As we move into the second weekend of the Toyota Easter Festival we’re super excited to see the showjumping action, along with the Philip Smith Memorial Equitation Championships, which take place on Saturday afternoon. In the edition we run through the list of past winners of the Outdoor Grand Prix, which takes place on Monday, and interview the Philip Smith contenders for 2025.
All of the action on Saturday, Sunday and Monday will be livestreamed by the wonderful team at Equestrian Live, and we hope that even if you can’t be there in person, you’ll follow along with the competition.
This edition also features lots of our usual content, from articles on horse health issues like parasites to the latest supplement innovations, such as pea protein isolate, and the best ways to manage your horse in an eco-friendly way. We have an article on the value of bergafat in a horse’s diet and discuss the best way to tackle flies in this last warm month of the year.
As always, a huge thank you to our advertisers for supporting the magazine and allowing us to bring it to you free of charge.
Until next time, happy horsing!
Dr Lizzie Harrison | Editor
Previous winners of the SA showjumping Outdoor Grand Prix
Awarded the Tiger Oats Trophy
Equitation and the Philip Smith Memorial Trophy Equitation Championships
A history
The Philip Smith contenders
Catching up with the competitors for 2025
‘Eventing for Dummies’
Getting to grips with our new favourite discipline
Eco-friendly horse ownership
Striving for sustainable horse care in South Africa
Gastric ulcers
A deep dive
The war on flies
Getting fly populations under control in our barns
Intriguing ingredients
Bergafat
The power of peas
The value of pea protein isolate in equine nutrition
Equine worm egg counts
Monitoring parasite resistance and guiding sustainable control strategies in South Africa
AskHQ
Your questions answered
PREVIOUS OF THE SA SHOWJUMPING
WINNERS
OUTDOOR GRAND PRIX
AWARDED THE TIGER OATS TROPHY
Ronnie Healy and Cornet’s Mandarino
Not Held
Chris van der Merwe and Capital Chantilly
Jessica Prince and Prism
Ronnie Healy and Hausberger’s Eldo
2019
Ronnie Lawrence and Gillian van Orshof
Nicola Sime Riley and Fulvic Connoisseur
Nicole Horwood and Mark White’s Capital Chantilly
Nicola Sime Riley and Sunny Park Elpaso
Samantha McIntosh and Let's Win
Nicole Horwood and Mark White Nissan’s Capital Colnardo
Ashlee Hausberger and Quincey
Sean Henderson and Wow’s Sean Henderson
Nicole Horwood and Capital Don Cumarco
Shaun Neill and Clyde Z
Barry Taylor and Gold Rush
Lexi Carter and JICM Pickpocket
Barry Taylor and Nissan Nabab Forever
Barry Taylor and Danelaw
Dominey Alexander and Larry de la Bryere Last Step
Roger Hessen and Fast International Quixote
Barry Taylor and Sunday’s Eagle
Gail Foxcroft and Agrando Lindenberg
2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
Shirley Kemp and Mid Tempest
Lynne Piercy and Avis Piroli
Jonathan Clarke and Davetsaub Lombard
Gail Foxcroft and CPH Lindenberg
Taylor and Gladiator 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995
Ronnie Lawrence and Vallon Rouge
Nicola Schroder and Lane
Barry
Barry Taylor and Thirty Something
Peter Levor and Saulus
1994 1993 1992 1991 1990
Ronnie Lawrence and Sentinel Fencing High Hopes
Wucherpfennig and Marble Hall
Gonda Betrix and Polygon Systems Watchfire
Barry Taylor and Fidelity Guard’s Powerforce
Betrix and AAA Watchfire
Wucherpfennig and Audi Storm Finch
Barry Taylor and Fidelity Guard’s Powerforce
Anneli Wucherpfennig and Audi Storm Finch
Errol
Gonda
Anneli
Bryce McCall and Eastern Carpet’s Hamadan
Hillcoat and Chev’s Dual
Not Held
Errol Wucherpfennig and Errol’s Datsun Compass Line
Mickey Louw and Appraise
Jani Myburg and Toyota Dress Suit
Mickey Louw and Appraise
Gonda Betrix and Elizabeth Anne’s Honey Girl
Heather
Phillip Smith and Power Drive
Mickey Louw and Ford Appraise
by Ashleigh Kabe Photography
MOMENTS FROM HORSE OF THE YEAR 2025
INTRODUCING THE OLD MILL DRIFT MOUNTAIN RESORT
Experience Natural Beauty and Great Adventure
Discover the charm of Old Mill Drift Guest Farm set against the majestic Maluti Mountains. Nestled in the tranquil beauty of the mountainous Eastern Free State near to Clarens, our 1 646 acre farm provides the perfect sanctuary for horses and horse lovers alike.
With over 50 km of hiking trails, and 7.5 km of river frontage, you will find adventure at every turn. After a day of exploration, relax in our various cosy, self-catering, pet-friendly accommodation, overlooking our paddocks –most equipped with a fireplace and braai area.
Heritage and Harmony
Step back in time with our historic buildings, each telling a story of Old Mill Drift’s rich past. The Old Mill, with its expansive deck, offers breathtaking views and a glimpse into the farm’s heritage.
Nearby, the Wool Sorting Shed and the Stone Building blend historical charm with modern functionality, perfect for those seeking a unique backdrop for their events or peaceful stays. Discover a place where history and tranquility meet, providing a picturesque setting for relaxation and reflection.
Tranquil Retreat and Spiritual Haven
More
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT FROM 2024 PHILIP SMITH MEMORIAL
EQUITATION AND THE
PHILIP SMITH MEMORIAL TROPHY
EQUITATION CHAMPIONSHIPS
A HISTORY
In 1969, George Morris visited South Africa to clinics in Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Salisbury (Harare, Zimbabwe). At this stage in Southern Africa, a great variety of riding styles and theories were practised. This likely stemmed from the diverse sources of horsemanship; namely farming, military and imported techniques from Europe. However, it was observed by George Morris that despite the eclectic riding techniques, most individuals could produce results with their horses. He rather diplomatically noted that 'some' achieved these results more attractively than others (naming Gonda Butters/Beatrix, Mickey Louw and David Stubbs as examples of the former).
