HQ Magazine Issue 165B by hqmagazine

DIGITAL ISSUE 165B | 2024

SOUTH AFRICA’S PREMIER EQUESTRIAN MAGAZINE

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HELLO 2024! Happy New Year to you and your equine friends. We hope 2024 will be your best year yet! We have lots of exciting plans in store for the upcoming months, which we can't wait to share with you. As always, we need to extend a huge thank you to our advertisers who are starting yet another year with us. We couldn't produce this magazine without their generous support, so THANK YOU. Also a massive thank you goes out to you for starting 2024 filled

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with equestrian enthusiasm and a willingness to learn more about our sport and the wonderful animals we share it with! We consider it a huge privilege to provide this content month after month and LOVE sharing it with you. Here's to 2024!

Lizzie and xxx the HQ team Dr Lizzie Harrison | Editor

Designer | Mauray Wolff

DIGITAL ISSUE 165B | 2024

CONTENTS Top of the equestrian world rankings

HQ’s New Year Quiz

Final standings for 2023

International happenings

Amy Hay

HQ’s New Year Quiz

A true globe-trotter

Horse and rider

He will reign

HQ’s New Year Quiz

Off The Track Thoroughbred owned by Stacey Grace

The hoof

Making sure you're competition ready

HQ’s New Year Quiz

In just three simple steps…

Nutrition

Crucial conformation

HQ’s New Year Quiz

Part 10: Chest Conformation

Health

Products we love

HQ’s New Year Quiz

Shopping fun

Conformation

HQ’s New Year Quiz Tack

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TOP OF THE EQUESTRIAN WORLD RANKINGS

Final standings for 2023

In HQ Pro this month, we took a good look at the final standings in the world rankings for 2023. It’s fair to say that there aren’t too many surprises here…

SHOWJUMPING Henrik von Eckermann ended 2023 precisely as he started it, at the top of the World Jumping rankings! With his brilliant form throughout the year, he has retained his position at the top of the standings since the summer of 2022. In these, the final rankings of the year, Sweden’s Von Eckermann is top with 3386 points, just ahead of Great Britain’s Ben Maher. Notably, however, the gap between them is just 136 points, the smallest lead the Swede has held in recent months. It's worth mentioning in light of these recent developments, that just seven months ago, Von Eckermann achieved the largest-ever recorded lead on the runner-up, with 593 points separating him from then-second-placed rider Julien Epaillard. Maher managed to reduce the difference between himself and Von Eckerman by 258 points in just a single month, thanks to his impressive performances, including a second-place finish in the Madrid leg of the Longines FEI Jumping World Cup™. USA’s Kent Farrington holds on to third place for the second month in a row, while Swiss riders Steve Guerdat and Martin Fuchs switch positions to take the fourth and fifth places, respectively. The same goes for France’s Epaillard and the American McLain Ward, who occupy the sixth and seventh positions, while Simon Delestre and Max Kühner maintain their eighth and ninth positions. Shane Sweetnam enters the top 10, climbing one position from last month.

RANKINGS 1. Henrik Von Eckermann

SWE

3386 points

2. Ben Maher

GBR

3250 points

3. Kent Farrington

USA

3119 points

4. Steve Guerdat

SUI

3037 points

5. Martin Fuchs

SUI

2945 points

6. Julien Epaillard

FRA

2928 points

Mclain Ward

USA

2895 points

8. Simon Delestre

FRA

2754 points

9. Max Kühner

AUT

2740 points

10. Shane Sweetnam

IRL

2715 points

DRESSAGE

Jessica von Bredow-Werndl finishes 2023 at the top of the World Dressage rankings, just as she did at the end of 2021 on the back of her Tokyo 2020 triumph. She only briefly lost her spot at the top to Charlotte Fry when she was on maternity leave in 2022. This year has really been another sensational one for the German. And while Von Bredow-Werndl leads the athlete ranking, her mare TSF Dalera BB dominates the horses’ ranking, making them a formidable combination going into 2024. In second place in the athlete rankings is Charlotte Fry, who recently wowed at the London International Horse Show with Everdale. In third place, Nanna Skodborg Merrald holds onto her spot, with Great Britain’s Charlotte Dujardin on her heels in fourth place. The final place in the top five goes to Isabell Werth, who sits just 16 points behind Charlotte Dujardin. In the horse rankings, we have TSF Dalera BB in first place by a reasonable distance. Then, Nanna Skodborg Merrald’s gelding Blue Hors Zepter climbs back into second place to finish the year. The pair are very closely followed by Imhotep, Charlotte’s Dujardin’s gelding. Glamourdale, Charlotte Fry’s black stallion and former number one, has stepped back into fourth place, and Isabell Werth’s DSP Quantaz retains the last spot in the top five after their fabulous win in Stuttgart.

ATHLETE RANKINGS 1. Jessica Von Bredlow-Werndl

GER

2197 points

2. Charlotte Fry

GBR

2104 points

3. Nanna Skodberg Merrald

DEN

2062 points

4. Charlotte Dujardin

GBR

2024 points

5. Isabell Werth

GER

2008 points

1. TSF Dalera BB

2197 points

2. Blue Hors Zepter

2034 points

3. Imhotep

2024 points

4. Glamourdale

2007 points

5. DSP Quantaz

1893 points

HORSE RANKINGS

EVENTING For the third month, British rider Oliver Townend remains at the top of the World Eventing Rankings despite his point total remaining the same as in the previous month. As has become the norm recently, the British contingent boasts seven athletes within the top 10. Alongside Townend, Rosalind Canter follows in second place with 546 points, Tom McEwen in fourth, Harry Meade in fifth, Piggy March in sixth, Wills Oakden in seventh, and Laura Collett in 10th. The only non-British athletes in the Top 10 are the American Boyd Martin in third place, New Zealand’s Tim Price in ninth place, and the standout in the December ranking, Maxime Livio, who climbs nine positions to secure eighth place after securing victory in Montelibretti.

