Building Services System For D' House (Digi Headquarter)

BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM FOR D’HOUSE (DIGI HEADQUARTER) BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM BLD 60903 TUTOR : MR. MOHAMED RIZAL MOHAMED

PREPARED BY: GRIFFIN KONG ZHEN ONN 0336068 CHONG HOU YIN 0336812 WONG YEW FAY 0335977 LOW MENG ZHE 0331011 JACKSON GOH DING YUAN 0332139

CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT

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2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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3. INTRODUCTION TO D’HOUSE (DIGI HEADQUARTER)

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4. MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

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4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 TYPES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 4.2.1 EXHAUST VENTILATION SYSTEM 4.2.2 SUPPLY VENTILATION SYSTEM 4.2.3 BALANCED VENTILATION SYSTEM 4.2.4 ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATION 4.2.5 COMPARISON OF ALL MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS 4.3 COMPONENTS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 4.3.1 FANS 4.3.2 DIFFUSER & GRILLS 4.3.3 AIR FILTER 4.3.4 DUCTWORK 4.4 CASE STUDY OF D’HOUSE 4.4.1 SUPPLY VENTILATION SYSTEM - OFFICE & FIRE STAIRCASE AREA 4.4.2 CENTRALISED SUPPLY VENTILATION SYSTEM - OFFICE & KITCHEN 4.5 CONCLUSION

5. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 AIR CONDITIONING PRINCIPLES 5.2.1 REFRIGERATION CYCLE 5.2.2 AIR CYCLE 5.3 TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5.3.1 ROOM AIR CONDITIONING / WINDOW SYSTEM 5.3.2 SPLIT UNIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5.3.3 PACKAGE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5.3.4 CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5.4 CASE STUDY OF D’HOUSE 5.4.1 CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5.4.2 CONTROL ROOM 5.4.3 AIR COOLED CHILLER 5.4.4 AIR HANDLING UNITS (AHU) 5.4.5 FAN COIL UNIT (FCU) 5.4.6 SPLIT UNIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5.4.7 VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEM 5.4.8 SE8300 ROOM CONTROLLER 5.5 CONCLUSION

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6. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

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6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 6.2.1 WATER BASED SYSTEM 6.2.2 NON-WATER BASED SYSTEM 6.2.3 FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM 6.2.4 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS 6.3 CASE STUDY OF D’HOUSE 6.3.1 WATER BASED SYSTEM 6.3.2 NON-WATER BASED SYSTEM 6.3.3 FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM 6.3.4 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS 6.4 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION IN D’HOUSE 6.4.1 MEANS OF ESCAPE 6.3.2 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT 6.3.3 FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS 6.5 CONCLUSION

7. MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

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7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 LIFT 7.2.1 TYPES OF LIFTS 7.2.2 SPEED OF LIFTS 7.3 CASE STUDY OF D’HOUSE 7.3.1 COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEMS 7.3.2 OPERATING SYSTEM 7.3.3 SAFETY FEATURES 7.3.4 LOCATION OF LIFTS 7.5 CONCLUSION

8. REFERENCES

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ABSTRACT This project is to introduce the basic principles, processes and equipment of various building services systems found in real life buildings on building services systems applied and installed in multi-storey buildings involving public use and case studies have to be done. Also to provide the common systems that are used in a bigger volume of spaces and a variety of users.

In this project, we are to analyse 4 different systems. The systems include, mechanical ventilation system, air-conditioning system, fire protection system which includes the active and passive fire protection system and mechanical transportation system. However, we must also analyse the data with the references of Uniform Building By Laws 1984, MS 1184 and MS 1525 as well.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our tutor, Mr. Mohamed Rizal Mohamed, who guided us throughout this project on the topic Building Services System. Without the helped from out tutor, the completion of this project could not have been achieve. Also to those people, who also guided us in doing a lot of research and at the end, we came to know about so many new things.

We are truly thankful and appreciate to everyone to take part in helping us throught this process.

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INTRODUCTION TO D’HOUSE (DIGI HEADQUARTER)

D’House is designed by Veritas Design Group. It was completed in 2006 and function as a commercial office building. It is located in Subang Hi-Tech Industrial Park. It is accounted for 320,000 square feet and consists of 4 stories of offices, meeting rooms, discussion rooms, auditorium, call centre, staff training rooms, warehouses, car parks, cafeteria and many more. This building has also achieve the LEED certification under commercial buildings. It can be seen that this building has taken the consideration of environmental factors as well.

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MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

4.1 INTRODUCTION Mechanical ventilation system circulate fresh air using ducts and fans, providing fresh air into the building and removing moisture, odors and other pollutants that might build up and accumulate within a building. Instead of relying on natural ventilation, supply of fresh air and removal of stale air is done by mechanical means ensuring

4.2 TYPES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 4.2.1 Exhaust Ventilation System

Exhaust ventilation systems work by depressurizing a structure. The system exhausts air from the house, thus causing a change in pressure that pulls in air from the outside through leaks in the building shell and intentional, passive vents.

Exhaust air outlet Central exhaust fan

Negative air pressure

Figure 4.1 Exhaust Ventilation System (air flow diagram)

This ventilation system is more appropriate for colder climates, depressurization can draw moist air into wall cavities in warmer climates where it may condense and cause moisture damage.

Exhaust ventilation systems are simple and inexpensive to install.It consists of a single fan connected to a centrally located, single exhaust point in the house or it could connect the fan to ducts from several rooms, preferably rooms where pollutants are generated, such as bathrooms and kitchen.

Concern : This ventilation system may draw in pollutants along with fresh air including radon , mold, dust and others.

Exhaust ventilation systems can also contribute to higher heating and cooling costs because exhaust systems don’t temper or remove moisture from the make-up air before it enters the house.

4.2.2 Supply Ventilation System

Supply ventilation systems use a fan to pressurize a structure, forcing outside air into the building while air leaks out of the building through holes in the shell, bath and range fan ducts, and intentional vents

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fresh air intlet Central supply fan

Positive air pressure

Figure 4.2 Supply Ventilation System (air flow diagram)

Supply ventilation systems work best in hot or mixed climates. Because they pressurize the house, these systems have the potential to cause moisture problems in cold climates. If the interior air is humid enough, moisture may condense in the attic or cold outer parts of the exterior wall, resulting in mold, mildew and decay.Plus, It causes warm interior air to leak through random openings in the exterior wall and ceiling.

Just like exhaust ventilatin system ,Supply ventilation systems are also simple and inexpensive to install. A typical supply ventilation system has a fan and duct system that introduces fresh air into usually one, but preferably several, rooms that residents occupy most, such as bedrooms and the living room Concern : Supply ventilation systems does not remove moisture from the make-up air before it enters the house.

Thus, they may contribute to higher heating and cooling costs . Other than that, due to air is brought into to the house at discrete locations, outdoor air may need to mix with indoor air before entering the house to avoid cold air draft in colder climates. ( in-line duct heater is an option to solve it )

4.2.3 Balanced Ventilation System

Neither pressurize nor depressurize a structure. Balanced ventilation system introduce and exhaust approximately equal quantities of fresh outside air and polluted inside air. This is a combination of supply & exhaust ventilation system Exhaust air outlet Room air exhaust ducts Exhaust fan

Supply fan

Fresh air inlet

Figure 4.3 Balanced Ventilation System (air flow diagram)

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It usually has two fans and two duct systems. Fresh air supply and exhaust vents can be installed in every room, but a typical balanced ventilation system is designed to supply fresh air to bedrooms and living rooms where occupants spend the most time. It also exhausts air from rooms where moisture and pollutants are most often generated, such as the kitchen, bathrooms and the laundry room.

Balanced ventilation system are suitable for any climatic condition as supply and exhaust of air are fully controlled by means of mechanical.

Concern : Balanced ventilation systems don’t temper or remove moisture from the make-up air before it enters the house, therefore, they may contribute to higher heating and cooling costs. This system are usually more expensive to install as they require two duct and fan system.

4.2.4 Energy Recovery Ventilation System

Energy recovery ventilation systems provide a controlled way of ventilating a home while minimizing energy loss.

During winter by transferring heat from the warm inside exhaust air to the fresh cold outside supply air. In the summer, the inside air cools the warmer supply air. Thus, it reduce thes heating and cooling cost. Most energy recovery ventilation systems can recover about 70-80% of the energy in the exhaust airstream and deliver that energy to the incoming air for conditioning purposes There are 2 types of energy recovery system : of the moisture along with heat from exhaust air into the in coming air supply to maintain the level of humidity of the space. whereas HRV only transfer heat.

Figure 4.4, 4.5 Energy Recovery Ventilation System (air flow diagram)

composite), allowing some of the moisture in the exhaust air to transfer into the incoming outdoor air which is often moisture deprived during the heating season in cold climates.

ERV are able to transfers some of the moisture from the exhaust air to the usually less humid incoming winter air, the humidity of the house air stays more constant. While during the summer, it may help to control humidity in the house by transferring some of the water vapor in the incoming air to the theoretically drier air Concern : It is slightly costy to be install compare to others ventilation system, as it requires alot of ductwork to do.

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Figure 4.6 Energy Recovery Ventilation Whole-House System

4.2.5 Comparison of All Mechanical Ventilation System

Exhaust ventilation system

- Work well along with cold climates - Inexpensive and easy to install

- Pollutants may be drawn into living space - Not suitable for hot humid climate - Backdrafting in combustion appliances may occur - Increase heating and cooling cost

Supply ventilation system

- Just like exhaust ventilation system it is inexpensive and easy to install - Allow better control compare to exhaust system - Prevents backdrafting in combustion appliances

- May cause moisture problems and damage in cold climates as it will not temper or remove moisture from incoming air - Increase heating and cooling cost

outdoor air , thus minimising pollutants coming in - Work well in hot climate Balanced ventilation system

- Work well with all climates

- More expensive to be install and operate compare to exhaust and supply system - increase heating and cooling cost as it will also not temper or remove moisture from incoming air supply

Energy & Heat Recovery ventilation system

- Reduce heating and cooling cost as it - More expensive and hard to install can remove moisture from incoming air compare to all other ventilation system supply climates winter or summer - Require more maintenance compare to other ventilation system

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4.3 COMPONENTS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS Fans Ceiling Fan

Figure 4.1: Standard fan.

Industrial Fan

Figure 4.3: Industrial fan.

Figure 4.2: Hugger fan.

Propeller fan

Figure 4.4: A typical propeller fan.

A fan is a set composed of a motor and blades whose main function is to displace a gas (usually air) from one place to another. It circulates the air movement in the space to reduce the perceived temperature by method of evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants.

Figure 4.5: Types of propeller fan.

Propeller fans used to provide cooler air while eliminating odours and moisture from air. These fans utilize long slender blades twisted in such a manner as to provide some angle of attack on the gas being moved. The blades are fixed to a hub, and the entire assembly rotates in a housing.

The housing has little or no effect on controlling the gas flow.

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Centrifugal Fan

Figure 4.6: Centrifugal fan.

Figure 4.7: Components of a centrifugal fan.

A centrifugal fan relies on blades to drag air into a circular motion with centrifugal forces speeding up airflow radially and outwards. These fans move air outward thorough ducts or tubes, and they provide a stronger and more stable air flow than axial fans do.

Diffuser and Grilles A special device used in supplying and extracting air vertically without any kind of deflection is called a grille.A device used to direct the air at different angles by profiled blades when the air is leaving the unit and going into the space is known as a diffuser.Its an air distribution outlet, usually located in the ceiling and consisting of deflecting vanes discharging supply air in various directions and planes, and arranged to promote mixing of the supplied air with the air already in the room.

Figure 4.8: Types of diffuser.

Figure 4.9: Types of air grilles.

Air Filter An air filter is usually made of a spun fiberglass material or from pleated paper or cloth enclosed in a cardboard frame. It’s basic function is to clean the air that circulates through your heating and cooling system. It filter solid contaminants in the air such as dust, dirt, pollen, mold, lint and others. Filtering the air will improve indoor air quality and provides a conducive environment for occupants of building.

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Bag filter

Figure 4.10: Bag filters of different sizes.

Bag filters are the most common air filters for industrial and commercial applications as well as for residential use to improve indoor air quality and comfort.The fabric of the bag filter are washable. So, the bag filters are easily installed and uninstalled for cleaning purposes.. The filters are also used in the exhaust air or in recirculation systems to protect the air handling units.

Bag filters have a significantly higher dust holding capacity and longer lifetimes than other filters.

Panel filter

Figure 4.11: Panel filter.