Into this setting, George Morris introduced his American school of thought that presumed that "Perfection of style produces perfection of performance from the horse". This seems a very logical theory, as the perfect style would, by definition, be the most helpful position and series of actions a rider can perform to achieve the best results. Essentially, a rider would be giving their horse the best chance to do what they are being asked to do!
The introduction of this theory led to the realisation that, in general, riders' skills needed improving in Southern Africa and that there was a lack of access to regular and correct coaching.
THE NEXT STEPS
Following a period of extensive travel and research on this subject, Equitation as a discipline was formally introduced to South Africa by Charlotte Stubbs in the 1970s. The aim of Equitation was to provide constructive feedback to riders (especially those who may not have access to regular coaching) and to improve the effectiveness and correctness of riding in general.
FAST FACT
Barry Taylor made it to the top six of the competition twice! He finished 4th in 1974 and 6th in 1975! Barry also coached the first winner of the PSM: Casey Lourens (2001), alongside Claire Webb.
Charlotte Stubbs, when questioned on what it would take to win the National Equitation Championships, said: "hard work would be essential, but the prestige of winning would be enormous for both riders and the instructors". This most certainly was the case then and still is today.
NATIONAL EQUITATION CHAMPIONSHIPS – THEN AND NOW
In 1971 the first National Equestrian Championships were held, with 24 riders (silver medallists) who were provincial winners competing for Gold. Each province could award a maximum of four BP Silver medals, and these individuals were awarded bursaries consisting of subsidised lessons with their instructors and equestrian equipment. The National Equestrian Championship was held
FAST FACT
Two of the Clarke brothers won the WAS: Jonathan in 1983 and Jeremy in 1986.
over several days and several phases in the indoor arena at the historic Rand Show venue, where the silver medal competitors were eliminated on a round-by-round basis. The penultimate round included the top six riders and required swopping of horses. The final round was then a head-to-head between the top two riders who had to complete a flatwork and jumping test on a 'mystery horse'. This competition, over time, evolved into what is now the SA Junior Individual Equitation Championship.
In 1982 the Prestigious Witwatersrand Agricultural Society (WAS) Supreme Equitation Championship was launched and quickly became a new title for all ambitious young riders to aspire to win. The title was won by some of today's top riders, including Jonathan Clarke and Andrea Harrison. The WAS Championship invited the top six competitors from the SA Junior Individual Championship and used six borrowed horses, three for the flatwork tests and three for the jumping tests.
FAST FACT
Lorette Knowles-Taylor has coached four PSM winners, Alexis Stais (2011), Lawrence Mowatt (2012), Chelsey Gertenbach (2013) and Cheyenne de Beer (2017).
In 2001 the Philip Smith Memorial (PSM) Trophy became the successor to the WAS Championship. It is named in tribute to Philip Smith, an incredibly talented and stylish rider who represented South Africa on many occasions. The format was again changed as it was becoming difficult to loan the calibre of horses the competition required. Today the PSM invites only the top four finalists from the South African National Junior Individual Equitation Championships in the preceding year to compete.
FAST FACT
Both Gertenbach sisters have won the PSM; Kayla in 2008 and Chelsey in 2013.
The first day of the Championship is the flatwork test, where each rider will ride the test on their own horse and then on each of the other three horses. They are judged on their ability to produce smooth and correct movements on a variety of horses.
The second day of the Championship is the jumping test which they ride on their own horse and then the other horses.
This starts with a gymnastic, ridden one-handed with no stirrups, followed by a short course of jumps set at a height of 1.15m/1.20m. Competitors are not allowed any outside assistance for the duration of the competition, including for course walks and warm-ups! A glance at the previous winners of this event makes the trophy one that any young rider would aspire to win!
When Equitation was launched in South Africa, the main aim was to uplift the standard of riding, and this goal was most certainly achieved. This is still the goal of Equitation today and becoming a more correct and effective rider should be an ideal for all riders. To quote international Showjumper Jessica Springsteen, "The best riders in the world with the best horses make it look so elegant and graceful. When you watch it
done well, it looks so easy that it's difficult for the public to understand how hard this really is." This 'effortful effortlessness' is what we should all strive for as riders, coaches, and parents.
FINAL THOUGHTS
If you want to check out the Philip Smith Memorial and support the 2025 competitors, you can watch the final in the Bob Charter Arena on Saturday 19th of April.
by Ashleigh Kabe Photography
MOMENTS FROM HORSE OF THE YEAR 2025
THE PHILIP SMITH CONTENDERS
CATCHING UP WITH THE COMPETITORS FOR 2025
T he four competitors for Philip Smith in 2025 are Hamza Minty from Kwa-Zulu-Natal (KZN), Rebecca Hudson-Peacock from the Western Cape, Alexandra Ric-Hansen from KZN, and Olivia Roberts from KZN. We caught up with the four of them ahead of the Philip Smith this week.
HAMZA MINTY
HQ: Please tell us a bit about your equestrian background.
Hamza: I am 16 years old originally from KZN but recently relocated to JHB to further my riding career. I started riding when I was eight years old at Shortlands Riding Centre with Shaun and Anne Oliff.
HQ: Which disciplines do you ride now, and what levels do you compete at?
Hamza: I do Showjumping and Open Equitation. In the Showjumping ring I’ve competed up to 1.45m.
HQ: What do you feel have been your biggest achievements in the sport so far?
Hamza: My biggest achievements so far are being the Reserve Champion in the Outdoor Grand Prix at Easter Festival and being Victor Ludorum; being Reserve Champion at SA Champs in the 1.35m; being Reserve Champion in the Junior Derby; winning the Junior President’s Cup two years in a row; and of course qualifying for the Philip Smith Memorial for the second time.