RANKINGS 1. Oliver Townend

GBR

569 points

2. Rosalind Canter

GBR

546 points

3. Boyd Martin

USA

471 points

4. Tom McEwen

GBR

466 points

5. Harry Meade

GBR

408 points

6. Piggy March

GBR

387 points

Wills Oakden

GBR

383 points

8. Maxime Livio

FRA

381 points

9. Tim Price

NZL

364 points

10. Laura Collett

GBR

362 points

HORSE AND RIDER

TEXT: AMELIA CAMPBELL-HORNE PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT PHOTOGRAPHY

AMY HAY A TRUE GLOBE-TROTTER

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HORSE AND RIDER

lmost every rider would argue that horsemanship is not just a hobby; it is a way of life. That is certainly true of Zimbabwean rider Amy Hay, who began riding as a ‘distraction’ and for whom it has become a passion. With this passion, and a good degree of perseverance, has come success, with Amy recently snatching a ‘big win’ with one of her new rides Othello, when she came home nearly two seconds into the lead of the Burlington Cup 1.35m Championships. HQ had a quick chat with Amy to find out more about her and her horses.

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HORSE AND RIDER

HQ: Can you tell us a bit about yourself and how you got involved with horses? Amy: I’m 19 years old, and I’m from Zimbabwe. In 2011, my brother got really sick with cancer, so as a family, we had to move to South Africa. My mom wanted to do something fun to distract me from the situation, so I started riding, and I haven’t stopped since! I jumped my first-ever competition in 2013 on a cheeky little chestnut pony, and to this day, I still love my cheeky little chestnuts.

At the end of 2012, my family and I moved back to Zimbabwe, and that’s when we found Charley Crockart. I competed with my horses and stabled them in Zim until the end of 2020, but we often travelled to South Africa to compete. My first time competing in South Africa was in 2016 at the Easter Festival on my two ponies, Turvey and Toy Story, in the 80cm and 90cm classes, and we travelled back to South Africa every year after that. At the end of 2020, I made the decision to move my horses permanently to South Africa so that I could compete at a higher level, and I haven’t competed in Zim since then.

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HORSE AND RIDER

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HQ: But South Africa and Zimbabwe are not the only countries you’ve competed in? Amy: Yep, I’ve had the opportunity to compete in a few countries, including Algeria, Morocco, Germany and most recently, the Netherlands, where I spent almost half of this year. I lived and worked with Kevin

and Linn Olsmeijer, who were the best family I could have asked for. I worked in their stables and also had the opportunity to work ride a lot of their horses, who were waiting to go into quarantine to come to South Africa. I also had the chance to produce some young horses for them. I went to a couple of shows on

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HORSE AND RIDER

my two horses and the young horses and even managed to pick up a few placings. I loved my time there! It was a lot of hard work with some long days, but I would definitely go back and hope to do so in the future. HQ: Can you tell us about the string of horses you have now? Amy: First of all, I’d like to say thank you so much to my parents for supporting me and my dreams!

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I have a few horses now. I still have Capital Lincoln and Riven’s Whirlwind. I also have a six-year-old mare named Cortina RLH Z, who is by Comme Il Faut out of a Quidam de Revel mare. I bought her as a baby and have produced her myself. She is currently jumping in the 1.20m and always has so much fun, but she can be a real madam - a typical chestnut mare! I also have Belle Amie, who is a seven-year-old mare by Blockbuster out of a Balou du Rouet mare. She always gives her all, and I have fallen

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in love with her. I recently imported her as well as my nine year old gelding Othello van het Keizershof, who is also known as Otto. He is by Harley VDL out of a For Pleasure mare. He is the cheekiest little chestnut gelding I have ever sat on. He is the smallest horse with the biggest attitude. He enjoys bullying me, but I love him so much, and I’m so excited for my partnerships with him and Bella to grow. HQ: What are your goals and plans with your current string? Amy: Next year, I would like to get some experience in the higher grades, especially on Otto and Bella. I’d like to be jumping confidently in the 1.45m classes and in some World Cups, as well as producing my younger horses. I’m planning to

FACT Riven’s Whirlwind was bred by Riven Stud in Zimbabwe and is by their foundation sire Dark Wolf out of a Padinus x Glenaygle Rebel mare. Dark Wolf, who is sadly recently deceased, also sired Riven’s Double Dutch, a five-year-old that jumps in the 1m with Tayla Hayward and Riven’s Dragonsdawn, who is competing successfully in the Western Cape with Kate Rawson.

get Tina up into the 1.35m classes. Keeping my horses happy is the biggest priority, though. Once I have experience in the higher heights, I’d definitely like to go back overseas and make a career of riding over there.

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HORSE AND RIDER

HQ: Any tips for buying/looking for a horse in Europe? Amy: Firstly, go with a dealer you trust! Also, very importantly, listen to the advice your coach gives you. I was pretty unsure about one of my horses that I recently imported, but Charley told me that that was the one, and I trusted her. I’m grateful I did because I adore the horse now; I don’t know what I would have done if I hadn’t trusted her and her advice. Most importantly, get a good vetting! Spend the money on a vetting, or you could waste a lot of money on a horse that doesn’t have a great vetting, so it can’t get you as far as you would have liked. HQ: As you’ve had experience abroad, do you have any advice for young riders who would like to work/ride in Europe? Amy: It is entirely different to here; we are so spoilt with all of the help we get, but if you are willing to work hard, then I think you’ll do alright.

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If you are planning to go across, and in the winter like I did, prepare to NEVER see the sun and for your hands to be completely numb. It is absolutely freezing when you are riding, and you will probably be really grateful that you have to muck out the stables because it keeps you really warm! Most of my days consisted of waking up, feeding horses at 7.30am, mucking out, doing the hay and bedding, sweeping the whole barn, and putting the horses in and out the walker and the field. We did have a coffee break around 9.30am, and then we got to riding. We then had lunch, rode some more and then put horses in and out the fields and did the hay and the sweeping and feeding… Your days are definitely busy; you don’t have time to get bored! But if you can work hard, then you will love it. I loved my time there, and I recommend going overseas as you gain so much experience and your horsemanship will improve!

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HQ: Having competed in various countries, please could you share your experience of them? Amy: I really enjoyed competing all over - some places more than others. The equestrian industry in the Netherlands is just on a whole other level. Everything is so accessible; you could go to a show almost every day of the week, not just at weekends. We even went to a show on a Tuesday! South Africa has a big equestrian industry, and it is definitely getting bigger, which is really exciting; however, over here, we don’t get nearly as many opportunities as you do overseas. Germany (Aachen) was an incredible opportunity that not everyone gets, so I am so thankful I was chosen to represent Zimbabwe at the Youth

Equestrian Games. Algeria was just crazy! We were all running around and sharing tack, but thankfully, I always take my saddle wherever I go, so at least I have something I am used to! So, a little tip from experience is that if you are going to compete in another country, try to find out what tack is available, and if you are riding a borrowed horse, make sure you talk to the owners and the grooms about what the horse is like. At the end of the day, everywhere is so different, but I am so grateful that I have had the opportunity to travel and compete all around the world. HQ: We can’t wait to hear about where you get to ride next and your journey with your horses.

