is used for insulation for wall assembly. Although rockwool is unfriendly to the environment, it is still utilised to ensure low heat gain and loss on building envelope, which largely affects the energy ef�iciency. However, it is durable, almost no replacement is needed.

Shaded area with box shading device Courtyard

Window: uPVC Unlike metals, uPVC is non-conductive which does not transfer heat and therefore contributes to a more consistent internal temperature for a building. The combination of uPVC window frames and double glazing makes for highly energy ef�icient windows. Double glazing glass utilised is high ef�icient, with visible light transmission (VLT) of 0.6, and a U-value of 1.8.

<East

Elevation

West>

Window is recessed deeper into the wall, creating ike an “overhang” setting to reduce sunlight from entering the interior.

Shading Device: Box

Effective wise might not be suitable for low angle sun, but with the help of large overhang roof and double glazing glass, the heat gain amount is still under control.

Ventilation: Jaalis In common open area (e.g. corridor), to make the air accessible to the courtyard, porous elements like Jaalis is used to promote air �low and cross ventilation.

Thus, reducing the needs of mechanical ventilation in large open areas.

2.2

03

Lighting Active Lighting System

Light Shelf 75 % Total Daylit Area Reduction of artifcial lighting White ceiling helps re�lects and bounce the light into the room better

RCC Lightshelf with re�lective top surface

Inside

Daylight received from building facade

Outside

15m Room Depth

Interior Spaces

15m room depth and center courtyard as lightwell, the of�ices receive daylight from both ends (from front facade & lightwell).

The lightshelf helps re�lects more light into the deeper center part of the room, thus every corner enjoys consistent amount of light and create a pleasant working environment.

T5 Fluorescent Light T5 �luorescent light has the luminous ef�icacy of 100 lm/W, higher than LED, means fewer lamps are needed and therefore saving energy while still achieving desired footcandle levels. Life ranges from 25000-35000 hours.

Daylight received from building facade

Courtyard/ Lightwell Courtyard/Lightwell with diffused sunlight

Lux Level Sensor T5 & LED Comparison Graph T5 LED No presence detected, daylight, lights off.

Presence detected, suf�icient daylight, lights off.

Presence detected, insuf�icient daylight, all lights on.

LED LED luminous ef�iciacy is about 60lm/W, but it saves 45%-65% of the energy costs of T5 lighting.

Also, it is more durable than T5 lighting which has a minimum of 50000 hours. Less replacement required. It is the greenest option available.

Therefore, lighting are chosen for different purposes according to their advantages. LED are used in of�ice to reduce energy consumption as of�ice takes up majority of the space, and also it is daylight suf�icient thus not much active lighting needed. T5 are used in area where higher luminance are needed for space like basement carparks which has no daylight. Less lighting is needed if their luminance is higher.

No presence detected, lights off.

The sensor helps control and minimise the usage of lighting automatically according to different situations. Without interference of human, human errors are easily avoided (e.g. forgot to turn off light and cause waste).

LED in conference room

LED in auditorium

T5 in basement

2.3

HVAC

04 Active Ventilation - Air Conditioning

Passive Ventilation Block 1

Block 2

Courtyard

Jaalis Block 3

Block 4

Openable window and permeable facade allows air to enter into the building.

Plan Configuration IPB’S block con�iguration is broken into 4 parts, connected via open corridor and central courtyard. The porous setting directs air�lows int the building. No ends is blocked thus cross-ventilation can happen.

Ground �loor

38 % Total Air Cond Area

Low Usage of Air-Cond Courtyard & Open Corridor

Stacked Ventilation happen in courtyard

22m Setback for Vegetation

Air conditioned zone

Courtyard Lobby

Cross Ventilation happen across permeable �loor plate

Vegetation at courtyard

50 % Total Vegetation Coverage To reduce heat island effect Circulation areas with tolerable marginal discomfort, such as lobbies and passages, can be naturally ventilated to reduce the load on the HVAC system. These spaces receive adequate natural ventilation. Vegetations around the perimeter of the site and inside the courtyard helps cool down the air, creating a pleasant microclimate.

First �loor

40 m²/TR Cooling Load

50% more ef�icient than ECBC* requirements

Functional zoning to reduce air conditioner load

Each programme require different cooling loads based on varied functions or conditions like exposing to sunlight or not. Functional zoning based on programmes is done to reduce the energy demand. It is a more effective and ef�icient way of cooling the space. Air-conditioning of unused/unnecessary rooms can also be avoided.