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
HQ: Please tell us about your horses. Hamza: I have four horses currently. Three of the four of my horses were self-produced to the top since I started with them at 14. I have Callaho Corida De Rebelle, who is the current winner of the Junior President’s Cup jumping in the 1.35m. She is a quick and careful mare who always tries her hardest for me. Even if I’m not riding on top form I know I’ll make it to the end.
Continental Drift is also jumping in the 1.35m. She is what people call the special one out of the bunch. She will never let you go around a track without making sure you’re awake. She has her quirks but I love her to bits.
Callaho Conray has been my anchor through all the good and bad times being one of my most consistent horses and taking me around my first 1.45m with a clear. He has the softest nature. He loves cuddles and late night carrots.
My new boy on the block is Callaho Con Calito, Conray’s full brother. He’s still younger and he’s only been to one show, jumping in the 90cm but he’s already following in his brother’s footsteps. He has the same personality as Conray but a little cheeky at times but he also loves cuddles and giving kisses.
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
HQ: Who are your coaches?
Hamza: My coach is Chad Cunningham, and my former assistant coach is Jenna Odell. She has played a huge part in my riding and is one of the reasons I was able to qualify for PSM. They are the best duo and anyone under their system would thrive. I have been with them for around two and a half years now.
HQ: How are you preparing for the Philip Smith?
Hamza: I’ve been lucky enough to be riding my brother’s horse Capital Cole for a while just to help our a bit as he writes tests. But all the horses at home, including my brother’s are all so different, so being able to ride all of them has been a blessing in disguise and has helped towards my preparation for PSM.
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
HQ: Which phase are you most nervous about, and why? Which phase are you most comfortable with, and why?
Hamza: I’m not too nervous because I have obviously gone through it once before. I’m feeling confident and comfortable for the jumping part of things because it’s like second nature but also feeling confident for the dressage part as well as my mom does dressage so I rode a lot
with her and her coaches when I was back in KZN.
HQ: You competed very successfully last year. Is there anything you will do differently this time round or any lessons you learnt?
Hamza: I don’t think I would change anything, other than focusing and thinking because I made a silly mistake in one of my dressage tests which cost me the win.
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
HQ: Is there anybody you would like to us to thank for you?
Hamza: I would like to thank Chad and Jenna for believing in me and pushing me to reach my goals; my mom and dad for supporting my dreams and introducing me to this amazing sport; and all my friends who are forever by my side through everything. This year is one for the books for sure!
Good luck, Hamza!
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
REBECCA HUDSON-PEACOCK
HQ: Please tell us a bit about your equestrian background.
Rebecca: I’m lucky enough to have been born into a horsey family, so I’ve been around horses all my life. I’ve been competitive right from the beginning.
HQ: Which disciplines do you ride now, and what levels do you compete at?
Rebecca: I compete in showjumping and equitation currently, both at the
Open level. But I have previously done eventing and dressage both at Open level.
HQ: What do you feel have been your biggest achievements in the sport so far?
Rebecca: I feel my biggest achievement is producing my TI Wavedancer from 110 into the Open classes. She is not the most simple horse, so it has been a huge learning curve for me.
PHOTOGRAPHY: DENFORD STUDIOS
HQ: Please tell us about your horses.
Rebecca: My horses are TI Wavedancer and Capital Chesterfield. Wavedancer, AKA Danny, is a 12-year-old SA Warmblood mare who I’ve had for three years now. I compete her in showjumping as well as her being the horse that helped me qualify for Philip Smith. Capital Chesterfield AKA Chezzy is a 12-yearold SA Warmblood gelding who I’ve been riding for five months now after stealing him from my sister after she jumped him at 1.35m. I compete him in showjumping as well as equitation.
HQ: Who are your coaches?
Rebecca: My jumping coach is Mandy Mason and my dressage coach is Michelle Moreira. I’ve been riding with Mandy since mid 2023 and I started riding with Michelle at the beginning of last year.
HQ: How are you preparing for the Philip Smith?
Rebecca: I have prepared for Philip Smith in many different ways, including having lessons on many different horses as well as running mock environments of what I’ll be doing at Philip Smith to prepare me physically. However, I believe my greatest preparation is that I’ve always been open to learning new things from many different people throughout my riding career over the years.
HQ: Which phase are you most nervous about, and why? Which phase are you most comfortable with, and why?
Rebecca: I’m not nervous for a specific phase, though I know how intense the jumping phase can be mentally and physically; however, I do feel confident for the dressage phase with my experience at Medium dressage level. I know I’m very ready for this event and have done all the homework, but I also know that I am competing against the best of the best.
Good luck, Rebecca!
ALEX RIC-HANSEN
HQ: Please tell us a bit about your equestrian background.
Alex: I have been riding since I was two years old, making it 17 years of riding this year. I have competed in showjumping since I was nine and Equitation since I was ten and slowly worked my way up in both. I’ve been incredibly blessed to have some amazing horses that have helped me develop so much as a rider.
HQ: Which disciplines do you ride now, and what levels do you compete at?
Alex: I mainly compete in showjumping with my horses and occasionally equitation whenever there is a class. I compete in the Adult Opens, bouncing between the 1,35s and 1,50s with my incredible horse - Laios - and my up-and-coming mare is in the 1.30s with plans of moving up in heights this year.
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
HQ: What do you feel have been your biggest achievements in the sport so far?
Alex: It would have to be a tie between winning SA Junior Open Championship, getting my Junior Protea Colours and jumping my first World Cup Qualifier with Laios.
HQ: Please tell us about your horses.
Alex: To start off with my golden child - Laios. He is a 12-year-old Callaho Warmblood, and he has taken me around my first 1.30-1.55m. He is a soft and loving horse; he is my true once-in-a-lifetime horse. I ride him bareback everywhere. He’s forgiving
and has the attitude to win. I am extremely grateful to have found him and had him as a part of my career.