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HOW TO WIN 1. Like/follow @saddle_creek_ and @hq_magazine. 2. Like the giveaway social media post and tag 3 people. 3. HQ will do a random name draw of the winner of this beautiful numnah and ear veil set, on the 2nd of February 2024. @saddle_creek_

@hq_magazine.

HORSE AND RIDER

PHOTOGRAPHY: AMY WHITE MEDIA

HE WILL REIGN

OFF THE TRACK THOROUGHBRED OWNED BY STACEY GRACE

In Stacey’s words:

It was love at first bite for me… It was late 2020, and I was in the market for a horse. I wanted something special for my 40th birthday (27 December), and my requirements were extremely reasonable; I wanted a perfect horse who was beautiful and had the most loving nature… It’s fair to say I had high standards.

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HORSE AND RIDER

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My trainer had been following a horse’s journey on Facebook; she described him as a good-looking horse with lots of personality. He was off the track and by Cape Town Noir out of Lite A Fire (sired by National Emblem).

He Will Reign (aka King) had only five starts in the racing, and his last race was in March 2021. He’d had no wins and no places, so it was safe to say he wasn’t going anywhere in his racing career. He really was banking purely on his fabulous personality and good looks to find him a future.

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HORSE AND RIDER

King came to my yard on stable rest from a minor injury, and, as I said, it was literally love at first bite for me. His personality and presence are absolutely all-consuming, and he demands attention (even with his teeth on occasion!)

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I decided to start him with dressage in 2021, which was a tall order as I had never done any dressage myself. I started fresh in the walk/trot tests (to see a video of how this went, you can check out my TikTok, where there is a video showing a Friesian jumping straight into the arena midtest, which King handled like a pro).

King really tests me. He likes to show off his cowboy moves every now and then to express his excitement, and there have been many tears of frustration, but the love and respect I have for this boy is just immeasurable. He is the sun, the moon and the stars and everything in between for me. We ended 2023 by winning the KZN ESP Series Adult Novice Thoroughbred.

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I am so excited to see where our journey takes us. Thank you to my team, Mariska Arends (our dressage coach) and Sarah of KZN Clipping Equine Style Guru (who makes him even prettier); they are as in love with him as I am.

Follow Stacey, Mariska and Sarah on Instagram at: Stacey Grace: @_stacey_grace Mariska Arends: @poppi.zn Sarah Brauns: @kznclippingequinestyleguru

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HORSE AND RIDER

TEXT: AMELIA CAMPBELL-HORNE

Making sure you're competition ready IN JUST THREE SIMPLE STEPS…

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HORSE AND RIDER

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HORSE AND RIDER

fter a few weeks of feasting and festivities, we are back to reality and ready to jump right into the 2024 competition season. If this isn't your first rodeo, then hopefully, you have set aside some funds for your annual subscriptions so you won't get too anxious as the bills roll in. In any case, here is your three-step plan for getting ready to compete in 2024… NOTE: We’ve focused on the three Olympic disciplines to avoid making this overly complex, but if you’d like to hear about the others as well, just let us know on email or social and we’ll put something together for you! STEP 1 - REGISTER WITH A CLUB Each rider must be registered with a club to complete their SAEF (Step 2) and their discipline-specific (Step 3) memberships. There are a wide variety of clubs across South Africa, some that only offer specific disciplines and some that offer several. Some, at first glance, might look pricey, whereas others seem cheap in comparison, but beware, as the offerings vary widely!

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HORSE AND RIDER

Choosing the right club might be quite a challenging decision to make, so here are some pointers that we think might be helpful: 1. You can sign up for more than one club, so if you are a bit overwhelmed and unsure but want to get out and compete, you can select a more affordable club, to begin with to get your SAEF and discipline memberships approved. 2. You can find a comprehensive list of all the clubs by region on the SAEF webpage under 'Participate: Find a Club.' 3. A few of the 'bigger' venues (KPC and Durban Shongweni Club) charge

'non-member'/daily fees at every competition. Perhaps weigh up how many times you plan on competing at that venue in a year to decide whether it is better to pay the 'non-member' fees each time you compete or to bite the bullet and get the annual membership. 4. Check what extra perks the clubs might offer. Some give member discounts at their restaurants, allow riders to ride in their warm-up arenas at all times and hire out the competition arenas from time to time, and give early access to event tickets and heads up on the opening of entries.

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HORSE AND RIDER

STEP 2 - REGISTERING WITH THE NATIONAL GOVERNING BODY: THE SAEF Register or sign up for your annual South African Equestrian Federation (SAEF) membership. The SAEF is the National Governing Body of all equestrian sport in South Africa. It is registered as the official Equestrian Federation with both SASCOC (South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee) and the FEI. As such, the SAEF is responsible for ensuring adherence to both FEI and SASCOC rules and regulations, keeping the sport drug-free, and putting the welfare of the horse first. Amongst various other important roles and responsibilities, the SAEF

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is also responsible for supplying the SAEF passports that all horses are required to have to compete in any of the SAEF disciplines. Registrations and Renewals of SAEF memberships are quick and easy and should be completed online through the SAEF online portal. This portal can be accessed from their main webpage (www. saef.org.za), where you click on the 'register here' button. Everyone will need to register once before they can log in, even if they have registered in previous years. Once you are in, you can update your membership under the 'members' tab and pay straight away.