A flat surfaced filter to maximise area, increasing efficiency in filtering air. filtration material is sealed and fixed into moisture resistant cardboard frames to give a rigid long lasting panel air filter of various thicknesses.

They are usually disposable and the dimensions are fitted according to common ductwork sizes.

Roller-type Filter

This type of filter can either be operated manually or pressure sensitive switch. Several perforated rollers can be used in the format and increase the fabric surface contact area.

Figure 4.12: Roller- type filter.

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Viscous Filter The air filtration is achieved by the special louvres die – stamped on panels, forming the filtering curtain, that give direction changes to the air flow and then lap the viscous surfaces coated with the adhesive oil. The filter utilizes the viscous impingement principle of air filtration.They have high retention capacity to dust and are often used for industrial applications.

Figure 4.13: Viscous filter Electrostatic Filter

Figure 4.14: A flat electrostatic filter.

It consists of an ionizing area that provides suspended dust particles a positive electrostatic charge. The filter includes both positively and negatively charged metal plates. As the positively charged suspended dust particles pass through, the positively charged metal plate deflects the dust and the negatively charged metal plate attracts the dust particles. Thus, removing the suspended dust particles in the air.

Ductwork The duct, or air distribution, system used in cooling and heating your home is a collection of tubes that distributes the heated or cooled air to the different rooms. .

The duct system is designed to supply rooms with air that is “conditioned”—that is, heated or cooled by the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment—and to circulate or return the same volume of air back to the HVAC equipment.

Ductwork Made of non-metallic materials reinforced with wire. Flexible ductworks are suitable for areas with existing framing and structures, as well as smaller spaces. They usually used in areas that require longer lengths of ductwork. The risk of leakages is low by using this type of ductwork.

Figure 4.15: Flexible ductwork.

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Made of galvanised steel and they are usually round or rectangular in design.

This type of ductwork is more durable then flexible ductwork and do not tear or puncture easily. They at least likely to harbor dangerous molds or growths because they have non-porous surface.

Figure 4.16: An elbow connection for metal sheet ductwork.

Fire Rated Ductwork Fire rated ventilation ducts can avoid fire and heat spread between two compartments. It is possible to prevent fire spread from one fire compartment to another, along stairways, rooms and general access corridors, only if all building materials and structural elements share a common fire classification and fire resistance rating.

Figure 4.17: Fire rated ducts

Fibreglass Duct Board

Fibreglass duct boards are not strong but insulate extremely well and promotes efficient airflow.The downside of fibreglass duct boards is its installation must be done with core and applications for this type is limited.

Figure 4.18: Fibreglass ductwork.

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4.4 CASE STUDY OF D’ House (DIGI HEADQUATERS) Supply Ventilation System – Office area & Fire Staircase Stairwell Pressurisation System A pressurisation system is intended to prevent smoke looking through closed doors into fire stairs by injecting clean air into the stairwell. The intent is to have the highest pressure in the stairwell an a reducing pressure in the adjacent area to facilitate pedestrian escape route an firefighting access.

Figure 4.19: How a stairwell pressurization system works The components of stairwell pressurisation system are a) Push button fire alarm Push button fire alarm are designed for the purpose of raising an alarm manually once verification of a fire or emergency condition exists. By operating the push button or break glass, the alarm signal can be raised.

Figure 4.20: Push button fire alarm in fire staircase of D’ House.

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b) Conventional ventilation louvres Ventilation louvres are located at the top most floor to reduce over pressurisation while building is on fired. If over pressurisation of stairwell occurs, the fire door will be hardly to open. This will lengthen the evacuation process and poses as a threat to the safety of the building’s occupant.

Figure 4.21: Ventilation louvres located at the top most floor of stairwell

c) Multi-leaf smoke protection dampers This serves as an inlet for air supply through the provided shaft (highlighted in red) into the fire staircase.

Figure 4.22: Multi-leaf smoke damper found in fire staircase

d) Supply air fan

Figure 4.23: Exhaust fan for toilets located at rooftop

Figure 4.24: Detail of Exhaust fan.

Located on the rooftop, the supply air fan will continuously supply air to the staircase to create a difference in air pressure between the adjacent spaces and the fire staircase.

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In total there are 8 staircases, 3 with air pressurisation system, 3 naturally ventilated staircase and 2 open air staircases. The location of these staircases are shown in the following diagram.

Figure 4.25: Ground floor plan showing the type of staircases in D’ House.

Centralised Supply System – Office & Kitchen Area a) Outer Diffuses

Figure 4.26: Louvered face diffuser in kitchen area.

Figure 4.27: Round ceiling diffusers located on the ceilings of office rooms to distribute control air.

b) Ductwork (Insulated) The ductwork is designed to distribute airflow from your HVAC equipment to each office or meeting room. This encompasses the air that is sucked from the whole building into the air conditioner /heater where it gets cooled or heated and then pushed back via the ducts into the space.

Figure 4.28: Exposed ductwork in office area.

insulated

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MS 1525, 2014 8.6 Air Handling duct system insulation All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or an buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.

Exceptions: Duct insulation is not required in the following cases: a) where the design tempurature differential between the air in the duct and the surrounding air is 8 or less provided that the duct is within the air-conditioned space; b) when the heat gain or loss of the ducts, without insulation, will not increase the energy requirements of the building; c) within ACMV equipment; and d) exhaust air ducts subject to qualification as in 8.6 a)

Extract Ventilation System – Kitchen & Toilet Mechanical extract system is a low energy, continuous mechanical extract ventilation. It is designed to extract moist and stale air from multiple rooms at once, these rooms include kitchens and bathrooms. A C-MEV unit provides a quiet system and more effeicnet than separate fans in each room.

Centralised Toilet Exhaust System The system functions to eliminate and reduce odour and moisture from the air. This system comprises of the following components: a) Air Shaft (Enclosed Ceiling) An air shaft is necessary to provide a separate pathway for airflow to the centrifugal plan. b) Centrifugal Fan The stale air escape through centrifugal fan from the toilets to the rooftop.

Figure 4.29: Exhaust fan located of rooftop.

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c) Exhaust Grilles The exhaust grilles extract air from a toilet and purge or eliminate order to exterior and ensure recycled air and unpleasant smell does not trap inside.

Figure 4.30: Exhaust grilles located on ceiling of toilets.

Uniform Building By-LAws, 1984 Part III Space, Light, Ventilation Clause 41: Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning.

(3) The provision of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

Third Schedule (By-law 41) Clause 10: Water-closets and toilets.

Water closets, toilets, lavatories, bathrooms, latrines, urinals or similar rooms or enclosures used for ablutions which are situated in the internal portions of the building and in respect of which no such external walls (or those overlooking verandahs, pavements or walkways) are present, shall be provided with mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning having a minimum of fresh air change at the rate of 6.1 cmm per square metre of floor area of then air changes per hour, whichever is the lower.

MS1525:2014 8.4 Controls 8.4.2 Humanity control In a system requiring moisture removal to maintain specific selected relative humidity in spaces or zones, no new source of energy (such as electric reheat) should be used to produce a space relative humidity below 70% for comfort cooling purposes.

Kitchen Exhaust System Cooking appliance contribute to the moisture in the air as water vapour is a by product of gas combustion. Moisture is produced in a kitchen through cooking, boiling or simmering of food. In addition, microwave and conventional ovens remove moisture from food and vent it into the kitchen space.

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a) Axial Exhaust Fan Extract the kitchen effluents happened through this component to the exterior of the building, by creating negative pressures at the end of ductwork.

Figure 4.31: Axial exhaust fan located in ductworks. b) Ductwork

Figure 4.32: Ductwork from kitchen area.

c) Kitchen Exhaust Hood

Figure 4.33: Kitchen exhaust hood.

A device containing a mechanical fan that hangs over a kitchen top or stove. It functions to remove airborne grease, combustion products, fumes, smoke odors, heat, and steam from the air by evacuation of the air and filtration. The size of hoods has to be large enough so that have greater surface area to abosrb fumes produced.

Storage rooms Storage rooms located in the carpark area adapt a simple exhaust system with exhaust fan for space ventilation.

Figure 4.34: Use of exhaust fan for storage room ventilation.

Figure 4.35: Exhaust fan outside store room

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Pump Room

Figure 4.36: Location of ductwork spans across the pump room.

Figure 4.37: Ducts with air grilles to channel air to exhaust fan.

The pump room has its seperated exhaust system as well where a individual ductwork system is located in the pump room and the air is released to immediate surrounding. Natural air will enter the pump room through louvred windows to provide a complete air circulation.

Uniform Building By-Laws, 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 2249: Smoke and heat venting.

In windowless buildings, underground structures and large smoke area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided for safe use of exit.

Clause 250: Natural draught smoke vent.

(1) Natural draught smoke venting shall utilise roof vents in walls at or near the ceiling level.

(2) such vents shall normally be in open positions of if they are closed they shall be designed to open automatically by an approved means in the event of fire.

Clause 251: Smoke vents to be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke.

Where smoke venting facilities are installed for purposes of fire safety in accordance with the requirements of this part they shall adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke during the period of time necessary to evacuate the area served.

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4.5 CONCLUSION In conclusion, various type of mechanical ventilation system is applied in D’house to ensure efficient ventilation occur for better air quality. Use of stairwell pressurisation system able to reduce risk to tenant during emergency situation.

The system used for the building compliance to MS 1525, 2014 to ensure appropriate usage of insulated ductwork system, hence elevated the safety of the occupants. Besides, the UBBL 1984 is to ensure the emergency fire system work in an efficient way for evacuation. This is important to keep the occupant of the builiding in a safety working environment.

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05

AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEM

5.1 INTRODUCTION As a result of Malaysia’s close proximity to the equator, our country has a tropical climate which is hot and humid throughout thw year. The average temperature of Malaysia is 28 degree Celcius and the average humidity falling between 70~ 90% which exceeds the thermal comfort range 20~ 22 degree Celcius. Hence, the need and usage of an Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (ACMV) is essential to achieve thermal comfort for users.

Although seemingly similiar to the mechanical ventilation system, air conditioning system is in the circulation and cooling of air in the internal space while mechanical ventilation is the exchange of the fresh outdoor air to replace the indoor airby mechanical devices. Air conditioning system involve a process of altering the properties of air by removal of heat and moisture from the interior environment to provide thermal comfort of occupants. It also functions to control the indoor temperature and humidity while maintaining air cleanliness and quality.

This system ensures that the internal environment is more comfortable than the external environment. Besides, providing health and comfort to users, this system can help to meet the rewuirements of industrial process, such as machineries and data servers enclosed in an interior space irrespective of the exterior climatic conditions.

Therefore, the factors for using air-conditioning system are: ~ Comfort (in a room) ~ Performance (workers, machinery, etc.) ~ Health (prevent smoke, dust, ect.) ~ Equipment (computer, electronic equipments, etc.)

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5.2 AIR COOLING PRINCIPLES As gas is compressed, it will liquefy at a given point and as it liquefies, it will release a large amount of latent heat from within the gas As the pressure on the liquid is lowered, it vaporizes back to gas, and as it boils through the vaporizing process, it absorbs a large amount of latent heat into the liquid How an air-conditioning system works?

Removing heat from the air inside the room and releasing this collected heat into the air outdoors.