I then have Lemalia. Lulu is an eight-year-old Warmblood. We bought her in 2022, with the help of Michel Van Eck, but only imported her at the end of 2023 due to quarantine restrictions at the time. I have been slowly working through her quirks since she arrived. She tends to be quite an opinionated mare. She is an incredible athlete and I believe she is one of the best horses I have ridden. She is currently in the 1.30s and will continue to develop this year under Jenna Odell.
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
HQ: Do you know yet who your horse for the competition will be?
Alex: I will be using Carol Nurden’s Capital Chaplin, who she has very kindly lent to me.
HQ: Who is your coach?
Alex: I currently ride with Jenna Odell. I have been with her since the beginning of 2022 and have loved every second. She approaches everything meticulously, sympathetically and professionally – I wouldn’t be where I am without her.
HQ: How are you preparing for the Philip Smith?
Alex: Sadly, I haven’t had a lot of time to prepare for the Philip Smith as I am studying in Stellenbosch. Luckily I had a week of recess where I was able to ride Chaplin daily, doing
the elements of the test and getting a feel for how Chaplin wants to be ridden. This time did include a lot of no-stirrup work and when I get back before Easter Festival I will continue to practice my test with him and ride other horses.
HQ: Which phase are you most nervous about, and why? Which phase are you most comfortable with, and why?
Alex: I would say I’m most nervous about the jumping phase –specifically, the gymnastic with only one hand and no stirrups. It is a bit nerve-wracking having to jump with only one hand on a horse I don’t know. I’m mostly content with all the phases. I aim to try and ride every horse the way they want to be ridden.
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
HQ: Then please tell us a bit about varisty, what you’re up to and how you’re balancing it with your riding?
Alex: I finished matric last year and I am currently studying at Stellenbosch University. I sadly don’t have any horses to ride down in Stellenbosch, as mine stayed home in KZN. I try to go home whenever I can to ride. It does make it easier not having to balance university and riding but I do miss riding every day. Thankfully I have an amazing team at home keeping my horses going, so that I am able to come home and commence as normal.
Good luck, Alex!
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
OLIVIA ROBERTS
HQ: Please tell us a bit about your equestrian background. When did you get into riding, how long have you been riding, etc?
Olivia: I am very lucky as I was born into a riding family so I have always been surrounded by horses. However, I only started riding at the age of four and I got my first pony when I was
seven. I started my riding career in dressage as my mum, Sacha Roberts, is a retired Grand Prix dressage rider, so I followed in her footsteps. However I quickly transitioned to showjumping around eight years old. Throughout my pony years, I participated in dressage and showjumping, and I did a little bit of showing as well.
HQ: What do you feel have been your biggest achievements in the sport so far?
HQ: Which disciplines do you ride now, and what levels do you compete at?
Olivia: I am now focused solely on showjumping and I have three Open horses in my string: Coscar FZ, Eagles Coastwatch and African Artisan. I compete Coscar in the 1.35/1.40s, Coastie in the 1.35s, recently doing our first 1.40 together, and African Artisan in the 1.30/1.35s.
Olivia: My greatest personal achievement thus far was my first 1.40m track on Gallantry Canoe two years ago at the 2023 Maple Ridge Youth Extravaganza. Canoe has never been the easiest ride; however, as it stands now, the bond we share is incomparable. He carried both of us around the biggest track either of us had done with only a pole in the third round, and to this day, it is one of my proudest memories. I owe so many of my more recent achievements to Canoe.
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
HQ: Please tell us about your horses.
Olivia: I have three horses in my string at the moment, all of which I compete in the Open classes: Coscar FZ, Eagles Coastwatch and African Artisan.
Coscar FZ - more affectionately known as Cossie - is one of the most divine horses I have ever ridden.
He is my sister’s horse; however I took over the reins about one and half years ago when she went to university. He is 17 years old now and he is such a people pleaser and will do anything you ask; when you go in the ring with him, you know you’re going to go through the finish flags. He is amazing in the show ring but also very sensitive and can be quite sharp at home. He is an absolute love bug and he adores and demands cuddles in the daily.
Eagles Coastwatch, otherwise known as Coastie, is 13 years old, and he was also my sister’s horse but like Coscar I took him over, and
he has become my heart horse. He is very special to me. However he is not an easy horse at all and he is not the type of horse that will save you if you’re on a difficult distance. He often makes me laugh because he is very ticklish and does not like to be tickled, but if you give any other horse attention other than him, he will throw a complete tantrum.
African Artisan is a Zimbabwean Thoroughbred and he is now nine years old. My mum originally bought him as a three and a half year old off the track as a horse she could produce to go eventing. However when I sat on him she never got him back. His original name was Scribbles but we changed it to African Artisan when we started showjumping him. We have kept his stable names as Scribbles, though. He is a very special horse; he is brave as anything and he loves to pronk around after the jumps, but he can throw a proper buck and you really need superglue to stay on when he does those.
HQ: Do you know yet who your horse for the competition will be?
Olivia: I have chosen Eagles Coastwatch as my horse for Philip Smith as he is beautifully schooled and he was the horse I qualified for Philip Smith on so I decided that out of my horses he would be the best option.
HQ: Who are your coaches?
Olivia: I am coached by Jenna Odell and Chad Cunningham. I have been riding with Jenna since I moved
to South Africa in 2020. She has been such an amazing coach to me, and my riding has progressed tremendously under her tutelage.
I have been riding with Chad Cunningham since I was around ten years old when he used to come to Zimbabwe for clinics. I have continued to ride with Chad because he is one of the most amazing coaches out there, and my riding gets better and better every time I see him.
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
HQ: Which phase are you most nervous about, and why? Which phase are you most comfortable with, and why?
HQ: How are you preparing for the Philip Smith?
Olivia: I have been riding as many different horses as I can to help me prepare for the different horses that I’ll have to ride in the Philip Smith. On each of these horses, I have been practising for the dressage test, and I have also been jumping them around courses and through gymnastics in preparation for the jumping part of the test.