Spaces like auditorium, exhibition space in IPB, takes up large space, therefore the load for these spaces are larger and varied from smaller spaces like conference room or individual of�ice.

Air conditioned zone is arranged in clustered to provide larger surface area for the air conditioning system to extract heat. Greater surface area able reduce the average load, hence energy ef�iciency is achieved.

*ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code) is India’s effort to recognize the energy and cost savings of ef�icient buildings.

2.3

HVAC

05 Geothermal

Chilled Beam Chilled beam is a heat exchanger, the cool air falls to the �loor and replaced by warmer air moving up, causing convection to happen which cools the room.

In IPB, chilled beams were installed in all conditioned of�ice spaces to reduce air-cond load. chilled water is supplied to rooms at 16°C and return with temperature of 20° C (cools the room by 4°C without the need of air-conditioning). Drain pans are provided with the chilled beams to drain out water droplets due to condensation during monsoon. units with variable frequency drivers (VFD). The system saves AHU/FCU fan power consumption by approximate 50kW. Chilled Water Return Pipe

Chilled Beam

Chilled Water Supply Pipe Drain Pipe Flexible Duct

Supply Air (Cool)

Indued Air (Hot)

Excess heat released into the ground

Heat extracted from ground and used for heating

Heat Cold air

IPB also utilises geothermal for heating and cooling. olign tower usage and saves cooling tower fan energy.

During winter (Dec-Jan), geothermal is also utilised to heat the building. The system has vertical closed loop system done with 32 mm diameter HDPE U – loops, 180 in number and 80m deep each. It resulted into reduction of 160 TR load on cooling tower and consequent reduction in consumption of water.

Further cooling air in Cooling towers

Advantages

Heat exchange in AHU

50% Less Energy Compared to conventional Chilled beam systems require less supply air from the building air handling system (AHU) and therefore less fan energy is required, saving more energy as compared to air conditioners.

Chilled beam also provides higher quality indoor air for users, especially for long hour of�ice use. (IPB of�ice operates from 10am to 5pm)

Chilled Beam

Chilled beam for air distribution

Pre-cooling air through Geothermal Exchange

2.4 Water Management

2.5 Waste Management

Rainwater Harvesting System

Construction Materials

Flushing Water Tank

c

06

Recyclable Materials

Use of material available having recycled content

a

b

Catchment a

b

Untreated Ground

c

Roof

Porous Surface

Ground water recharge is possible. Water is then stored in underground tank for later use.

Usage 1 HVAC Absorption Chiller Rainwater tank will replace cooling tower to supply water to remove heat of the chiller 2 Horticulture Water collected in tank is also used for vegetations on site.

These plants are carefully selected which require less water.

Fly Ash Bricks Terrazzo Flooring ready mix concrete mix with locally with PPC having more available stone than 30% �ly ash Rapidly Renewable

Use of material available having highly recycled

3 Toilets For �lushing

Rainwater is harvested, �iltered, stored and treated for later use. India receives bulk of its rainfall from monsoon season (June to September). India’s annual rainfall is around 1182.8 mm. With proper management of water, it is suf�icient to help India to solve the water scarcity issues in urban areas. This project fully integrates rainwater on daily uses to help reduce fresh water usage.

Jute Bamboo Composite for door frame and shutters

Calcium Silicate Tiles for ceiling

Regionally Available Use of materials available within a site radius of 800km to reduce transportation waste

Granite Dholpur (Lakha Red) Stone for facade for wall cladding

2.5

Waste Management

07

Grey Water Treatment

Solid Waste Treatment

Grey water treatment is a technique to utilise and store precious water that otherwise would go to waste. Greywater is recycled for zero discharge. Greywater is collected from toilets, went through on-site treatment, and then redistributed back to several usage: toilets for �lushing, horticulture, and to cool the HVAC absorption chiller.

Solid waste treatment is a biological process in which the organic portion of refuse is allowed to decompose under carefully controlled conditions.

Microbes metabolize the organic waste material and reduce its volume by as much as 50%. The stabilized product is called compost or humus. It resembles potting soil in texture and odour and may be used as a soil conditioner or mulch.

26,37,230 Litres of Water Recycled On Site Annually Features

1

2

3

Native shrubs and trees with low water demand are used.

Treated water is reused for drip irrigation and cooling towers for HVAC.

Low �low toilet �ixtures, sensor urinal & dual �low cisterns to reduce water usage.