Two cycles involved: 1. Refrigeration cycle 2. Air cycle

figure 5.1 air cooling principle diagram

5.2.1 Refrigeration cycle Refrigeration cycle is a process to remove heat from one place to another Refrigeration cycle components 1. Evaporator 2. Condensers 3. Compressors 4. Expansion Valve figure 5.2 Refrigeration cycle 5.2.1.1. EVAPORATOR: ~ The function is to provide a heatabsorbing surface ~ It is a coil of pipe where the refrigerant inside it is vaporizing and absorbing heat. ~ The air blown over the surface of this pipe is cooled

figure 5.3 Evaporator coil

5.2.1.2. CONDENSERS: ~ Reject the heat absorbed by the evaporator. ~ The refrigerant changes from a vapor to a liquid in the condenser. ~ While this change of state is taking place, a great amount of heat is rejected figure 5.4 exposed outdoor condenser

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5.2.1.3. COMPRESSORS: ~ Compresses the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system. ~ Refrigerant vapor enters the compressor through the suction valve and fills the cylinder. Components in the refrigerant cycle ~ This refrigerant is cool but it absorbs heat in the evaporator. Most of this heat is absorbed while it was changing state from liquid to a vapor. ~ The compressor compresses this vapor, causing it to become very warm, as high as 200°F, and pumps it to the condenser.

figure 5.5 compressors

5.2.1.4. EXPANSION VALVE: ~ A valve or small fixedsize tubing or orifice that meters liquid refrigerant into the evaporator. figure 5.6 expansion valve

5.2.2 Air cycle ~ A process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned. ~ Latent heat inside the room is removed when the return air is absorbed by the evaporator. ~ The medium to absorb the heat can be either air or water. ~ Distribution of air can be either through ducts or chilled water pipes. ~ Heat inside the room is removed and slowly the internal air becomes cooler Air cycle components 1. Air Handling Unit (AHU) 2. Air Filter 3. Blower fan 4. Ductwork & diffusers 5. Humidifiers & Dehumidifiers

figure 5.7 air cycle diagram

5.2.2.1. Air Handling Unit (AHU): ~ For heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, filtering and distributing air ~ Recycling some of the return air from the room figure 5.8 AHU connected to the chiller plant

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5.2.2.2. Air filter: ~ Cleaning the air ~ Reduce the quantity of dust released into the room

figure 5.9 Air filter 5.2.2.3. Blower fan: ~ To propel the air for distribution ~ Centrifugal fan is commonly used in AHU as it can move a small or large quantity of air efficiently ~ Propeller fan is used especially to remove heat from the condenser figure 5.10 blower fan

5.2.2.4. Ductwork & diffusers: ~ To distribute the air from AHU to the rooms that need to be air-conditioned ~ Usually the ductwork is hidden inside the suspended ceiling ~ A diffuser is placed at the part where the air comes out figure 5.11 ductwork with diffuser

5.2.2.5. Humidifiers & Dehumidifiers: ~ Required only if humidity is an issue.

figure 5.12 humidifier

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5.3. TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5.3.1. Room Air-Conditioning / Window System Window air conditioner is the most commonly used air conditioner type for single rooms.

In this air conditioner all the components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a single box. This unit is fitted in a slot made in the wall of the room, or more commonly a window sill. This unit is reliable and has a simple installation which requires a lower cost of construction making it the cheapest type.

figure 5.13 window unit AC outdoor part

figure 5.14 window unit AC inner specs

figure 5.15 window unit AC section

5.3.2. Split Unit Air Conditioning System The split air conditioner comprises of 2 parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit, fittrd outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. This sysstemdoesn’t require a slot on the wall of an interior spaces. Further, present day split units have an aesthetic apeal and do not take up as much space as a window unit. A split air conditioner can be used to cool 1 or 2 rooms.

figure 5.16 split unit AC indoor part

figure 5.17 split unit AC outdoor part

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5.3.3. Package Air Conditioning System This system is used to cool medium sized spaces or rooms. There are 2 possible arrangements with the package unit. The first one, all the components are housed in a single box. The colled air is thrown away by the high capacity blower, and it flows through the ducts laid through various rooms.

In the second arrangement, the compressor and condenser are housed in one casing. The compressed gas passed through individual units, comprised of the expansion valve and cooling coil, located in various different rooms.

figure 5.18 Package AC system circulation

figure 5.19 Package AC system inside components

5.3.4. Centralized Air Conditioning System Centralized air conditioning is used for large spaces and rooms, like hotels, gyms, offices, factories, movie theartres etc. A centralized air conditioning system involved a central plant, a cooling tower, a water system to transmit hot or cooled water from the central point to AHUs and a conditioned air supply system to distribute coolde air to the designated area. It is classified into all-air system and all-water system.

figure 5.20 centrallized AC system plant

figure 5.21 Centrallized AC system circulation

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5.4. CASE STUDY OF DIGI HEADQUATERS - D’ HOUSE Air Conditioning System Used in the building 1. Centralized Air conditioning system 2. Air Handling Unit (AHU) 3. Fan Coil Unit 4. Split Air conditioning system

5.4.1. Centralized Air conditioning System Ceentralized air conditioning system serve multiple spaces from one base location. This system operates by generating chilled water in a chiller plant located at one base location and then distributed to air handling units (AHU) or fan-coil units (FCU) located at different rooms and levels of the building. From AHU the treated and cooled air is supplied into other spaces located within the same vicinity or level via ductworks.

D’house has one chiller plant which is located on the rooftop as it uses an air cooled type chiller system. The operation of the chiller plant is controlled in the main control room which is also the fire control room located at ground floor.

figure 5.22 air cooled chiller position on the rooftop

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5.4.2. Control room The centralized system uses a digital system to operate and monitor the chiller plant and each AHUs throughout the building. The worker should be able to operate the power switching and timing of each AHU from the control room. The temperature and pressure can also be controlled and monitored. This complied the MS 1525 regulation of equipping the system with automatic controls for energy efficiency.

MS 1525: 2014 8.4.4. off-hour control 8.4.4.1. ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods od non-use or alternative use of the spaces served by the system.

Exceptions: a. system serving areas which are expected to operate continuously b. equipment with a connected load of 2kW or less may be controlled by readily accessible manual off-hour controls.

figure 5.23 control room of D’ House

figure 5.24 digital operation panel for chiller

figure 5.25 digital operation panel for AHU

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5.4.3. Air Cooled Chiller the chiller system of the chosen building used a Dunham Bush Chiller 300Rt which is an air cooled type chiller. There are 2 air cooled chiller units in the office which located at roof top of 4th floor.

The number of units complies with the MS 1525 regulation.

The air cooled chiller is used for smaller to medium size rooms. This is because it does not need a cooling tower and high water consumption in comparison to water cooled chillers.

The air cooled chiller uses fans to blow cool air over their condenser to remove heat from the system and it also expels heat directly into the atmospheric ambient air. Hence, not needing a cooling tower to be located on rooftop

MS 1525: 2014 8.2. System and equipment sizing 8.2.2. where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1000kWr, a minimum of 2 chillers or a single multi-compressor chiller should be provided to meet required load.

figure 5.26 air cooled chiller position on the rooftop

figure 5.27 cycle in the air cooled chiller

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Components of the air cooled chiller 5.4.3.1. Compressor the chiller in this building uses a screw compressor. A compressor is the driving force of the refrigerant around the system. The low pressured refrigerant enters the compressor from the suction valve from evaporator. Then, it compresses the refrigerant vapor causing it to become warm as high as 200 degree ferenhiet and pumps it to the condenser as a high pressured gas.

This refrigerant is cool but it absorbs heat in the evaporator. Most of this heat is absorbed while it was changing state from liquid to vapor.

figure 5.28 screw compressor of the chiller

5.4.3.2. Condenser the condenser on air cooled chillers work slightly differently, they do not use a cooling tower but instead blow air across the exposed condenser pipes with the refrigerant flowing this time on the inside of the condenser tubes. The air then is pushed from the condenser to the ambient air, rmoving heat from the refrigerant as well. The refrigerant changed from vapor to liquid.

figure 5.29 condenser of the chiller D’House

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5.4.3.3. Expansion Valve the expansion valve is a valve or a small fixed size tubing that meters liquid refrigerant into the evaporator. the valve expands the refrigerant reducing its pressure and increase it’s volume which allow it to pick up the unwanted heat in the evaporator.

figure 5.30 expansion valve of the chiller

5.4.3.4. Evaporator this is where the chilled water is produced and the heat from the warm return chilled water is extracted, to be sent to the condenser. The function is to provide a heat-absorbing surface, which is a coil of pipe where the refrigerant inside it is vaporizing and absorbing heat. The air blown over the surface of this pipeis cooled. The chilled water supply pipes are connected to the evaporator.

When the chilled water is produced it travels through the pipes to be pumped and distributed to the air handling units (AHU) throughout the building.

figure 5.31 Evaporator of the chiller

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5.4.3.5. Chilled Water Pump there are 3 units of chilled water pumps, 2 duty pump and 1 stndby pump located in the pump room next to the chillers. The chilled water pump return warm chilled water back to the chiller so that it can be chilled again.

figure 5.32 chilled water pump location at rooftop CHWS: Chilled water Supply (dark blue), supply water to every AHU CHWR: Chilled water Return (light blue), return warmer water back to the chiller

figure 5.33 chilled water pump pipes in pump room

figure 5.34 chilled water pump pipes in pump room

5.4.3.6. Control Panel the control panels monitor the various aspects of the chillers performance and control these by making adjustments. It also indicates the temperatures and pressures of the chillers. This allows for the technician to also manually control and adjust the conditions and processes of the chiller from this pump room.

figure 5.35 control panel in pump room

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5.4.4. Air Handling Units (AHU) There are 11 Air Handling Units in D’House with at least 2 on each level and 1 on the rooftop level.

Each level is devided into 4 zones and each AHU is assigned to 1 zone depending on the levels of the building. It is used to supply the office areas and the yellow arena of D’House. The AHU is a part of the centralized conditioning system as well as the split conditioning system of D’House.

The AHU is a device that used to regulate and circulate air. It is a large insulated enclosed assembly of a blower, heating or cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound altenuators, and dampers. It distributes the conditioned air from the chiller throughout the building through connections of duckwork ventilation system and also returns it back to AHU. When the conditioned air is supplied, the air is filtered and depending on the required temperature of the re-conditioned air, the fresh air is either heated by a heating coil, or cooled by a cooling coil.

The circulation of the air is then carried out by the blower.

figure 5.36 AHU Zoning

figure 5.37 Basic section of AHU

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figure 5.38 AHU rooms on ground floor

figure 5.39 AHU rooms on first floor

figure 5.40 AHU rooms on second floor

figure 5.41 AHU rooms on third floor

figure 5.42 AHU rooms on rooftop

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5.4.4.1. Air Filter The air filter functions to remove particles and contaminants such as dust and smoke of various sizes drom the air. It is placed first in the AHU in order to keep all downstream components clean.

The return air from the rooms is extracted back through the return air grill to the AHU and is then sent to the air ionizer. The air ionizer removes dirt and impurities using a charged electrical surface to generate electrically changed air. It will then be filtered in the air filter to improve its air quality.

figure 5.43 Air filter of D’House

5.4.4.2. Blower fan The AHU in D’House uses a centrifugal blower fan. In 1 AHU, there are 2 blower fans, one is to blow air through the cooling coil for air cooling and another supply fan blows air into the supply duct.

figure 5.44 standard blower fan for building

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5.4.4.3. Cooling Coil The cooling coil functions to cool and dehumidify the air. This coils are usually made up of rows of copper tubing to maximize heat transfer efficiency. The coils can function in a direct expansion type where the refrigerant from the central plants flow through the cooling coil which acts as an evaporator of the plant. In the chilled water system, the chilled water from the chiller flows through the cooling coil. The cooling coil also cools the hot return air.

figure 5.45 the cooling coil

5.4.4.4. Control Panel Each AHU room is equipped with a set of control panels to regulate and monitor every aspect of the AHU, such as: flow rate of air, supply air temperature, humidity, air quality. The control unit on the right figure controls the frequency and the speed of the water flow.

figure 5.46 control panels of AHU

figure 5.47 Control panel of AHU

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5.4.4.5. Piping and ductworks The chilled water return pipe carries the return chilled water from the AHU back to the chiller on the rooftop of D’House while the chilled water supply pipes carries the chilled water from the chiller to be distributed by the AHU. The supply ducting system then carries the cooled air produced by the AHU into the interior spaces of the building. The return ductwork likewise carries the hot return air from the roomsback to AHU. The ductings are covered with insulated materials to prevent loss of energy and cooling efect. The pipes are also insulated with an insulation jacket and coatings to prevent the loss of excessive energy. This complies with the MS 1525 requirements of piping and duct insulation listed under code 8.5 & 8.6

MS 1525: 2014 8.5 Piping insulation All piping installed to serve the building and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy loss. Additional insulation with vapor barriers may required to prevent condensation under some conditions.

8.6 Air handling duct system insulation All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy loss. Additional insulation with vapor barriers may required to prevent condensation under some conditions.

figure 5.48 chilled water supply and return pipes to AHU

figure 5.49 Ductwork system across the corridor

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5.4.4.6. Diffusers The diffusers are used to deliver the conditioned air from the AHU as part as the centralised air conditioning system to the specific desired space of the building. The linear diffusers are commonly used in the meeting rooms and the lobby of D’House. These are used for an alternative air distribution pattern and for aesthetic reasons. linear slots can be used for the return of air as well as supply. While the other parts of the building uses square and round diffusers.

figure 5.50 linear diffuser around the meeting rooms and lobby

figure 5.51 square diffuser around the building

figure 5.52 round diffuser around the building

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5.4.5. Fan Coil Unit (FCU) Fan Coil Unit (FCU) is used in D’House to supply to smaller areas such as the studio, store room, retail area and gym area. A FCU is a simple device consisting of a heating and cooling heat exchange or ‘coil’ and fan. its controlled by a manual on off switch or by a thermostat, which controls the throughput of the water to the heat exchanger using a control valve and the fan speed.