Olivia: I would say I’m more anxious about the dressage part, as I think it is the most important part. We only get one minute to prepare for a fiveminute dressage test, and dressage is also very strict. One mistake can greatly affect the test mark. I’m more confident for the jumping part as we would have had a feel for each horse prior to competing and I think that will give us a huge advantage when getting on to jump.
Good luck, Olivia!
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
‘EVENTING FOR DUMMIES’
GETTING TO GRIPS WITH OUR NEW FAVOURITE DISCIPLINE
We’ve always enjoyed eventing, but after watching Badminton last year, the addiction to the sport has become VERY real in the HQ office. To ensure we’re all up to speed, we’ve put together this quick crash course on eventing for all
A CRASH COURSE IN EVENTING
Governed by Eventing South Africa (ESA), the sport adheres to a comprehensive set of regulations designed to ensure fair competition and prioritise the horse's welfare.
EVENTING SA VISION STATEMENT
“Eventing constitutes the most complete combined equestrian Competition, demanding of the Athlete considerable experience in all branches of equitation and a precise knowledge of their Horse’s ability, and of the Horse a degree of general competence, resulting from intelligent and progressive training. The Cross Country Test constitutes the most exciting and challenging all-round test of riding ability and horsemanship where correct principles of training and riding are rewarded. This test focuses on the ability of Athletes and Horses to adapt to different and variable conditions of the Competition (weather, terrain, obstacles, footing, etc.) showing jumping skills, harmony, mutual confidence, and in general ‘good pictures’. This test requires, by all involved, special awareness and acceptance of a certain level of risk inherent to the particular challenging and exciting nature of the test. Every effort must be made to ensure that, at each level, responsible Athletes are participating with progressively trained Horses in order not to be exposed to a higher risk than which is strictly inherent to the nature and level of the Competition.”
– Eventing South Africa Eventing Rules 2024
GOVERNING BODIES AND RULE STRUCTURE
ESA operates under the South African Equestrian Federation (SAEF) umbrella and aligns its regulations with the Fédération Équestre
Internationale (FEI) standards. The ESA Rulebook, effective from January 1, 2024, serves as the foundational document outlining the rules and standards for eventing competitions within South Africa.
NOTE
National Federation levels Ev65 to Ev95 are designed to prepare horses for one-star competition through progressive levels of height and difficulty.
COMPETITION LEVELS AND STANDARDS
Eventing competitions in South Africa are categorised into various levels to accommodate a range of skill sets and experience:
• Ev60: Cross-country course of 1000 to 1500 metres with 10-15 efforts at a maximum height of 60cm; showjumping at a maximum height of 65cm.
• Ev70: Cross-country course of 1500 to 2200 metres with 15-20 efforts at a maximum height of 70cm; showjumping at a maximum height of 75cm.
• Ev80: Cross-country course of 1800 to 2400 metres with 18-24 efforts at a maximum height of 80cm; showjumping at a maximum height of 85cm.
• Ev90: Cross-country course of 2000 to 2600 metres with 20-26 efforts at a maximum height of 90cm; showjumping at a maximum height of 95cm.
• Ev100: Cross-country course of 2200 to 2800 metres with 22-28 efforts at a maximum height of 100cm; showjumping at a maximum height of 105cm.
• CCN Intro*: Cross-country course
of 2000 to 3000 metres with 20-25 efforts at a maximum height of 105cm; showjumping at a maximum height of 110 cm.
• CCN2*: Cross-country course of 2600 to 3120 metres (Short Format) or 2640 to 4680 metres (Long Format) with 25-30 efforts at a maximum height of 110cm; showjumping at a maximum height of 115cm.
• CCN3*: Cross-country course of 3025 to 3575 metres (Short Format) or 4400 to 5500 metres (Long Format) with 27-32 efforts at a maximum height of 115cm; showjumping at a maximum height of 120cm.
• CCN4*: Cross-country course of 3420 to 3990 metres (Short Format) or 5700 to 6270 metres (Long Format) with 30-35 efforts at a maximum height of 120cm; showjumping at a maximum height of 125cm.
FORMATS
Formats define some of the technical aspects of the competition (e.g., the duration of the Competition, the intensity of the Cross-Country Test, and the order of tests).
LONG FORMAT COMPETITION (CCIS-L)
A Long-Format Competition may take place over three or more days. The Dressage Test will be spread over one or more consecutive days, depending on the number of competitors. It will be directly followed on the next day by the Cross-Country Test, which will be directly followed on the next day by the Jumping Test.
When multiple Competitions are running simultaneously, a gap day between the Dressage Test and the next Test is permitted, with the approval of the FEI, to accommodate the timetable. In National Federation competitions, a gap day between Dressage and the next Test is allowed to accommodate the timetable.
In the Long Format Competitions, the cross-country course will be of such a length that the horse is required to be supremely fit, and stamina will be required for success. The Cross Country Test will always take place before the Jumping Test.
SHORT FORMAT COMPETITION (CCIS-S)
A Short-Format Competition may take place over one or more days. The Dressage Test will always take place first, followed on the same or following days by the Jumping and Cross-Country Tests.
When multiple Competitions are running simultaneously, a gap day between the Dressage Test and the next Test is permitted, with the approval of the FEI, to accommodate the timetable. In National Federation competitions, a gap day between Dressage and the next Test is allowed to accommodate the timetable.
In the Short Format Competition, the level of difficulty of the Cross Country course is similar to the Long Format according to the star system, but the course is shorter, and the intensity of efforts will be higher. The Cross Country Test will preferably take place after the Jumping Test.
UNIFIED FORMAT COMPETITION (CC1*-INTRO)
CCI1*-Intro may take place as a Short or Long format according to the order of tests and Horse Inspection requirements.
NOTE: Eventing 65 (Ev65), Eventing 75 (Ev75), Eventing 85 (Ev85) and Eventing 95 (Ev95) are Short Format competitions that may take place over one or more days, according to the provisions of Art. 502.1.3.