HORSE AND RIDER

The 2024 SAEF membership fees are either R510 for Junior Riders or R825 for Senior Riders (over 18). There is an additional charge per rider and per horse to compete in FEI competitions, and if you wish to compete abroad, you will be required to purchase an international license. If it's your first time signing up for the SAEF, however, you can apply for a special entry-level membership that is free! This initiative is aimed at encouraging participation in equestrian sport and is also only available to those who compete at entry level in their chosen discipline. Once you upgrade, you will need to pay your full membership fee. STEP 3 - REGISTER/ RENEW YOUR DISCIPLINE MEMBERSHIP This can generally be done through online portals on the disciplinespecific webpage. We decided to have a bit of fun and rank our Olympic disciplines from most to least costly while checking these systems out…

DID YOU KNOW? There are over 17 equestrian disciplines affiliated with the SAEF. These include FEI-recognised disciplines: • Dressage • Eventing • Showjumping • Vaulting • Endurance • Reining • Para-equestrian • Driving Non-FEI disciplines: • Western Mounted Games • Mounted Archery • Showing • Saddle Seat • Equitation • Tent pegging • English Mounted Games • Polo • Polocrosse

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Most expensive - SHOWJUMPING Head to www.sashowjumping.co.za, and you can either 'sign up' to register or 'log in' to renew. You will then have the option to click on the big blue 'Renew SASJ 2024 membership'. On this page, you make your selections, and you will be taken through to a Payfast engine to complete your payment. SASJ Membership Fees FOR 2024: U12 Rider: FREE U18 Rider: R715 Adult Category 2 (If you are competing 1.25m or lower): R715 Adult Category 1 = (Open Riders 1.30m and higher): R1,430 Horse/Pony Registration: R220 per horse Recreational riders: FREE Owners, officials and grooms: FREE Sponsors: R2,000

Middle of the road - DRESSAGE Head to www.dressagesa.com and then select 'login', which will give you the option to go to 'Members Portal' or 'New members Registration'. Once logged in, you can renew your membership by selecting the 'Member renewal' tab. DSA Membership Fees FOR 2024: Graded U18 Riders: FREE Graded Adult Riders: R740 Non-Graded Adult Riders: R220 Owners: R280 Officials: R220 Sponsors: FREE Horse/Pony Registration: R150 per horse

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HORSE AND RIDER

FACT BOX Got a new horse for Christmas? • Make sure to download, complete and email in a SAEF' change of ownership' form. • If you have purchased an off-the-track thoroughbred that only has an NHRA passport, you will need to apply for a SAEF Group IX passport. • All the relevant forms can be found on the SAEF webpage under 'passports'.

Bargain price - EVENTING Head to www.eventingza.co.za and select 'Login' and then 'Rider Member Login'. This portal is based on the same system as the new SAEF system and, as such, is easy to follow if you have made it through your SAEF registrations.

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Eventing SA Membership Fees FOR 2024: U18 Riders (Pony and Junior): R150 Adult 2* - 4*: R490 Adult 85cm - 1*: R360 Unaffiliated (65-75cm): FREE for your horse as well! Officials: FREE Sponsors: R700 Horse/Pony Registration: R265 per horse *Temporary Membership (allows you to compete in two events): R150

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AND THAT'S IT! Once all of these three organisations have signed off on each other, you are A for away and ready to enter your first competition… We wish you all a super successful competition year!

FINAL TIPS • KNOW your FEI and SAEF RULES! – The FEI has some super apps available to assist if you are unsure of any general, tack or doping rules, i.e. the "FEI RULE APP" and the "FEI TACK APP". Breaking the rules can result in elimination, disqualification, fines and, in some cases, lengthy bans. It is your job as a rider to know your rules, as ultimately, you are the one who will pay the price! • Always take your horse's PASSPORT to competitions with you. • CLIPPING caution: • You are not allowed to clip your horse's legs three days before a competition if your blades will cut the hair shorter than 2mm. • You will also not be allowed to compete if your horse's sensory hairs have been clipped or shaved (muzzle, eyes and ears). The only exception is if they have been removed by a veterinarian or for veterinary treatment. • VACCINES • Make sure your horse's African Horse Sickness (AHS) vaccination schedule is up to date. Horses must receive one AHS 1 and one AHS 2 annually with a minimum of 21 days between administration of the vaccines. • Equine Influenza vaccinations must be administered at least once every 12 months after a horse has received his initial two courses. If a horse is competing, he will need a booster to have been given between 21 days and six months after his last vaccine. • You CANNOT compete with your horse for seven days after any vaccine.

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HOME IS WHERE YOUR HORSE IS

Let our Equestrian Property Specialists help you find your dream home in 2024 T: 076 110 9486 083 947 2726 M: Andre@LWP.co.za Alma@LWP.co.za W: www.LWP.co.za Registered member of the PPRA

XXX

Crucial conformation Part 10: Chest Conformation

hen choosing or evaluating a horse, there are many factors to consider: breed, breed type (how the horse embodies the characteristics of his breed or type), pedigree, colour, temperament and personality. However, the most important element is the conformation, particularly if you want the horse to have an athletic career or breed. Choosing a horse based on an understanding of conformation makes it less likely that you will endure the disappointment or heartbreak of a career-ending injury or early loss of use due to arthritis or injury.

A horse with good conformation has no apparent faults that detract from his general appearance and function. Crucially, however, conformation is not just about looks but also about suitability for the job the horse will be asked to do. Some of the 'rules' of conformation are based on pure physics – structural strength, leverage forces and proper angles, for instance – and these help us understand why some horses stay sound and others do not. Of course, some horses with poor conformation go on to be winners, but these are truly the exceptions

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H O R S E A N D H E A LT H

to the rule. Most of the best equine athletes possess certain qualities of good conformation that enable them to perform at a higher level. Generally, the horse with good conformation and proper body and leg angles experiences less wear and tear on joints and other structures. He is more apt to stay sound and perform well during a long life of athletic service than a horse with serious conformational flaws. In this issue, we start to look at chest conformation and how this impacts the athletic horse.

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CHEST CONFORMATION The horse's ribs form the outer surface of the chest and define the appearance of the horse's midsection or barrel, the area between the front legs and hindquarters. They serve to protect the heart, lungs, arteries and windpipe. The shape and curvature of the ribs ultimately determine whether a horse has a well-rounded, deep barrel with plenty of room for the heart and lung expansion or a narrow, flat-sided midsection. Ideally, the ribs should be curved and projected backwards rather than straight down.

There should also be relatively large spacing between the ribs to allow for greater movement and lung expansion when the horse takes a breath. The shape of the chest is, therefore, ultimately significant because it plays a major role in the horse's level of stamina and endurance. A horse doing a lower level of work may not be hampered by chest conformation that limits lung capacity, but any horse that needs to perform work involving speed, power or endurance needs as much room as possible in his chest for maximum long expansion.