The FCU recirculates air continuously from the space through the coil which contains either hot or chilled water. The induction unit mixes the return air with the conditioned air supplied by the central plant room through high velocity duct. Each FCU is provided with a small supply of outside air to ensure adequate ventilation.

figure 5.53 fan coil unit in D’House

figure 5.54 exposed horizon- figure 5.55 a 4 way castal fan coil unit and diffuser sette fan coil unit and in D’House diffuser in D’House

5.4.5.1. Fan Coil Unit components a. Blower/ fan A centrifugal fan is usually and is enclosed so that air from an inlet is compressed to a higher discharge pressure. b. Coil A coil function as heat exchanger in which liquid is circulated to provide heating or cooling to the air which passes through the heat sink fins. c. Drain Pan It is a pan located under the cooling coil to catch condensate formed during cooling. d. Filter The filter is a tray in which it can be pulled out for maintainance or replacement.

figure 5.56 basic section for a FCU

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5.4.6. Split Unit Air Conditioning System the building also uses a split unit air conditioning system at smaller areas or rooms such as control rooms and smaller offices. This is used to at strategic areas that are used outside the normal working hours such aspublic holidays or weekends. Thus, this system can be manually controlled for that specific space without the need to use the centralized air conditioning system and this will save cost and energy. This complies with the MS 1525 requirements listed under code 8.4.4.4.

The split unit air conditioning system consists of 2 parts, a wall mounted indoor unit and an outdoor unit. The indoor unit blows cool air into room, outdoor unit emmits heat from cooled area.

figure 5.57 indoor unit of the split unit air conditioning system

figure 5.58 outdoor unit of the split unit air conditioning system

figure 5.59 control unit of the split unit air conditioning system

MS 1525: 2014 8.4.4. Off hour control 8.4.4.4. for building that occupancy patterns are not known at time of system design, isolation areas should be pre-design.

5.4.7. Variable Air Volume System (VAV) the Variable air volume system (VAV) varies the airflow at a constant temperature. This system is developed to be more energy efficient and to meet the varying heating and cooling needs of different building zones. The system provides zoning for large work areas such as office spaces and other large work areas and office buildings.

A VAV terminal unit , or called VAV box, is the zone level flow control device. Dampers are used at the terminal outlets to control the air flow according to the requirements of each spaces.

figure 5.60 the terminal unit of the VAV system in D’House

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The VAV unit in D’House is equipped with a Direct Digital Controller (DDC) and is controlled by the building management system. Each box is calibrated with the designated air flow range for self balancing of air flow required and temperature controls. The main supply air duct from AHU is connected to all VAV boxes for primary cooling aair discharge towards the diffuser and the Secondary Motorized Volume Control Damper (MVCD). The MVCD is controlled by the SE8300 Room Controller located in specific rooms.

5.61 overall view of VAV systems

5.4.8. SE8300 Room Controller The SE8300 Room Controller is a mini touchscreen controller located in meeting rooms, the silent zone, project rooms, and training rooms. It function as a secondary control of temperature and lighting in designated rooms for energy efficiency. An infrared occupancy sensor is build into the controller to detect the movement and heat of occupants in the room based on the 3 set points type, occupied, standby, and unoccupied. The room occupancy mode is determined which then activates or controls the room temperature and lighting based on the information recieved.

figure 5.62 The SE8300 room controller in D’House

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5.5. CONCLUSION In D’House the main air conditioning system used is the centralized air conditioning system that distributed to most of the AHUs & FCUs. The split unit air conditioning system is also used for certain areas to help maximise energy efficiency.

Although the cost of installation of a central plant is high, the centralised system is used mainly as it is an effective and efficient way to circulate cool air and improve air quality within a larger building such as the D’House. The usage of air cooled chiller also helps to reduce the instalation cost and required less space with the ommision of a cooling tower.

Overall, the air conditioning system in D’House comply with the rules and by-laws of MS1525 in terms of air conditioning system. It also be seen how vital the air conditioning system is in providing thermal comfort to users.

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06

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

6.1 Introduction Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products - (Wikipedia,2020). Fire requires 3 elements to be formed , combustible material such as fuel , gas such as the abundant oxygen in the air , and heat source , the right proportion of each element is crucial to the formation of the fire and will determine the longevity and strength of the fire.

The end product of the fire would normally be carbon dioxide (CO²) which poses the same amount of threat to any living being especially in an enclosed space.

Figure 6.1 : Fire Triangle

Fuel is the combustible materials , in the building context it may range from flammable gas from the AHU or wooden structural components.

Heat is the ignition source to ignite a material / fuel depending on the material / fuel thermal capacity , the lower the capacity the lower the ignition temperature , hence the material / fuel will catch on fire easily.

Oxygen is required for the fire to sustain , removing or reducing the oxygen levels is an effective way to put out a fire , this can be done with equipment such as fire extinguishers or fire blankets. However , this may not be the same for metallic combustion such as titanium which may require inert agents such as dry sand to remove the oxygen from the combustion process.

A fire protection system within a building must be well designed to extinguish or delay the flames efficiently to reduce the threat to the occupants and provide the occupants sufficient time to evacuate the building.This is done with the help of modular guidelines of several building codes and laws such as Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) , which is inspected by building inspectors which may include members of Malaysia Fire and Rescue Department during the construction process and periodically after the building is completed.

Certification of Completion and Compliance of a building in Malaysia can only be issued when a building is fully compliant with several building codes and laws such as Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL). Generally , a fire protection system in a building consists of an Active Fire Protection system and Passive Fire Protection system.

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6.2 Active FIre Protection Active Fire Protection system (AFP) requires some amount of motion or action to trigger the process of extinguishing the fire. The system may be manually operated such as manually setting off a fire alarm or by automation, mechanical or electrical such as the sprinkler system. This system differs from fire or smoke detection to fire suppressing or extinguishing.

Active Fire Protection system includes 1) Water Based Fire Protection 2) Non Water Based Fire Protection 3) Fire Detection and Alarm System 4) Smoke Control System 6.2.1 Water Based Fire Protection 6.2.1.1 Automatic Fire Sprinkler System

Figure 6.2 : Overview of a Automatic Fire Sprinkler System

The Fire Sprinkler System consists of a water storage tank that is connected through pipes to the individual sprinkler heads strategically located within the building to combat the fire. Besides the water storage tank , the Fire Sprinkler System consists of the pumps (duty pump , jockey pump and a stand by pump ) which are required to provide and maintain adequate pressure and flow rate of water to the sprinklers.

Fire sprinkler heads come with a temperature sensitive liquid encased within a glass tube which will expand and break the glass upon certain temperature which then activates the Fire Sprinkler System . After the tube is broken , the water that is held back by the tube will be released and flows onto the deflector and will disperse over a certain amount of area.

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Figure 6.3 : Types of sprinkler heads

There are different kinds of sprinkler head which are classed based on the temperature sensitivity and its type. Temperature sensitivity ranges from 57 Celcius to 343 Celcius and is colour coded to identify its specific range.Different types of sprinkler heads are used in different types of situations , for example a pendant sprinkler head is used where there is minimal obstruction such as in an office space and an upright sprinkler head is used where there are obstructions which may block certain areas from being sprayed.

6.2.1.2 Hose Reel System

Figure 6.4 : Overview of Hose Reel System

The Hose Reel System can be utilised by the public as an immediate fire fighting response during the early stages of a fire breakout. The system consists of on site water storage , pumps (duty pump and standby pump ), pipework and hose reel that are placed strategically for easy and quick access for the occupants during an emergency. Normally located on each of the levels along the escape routes or near staircases and exit doors .

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Figure 6.5 : Hose reel that can be operated by occupants

The hose is 30 meters long and is made up of non-kinking , braided rubber. The hose is held in a drum that is able to rotate around a horizontal shaft to enable the users to withdraw the hose from any direction. A nozzle on the tip which indicates the status of the hose (open / close).

Water supply is blocked off by a stop valve and can be turned on manually before use. The hose reel is operated first by switching the stop valve , running out the hose then opening the nozzle.

6.2.1.3 Dry Riser System

Figure 6.6 : Overview of Dry Riser System

Figure 6.7 : Section of Dry Riser System

Dry riser system is normally used in lower buildings where normal water pressure isn't adequate, it is normally installed for buildings with the top floor that is above 18.5 meters and lower than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level. The system acts as an internal fire hydrant for firefighters that are combating the fire in the building , water is pumped through the system by the inlet of the fire engine.

The system consists of main vertical pipes that are kept empty through multiple levels of the building.

Air release valve in installed on the top of the system to release any trapped air in the system.

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Figure 6.8 : Dry riser breeching inlet cabinet

Figure 6.9 : 2-way dry riser breeching inlet

Dry riser breeching inlet is located outside of a building, not more than 18 meters from the fire engine access and not more than 30 meters from any fire hydrant to increase efficiency. Is is located at the fire appliance access level and is normally housed in a cabinet to protect the equipment. During an emergency , pressurized water from the fire engine is pumped through the inlet that will deliver the water into the different levels of the building. Excess water in the system is drained through the drain installed in the system.

Figure 6.10 : Landing Valve

Figure 6.11 : Fire Hose

Landing valves are installed 0.75 meters above floor level on every level of a building in a vertical shaft through the building. The landing valve acts as the internal fire hydrants for the firefighter to utilise to combat fire. Hence the dry riser system should only be used by firefighters during an emergency. Fire hose that are 30 meter long are provided to be connected to the landing valve to put out fire.

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6.2.1.4 Wet Riser System

Figure 6.12 : Overview of Wet Riser System

Similarly wet riser system act the same as dry riser system which is to provide internal hydrants to the firefighters , the difference is in the pipework of wet risers that is always filled with water from a pressurized supply. Wet riser system is installed in buildings that have the top floor of 30.5 meters and above fire appliances access level. Pressurized water is supplied from a storage tank with the use of pumps to distribute the water to the landing valves to each of the level in a building.

Figure 6.13 : Duty Pump

Figure 6.14 : Jockey Pump

Duty pump extracts the water from the storage tank and pumps it into the pipework of the system with a high pressure to the different levels within the building. In any case of a failure , a standby pump will be activated with an emergency generator to replace the duty pump function. Jockey pump serves to maintain the pressure of the water throughout the system.

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6.2.1.5 External Fire Hydrant

Figure 6.15 : Overview of External Fire Hydrant

The function of external fire hydrants is to provide water to the fire engines to be used to put out the fire in an emergency. When the pressure of the water is inadequate or not reliable , hydrant tanks and pumps are used. The minimum capacity of the water storage tank is 90000 litres and will refill automatically upon usage.

Figure 6.16 : External Fire Hydrant

The location of the installments of fire hydrants should be efficient for the fire fighters to use and not be more than 30 meters away from the dry riser breeching inlets of the building.

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6.2.2 Non water based Fire Protection 6.2.2.1 Portable FIre Extinguisher

Figure 6.17 : Types of Fire Extinguishers

Fire extinguishers are the first line of defense in a fire related emergency , it is used to control and put out small fires. There are different types of fire extinguishers that are used to put out different types of fire.

Fire extinguishers are located in areas with high probability of fire break outs so that the fire can be controlled and prevent it from escalating into a full scale fire.

Figure 6.18 : Table showing types of fire extinguishers and their functions

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6.2.2.2 Clean agent fire suppression system

Figure 6.19 : Overview of clean agent fire suspression system

Clean agent fire suppression system consists of clean agent, agent storage containers, agent release valve and disperse nozzles, pipework and fire detectors. Clean agents usually uses inert gases and dry chemical agents to extinguish special types of fire that might occur in places that contain special types of hazards or water-sensitive areas such as server rooms and banks.Some examples of clean agents are carbon dioxide and aragonite.

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6.2.3 Fire Detection and Alarm System 6.2.3.1 Fire Detector

Figure 6.20 : Smoke Detector

Figure 6.21 : Heat Detector

Figure 4.22 : Flame Detector

Fire detection in the early stages of a fire break out is crucial to contain a fire and prevent it from escalating into a full scale fire. Detection is done by the presence of smoke, heat and flame.

There are two types of smoke detectors , ionization smoke detector and photoelectric smoke detector.

Ionization smoke detector detects smoke by the disruption of electrical charged plates in the detector caused by the smoke particles.

Heat detector is activated either when the low alloy fusing is melting or a bending of a bimetallic strip that is located in the heat detector caused by the heat from the fire.

Flame detector works by detecting the infrared signature given out by the flames . It is commonly used in highly combustion areas.