DRESSAGE PHASE
The Dressage Test evaluates the horse and rider's ability to perform a series of predetermined movements, demonstrating precision, smoothness, and harmony. Tests are specified for each competition level and are judged by ESA-approved officials.
CROSS-COUNTRY PHASE
CROSS-COUNTRY SCORING CODES
DSQ Disqualified (See Below)
EL–OT Other/Error on Course /Incorrect Behaviour
EL–R Elimination due to Refusal
EL–FR Fall of Rider
EL–FH Fall of Horse
The Cross-Country Test challenges the endurance and jumping ability of the horse, as well as the rider's judgment and knowledge of pace. Courses are designed with a variety of obstacles and terrains, adhering to strict safety standards. The Technical Delegate is responsible for inspecting and approving the course to ensure compliance with ESA regulations. Code Explanation EL Eliminated RET Retired WD Withdraw
EL–DR Dangerous Riding
EL–AH Abuse of Horse
EL–FOF Fall on Flat, not related to a Jump
EL–ID Elimination Involuntary Dismount (100cm and below)
SHOWJUMPING PHASE
The Showjumping Test assesses the horse's fitness and agility postcross-country. The course consists of a series of obstacles set within specified dimensions corresponding to the competition level.
SCORING
Scoring in eventing is cumulative, with penalty points accrued across all phases; the competitor with the fewest penalties at the end is declared the winner. Here's a breakdown of how scoring works in each phase:
DRESSAGE PHASE
In dressage, the horse and rider perform a series of predetermined movements evaluated by judges. Each movement is scored on a scale from 0 to 10, with zero being the lowest and 10 the highest. Half
marks (e.g., 6.5) may also be used. The individual movement scores are summed, and collective marks assessing overall impression—such as gaits, impulsion, submission, and rider's position—are added. This total is then converted into a percentage. To determine the penalty points for the dressage phase, subtract the percentage score from 100. For example, a dressage score of 70% results in 30 penalty points (100 - 70 = 30). Higher performance yields a lower penalty score, which is advantageous in eventing.
NOTE
A horse is considered to have run out (20 penalties) if, having been presented with an element or obstacle on the course, it avoids it in such a way that the body of the horse (head, neck, shoulders and pelvis – legs are not included) fail to pass between the extremities of the element or obstacle as originally flagged. Continuing on course without representing will incur elimination.
On the other hand, a horse is considered to have missed a flag (15 penalties) if the horse jumps the dimension of the obstacle and the majority of the horse’s body (specifically the head, neck, shoulders and pelvis) passes through the flags, but some part of the body is not inside the flags (e.g. one shoulder, or one shoulder and part of one hip).
The horse will have successfully negotiated the fence if the body of the horse (i.e. the head, neck, shoulders and pelvis) has passed the fence as originally flagged (i.e. if the body but not all the legs pass inside the flags, the horse is considered clear).
CROSS-COUNTRY PHASE
This phase tests endurance, speed, and jumping ability over the course of solid obstacles. Penalties are incurred as follows:
• Refusals or run-outs:
– First refusal or run-out at an obstacle: 20 penalties.
– Second refusal at the same obstacle: 40 penalties.
– Third refusal on course: Elimination.
• Missing a flag: 15 penalties
• Activating a frangible device: 11 penalties.
• Time penalties:
– Exceeding the optimum time: 0.4 penalties per second over.
– Exceeding the time limit (twice the optimum time): Elimination.
• Falls:
– Fall of rider: Elimination.
– Fall of horse (shoulder and hindquarters touch the ground): Elimination.
The objective is to complete the course clear of jumping faults and within the optimum time to avoid accumulating penalties.
SHOWJUMPING PHASE
This final phase assesses the horse's agility and the rider's precision over a course of coloured fences within an arena. Penalties are assigned as follows:
• Knocking down an obstacle: 4 penalties.
• Refusals:
– First refusal: 4 penalties.
– Second refusal: Elimination.
• Time penalties: Exceeding the time allowed results in 0.4 penalties per second over.
• Falls and errors:
– Fall of rider or horse: Elimination.
– Jumping an obstacle in the wrong order or error of course: Elimination.
WHAT IS A FRANGIBLE DEVICE?
Frangible devices are safety mechanisms strategically installed on certain cross-country fences where their deployment can effectively mitigate accident severity. When a horse makes a significant impact with such an obstacle, the device activates, causing part of the fence to collapse and thereby reducing the likelihood of a rotational fall. The Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) has approved various frangible technologies and provides detailed specifications for their implementation to ensure consistency and safety across competitions. In South Africa, the main devices used are frangible pins. These are mechanical pins designed to break when struck with sufficient force, causing the fence to collapse in a controlled manner.
OVERALL SCORING
The penalty points from all three phases are aggregated to determine the final score. The competitor with the lowest total penalty points is
the winner. This scoring system emphasises consistent performance across all disciplines, rewarding versatility and partnership between horse and rider.
SAFETY AND WELFARE
The welfare of the horse is paramount in all ESA competitions. Protective headgear is mandatory for all three phases, and body protectors are required during the cross-country phase. Courses are designed to challenge competitors while prioritising safety, and officials have the authority to stop a tired or distressed horse.
comprehensive test of equestrian skill, governed by a robust set of regulations that ensure fair play and the well-being of both horse and rider. Competitors are encouraged to familiarise themselves with the ESA Rulebook and stay updated with any amendments to maintain the integrity and enjoyment of the sport.
Now you’re a pro at the rules, stay tuned for all the action from Badminton, which runs from the 7th to the 11th of May 2025 in Gloucestershire, England!
by Ashleigh Kabe Photography
MOMENTS FROM HORSE OF THE YEAR 2025
ECO-FRIENDLY
HORSE OWNERSHIP
STRIVING FOR SUSTAINABLE HORSE CARE IN SOUTH AFRICA
Sustainability is becoming an essential part of responsible horse ownership, especially here in South Africa, where environmental concerns like water scarcity and soil degradation are major challenges. But, with this growing need to
become more eco-friendly, what changes can we make to reduce our environmental impact and ensure the long-term health of our horses and the land on which they live? Here are some of our top suggestions:
1. REDUCE CHEMICAL USE
We commonly use chemicals on and around our horses, in the form of fly sprays, grooming products and dewormers. Whilst there are many
cases where these products are important, cutting back on their use can reduce the impact of chemicals not only on our individual horses but also on the environment in general.