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ANATOMY The thorax, or chest, is the front part of the barrel of the horse. The chest cavity is formed by the flexible, curved rib bones, which are attached to the backbone vertebrae at the top. The ribs in the front section of the chest are attached to the sternum, or breastbone, underneath the horse. The sternum lies between the forelegs and consists of six to eight bony

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segments connected to one another by cartilage to create the floor of the thoracic cavity. The width of the sternum, therefore, partially determines the width of the horse's front end. AN OVAL-SHAPED CHEST The horse's chest is long from backbone to breastbone and narrower from side to side, i.e. it forms an oval shape. The ribs are the skeletal support of the side of the chest. Just to the inside of the ribs are the scapular or shoulder blades. These attach to the humerus, the uppermost bone in the front leg, between the shoulder joint and elbow joint.

H O R S E A N D H E A LT H

When viewed from the front, the chest, also called the breast, is defined as the area between the bottom end of the neck and the tops of the front legs. RIBS Most horses have 18 pairs of ribs, though some have 19, and a few only have 17. The number of ribs depends on the number of thoracic vertebrae because the ribs are attached to these vertebrae. Some Arabians and Thoroughbreds have 19 pairs of ribs but compensate by having five lumbar vertebrae instead of six. This conformation creates a shorter, stronger loin area or coupling. The extra rib gives a wellribbed-up appearance and depth of flank. The underline of the horse should rise gradually toward the hindquarters, not up sharply towards the flank.

RIB ATTACHMENTS • The first rib is the shortest and angles slightly forward from its vertebrae. • The second rib is vertical. • The remainder of the ribs (after the second)should slope backwards rather than straight down. • The first six or seven ribs are found behind the scapula. • The first ten thoracic vertebrae have the tallest dorsal spinous processes, which create the withers. • The first nine rib pairs provide attachment sites for muscles that activate the shoulders. • The first eight pairs of ribs, the sternal ribs, are attached at their bottom end to the sternum with cartilage. • The last ten or eleven pairs are attached only to the backbone and not to the sternum. • The last eleven pairs of ribs (or ten or nine, depending on the horse and his total number of ribs) are linked together at the bottom by only a band of cartilage and thus have greater mobility. Those last ribs allow for maximum chest expansion when the horse breathes, rotating into their widest position. • The last one or two pairs are often termed floating ribs because the bottom end may not be attached to the adjacent ribs.

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H O R S E A N D H E A LT H

WELL-RIBBED UP It is important that the ribs extend back along the abdomen to allow for maximum chest expansion. Arabians and horses with Arabian blood, like Thoroughbreds, which may have the extra pair of ribs, often have great lung room and exceptional endurance due in part to the extra ribs. For a horse to be well-ribbed up, the thoracic vertebrae that carry the ribs should extend back toward the pelvis, leaving no slackness between the last rib and the hip and very little space between the rib and the angle of the hindquarter. The horse with well-sprung ribs that curve out and project backwards has a round barrel and a short loin (short back).

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H O R S E A N D H E A LT H

MUSCLES OF THE CHEST The chest is not rigidly attached to the front legs but is suspended between them, supported between the shoulder blades by muscles. The primary muscle attachments are at the bottom of the rib cage and suspend the chest from the sides of the forelegs. This is an ideal arrangement for minimizing concussion forces for the body, as muscular attachments have more elasticity than bony attachments and can absorb much of the shock that would otherwise be transmitted directly to the body through the feet and the legs. This suspension arrangement also minimizes jarring of the heart and lungs, the principal organs within the chest cavity.

In addition, many of the muscles associated with the neck and front legs are attached to the ribs. When viewed from the front, the chest should be well-defined rather than blending into the neck. Even if the horse has thick muscling, the actual width of the chest is defined by the bone structure. The breast should be wide, with a relatively wide gap between the front legs, but not too wide, or the horse will have less agility and speed. NEXT TIME In our next edition, we will continue to examine the conformation of the chest, particularly in terms of its shape. The shape of a horse's chest plays a significant role in his performance ability, so stay tuned for our next edition.

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’S NEW YEAR QUIZ

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HQ’S NEW YEAR QUIZ 50

INTERNATIONAL HAPPENINGS 1. Which rider took over the reins of dressage superstar MSJ Freestyle? A: Charlotte Dujardin B: Cathrine Laudrup-Dufour C: Lottie Fry 2. Which stallion is the top 2023 WBFSH showjumping sire? A: Diamant de Semilly B: Chacco-Blue C: Toulon

3. Which stud in South Africa has the full sister to WBFSH 5th ranked showjumping sire Zirocco Blue VDL? A: Callaho Stud B: 334 C: Capital Stud 4. Who were the winners of the LGCT Super Grand Prix? A: Christian Kukuk and Mumbai B: Daniel Deusser and Killer Queen VDM C: Julien Epaillard and Dubai Du Cedre 5. Which well-known Hanoverian stallion passed away at the age of 30 in January 2023 A: For Romance B: Stakkato C: Chacoon Blue 6. TI Stud welcomed two foals by which impressive Van Olst stallion? A: Glamourdale B: Everdale C: Kjento

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QUIZ

7. Which event rider is known for completing the vetting trot-up in an American flag suit? A: Phillip Dutton B: Boyd Martin C: James Alliston 8. Which father-son duo took the top two spots for both the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Freestyle at the London International Horse Show? A: I mhotep (first in both classes) and his father, Everdale (second in both classes) B: I mhotep (first in both classes) and his father, Glamourdale (second in both classes) C: Imhotep (first in both classes) and his father, Blue Hors Zack (second in both classes) HQ|165B

9. Which young stallion has just been awarded Belgian Horse of the Year? A: Action Breaker B: Rocco van’t Koningsbos C: Ermitage Kalone 10. In 2023, Thoroughbred stallion Frankel had a stud fee of 275,000 pounds. From January 2024, he will be joining Dubawi in having the most expensive stud fee globally. What will his new stud fee be? A: 280,000 pounds B: 300,000 pounds C: 350,000 pounds

QUIZ

11. Where does the Longines FEI WBFSH World Breeding Dressage Championships for Young Horses take place? A: Ermelo B: Herning C: Stockholm

13. Which combination won the LGCT Grand Prix A Coruna? A: Bertram Allen and Pacino Amiro B: Harrie Smolders and Monaco N.O.P. C: Julien Epaillard and Donatello d’Auge

12. Which top international showjumper shares a father with Berghof Eragon? A: King Edward B: Explosion W C: Eic Julius Caesar