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6.2.3.2 Fire Alarm System Fire alarm system consists of several devices to detect and issue a warning about the possible smoke, fire or carbon monoxide occurrence.

Figure 6.23 : Fire Alarm

Figure 6.24 : Fire Alarm Control Panel

Figure 6.25 : Manual Call Point

Warnings are issued through visual and audio methods. Audible warnings are required to produce minimum sound level of 65dB for 30 seconds Fire alarm control panel is the center of the whole fire alarm system as it relays information and detections and initiates responses and communication between the systems. It is normally located in the fire control room.

Manual call points are fire alarms that can be manually set off by the users of the building. It is located at the exits to open spaces , high fire risk areas and spaced 45 meters apart between each of it so that it can be easily located in an emergency.

Figure 6.26 : Fireman Switch

Figure 6.27 : Remote Telephone handset

Figure 6.28 : Master Telephone handset

Fireman switch is used by the firefighters to disconnect the electricity of a particular floor before entry to make sure that the electrical source of the building would not contribute anymore to the fire or pose additional danger to the firefighters. The handle is designed so that only only a fireman’s hook or axe can trigger the switch to avoid any accidental triggers.

Fireman intercom system is a two way communication system that allows firefighters to communicate between the remote telephone handsets and master telephone handset in the fire control room.

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6.2.4 Smoke Control System 6.2.4.1 Smoke Exhaust System

Figure 6.29 : Atrium Smoke Exhaust System

Fire produces by products such as particulate matter and carbon monoxide which are extremely dangerous to human health and decrease visibility and obstruct the evacuation process. Smoke control system are mechanical systems that control and alter the movement of the smoke produced by the fire in a building.

The system works by pairing with mechanical ventilation systems such as exhaust fans to remove the smoke inside the building. The intention of the smoke control system is to protect the occupants while they are evacuating the building.

Figure 6.30 : Pressurization System

The pressurization system functions to provide a smoke-free escape route for the occupants during an emergency. This system is normally installed in escape routes of a building such as the staircase and lift lobbies. This system works by pairing up with the mechanical ventilation systems to constantly supply air into the spaces to maintain a difference in pressure so that smoke will not enter these spaces during a fire emergency.

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6.3 Case Study of D’House ( DIGI HEADQUATERS) D’House Active Fire Protection consists of Water Based System, Non-Water Based System, Fire Detection, Alarm system and Smoke Control System D’House has a height less than 18.3 meters hence Dry Riser System and Wet Riser System is not installed in the building.The need for smoke spill system is reduced due to the natural ventilated spaces such as the car park.

6.3.1 Water based Fire Protection system in D’House 6.3.1.1 Automatic Fire Sprinkler system

Figure 6.31 : Pendent Fire Sprinkler on the ceiling of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.32 : Upright Fire Sprinkler on the ceiling of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Fire sprinklers in D’House are indicated red which the temperature sensitive glass bulb at the head of the spinklers has a temperature rating of 57 degree Celcius to 77 degree Celcius upon activation.

Pendent Fire Sprinklers and Upright Fire Sprinklers are used in the D’House. Pendent Fire Sprinklers are used in spaces such as the office, lobbies and corridors due to it being able to be concealed in the ceiling thus providing a more aesthetic look. Pendent Fire Sprinklers are able to provide a huge coverage due to the shape of its deflector as it is curved downwards which produces a cone pattern water flow. Upright Fire Sprinklers are used in car parks, stairwells and the cafe in D’House. Upright Fire Sprinklers produces water flow with a hemisphserical pattern and are used in areas that have spots that are hard to be covered or in areas that has ceiling that are unfinished.

D’House has an extra light hazard classification of occupancies, thus it is allowed to have a maximum spacing of 4.6 meters in between the sprinklers.

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Figure 6.33 : Fire Sprinkler system pump located in the pump room of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Fire Sprinkler Pump consists of a Duty Pump , Jockey Pump and a Standby Pump. These pumps are usually eletrical , diesel or steam powered. The pumps work together to deliver pressurized water to the sprinklers.

When the sprinklers are activated, there will be a drop of the pressure in the water flow, pressure switches will automatically switch on which will activate the the Duty Pump to generate sufficient pressure to ensure continous flow of water. Standby Pump will takeover the action of Duty Pump in any case of the failure of the Duty Pump. Jockey Pump maintains the pressure of the water when the system is not in use.

Figure 6.34 : Duty Pump of the fire sprinkler pump in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.35 : Stand-by Pump of the fire sprinkler pump in D’House (Wong, 2020)

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Figure 6.36 : Jockey Pump of the fire sprinkler pump in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.37 : Pressure of each pumps in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.38 : Water Storage Tank in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Water source for the sprinkler system is from the water storage tank that is made of pressed steel located next to the pump room and connected with galvanised steel pipes.

Figure 6.39 : Sprinkler Alarm Valve located outside of the pump room of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Sprinkler Alarm Valve is an alarm device installed in the sprinkler system. It is used to activate the fire alarm when the flow of water from the sprinkler system exceeds that of a single sprinkler.

The valve can also control the water supply of the sprinkler.

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Figure 6.40 : Location of Pump Room and Water Storage Tank of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Uniform Building By-Laws 7984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 226: Automatic system for hazardous occupancy. Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of the occupants.

Clause 247: Water storage.

(1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2) Main water storage tanks within the building other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.

(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

Clause 228: Sprinkler valves.

(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.

(2) All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

Clause 248: Marking on wet riser, etc.

(11 Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation Dines and fittinas shall be painted red

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6.3.1.2 Hose Reel system

Figure 6.41 : Hose Reel in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Hose Reel can be used by both the occupants and firefighters during an fire emergency, it is manually operated by opening the valve, reeling out the hose and turning on the nozzle. The effective range that the water from the hose can cover is approximately 6 meters. According to BS 5306 Part 1 : 1976, hose reel are to be installed in recesses so that they do not form obstructions on a route exscape

Figure 6.42 : Hose Reel pump located in the Pump Room in D’House (Wong, 2020)

The Hose Reel Pump in D’House consits of Duty Pump and a Standby Pump which is located in the pump room , the Hose Reel Pump shares the same water source as the Fire Sprinkler System.

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Figure 6.43 : Location of Hose Reel on Level 1 of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.45 : Location of Hose Reel on Level 3 of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.44 : Location of Hose Reel on Level 2 of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.46 : Location of Hose Reel on Level 4 of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 247: Water storage.

(1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2) Main water storage tanks within the building other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.

(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

Clause 248: Marking on wet riser, etc.

(1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red.

(2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installation and extinguisher shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.

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6.3.1.3 External Fire Hydrant system

Figure 6.47 : External Fire Hydrant at the entrance of D’House (Wong, 2020)

The Fire Hydrant system consists of a water tank, suction piping, fire pumps and a distrubuted piping system. The hydrants are strategically placed to increase efficiency of the firefighting process by the firefighters.The hydrants will provide a steady stream of water once the hose is connected with a switched on valve of a external fire hydrant.

There are a 6 external Fire Hydrants around D’House, located around the perimeter of the building.

Figure 6.48 : Location of External Fire Hydrant of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire.

(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.

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6.3.2 Non Water based Fire Protection system in D’House 6.3.2.1 Portable Fire Extinguisher

Figure 6.49 : ABC powder type fire extinguisher in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.50 : Carbon Dioxide type fire extinguisher in D’House (Wong, 2020)

D’House is equipped with 9kg ABC powder type fire extinguishers which is able to extinguish most types of fires , class A (solid materials), B(liquids and liquifiable solids), C(gases) and E(electrical equipments).

Carbon Dioxide type fire extinguishers are also provided in AHU rooms, data centres and lift motor room, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are suitable for class B and E fires.

Fire extinguishers can be operated by first rotating the pin on top of the cylinder to break the seal then remove the pin. Aim the nozzle at the fire base from approximately 2 meters away and squeeze the lever to discharge the agent, release the lever to stop the discharge.

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 227: Portable extinguishers. Portable extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

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Figure 6.51 : Location of Fire Extinguishers on Level 1 of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.52 : Location of Fire Extinguishers on Level 2 of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.53 : Location of Fire Extinguishers on Level 3 of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.54 : Location of Fire Extinguishers on Level 4 of D’House (Wong, 2020)

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6.3.2.2 Clean Agent Fire Suspression System ( Carbon Dioxide )

Figure 6.55 : Carbon Dioxide Tanks of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Carbon Dioxide fire suspression system works by releasing carbon dioxide in a short amount of time onto the fire and cutting off the oxygen required for the fire to continue. Carbon dioxide is stored in high pressured tanks. This system is highly effective for water sensitive areas and requires minimal post fire clean-up.

Figure 6.56 : Fire Control Panel of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.57 : Carbon Dioxide Suspression System status on the main fire alarm in the control room of D’House (Wong, 2020)

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6.3.2.3 FE-13 Fire Suspression System

Figure 6.58 : FE-13 cylinders located in the MSB room of D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.59 : Fire Alarm Panel of the MSB room (Wong, 2020)

FE-13 (Trifluoromethane) is environmental friendly and non-toxic fire extinguishing agent. The FE-13 fire suspression system works by causing a total flood into the space and inerting applications. It is used for spaces that are kept at a lower than average temperature , in the case of D’House will be the main eletrical switchboard room (MSB room).

Figure 6.60 : Location of the clean agent suspression system in D’House (Wong, 2020)

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6.3.2.4 Argonite Fire Suspression System

Figure 6.61 : Fire Alarm Panel of Argonite system located outside of the data centre in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Argonite is a mixture of 50% argon gas and 50% nitrogen gas which both are natural occuring gas. These gases are environmental friendly, requires minimal post fire clean-up and will not produce any by-products upon contact with fire. The argonite fire suspression system works by flooding an water sensitive enclosed space such as the data centre of D’House to suspress and eliminate the fire.

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 235: Fixed installations. Fixed installation shall either be total flooding system or unit protection system depending upon the nature of hazard process and occupancy as may be required by the Fire Authority.

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6.3.3 Fire Detection and Alarm System in D’House 6.3.3.1 Fire Detector

Figure 6.62 : Diagram showing the difference of conventional and addressable fire alarm system (Wong, 2020)

D’House uses intelligent addressable system, this system has sensors that are electrically coded with unique identification, so when a sensor is triggered, the address of the triggered sensor will be up for display on the main control panel, allowing authorities to pin point the location of the fire and take necessary actions.

Figure 6.63 : Photoelectric smoke detector in D’House (Wong, 2020)

D’House uses photoelectric smoke detectors and heat detectors. Photoelectric smoke detectors has a faster response time compared to smoke ionization smoke detectors or heat detectors. Heat detectors are only used in mechanical rooms. The detectors and located less than 10 meters apart from each other.

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Figure 6.64 : Location of the Fire Detector of Level 1 in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.66 : Location of the Fire Detector of Level 3 in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.65 : Location of the Fire Detector of Level 2 in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.67 : Location of the Fire Detector of Level 4 in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.68 : Location of the Fire Detector on the rooftop in D’House (Wong, 2020)

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Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies.

(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire.

(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

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6.3.3.2 Fire Alarm Bell

Figure 6.69 : Fire Alarm Bell in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Fire alarm bells in D’House are installed together with manual call points. These alarms can be automatically activated by any triggers of the sensors, by manual call points or by fire control room.

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 155: Fire mode of operation.

(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 237: Fire alarms.

(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a Iwo stage-alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.

(3) Provision should be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

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6.3.3.3 Manual Call Point

Figure 6.70 : Fire Alarm Manual Call Point in D’House (Wong, 2020)

D’House is equipped with break glass manual call points. These manual call points are located near the exits and are a maximum of 45 meters apart.

6.3.3.4 Fire Control Room

Figure 6.71 : Fire Control Room in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.72 : Location of Fire Control Room in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Fire control room is located at the ground floor next to the lift lobby. Master controls for the active fire protection system are situated in this room.

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6.3.3.5 Fire Alarm Panel

Figure 6.73 : Main Fire Alarm Panel located in the fire control room in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.74 : Fire Alarm Panel located outside of MSB room (Wong, 2020)

The main fire alarm panel is located in the fire control room in D’House. The main fire alarm panel receives data from the sensors, controls the alarm systems and checks on the status of each of the fire protection systems. Through the main fire alarm panel, authorities are able to control the HVAC system, building automation controllers, access points and elevators.

Fire alarm panel is located in specific areas to further monitor the fire protection system status.

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 155: Fire mode of operation.

(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

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6.3.3.6 Fireman Switch

Figure 6.75 : Fireman Switch in D’House (Wong, 2020)

The Fireman Switch in D’House is located at each level of the staircase on D’House. Two switches are provided for normal eletrical supply and essential electrical supply respectively.