Greywater may contain traces of dirt, food, grease, hair, and certain household cleaning products. While greywater may look “dirty,” it is a safe and even bene�icial source of irrigation water in a yard. Keep in mind that if greywater is released into rivers, lakes, or estuaries, its nutrients become pollutants, but to plants, they are valuable fertilizer.

50% Less

30 kLD capacity

Saved water by half

Sewerage Treatment v

Usage 1

2

Natural Fertilizers for on-site vegetation.

Boost the level of organic matter and the overall fertility of the soil

Underground Bio Digester

2.6

Renewable Energy

08

Climate India’s rich solar radiation pro�ile shows 4.5–5.0 KWh/m2/Day of annual average direct normal irradiance and around 5.0–5.5 KWh/m2/Day average global horizontal irradiance. This makes India one of the most potential candidates to contribute to PV power generation.

Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV)

Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells of Photovoltaic Panels in IPB

100% On-Site Power Generation Grid Connected

BIPV utilised in Indira Paryavaran Bhawan replaced the traditional roof tiles with photovoltaic panels. The building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) Power Plant has been installed to meet the reduced energy demand of the building with clean and green renewable energy system. Rooftop solar photovoltaic power plant of capacity 930 kW has been set on total area of 6000m² with solar panel area of 4650m². This solar power plant is generating 14.3 lakh unit of electricity annually. The panels are �ive-degree tilted to fully optimize its expected energy output of 1.5 million kWh annually.

It is grid connected. The excess energy generated can be stored in battery and sell back to the municipal grid.

Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

2,844 Panels

Total photovoltaic panels Photovoltaic panels are tilted 5 degrees to South, creating a strong agenda for the future for urban buildings on limited site areas

Advantages • Matured technologies, common in India • Highly durable, less waste • Suitable for both BIPV and BAPV • Highest level of ef�icency of 20% • Perform better in low levels of sun -light, making them ideal for cloudy areas

Disadvantages • Lots of waste produced when silicon is removed during process -ing • At high temperature, performance degrades • Opaque in nature, less suitable for other BIPV application like window

3.0

Impact of Energy Efficient Strategies

Heat Reduction

Facade

Building envelope are chosen carefully to suit the climate well. Extra cooling is not needed.

Lighting Power Density (LPD) = 5 W/m²

Lighting

Renewable Energy

Energy ef�icient lighting system ( LPD = 5 W/m2) , nearly 50% more ef�icient than Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) 2007 requirements ( LPD =11 W/m²) reduces energy demand further

Permeable Openable window and jaalis screen promotes ventilation

Automation Usage of lux level sensor to adjust lighting. Smart system helps achieving low energy more easily.

300 kWh Power Generated per day

Power Generation =Power Consumption

If it generated extra energy, it will be sold back to the grid.

The power generated can cover the energy demand of the IPB.

09

Thermal and visual comfort depends on building envelope like facade. If not properly attended, it can lead to energy loss. In IPB, the facade contributes to less fabric heat gain and loss, natural ventilation and natural lighting, which reduces energy demand.

With its contributions, it deeply increases the comfort of occupants without the help of active system.

People admitted that health is highly affected by the long-term working under arti�icial lighting. They believed that less stress and discomfort are major advantages of working in a space illuminated mainly with natural lighting (Hwang & Kim, 2011) Without suf�icient daylighting, occupants has higher risk of health problems, which includes maladjustment of our body clock (circadian rhythms), Seasonal Affective Disorder (winter depression or winter blues) and consistent periods of reduced productivity (Singh et al., 2010).

Coal was by far the largest source of energy in India. Air pollution from coal-�ired power plants is linked with asthma, cancer, acid rain, global warming, etc. To reduce the use of coal energy, the solar photovoltaic power plant is a better alternative in high potential India.

3.0

Impact of Energy Efficient Strategies

50% reduction of energy

HVAC

160TR of air conditioning load of the building is met through chilled beam system.

55% water saving

Water

Waste

50% more efficienct HVAC load HVAC load of the buildings is 40 m2/TR, about 50% more ef�icient than ECBC.

LOW

Water recycled and circulated to all parts of building for speci�ic usage and zero discharge.

• low discharge �ixtures, sensor urinal & dual �low cisterns

REDUCTION on embodied energy Idea of material reuse is implemented. Terrazo tile �looring which includes reusing waste stone pieces.

REDUCTION on operational energy Good insulation is ultilize for the building interiors, for instance, AAC blocks for the walls have been chosen.