14. In July of 2023, Stephex Stables welcomed which young stallion? A: Replay van’t Paradijs B: Kingston C: Legacy

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QUIZ

15. Which luxury brand sells a $345 hoof pick?B: Gucci C: Tommy Hilfiger 16. What is Imhotep (ridden by Charlotte Dujardin) known as in the stable? A: Bob B: Immy C: Pete 17. Which stallion was awarded the highest score ever in the KWPN Performance Test? A: Cero Blue TN B: Le Quirky C: Grand Slam VDL HQ|165B

QUIZ

18. What was the final height of the jump for the Puissance at the London Horse Show? A: 2.16m B: 2.18m C: 2.20m 19. The six-year-old Casabea Blue PS sold for an impressive 1.6 million Euros. How is she bred? A: Casallco x Baloubet du Rouet B: Chacco-Blue x Cassallco C: Casall x Chacco-Blue

20. Who won Badminton Horse Trials 2023? A: A ustin O’Connor and Colorado Blue B: Rosalind Canter and Lordships Graffalo C: Tom McEwen and Toledo de Kerser 21. Which of the following countries has NOT qualified for all four disciplines in the Paris 2024 Olympics? A: Great Britain B: Germany C: Spain

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QUIZ

22. Who was crowned the LGCT Champion of Champions? A: Harrie Smolders B: Christian Kukuk C: Julien Epaillard 23. Who is the leading FEI U25 rider in showjumping? A: Philipp Schulze Topphoff B: Harry Charles C: Gilles Thomas

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24. Who is the leading FEI U25 rider in dressage? A: Selina Söder B: Thea Bech C: Martein Luiten

Answers on page 109

HQ’S NEW YEAR QUIZ 56

HORSE AND RIDER 1. Going around the arena clockwise the dressage letters read A, K, V, E, S, H, C, M, R, B, F, P. A: True B: False 2. The winners of the SA Derby 2023 were Ronnie Healy and Gillian van Orshof. A: True B: False

3. Gallop is a four-beat gait. A: True B: False 4. Dressage originated with military equitation. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

5. To feature on a saddlecloth in showjumping, sponsors must be registered for the current year with South African Showjumping. A: True B: False

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6. The winner of the WCQ series in South Africa was Bronwyn Meredith Dos Santos. A: True B: False

QUIZ

7. New dressage tests are being introduced by Dressage South Africa for 2024. A: True B: False 8. In dressage freestyles DoD refers to what? A: Dance of dressage B: Degree of difficulty C: Degree of difference

9. Behind the vertical refers to an undesirable frame in which the horse’s nose is below or tucked in further than the poll. A: True B: False 10. In dressage ‘collected marks’ refers to the marks given for the degree of collection shown. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

11. In dressage, the passage is a movement where the horse is in a highly collected trot remaining on the spot. A: True B: False

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12. Chipping in is where a horse takes an extra half-stride when approaching a jump, usually because there is an awkward distance between two jumps or because the space between jumps was misjudged by either the horse or rider. A: True B: False

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13. Footing refers to the number of strides between jumps. A: True B: False 14. The Olympics features six equestrian disciplines. A: True B: False

15. A half-halt is where the horse halts for half a second or less before moving forwards again. A: True B: False 16. In showing in South Africa, horses can compete Hors Concours (HC). A: True B: False

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QUIZ

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17. Canter is a three-beat and asymmetrical gait. A: True B: False

19. In counter-canter the horse leads with the outside leg. A: True B: False

18. In trot the footfalls are right back and left front, and then left back and right front, or vice-versa. A: True B: False

20. In Table A, A2, competitions against the clock, riders with equal penalties are placed in order of time taken to complete the round. In unlikely event of equal penalties and time, there may be a shortened jump off. A: True B: False

QUIZ

21. In showing, plaits should ideally be sewn, but elastics can be used. A: True B: False

22. Jessica Jane Prince and Prism won the SA Outdoor Grand Prix in 2023. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

23. Nicola Mohr and Callaho Winston are the 2023 Individual Adult Dressage Champions of South Africa. A: True B: False

24. The object of dressage is the development of the horse into a ‘Happy Athlete’ through harmonious education. A: True B: False Answers on page 109

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HQ’S NEW YEAR QUIZ 64

THE HOOF 1. What is the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) more commonly known as? A: The fetlock B: The knee C: The hock 2. The distal sesamoid bone in the foot is also known as what? A: The coffin bone B: The navicular C: The pedal bone

3. The distal phalanx is commonly known as what? A: The pedal bone B: The navicular C: The pastern

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QUIZ

4. The hoof wall is thicker at the toe than at the heel. A: True B: False

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5. The hoof wall is thicker medially than laterally. A: True B: False

7. Corrective shoeing can be used to help improve conformational defects or create a gait abnormality. A: True B: False

6. Shoeing the horse prevents the hoof wall from growing. A: True B: False

8. A horse can only be barefoot if they live out 24/7 A: True B: False

QUIZ

9. A lack of farrier care will result in long, unbalanced hooves and place strain on the internal structures of the hoof and lower leg. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

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10. The buffer and driving hammer are used to raise the clenches when removing the shoe. A: True B: False

12. What shape should the front feet be? A: Round B: Oval C: Squared off

11. Typically, seven nails are needed to secure a shoe. A: True B: False

13. What should the shape of the sole be? A: Flat B: Concave C: Convex

QUIZ

14. Ideally, how wide should the white line be? A: Ideally 2cm wide B: Ideally 4-6mm wide C: No more than 2-3mm 15. What is another term for advanced laminitis? A: Azoturia B: Founder C: White line disease

16. The hind feet are more oval in shape to allow for traction during propulsion. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

17. The width of the frog should be two-thirds of its length, otherwise the the food is considered to be contracted. A: True B: False

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18. The hoof wall grows on average approximately 2cm per month. A: True B: False

QUIZ

19. The bars of the hoof are parts of the wall that have turned inward from the heels to surround the frog. A: True B: False 20. The hoof wall is made of keratin. A: True B: False

21. An injury to the coronary band can permanently affect the growth of the hoof. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

22. The periople is a small band of soft tissue found over the upper surface of the wall of the hoof. It protects the soft and newly formed horn and holds moisture in the foot. A: True B: False

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23. A club foot has a very low heel. A: True B: False