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 240: Electrical isolating switch.

(1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone-served.

(2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.

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6.3.3.7 Fireman Intercom System

Figure 6.76 : Master Telephone Handset in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Figure 6.77 : Remote Telephone Handset in D’House (Wong, 2020)

In D’House the remote telephone handset is located at the stairways of each floor and pump rooms.

The master telephone handset is located on the ground floor in the fire control room.

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 239: Voice communication system There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the central control station and the following areas: (a) lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases; (b) in every office area exceeding 92.9 square meters in area; (c) in each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system.

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6.3.4 Smoke Control System in D’House 6.3.4.1 Stairwell Pressurization System

Figure 6.78 : Pressurized Staircase in D’House (Wong, 2020)

D’House has a total of 8 stairwells and 3 of them are pressurized stairwells. These pressurized stairwells are located near the center of the building where the highest occupant density is located. A supply fan keeps the stairwell pressurized by constantly supplying clean air from outdoors into the stairwell. This creates a higher pressure in the stairwell and prevents smoke from entering the stairwell.

Figure 6.79 : Supply fan of a Pressurized Staircase in D’House (Wong, 2020)

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Figure 6.80 : Location of Pressurized Staircase in D’House (Wong, 2020)

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 202: Pressurized system for staircase.

All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 meters in height where there is no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization (a) where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an air flow of not less than 60 meters per minute through the doors which are deemed to be open; (b) where the number of doors which are deemed to be opened at the one time shall be 10% of the total number of doors opening into the staircase with a minimum number of two doors open; (c) where with all the doors closed the air pressure differential between the staircases and the areas served by it shall not exceed 5 millimeters water gauge; (d) where the mechanical system to prevent smoke from entering the staircase shall be automatically activated by a suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm or automatic wet pipe sprinkle system; (e) which meets the functional requirements as may be agreed with the D.G.F.S.

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6.4 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION IN D’HOUSE Passive fire protection breaks the building into “compartments” and prevents the spread of fire through the use of fire-resistance rated walls and floors. It utilizes fire doors to help further compartmentalize the structure and dampers to prevent the spread of fire and smoke throughout the ducts of the building. Another common protection element in buildings with multiple floors is photoluminescent path markers. These markers aid in the evacuation process by lighting the way through dark or smoky stairwells.

6.4.1 MEAN OF ESCAPE As a mean of escape of D’House, horizontal and vertical exits are arranged along the linear configuration, as for the vertical exits, it is to lead the user from the upper floors to the lower floors, where the horizontal exits guide the user out of the building to the exterior assembly point.

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Evacuation Routes

Evacuation Routes

Exits

Fire Staircase

Fire Corridoor

Evacuation Routes for Ground Floor

Evacuation Routes

Exits

Fire Staircase

Fire Corridoor

Evacuation Routes for Second Floor

Evacuation Routes

Exits

Fire Staircase

Fire Corridoor

Evacuation Routes for First Floor

Evacuation Routes

Exits

Fire Staircase

Fire Corridoor

Evacuation Routes for Third Floor

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Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 165: Measurements of travel distance to exit.

The distance of the evacuation route is strictly regulated to ensure that every space in a building are within a reasonable distance to a place of safety. The method of the measuring said distance is stated clearly in it. The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around every corners or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where measurements include stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the trend noising.

Clause 169: Exit Routes No exit routes may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit. Besides, no less than 2 seperate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be neccessary. These exits are required to be accessible at all time without obstructions. Futhermore, to maintain the accessibility of the paths, all fire evacuation routes are required to have a consistent with along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.

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Exits

Vertical Exits

Horizontal Exits

Vertical Exits

Exits on Ground Floor

Vertical Exits

Horizontal Exits

Exits on First Floor

Horizontal Exits

Vertical Exits

Exits on Second Floor

Horizontal Exits

Exits on Third Floor

Vertical Exits

Horizontal Exits

Exits on Second Floor

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Horizontal Exit The horizontal exit is an exit that allows occupants to egress from one side of a building to another side through a fire-resistance-rated assembly, such as a fire wall or fire barrier. The horizontal exit provides an additional layer of fire-resistive protection between the fire source and the occupants to allow them to safely egress through an interior exit stairway or some other exit component. A horizontal exit shall not serve as the only exit from a portion of a building, and where two or more exits are required, not more than one-half of the total number of exits or total exit width shall be horizontal exits.

Figure 6.81

The horizontal exits in Digi Headquarter includes fire protected corridoors that will lead the user to the fire emergency exits. It is also clearing smoke out of the corridors and make sure the users are safe when the building is on fire. It can be seen that the building also provide multiple access to different area where higher user area tent to be.

Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 171: Horizontal exits 1) Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in line of other exits.

2) Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircase and final exits need only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exit widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building.

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Vertical Exit The vertical exit like staircase, which enable user to evacuate and exit during any emergency. The staircase are all well designed and pressurized which is to prevent the entering of the smoke when the building is on fire.

Pressurized and Enclosed Staircase

Figure 6.82

Figure 6.83

Location of Staircases

Enclosed & pressurized

Enclosed & natural ventilated

Open Air & Natural Ventilated

Fire Escape Staircase

The office area are situated mostly in the centre of the building where the pressurized staircase can be seen.

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The staircase in D’House complies to the UBBL 167 and 174. Also the placement and distance between each storey exit is measured within 4.5 metres. Other than that, there is more than 2 storey exits for each compartments and the corridors which is leading to the storey exits are also fire protected.

Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 167: Storey exits 1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every compartment shall be provided by at least 2storey exits located as far as practical from each other and in no case closer than 4.5 metres and in such position that the travel distances specified in the seventh schedule to these by-laws are not exceeded.

2) The width of storey exits shall be accordance with the provisions in the seventh schedule to these by-laws Clause 174: Arrangement of storey exits.

1) Where 2 or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than 5 metres apart measured between the nearest edges of the openings.

2) Each exit shall give direct access to : a) A final exit; b) A protected staircase leading to the final exit; or c) An external route leading to a final exit.

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Open and Natural Ventilated Staircase

Figure 6.84

Figure 6.85

An open-air staircase can be seen at the Digi Headquarter which is to direct the users to the lower ground car park during an emergency. While another open-air staircase can also be seen in the atrium which is to direct users to the ground floor.

Enclosed and Natural Ventilated Staircase

Figure 6.86

Figure 6.87

These staircase are located at the edge of the building the reason is because more air flow where natural ventilation can occur as well to prevent smoke from trapping inside the area. Other than that the entrance of these staircase is also fitted using fire rated door.

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Enclosed and Pressurized Staircase These enclosed staircase in Digi Headquarter are all complies with the UBBL 1984, which can be seen under section 150 and 157. The material used in the fire staircases wall has a fire resistance period up to 2 hours as mentioned in the ninth schedule as well.

Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 150: Protected Shafts 1) No protected shaft shall be constructed for use for any purposes additional to those specified in this Part other than for the accommodation of any pipe or duct, or as sanitary accommodation or washrooms, or both.

2) Subject to the provisions of this Part, any protected shaft shall be completed enclosed.

3) Any protecting structure which is required to have a FRP of one hour or more, and any beam or column forming part of that structure and any structure carrying such protecting structure shall be constructed of non-combustible materials throughout, with the exception of any external surface finish which complies with the requirements of by-law 204 relating to wall surfaces.

4) Any wall, floor or other structure enclosing a protected shaft but not being a protecting structure may contain such openings as shall be in accordance with other provisions of these By-laws.

5) There shall be no opening in any protecting structure other than any one or more of the following: a) an opening for a pipe; b) an opening fitted with a fire-resisting door which complies with the provisions of By-law 162; c) if the protected shaft contains a lift, an openings which complies with the provisions of bylaw 162; and d) if the protected shaft serves as, or contains a ventilating duct, an inlet to or outlet from the duct or an opening for the duct.

6) Any opening for pipe shall be effectively fire-stopped.

Clause 157: Protected shafts consisting of staircase.

A protected staircase or a protected shaft containing a staircase shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilating duct other than a duct serving only that stair-case or shaft.

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Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Ninth Schedule Part I: Walls A. Mansory Construction

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Enclosed and Natural Ventilated Staircase The building is only 16 metres, yet the enclosed staircase still have louvers on each floor which is to allow natural ventilation to take place in it.

Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 199: Ventilation of staircase enclosures in buildings not exceeding 18 metres.

In buildings not exceeding 18 metres above ground level, staircase enclosures may be unventilated provided that access to them at all levels except the top floor is through ventilated lobbies and the staircase enclosures are permanently ventilated at the top with least 5% of the area of the enclosures.

Open Air and Natural Ventilated Staircase The open air staircases in this building can be seen complies with the by-law 170.

While the placement of the staircase can help to accommodate up to 50% of users.

Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 170: Egress through unenclosed openings.

Where unenclosed openings are permitted between floors and for a mezzanine floor, egress may be by way of an open staircase to an adjacent floor and thence to a story exit: 1) the layout is such that a fire originating anywhere within the compartment will be obvious to the occupants of all communicating levels or areas; 2) the travel distances specified in the Seventh Schedule to these by-laws are not exceeded; 3) only 50% of the occupants of a floor are assumed to use the open staircase and storey exits are provided at every level to accommodate the other 50% of the occupants of that level in accordance with the provisions of the Seventh Schedule to these by-laws; and 4) the storey exits on the principal floor through with other levels discharge are designed to handle the occupants of that floor plus 50% of the occupants from the adjacent levels discharging through it.

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Staircase Dimensions The dimension of the staircase is measured at : 1) Riser Height : 270mm 2) Thread Width : 180mm 3) Staircase Width : 1500mm 4) Landing Width : 3000mm 5) Landing Length : 1700mm All the dimensions of the staircase can be seen complies with the UBBL 1984 under section 106 as well as 168. Other than that, the height of the riser, width of the thread, width of the staircase, landing width and also length, all are within the requirements.

Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VI Constructional Requirements Clause 106: Dimensions of Staircase 1) In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180 millimetres and the tread shall be not less than 255 millimetres and the dimensions of the rise and tread of the staircase so chosen shall be uniform and consistent throughout.

2) The widths of staircases shall be in accordance with by-law 168.

3) The depths of landings shall be not less than the width of the staircases.

Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 168: Staircases 1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases.

2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these Bylaws.

3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres.

4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintened throughout its length including at landings.

5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

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Fire Emergengy Escape Floor Plan

Figure 6.88

Figure 6.89

The images above show the emergency escape plan of the D’House at the lift lobbies and outside the fire staircases and also the emergency escape plan at the office areas. The function of these plan is to indicate the location of fire fighting equipments. Other than that, it also help users to identify their escape routes when the builing is on fire.

Emergengy Exit Signage

Figure 6.90

This is the emergency exit signage in the building. The main fuction of the emergency signage is to guide the users to the nearest fire exit during an emergency. It must be placed in a clear and make sure is in bright colour as well so that it is easy to identify.

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Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 172: Emergency Exit Signs 1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

2) A sign reading "KELUAR" with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

3) Every exit sign shall have the word "KELUAR" in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.

4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

5))Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.

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Emergengy Lighting

Figure 6.91

The above image is the emergency light in the building. Emergency lighting provides the property with constant lighting, making it safe for people within the premises to evacuate calmly in the case of a fire, even if mains power is affected. If a fire occurs and there is a blackout, emergency lighting will make it easier to leave the building safely and calmly for everyone in the premises.

Fire Light Indicator

Figure 6.92

A fire alarm system detects fire and tells people to get away from the fire, helps control the spread of smoke and fire, and usually notifies a monitoring company to call the fire department.

A Fire Alarm Control Panel has lights to indicate its status: Green : Power is on and the Fire Alarm System is operating normally.

Red : A zone or device is in alarm. The lights will indicate zone or the display will show the location of the alarm. Building wide horns and strobes will activate. Call the fire department.

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Assembly Point

Figure 6.93

The direction of the assembly point is always indicated clearly in the fire escape floor plan. In this case, for this building, the assembly point is located outside the carpark and along the road to gather during fire.

Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 178: Exits for institutional and places of assembly.

In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom.

Clause 180: Space standards for calculating occupancy loads.

The occupancy load permitted in any place of assembly shall be determined by dividing the net floor area or space assigned to the use by the square metre per occupant as follows: a) assembly area of concentrated use without fixed seats such as an auditorium, places of worship, dance floor and lodge room 0.65 square metre per person; b) assembly area of less concentrated use such as a conference room, dining room, drinking establishment, exhibit room, gymnasium, or lounge 1.35 square metre per person; c) standing room or waiting space 3 square metres per person; d) the occupancy load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined by the number of fixed seats installed. Required aisle space serving the fixed seats shall not be used to increased the occupant load.