10

Integrated with passive system and chilled beam, creating better natural fresh air�low in interior space, promoting better health for occupants especially indoor long-hour workers. Reducing the needs of HVAC also means reduced carbon footprint.

“India gets adequate rainfall with scattered distribution but because of mismanagement of water, a large part of the country suffers from droughts and water scarcity, problem gone worse with rapidly growing population” (Puskar Pande, 2014).

Rainwater usage helps reduced the demand on limited ground water, which are being strained day by day.

• low water consuming plants As it often face the drought issues, rainwater can be used as alternative supply during water restrictions.

Recycling construction material saves massive amounts of energy by decreasing the consumption of natural resources. Not creating waste resuting in fewer land�ills as well. Solid composting makes methane emissions signi�icantly reduced.

Compost reduces and in some cases eliminates the need for chemical fertilizers for on-site vegetations.

4.0

Conclusion

Annual Energy Production & Consumption (MWh)

Figure 4.1 Annual Energy Production & Consumption (MWh)

11 New Delhi’s Annual Rainfall

Figure 4.2 New Delhi’s Annual Rainfall (Source: NOAA)

Monsoon Season Affected Efficiency of Power Generation IPB utilizes photovoltaic (BIPV) Power Plant as energy source. From Figure 4.1, during summer, 150Mwh of energy is generated, more than the 140Mwh demand. However, during monsoon season (July-September, characterized by high levels of humidity and high heat). Heavy rainfall (shown in Figure 4.2) limits the capability of photovoltaic (BIPV) Power Plant and did not meet the energy demand for space cooling increases due to high heat. Thus, from July to September, the electricity consumption exceeds way much than what has been produced on site.

Energy Consumption On Site

New Delhi’s Annual Temperature

Dual Mode (Active + Passive)

For most energy ef�icient strategies in utilised in IPB, combination of both natural and active system are able to reduce energy consumption effectively. Hence, it reduces negative impacts toward the surroundings and users are able to fully ultilize the building in an ef�icient, comfortable and healthy way.

IPB incorporates 3 major ways to achieve energy ef�iciency, which are 1. Usage of renewable energy to generate power 2. Reduce the usage via the help of passive system to decrease the load 3. Recycle waste like usage of solid composting and recycable building materials

Figure 4.4 New Delhi’s Annual Temperature (Source: NOAA) Figure 4.3 Energy Consumption On Site

Different Seasons Affected Demand of Energy in Different Usage New Delhi has an extreme climate. In Figure 4.4, it shows that it is very hot in summer (April - July) and cold in winter (December - January). Thus, from Figure 4.3, the energy needed for space cooling begins from April till end of September, and space heating begins from December till end of January. In normal circumstances, energy consumption for other building elements are quite constant throughout the year, except for the additional need of energy for cooling and heating during summer and winter respectively.

IPB is able to achieve this via early planning and ful�illment of guidelines like GRIHA criterias. IPB even scored higher in category like optimizing building volume, water cycle & reuses, using of �ly-ash, etc., than the targeted points.

This building is a pioneer in India and will serves as precedent for future to tackle the issues in India like water scarcity, depletion of natural resources, etc.

5.0

References

Farheen, Bano. (2018, June). Evaluation of energy-ef�icient design strategies: Comparison of the thermal performance of energy-ef�icient of�ice buildings in composite climate, India. h Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.10.057 Sharma, S. (2019, May). NZEB: A Case Study of Indira Paryavaran Bhawan.

Retrived from https://doi.org/10.18231/2454-9150.2018.1359

Reddy K, P. (2020, March). Status of BIPV and BAPV System for Less Energy-Hungry Building in India—A Review.

Retrived from https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072337

Karmakar, A. (2016, March). Energy Ef�icient Lighting by Using LED Vs. T5 Technology.

Retrived from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jeee/Papers/Vol11%20Issue%202/Version-1/H1102014748.pdf Faridi, S. A. (2018, July). Indira Paryavaran Bhawan - First On-site Zero Net Energy Building of India.

Retrived from https://Www.Nbmcw.Com/Tech-Articles/Case-Studies/38475-Indira-Paryavaran-Bhawan-First-on-Site-Zero-Net-Energy-Building-of-India.Html.

Garg, A. (2015, June 13). Indira paryavaran bhawan and griha. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/supergirlanchal/indira-paryavaran-bhawan-and-griha-49343513as-�irst-on-site-net-zero-building/ The Water Project. (7 May, 2014). What is Water Scarcity? Retrieved from http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity

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