QUIZ

24. The scientific name for foal slippers is eponychium. A: True B: False

Answers on page 109

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HQ’S NEW YEAR QUIZ

NUTRITION 1. Horses should have 24/7 access to forage or grazing. A: True B: False 2. Horses are unable to regurgitate food once it arrives in the stomach. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

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QUIZ

3. When horses eat a lot of dry forage they consume less water. A: True B: False

4. Fat has a lower energy level than the same quantity of carbohydrate. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

5. The majority of horses do very well on just forage, a balancer and water. A: True B: False

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6. Very thin horses and more sensitive to the effects of cold weather. A: True B: False

QUIZ

7. Growing horses need less protein than adult horses. A: True B: False

8. The calcium: phosphorus ratio of the diet must always be maintained in the ratio >1:1. A desirable ratio is 1.5:1. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

9. Horses should have 24/7 access to water. A: True B: False

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10. Horses are hindgut fermenters. A: True B: False

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11. Lucerne hay is derived from the plant Medicago sativa. A: True B: False

12. Generally, lucerne has a lower level of protein than teff. A: True B: False Answers on page 109

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HQ’S NEW YEAR QUIZ 82

HEALTH 1. The normal rectal temperature of a horse is 37.5 to 38.5 degrees. A: True B: False 2. Equine influenza is highly contagious. It rarely leads to long term or fatal illness in healthy adult horses, but can lead to serious complications in young or old horses. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

3. The normal heart rate of a horse is 36-40 beats per minute. A: True B: False 4. Equine influenza is caused by a bacteria. A: True B: False

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5. Performance horses are at lower risk of developing equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). A: True B: False 6. A horse’s capillary refill time should be between 1-2 seconds. A: True B: False

QUIZ

7. Azoturia is colloquially referred to as tying-up. A: True B: False

9. Gastric ulcers are caused by a high pH in the stomach. A: True B: False

8. IV fluids are administered into the muscle of the horse. A: True B: False

10. Once kissing spines are diagnosed a horse cannot be ridden again. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

11. The normal respiration rate of a horse is 8-15 breaths per minute. A: True B: False 12. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common ocular cancer in horses. A: True B: False

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13. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is also known as Cushing’s Disease. A: True B: False

QUIZ

14. Infectious keratitis is a bacterial or fungal infection causing inflammation and infection of the cornea, or the outer layer of the eye. These cases are extremely difficult to manage and often lead to enucleation due to treatment failure. A: True B: False

15. Osteoarthritis can develop between the vertebrae of the neck in horses. A: True B: False 16. Appaloosas are predisposed to uveitis. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

17. Shivers is a chronic neuromuscular condition in horses. Clinical signs can vary, but many horses exhibit hyperflexion when raising their hind limbs up and away from the body. A: True B: False 18. Torsions are the most common type of colic. A: True B: False

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19. Omeprazole (the active ingredient of Omepracote) is a proton-pump inhibitor and acts to suppress the gastric acid acidity of the gastric fluids in the horse’s stomach. A: True B: False

QUIZ

20. Hives are commonly associated with immunologic reactions against allergens a horse has inhaled, ingested, had injected, or that have come in contact with the skin. A: True B: False

21. Overweight horses are at lower risk of arthritis because the fat helps to pad their joints. A: True B: False 22. Colic is the term for abdominal pain. It is not a disease in itself. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

23. Sweet itch is caused by an allergic reaction to worms. A: True B: False

24. Nasal discharge only requires investigation by a vet if it is from one nostril only. A: True B: False Answers on page 109

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HQ’S NEW YEAR QUIZ 90

CONFORMATION 1. There are seven cervical vertebrae that make up the neck of the horse? A: True B: False 2. Eye size is consistent in horses. It is the bone structure surrounding the eye that gives the appearance of large or small eyes. A: True B: False

3. The point where the head and neck meet at the throatlatch is referred to as the mitbah in some cultures. A: True B: False 4. Wolf teeth, if present, tend to have very long roots. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

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5. By 8 years of age Galvayne’s groove have appeared at the gum line on the upper corner incisor. A: True B: False 6. A young horse may appear to have low withers because the dorsal spinous processes of those vertebrae have not yet attained their full height. A: True B: False

7. The amount of forearm muscling gives a good indication of how much muscling a horse has on his body. A: True B: False 8. Horses with short cannon bones tend to have lower speed or stamina. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

9. Splint bones are vestiges of leg bones that attached to the outer toes in the early horse. A: True B: False 10. Many horses that are slightly pigeon-toed are successful in sport. Even though their joints are not perfectly aligned, they seem to be able to withstand more stress on those joints than a horse that toes out. A: True B: False

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11. A horse with a hock that is too low cannot move his hind foot forward as efficiently and has a shorter stride. This reduces his ability to travel with maximum power. A: True B: False

QUIZ

12. Horses favour one side. They are either right or left-handed. A: True B: False 13. A horse with a ‘joint mouse’ has a small bone chip within the joint capsule. A: True B: False

14. A horse with a parrot mouth has top teeth that are further back than the lower teeth. A: True B: False 15. A horse’s head can be considered too small. A: True B: False

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16. Horses have collarbones. A: True B: False 17. The ischium is a bone in the hock. A: True B: False

18. The ‘ewe-necked’ horse is said to have an upside-down neck as the topline is concave rather than arched. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

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19. The upper jaw is narrower than the lower jaw of the horse. A: True B: False

21. An apple rump is short and round with a high-set tail. A: True B: False

20. Concussion from running at speed on hard surfaces can fracture a horse’s back. A: True B: False

22. The term ‘calf knees’ refers to a cannon bone that is set too far back under the knee. A: True B: False

QUIZ

23. A long pastern reduces the horse’s ability to push off at each step to get the foot off the ground. This conformation fault can therefore reduce a horse’s potential for speed. A: True B: False

24. A foal or weanling may toe in slightly because the young horse is a bit narrow in the chest. A: True B: False Answers on page 109

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HQ’S NEW YEAR QUIZ 100

TACK 1. What is a Weymouth bit? A: A type of bit used for driving B: One of the bits of a double bridle C: An outdated type of pelham that is no longer used 2. What do you use a crupper for? A: T o stop the saddle sliding forwards B: To stop a horse eating while being ridden C: As a crop for hunting

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QUIZ

3. What are roundings? A: Another type of curb chain B: T he full name for the D-rings on your saddle C: Leather straps that attach to pelham bits allowing you to ride with one set of reins

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101

QUIZ

4. What is an Irish martingale? A: I t’s the name given to a running martingale attached to a breastplate. B: I t attaches to the reins so they can’t fall over the horse’s head. C: It’s a combination of a running and standing martingale and is only used for showjumping.