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6.4.2 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT To confine a fire to the zone of origin, for a specified time, thereby preventing fire spread and leaving more time for safe evacuation of the building occupants.

Specifically engineered containment systems are used as enclosures in instances where specific identifiable hazards within a building need to be independently isolated from the remainder of the building. Fire-resistive enclosures used for containment are subjected to fire exposure conditions specified in various related test Standards.

Fire Risk Area

Figure 6.94

Figure 6.95

Usually electrical and mechanical system rooms are the fire risk area. The images above is the main switch boards and the generator room of the Digi Headquarter.

They are located on the Level 1. But in this case, it is far away from the high users area. It is seperated from the office and discussion room. Other than that, the material used for the room is bricks and is protected bt FE-13 gas fire extinguishing system and CO2 fire suppression system.

It also complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under section 139.

Electrical and Mechanical Systems

Carpark

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Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 139: Separation of fire risk area.

The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the local authority based on the degree of fire hazard; a) boiler rooms and associated fuel storage areas; b) laundries; c) repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials; d) storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous; e) liquified petroleum gas storage areas; f) linen rooms; g) transformer rooms and substations; h) flammable liquids stores.

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Flame Containment Fire Rated Door The fire-rated door is essentially door or roller shutters that are manufactured using fire-resistant materials like timber, metal, steel, glass, gypsum or vermiculite boards.

This door can withstand fires for a few hours giving emergency services enough time to put out the fire and salvage your property. Apart from their ability to withstand fire and its extreme temperature, fire-rated door is also tested independently for their resistance threshold. In addition, the materials used also make them resistant to corrosion and extremely durable in any environment.

Figure 6.96

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Figure 6.97

Figure 6.98

The dimension of the double swing fire rated door in this builing is measured at 1600mm x 2100mm x 5mm of its thickness. On the other hand, the single swing fire rated door is measured at 900mm x 2100mm x 5mm of its thickness as well. These fire rated doors can withstand up to an hour.

Figure 6.99

Both of these doors can be seen fitted with an automatic door closers to ensure that the door will return to it original close position once opened. However, the doors should also be able to open from the inside as well.

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Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 162: Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls.

1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.

2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these Bylaws.

3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour.

4) Openings in partition enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour.

5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476: 1951.

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Fire Rated Roller Shutter These doors are used to stop Fire and smoke from spreading to save property and, more importantly, protect lives. It works with the fire control room, when fire is present, the roller shutter will shut down and is designed to act as a smoke barrier which enable users to escape.

Figure 6.100

Figure 6.101

In D’House, it can be seen that there are some offices and dicussion rooms are fitted with glass partitions which is facing towards the fire corridors. So in this case, fire rated roller shutter can be seen installed inside the offices and discussion rooms which is act to protect the fire corridors when the builing is on fire. This can also help in preventing the shattering of the glass inside the offices and discussion rooms due to high heat.

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Smoke Containment Fire Damper Fire dampers are ducting fittings. They are usually used whenever there is a fire-resistant wall in the property. Because of the ducting vent, there will be a place through which fire and smoke can escape from one room to another. Fire dampers are what stops the flames and smoke from passing through. Those fittings are often made out of galvanized steel. There could be vertical or horizontal dampers, depending on the way it shuts the ducting close.

Figure 6.102

Figure 6.103

Inside this building, the air conditioning and ventilation ductworks can be seen penetrates the compartments fire resistant walls and also partitions. Then connecting the air supply between rooms and floors.

The fire damper in this builing is a static fire damper. The HVAC blower will cycle off when the fire alarm goes off. These fire damper are installed in seperating walls.

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Intumescent Coatings Intumescent coating, often referred to as intumescent paint, is one of the easiest and most efficient ways to protect load bearing elements of buildings against fire.

Intumescent coating delays the collapse of the structure through insulating the structural elements, like columns, beams, floors and roofs, that support the building, helping to achieve fire resistance levels specified in terms of time. Therefore it fulfills with the highest priority of passive fire protection, preventing the collapse of the building, allowing the time for safe evacuation of people from it, and making it safer for the emergency services and rescue team.

Figure 6.104

Figure 6.105

Figure 6.106

It can be seen clearly that there is a spraying of intumescent fire protection coating in the gym in this builing for the structural steel which is exposed on the ceiling. The 40mm thick spray can provide 2 hours of fire resistance. This is to protect the steel from reaching its critical temperature for as long to enable users to evacuate from the building.

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Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 143: Beam or column.

Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, and external wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials shall comply with the provisions pf paragraph (3) of bylaw 142 as to non-combustibility.

Clause 217: Fire resistance of structural member.

Any structural member of overloading wall shall have fire resistance of not less than the minimum period required by these By-laws for any element which it carries.

Clause 224: Fire resistance for any element of structure.

Any element of structure shall be deemed to have the requisite fire resistance if : a) it is constructed in accordance with the specifications given in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws and the notional period of fire resistance given in that Schedule as being appropriate to that type of construction and other relevant factors is not less than the requisite fire resistance; or b) a similar part made to the same specification as the element is proved to have the requisite fire resistance under the conditions of test prescribed in the foregoing By-laws.

Ninth Schedule Part V. Structural Steel B. Encased steel beams (Mass per metre not less than 30 kg)

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Fire Fighting Access The fire fighting access in D’House are unobstructed and are considered a safe pathways provided for the fire service vehicles. It can access to different levels of the building and this is to ensure that all the fire fighting works can be done as soon as possible.

The fire fighting access in D’House are complies with UBBL Clause 140

Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 140: Fire appliances access.

All building in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances.

The proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale:

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6.5 CONCLUSION Active fire protection in Digi Headquarter includes hose reel system, sprinkler system, fire detection system and also the fire alarm system. On the other hand, passive fite protection includes the planning of proper evacuation routes for users, the accessibility of the fire appliances into the building, the design of passive containment and also the compartmentalization which is using the fire resistance rated walls and floors as well.

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07

MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

7.1 INTRODUCTION MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Mechanical transportation system refers to transportation that travels vertically or horizontally that helps people to travel between floors in a building. Forms of mechanical transportation may be found in a building including lifts, escalators and travelators or moving pavements.

7.2 LIFT Lifts also known as elevators is a transport device used to move goods or people vertically. Lifts are typically powered by electric motors that drive traction cables and counterweight systems such as a hoist, although some pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.

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7.2.1 TYPES OF LIFTS Hydraulic Lift A hydraulic elevator is power-driven by a piston that moves within a cylinder. The piston movement can be done by pumping hydraulic oil to the cylinder. The piston lifts the lift cab easily, and the oil can be controlled by an electrical valve.

Unlike traction elevators, hydraulic systems don’t use overhead hoisting machinery. Instead, these elevators use the compression of fluids to generate movement. The elevator cab is lifted by an electric motor that pumps oil into the cylinder to move the piston. Hydraulic elevators also incorporate electrical valves to control the release of oil for a gentle ride. The fluid needed to power a hydraulic elevator must be oil-based. Vegetable oil or biodegradable oil can be used as environmentally friendly options.

Figure 7.1

Pneumatic Lift

Figure 7.2

The pneumatic elevator can be designed with an external cylinder, and the cylinder is a crystal clear self-supporting cylinder. This cylinder includes modular sections to fit effortlessly into one by one. The top of this tube is designed with steel material that ensures tight air shutting by suction valves as well as inlets. A lift car runs within the cylinder, & the head unit on the top cylinder surface consists of valves, controllers, and turbines for controlling the elevator movements.

It is very easy to fit, operate as well as maintain when compared with the traditional elevators. These are used in existing homes because of their solid design. The main benefits of using these elevators include solid design & smooth, speed and flexibility, energy efficient and very safe.

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Traction Lift The traction lift are the most popular lift. It consists of steel cables as well as hoisting ropes that run above a pulley which is connected to the motor.

This is geared otherwise gearless-traction type elevator.

In this kind of elevator, several wire and hoisting cables are connected to the surface of an elevator car with covering around it on sheaves at one end & the other side is connected to a counterweight that travels up & down on its guide rails. Traction elevators use a counterweight to offset the weight of the cab and occupants. With this design, the motor doesn’t have to move as much weight, making it much more energy efficient than hydraulic systems.

Figure 7.3

Freight Lift

Figure 7.4

Freight lifts are designed to move goods and materials throughout a building.

Compared to passenger elevators, freight cars travel at slower speeds, can carry much heavier loads and are designed to withstand tougher working conditions.

It’s more important for freight elevators to be practical rather than attractive, which is why they are designed for maximum safety. This can include steel wall panels, a heavy steel floor and a reinforced gate. A freight elevator will usually include vertically opening doors. Older models might even have manually operated wooden gates.

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7.2.2 SPEED OF LIFTS Hydraulic elevators are most often found in buildings that serve up to five stories because they operate at slower speeds than other types of elevators, typically 150 ft./min. or less. For pneumatic lift, it only travels for 30 ft/min. Traction elevators are capable of travel speeds range from 500 - 2000 ft/min and for freight lifts, usually travels from 0.25 - 0.5 m/s.

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7.3 CASE STUDY OF DIGI HEADQUATERS - D’ HOUSE There are a total number of 4 lifts in D’ House for the people in the buildings. D’ House used geared traction lift type because the buildings has a total of 4-storeys.

Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VI Constructional Requirements Clause 124: Lifts For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at lease one lifts shall be provided.

MS1184: 2014 15 Lifts 15.1 All accessibility levels of a building shall be accessible with ramps or lifts. Lifts are preferable, and shall be accessible for all people, including people with disabilities.

At least one lift car, adjacent to a building entrance that is accessible for disabled people, shall be designed as a lift for wheelchair users.

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7.3.1 COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM The lift are consists of many different part to deliver smooth and also safe ride for the users, while for this building a geared traction lift is used.

Figure 7.5

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Machine Room Machine room, which is also called elevator motor room. The main uses for this room is for the elevator drives and controllers.

This machine room for the elevators can be seen above the elevator shaft in D’ House.

Figure 7.6

i) Gearbox

A sheave is connected to an electic motor which can be seen is attached to a gearbox. The sheave will raise and lower the elevator car when the motor turns one way.

While in geared lifts, the motor turns a gear train which is responsible to rotates the sheave.

Figure 7.7

ii) Traction Sheave The traction sheave can be seen under the drive motor in D’ House.

Traction sheave elevator comprising a drive machine, a traction sheave connected to the drive machine, two diverting pulleys, an elevator car, a counterweight and a hoisting rope rigging on which rigging the elevator car and its counterweight are suspended. Each deflection of Figure 7.8 a hoisting rope in the rigging takes place along a circular path determined by a rope groove on the traction sheave or a diverting pulley, occurs in essentially the same direction with respect to the direction of the shafts of the traction sheave and diverting pulleys.

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iii) Overspeed Governor

Figure 7.9

An overspeed governor is an elevator device which acts as a stopping mechanism in case the elevator runs beyond its rated speed. This device must be installed in traction elevators and roped hydraulic elevators. When the elevator in running ,no matter what the speed governor in the car or the risk of falling or other situations of safety protection devices do not work, to ensure the safety of the elevator.

iv) Control Panel

Figure 7.10

Figure 7.11

Microprocessor Controllers can be seen in D’ House to operate the lifts. This type of controllers uses less power compare to the previous technology and also smaller in size so that less space is needed for the controllers.

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Lift Shaft Lifts in buildings are normally totally enclosed by a shaft, typically square or rectangular, that will rise vertically through the building and often terminate above roof level. Lift shafts will also extend below ground if they must serve one or more basement levels, or to house operating equipment. They are commonly found in commercial, public and other types of multi-storey building.

Figure 7.12

i) Suspension Ropes

The suspension ropes will allow the lift to moves vertically, raised and lowered. The arrangement is the suspension ropes which is used in tyraction lift can be seen connected to the cross head and extended all the way up till the machine room and roll all over the traction sheave and then come all the way down to the counter weights. A single wrap roping system is used for D’ House where the rope can be seen passes over the traction sheave once only and then connected to the counter weight.

Figure 7.13

ii) Guide Rails Guide rails are part of the inner workings of most elevator and lift shafts, functioning as the vertical, internal track. The elevator guide rail not only controls the movement of the elevator car and the counterweight, but also provides strong support for the elevator to be braked when the car has an unexpected overspeed.