Here are a couple of ways we can reduce our chemical usage:
• Natural products, where circumstances allow: Natural grooming products and, in low fly season, natural fly sprays can be excellent alternatives that avoid adding extra chemical pollutants to the environment.
• Targeted deworming: Routine deworming has long been standard practice, but excessive use of chemical dewormers can contribute to parasite resistance and environmental contamination.
A more sustainable approach is to conduct faecal egg counts (FECs) before administering dewormers. This involves testing a small sample of your horse’s manure to determine the level of parasite eggs present. If the count is low,
deworming may not be necessary, reducing both chemical use and costs. By targeting only horses with high parasite loads, owners can maintain effective parasite control while minimising the impact on the environment.
2. BUY LOCAL WHERE POSSIBLE
Supporting local suppliers helps the local economy and reduces the carbon footprint associated with transporting goods long distances.
3. MANAGE MANURE
Manure management is a key aspect of sustainable horse care. Regularly picking up manure not only reduces the risk of worms but also prevents runoff pollution into waterways.
Once collected, consider composting your manure. Whilst composting can be a fairly labour
and space-intensive process, composted manure is a nutrient-rich soil amendment that can enhance soil quality and reduce the need for chemical fertilisers. If you are unable to do the composting process on your property, there are plenty of farmers and gardeners who are willing to collect, compost, and use the manure on their own properties.
DID YOU KNOW?
Introducing dung beetles through low insecticide use, keeping manure in one location and even introducing beetles to your property, is a great natural way to manage manure and improve the health of the environment. Here are some of the beetles’ (very impressive) skills:
• Dung beetles reduce the parasitic burdens in horses by taking manure underground, along with the ‘worm’ larvae. Once underground the larvae are unable to get back to the surface.
• Dung beetles reduce fly numbers as flies need intact piles of manure to carry out their life cycle. When manure is taken underground and broken up by dung beetles, the flies lose their habitat. Even the fine desiccated manure left on the surface by the dung beetles soon dries out and cannot be used for flies. Furthermore, some dung beetle species consume fly larvae reducing the fly population still further.
• Dung beetles significantly improve soil quality by aerating it with their tunnelling behaviour. This aeration also allows pasture plants to grow much longer roots than was previously possible in the compacted soil. The long roots reduce flooding and topsoil loss.
• With dung beetles, plant roots also go deeper because they seek out the nutrients that the dung beetles have taken down deep into the soil. Plants with more extended root systems grow taller above ground. Pasture plants that continuously grow tall, then are grazed back, followed by a period of rest so that they grow tall again, are healthier (lower in sugar) and sequester carbon more rapidly.
• Finally, dung beetles reduce methane gas production as they aerate the manure pile dramatically reducing the methane production from the manure. Methane is a hazardous greenhouse gas so this effect is a great climate change plus point!
4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Use natural ventilation, insulate buildings, and consider solar power for energy needs. Solar power provides a clean, renewable and sustainable energy source with minimal environmental impact,
leading to reduced greenhouse gas emissions and less reliance on finite resources such as coal and oil. Whilst it is often expensive to install, over the long run most find it dramatically reduces their overall energy expenditure.
5. CONSERVE WATER
Water is a precious resource in South Africa (although it may not feel that way in our current weather system), and we should all be aiming to minimise wastage. Installing rainwater harvesting
systems to collect and store water for troughs, washing, and irrigation can significantly reduce reliance on municipal or borehole water. Regularly checking for and fixing leaks in automatic waterers and pipes can also prevent unnecessary wastage.
TOP TIP
Resting paddocks is important, particularly in the wet weather we are currently experiencing, to avoid soil damage and allow grass to regrow.
6. IMPROVE PADDOCK MANAGEMENT
Poorly managed paddocks result in soil erosion, reduced plant diversity and greater water run-off.
Rotational grazing is one effective method of improving paddock health.
It reduces the risk of overgrazing and maintains strong root systems, which help retain moisture and prevent soil erosion. If rotational grazing is not possible, even fencing off small areas of the paddock (especially around the edges) for a few months at a time can allow grass and other plants to regrow. When the fencing is taken down and moved, the horses graze this area, allowing other areas to rest.
7. REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE
We, as horse owners, can make a difference by adopting a reduce, reuse, recycle mindset. Repurposing old feed bags, buying secondhand, repairing tack and blankets instead of discarding them, donating
reasonable and usable items to charity, using old spray bottles for watering plants at home, keeping carrots in plastic supplement tubs to prevent them going off, and using durable, longlasting products where available all contribute to reducing waste.
8. SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION
Horse transport contributes to carbon emissions, but there are ways to mitigate the impact. Carpooling with other riders when attending shows or clinics reduces
the number of vehicles on the road. Regular maintenance of horse trailers and towing vehicles ensures they run efficiently, reducing fuel consumption. For local outings, considering riding to destinations instead of driving can also reduce emissions.
CONCLUSION
By implementing these sustainable practices, we can minimise our ecological footprint while promoting the well-being of our horses. Small
changes, like using faecal egg counts, buying local, composting manure, and conserving water, can have a significant impact over time.
by Ashleigh Kabe Photography
MOMENTS FROM HORSE OF THE YEAR 2025
GASTRIC ULCERS
A DEEP DIVE
Gastric ulcers are common in horses and foals worldwide, and the term equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) was introduced in 1999 to describe a range of inflammatory changes that affect the bottom of the oesophagus, the nonglandular stomach (referred to as equine squamous gastric disease), the glandular stomach (equine glandular gastric disease), and the part of the duodenum next to the stomach.