102

5. What is a lunging cavesson? A: I t’s a special type of noseband used for dressage. B: It’s a longer lunge whip. C: It’s a special headcollar that has rings onto which you can attach the lunge line.

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QUIZ

6. What is the difference between a breastplate and a breast girth? A: A breastplate is attached to the girth through the front legs and the D-rings on the saddle. A breast girth attaches to the sides of the girth and has leather straps that sit over the neck. B: A breast girth is sometimes used in cross-country in case your girth gives way. Breastplates help stop your saddle sliding back. C: Breast girths are only used for showjumping, whereas breastplates are only used for eventing.

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7. What is a poll guard? A: A poll guard covers the end of wooden poles to prevent your horse hurting himself. I B: It’s a type of protector that goes over the head to protect your horse’s poll when he is travelling. C: It’s a piece of material that is attached to the stable door to avoid your horse hitting his head.

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QUIZ

8. What is a bradoon? A: I t’s one of the bits used in a double bridle. B: I t’s an old-fashioned type of bridle. C: It’s a boot for the front legs of your horse.

104

9. Brushing boots are only used on the front legs. A: True B: False 10. A sausage boot is designed to protect the stabled horse from capped elbows when lying down. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

11. You should remove boots as soon as possible after work to allow rapid cooling of the legs. A: True B: False 12. The pommel of the saddle is more anterior than the cantle. A: True B: False

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13. Overreach boots are sometimes called bell boots. A: True B: False 14. A jumping saddle is more forward cut than a GP saddle. A: True B: False

105

QUIZ

15. A dressage saddle has a shallower seat compared to a GP saddle. A: True B: False 16. Men’s seat bones are much closer together than those of women, and this difference in anatomy results in some women struggling to ride easily and comfortably in unisex saddles. A: True B: False

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17. A saddle needs to fit both horse and rider, not one or the other. A: True B: False 18. The crownpiece of the bridle should sit behind the ears but not press on them. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

19. The throatlatch should be done up so that you can fit two fingers between it and the jowls of your horse. A: True B: False 20. The cheekpiece buckles should be even with each other and slightly below the corner of the eyes in a correctly sized bridle. A: True B: False

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21. A Western saddle does not have a stirrup bar. A: True B: False 22. A Western saddle has a pommel and a cantle. A: True B: False

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QUIZ

23. The rigging on a Western saddle refers to the D-rings on both sides of the saddle that are used to strap the saddle on the horse. A: True B: False

24. A single-rigged saddle provides attachment for both a front and back cinch. A: True B: False Answers on page 109

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HQ’S NEW YEAR QUIZ ANSWERS INTERNATIONAL HAPPENINGS 1. B: Cathrine LaudrupDufour 2. A: Diamant de Semilly 3. A: Callaho Stud 4. C: Julien Epaillard and Dubai Du Cedre 5. B: Stakkato 6. C: Kjento 7. B: Boyd Martin 8. A: Imhotep (first in both classe and his father, Everdale (second in both classes) 9. C: Ermitage Kalone 10. C: 350,000 pounds 11. A: Ermelo 12. A: King Edward 13. A: Bertram Allen and Pacino Amiro 14. A: Replay van’t Paradijs 15. A: Hermes 16. C: Pete 17. A: Cero Blue TN 18. B: 2.18m 19. A: Casallco x Baloubet du Rouet 20. B: Rosalind Canter and Lordships Graffalo 21. C: Spain 22. A: Harrie Smolders 23. B: Harry Charles 24. C: Martein Luiten HORSE AND RIDER 1. B: False 2. A: True 3. A: True 4. A: True 5. A: True 6. A: True 7. A: True 8. B: Degree of difficulty 9. A: True 10. B: False 11. B: False 12. A: True 13. B: False 14. B: False 15. B: False 16. B: False 17. A: True 18. A: True

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19. A: True 20. A: True 21. A: True 22. A: True 23. A: True 24. A: True THE HOOF 1. A: The fetlock 2. B: The navicular 3. A: The pedal bone 4. A: True 5. A: True 6. B: False 7. A: True 8. B: False 9. A: True 10. A: True 11. A: True 12. A: Round 13. B: Concave 14. C: No more than 2-3mm 15. B: Founder 16. A: True 17. A: True 18. B: False 19. A: True 20. A: True 21. A: True 22. A: True 23. B: False 24. A: True NUTRITION 1. A: True 2. A: True 3. B: False 4. B: False 5. A: True 6. A: True 7. B: False 8. A: True 9. A: True 10. A: True 11. A: True 12. B: False

HEALTH 1. A: True 2. A: True 3. A: True 4. B: False 5. B: False 6. A: True 7. A: True 8. B: False 9. B: False 10. B: False 11. A: True 12. A: True 13. A: True 14. A: True 15. A: True 16. A: True 17. A: True 18. A: True 19. A: True 20. A: True 21. B: False 22. A: True 23. B: False 24. B: False CONFORMATION 1. A: True 2. A: True 3. A: True 4. B: False 5. B: False 6. A: True 7. A: True 8. B: False 9. A: True 10. A: True 11. A: True 12. A: True 13. A: True 14. B: False 15. A: True 16. B: False 17. B: False 18. A: True 19. B: False 20. A: True 21. B: False 22. A: True 23. A: True 24. B: False

TACK 1. B: One of the bits of a double bridle 2. A: To stop the saddle sliding forwards 3. C: Leather straps that attach to pelham bits allowing you to ride with one set of reins 4. B: It attaches to the reins so they can’t fall over the horse’s head. 5. C: It’s a special headcollar that has rings onto which you can attach the lunge line. 6. A: A breastplate is attached to the girth through the front legs and the D-rings on the saddle. A breast girth attaches to the sides of the girth and has leather straps that sit over the neck. 7. B: It’s a type of protector that goes over the head to protect your horse’s poll when he is travelling. 8. A: It’s one of the bits used in a double bridle. 9. B: False 10. A: True 11. A: True 12. A: True 13. A: True 14. A: True 15. B: False 16. A: True 17. A: True 18. A: True 19. B: False 20. A: True 21. B: False 22. A: True 23. A: True 24. B: False

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