Figure 7.14

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iii) Counter Weights

Figure 7.15

Figure 7.16

The lift work in a slightly different way from simple hoists. The elevator car is balanced by a heavy counterweight that weighs roughly the same amount as the car when it's loaded half-full. When the elevator goes up, the counterweight goes down—and vice-versa. The counterweight makes it easier for the motor to raise and lower the car and reduces the amount of energy the motor needs to use.

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iv) Landing Door

Figure 7.17

Figure 7.18

This building is equipped with 2 panels, center opening doors. Door that can be noticed from each floor is known as outer or hoist way door. An improved hoistway access detection system including three safety chains, one for monitoring door position on the even numbered floors, one for monitoring door position on the odd numbered floors, and one for monitoring the position of the pit door, wherein an elevator car is slowly moved to the alternate floor upon detection and subsequent closure of an open pit door and any landing door.

Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 151: Openings in lifts shaft.

1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the openings to the satisfication of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S. 2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoist-way struction with a minimum FRP of half hour.

3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of one or more visions panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre.

4) Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150mm in diameter.

5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift cars.

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Exterior Lift Car Lift car is mounted on a platform within the shaft or hoist way.It consist of car frame, maintenance balustrade, travelling cable, compensation chain and many more.

i) Car Sling

The sling is the basic frame which consists of two stiles, a crosshead, and a bolster or safety plank which supports the platform and cab of an elevator. The platform or floor of the elevator is placed in the sling and supported by brace rods in each corner, on which passengers stand or the load is carried.

Figure 7.19

ii) Maintenance Balustrade It is located on top of the roof of the lift car where all the maintenance work is usually been done. The uses is to prevent users from falling into the lift shaft.

iii) Travelling Cable This cable is flexible where the uses is to supply electricity to the lift car and also served as the main communication between the controller and the lift car.

iv) Compensation Chain It can be seen welded with link or plastic-coated chain which is used for balancing the weight of the hoisting rope. The end of the chain can be seen attached under the lift car frame while the other end is fastened to the counter weight sling.

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Interior Lift Cabin The interior of the lift cabin is enclosed with wall, floor and ceiling. It also consist of the door, emergency trap door and ventilation apertures.

i) Car Wall

Figure 7.20

Figure 7.21

The car wall of the lift in D’ House are made of stainless steel.

ii) Operating Panel It is located on top of the roof of the lift car where all the maintenance work is usually been done. The uses is to prevent users from falling into the lift shaft.

a) Floor Request Button With these button users can choose the floor they want to go.

b) Open & Close Button Use to open or close the lift door.

c) Emergency Door Bell In case the lift has any problem, users can press this button and it will notify the control room.

d) Overloading Alarm A ringing sound can be heard when the lift is overloading or too heavy to operate.

e) Fire Alarm Landing When the fire bell is activated, the lift will return to the selected floor.

f) Intercom System Connect the inside of the lift to the control room.

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7.3.2 OPERATING SYSTEM Our elevator has the basic function that all elevator systems have, such as moving up and down, open and close doors, and of course, pick up passengers. For every floor except for the top floor and the lobby, there are two hall call buttons for the passengers to call for going up and down. There is only one down hall call button at the top floor and one up hall call button in the lobby. When the car stops at a floor, the doors are opened and the car lantern indicating the current direction the car is going is illuminated so that the passengers can get to know the current moving direction of the car. The car moves fast between floors, but it should be able to slow down early enough to stop at a desired floor. In order to certificate system safety, emergency brake will be triggered and the car will be forced to stop under any unsafe conditions.

Figure 7.22

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7.3.3 LIFT SAFETY FEATURES

Figure 7.23

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i) Apron When the escalator works normally, there is a certain gap between the apron board and the step. The single side is no more than 4mmand the sum of both sides is no more than 7mm. In order to guarantee the safety of the passengers, the apron board on the back of the pack of c-shaped steel, c-shaped steel distance setting switch, when foreign body into the apron board and the gaps between the cascade, apron plate deformation, c-shaped steel also move, after reaching a certain position, touch attack switch, then escalator stop running immediately.

Figure 7.24

ii) Safety Gear When the escalator works normally, there is a certain gap between the apron board and the step. The single side is no more than 4mmand the sum of both sides is no more than 7mm. In order to guarantee the safety of the passengers, the apron board on the back of the pack of c-shaped steel, c-shaped steel distance setting switch, when foreign body into the apron board and the gaps between the cascade, apron plate deformation, c-shaped steel also move, after reaching a certain position, touch attack switch, then escalator stop running immediately.

Figure 7.25

iii) Door Lock Switch Elevator lock, it is car door, layer door lock device. Under normal circumstances, the door cannot be opened without a locking device, protecting the person from being cut or falling. It is an important safety device for elevator. The lock is mainly composed of lock hook, lock block, force element, roller, open lock door wheel, electric safety electric shock and triangle lock.

Figure 7.26

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7.3.4 LOCATION OF LIFTS

Figure 7.27

Figure 7.28

Ground Floor lift location

First Floor lift location

Figure 7.29

Figure 7.30

Second Floor lift location

Third Floor lift location

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7.4 CONCLUSION In conclusion, Digi Headquarter is using traction lift. The lift in this building also complied to the UBBL and MS 1184, 2014 requirements which is to ensure the safety of the lifts itself and the user as well. The mechanical transportation system in this building has ease the life of the workers.

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Figure 5.27 : https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ON-%E2%80%9C-Performance-optimization-of-an-sys tem-of-by-%E2%80%9D-Lodhi-Sharma/727e317917fa7d498563693448bb189c9ed9e5c6 Figure 5.37 : https://www.ntt-review.jp/archive/ntttechnical.php?contents=ntr201411fa10.html Figure 5.44 : https://www.gunt.de/en/products/hvac/air-conditioning-technology/principles-of-air-conditioning -technology/air-conditioning-system-model/061.60500/et605/glct-1:pa-148:ca-125:pr-245 Figure 5.45 : https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/50160-chilled-water-central-air-conditioning-syste ms/ Figure 5.56 : https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Components-of-a-building-HVAC-system-Source-E-Sourc e_fig4_43939768 Figure 5.61 : https://time.com/4405338/air-conditioning-human-right/ Figure 6.1 : https://www.senjusprinkler.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Fire-Sprinkler-Types.jpg Figure 6.2 : https://www.senjusprinkler.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Fire-Sprinkler-Types.jpg Figure 6.3 : https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hSmphJakFuA/Ucqf-oObR8I/AAAAAAAAAE8/_OJICslprc0/s1600/H oseReelSys.jpg Figure 6.4 : https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hSmphJakFuA/Ucqf-oObR8I/AAAAAAAAAE8/_OJICslprc0/s1600/H oseReelSys.jpg Figure 6.5 : https://palcon.com.my/uploads/1/1/3/9/113917519/published/dryrisersys.jpg?1515492178 Figure 6.6 : https://www.sri.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/DRY-RISER-AND-WET-RISER-2.jpg Figure 6.7 : https://kumpulanprotection.com/catalog/images/Landing_Valve.jpg Figure 6.8 : https://kumpulanprotection.com/catalog/images/Landing_Valve.jpg Figure 6.9 : https://www.pentair.com/en/brands/aurora/_jcr_content/par/section_520812910_co/col1/image _copy_copy_copy.img.jpg/ Figure 6.10 : https://www.pentair.com/en/brands/aurora/_jcr_content/par/section_520812910_co/col1/image _copy_copy_copy.img.jpg/

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Figure 6.11 : https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/bH43oweTVog13LmJCnF8qjTyp9TU5b3J8SD4843Vc z5zmO5akLYQoqXego0KtkFyR Figure 6.12 : https://www.pentair.com/en/brands/aurora/_jcr_content/par/section_520812910_co/col1/image _copy_copy_copy.img.jpg/ Figure 6.13 : https://www.pentair.com/en/brands/aurora/_jcr_content/par/section_520812910_co/col1/image _copy_copy_copy.img.jpg/ Figure 6.14 : https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcT1cT-q3zPA-ZpcDH4xq0HrNGI AQucWuRnAvw&usqp=CAU Figure 6.15 : https://s33644.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/FIRE-EXTINGUISHERS-chart.jpg Figure 6.16 : https://s33644.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/FIRE-EXTINGUISHERS-chart.jpg Figure 6.17 : https://media.rs-online.com/t_large/F5245898-01.jpg Figure 6.18 : https://www.senjusprinkler.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Fire-Sprinkler-Types.jpg Figure 6.19 : https://media.rs-online.com/t_large/F5245898-01.jpg Figure 6.20 : https://www.ornicom.com/images/stories/virtuemart/product/4040M.jpg Figure 6.21 : https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/71IK30NIhwL._AC_SL1500_.jpg Figure 6.22 : https://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00dtiYUWkGgbcK/Break-Glass-Manual-Fire-Alarm-CallPoint.jpg Figure 6.23 : https://www.commercialaudiosolutions.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/3000x3000/ 9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27 Figure 6.24 : https://kumpulanprotection.com/catalog/images/Landing_Valve.jpg Figure 6.25 : https://www.axair-fans.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/pressurisation.jpg Figure 6.26 : https://media.rs-online.com/t_large/F5245898-01.jpg Figure 6.27 : https://kumpulanprotection.com/catalog/images/Landing_Valve.jpg Figure 6.28 : https://www.axair-fans.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/pressurisation.jpg

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Figure 6.29 : https://media.rs-online.com/t_large/F5245898-01.jpg Figure 6.30 : https://www.ornicom.com/images/stories/virtuemart/product/4040M.jpg Figure 6.96 : http://busyizzy.over-blog.com/2017/09/get-best-option-for-quality-fire-rated-doors.html Figure 6.102 : https://www.marinecomponents.co.uk/bsb-dampers Figure 6.104 : https://www.clariant.com/en/Corporate/Case-Studies/Flame-Retardants/Fire-protection Figure 7.1 : https://www.nelevator.com/technical/hydraulic-elevator-illustration/ Figure 7.2 : https://imgur.com/r/pics/A6Qg02e Figure 7.3: http://www.aboutelevator.com/2015/11/geared-traction-elevators.html Figure 7.4 : https://www.archiexpo.com/prod/thyssen-krupp-elevator/product-49335-875828.html Figure 7.5 : https://www.robsonforensic.com/articles/elevator-anatomy-schematic-of-traction-hydraulic-elev ator-systems/ Figure 7.9 : https://www.bode-components.com/en/news/modernization-kits/modernization-kit-no-3/ Figure 7.12 : https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/bu6spl/inside_of_a_600_elevator_shaft/ Figure 7.13 : https://cooperator.com/article/a-look-at-elevator-maintenance/full Figure 7.14 : https://lifttechsolution.wordpress.com/2017/11/12/elevator-installation-trap-cover-wiring-guide-r ail-counter-guide-rail-pit-switch-limit-switches-magnet-buffer-spring-counter-weight-spring-gov ernorflat-belt-wiring-brackets-with-all-parts/ Figure 7.15 : http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-part-two.html Figure 7.16 : http://www.elevatorbobs-elevator-pics.com/cwt_p1.html Figure 7.18 : https://www.elevatortechnics.com/products/elevator-landing-doors/ Figure 7.19 : https://www.stanleyelevator.com/traction-elevator-modernization/ Figure 7.22 : https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Reliable-Elevator-Use-Case-Diagram_fig1_220868368

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Figure 7.23 : https://www.eitaelevator.com.my/products/elevator/elevator-safety-features/ Figure 7.24 : https://www.okatt.com/lift-components/low-pit/toe-guard-apron-telescopic Figure 7.25 : https://escalator.en.made-in-china.com/product/kOBnfczuYJhI/China-Elevator-Safety-Compon ents-Progressive-Safety-Gear.html Figure 7.26: https://www.bsbasansor.com.tr/en-us/other-lift-supplies/elevator-door-locks

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Panel, A., & Publisher SummaryIndustrial fans can be classified into three basic groups: propeller. (2007, September 02). Propeller, Axial, and Centrifugal Fans.

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Viscous Air Filter: For large air volumes - FTI. (n.d.). Retrieved October 13, 2020, from http://ww-

Insulated Flexible Duct, R 8.0, 12 in Flexible Duct Inside Dia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 13, 2020, from https://www.grainger.com/product/ATCO-Insulated-Flexible-Duct-4TVN3 Promat. (2018, November 25). Fire Rated Ductwork. Retrieved October 13, 2020, from https://www.promatmiddleeast.com/en/blog/fireproofing/fire-rated-ductwork Bob. (2020, May 04). HVAC Ductwork 101: All You Need to Know. Retrieved October 13, 2020, from https://hvactraining101.com/hvac-ductwork/

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