SQUAMOUS VS GLANDULAR ULCERS
Research indicates that approximately 80% of ulcers are found in the non-glandular squamous mucosa of the stomach
DID YOU KNOW?
The prevalence of EGUS in racehorses in active training and racing has been estimated to be at least 90%, whereas in nonracing performance disciplines, the prevalence varies from 40% to 60%.
(squamous ulcers). On the other hand, approximately 20% of ulcers can be found in the glandular region of the stomach (glandular ulcers).
DUODENAL ULCERATION
Duodenal ulceration in adult horses and foals is considered part of EGUS as it is believed to be caused by gastric acid. Duodenal ulceration, perforation (rupture), or stricture (narrowing due to inflammation) can occur.
NOTE:
Not all concentrates are created equal. Lower starch and sugar concentrates are less of an issue for ulcers, than high sugar, high starch formulations.
AETIOLOGY
The stomach of the horse is relatively smaller in comparison to other species. As a result, horses cannot handle large amounts of food; they are built to graze and eat frequent, small portions of feed for extended periods. In a natural grazing situation, a steady acid flow is required for digestion. Hence, a horse’s stomach produces acid twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week – up to 35 litres of acidic fluid per day, even when not eating. In a natural, high-roughage diet, the acid is buffered by both feed and saliva, but when horses are fed in meals, fed concentrate, exposed to stressors and worked hard, the balance is disrupted, and the acid is no longer neutralised adequately.
Equine squamous gastric ulcer disease is associated with repeated direct inflammation and erosion by the extremely low pH stomach acid typically found in the glandular region
of the stomach. Pressure increases inside the abdomen (usually associated with exercise), collapsing the stomach and forcing the acid gastric contents upward (acid splash) into the squamous region, especially in a horse exercising on a relatively empty stomach. Highly acidic contents of the glandular part of the stomach come in contact with the non-glandular squamous mucosa during intense exercise, causing inflammation and, potentially, erosions and ulceration to varying extents.
Dietary factors also play a role in the development of EGUS. Diets high in concentrates and low in roughage (hay) generate high amounts of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; acetic, butyric, and propionic acids) due to the fermentation of sugars. SCFAs are absorbed by non-glandular mucosal cells, making the cells more acidic and leading to eventual ulceration.
Large concentrate meals generate large numbers of short-chain fatty acids.
The causes of ulcers in the stomach's glandular mucosa (equine glandular gastric disease) are less certain. Factors proposed to contribute to spontaneous equine glandular gastric disease include the breakdown of mucosal defences, bacterial colonisation, environmental and psychological stress, and more general inflammation.
DID YOU KNOW?
The prevalence of EGUS in newborn foals is estimated to be 25%–50%, and foals have a high risk of developing perforating peptic ulcers until they are several weeks old because their stomach lining is not developed to full thickness at birth.
Show situations can be stressful for our horses.
RISK FACTORS
The risk factors for equine gastric ulcer syndrome include:
• Involvement in performance disciplines
• High-concentrate diets
• Feeding in ‘meals’
• Limited access to forage
• Environmental stress (paddock vs time in the stable)
• Stress due to travel or management changes
• Illness
• Chronic anti-inflammatory use
CLINICAL FINDINGS FOALS
Foals with gastric ulcers are often two to six months of age, and EGUS in foals has been divided into four clinical syndromes:
• Subclinical (no apparent clinical signs)
• Clinical (with clinical signs)
• Perforating
• Gastric outflow obstruction.
Most foals have no or only vague clinical signs. However, when gastric ulcers become widespread and severe, classic clinical signs in foals include lethargy, colic, a dull coat, poor weight gain, diarrhoea, inadequate or interrupted nursing, lying flat, grinding teeth, hypersalivation, frothing or drooling of milk from the mouth, and tongue rolling.
Importantly, when a foal has clinical signs, the ulcers are typically severe and should be evaluated and treated immediately. Complications related to gastric ulcers are most frequent and severe in foals. Sudden gastric perforation without earlier clinical signs can sometimes occur in foals.
ADULT HORSES
Adult horses with EGUS have nonspecific or vague clinical signs, including poor performance, abdominal discomfort (colic), poor appetite, mild weight loss, poor body condition, girthiness, dull coat, and attitude changes. Horses with signs of severe abdominal pain (colic) may have gastric ulcers; however, the ulcers are unlikely to be the main cause of the abdominal pain. No strong correlation between the extent of ulceration and the severity of symptoms has been reported.
Complications related to gastric ulcers are most frequent and severe in foals, but they can also occur in adult horses too. They include delayed stomach emptying, acid reflux and inflammation of the oesophagus, expansion of the oesophagus secondary to chronic acid reflux, and, rarely, perforation. Clinical signs in adult horses with equine glandular gastric disease are less known; they are thought to be similar to horses with equine squamous gastric ulcer disease.
All horses must have access to 24/7 forage for ulcer prevention. If you are concerned about weight gain, chat with your vet and consider feeding hay in slow feeder nets, or soaking the hay.
DIAGNOSIS
Gastroscopy is the only way to diagnose ulcers definitively. This is done on an empty stomach.
Empirical treatment is indicated when gastroscopy is unavailable. A presumptive diagnosis can be reasonably made when clinical signs are reduced or resolved after several days (three to five days) of treatment with an effective medication, such as Omepracote.
TREATMENT
Most treatment for ulcers centres around the use of medication and supportive care. While healing of gastric ulcer lesions without medication has been observed, if training and the risk factors that have caused EGUS continue, lesions are unlikely to heal.
Supportive care for horses with ulcers involves dietary management, including feeding low-starch concentrate and lucerne to buffer stomach contents, and stress management, ideally through species-specific modifications, such as increased turnout.
Suppression of gastric acidity is the primary objective of medical treatment for gastric ulcers. Currently, the mainstay of treatment is the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole, usually in the form of Omepracote, which reduces acid production in the stomach, allowing ulcers to heal. Omeprazole is approved for a 28-day treatment course for EGUS, primarily
squamous gastric ulcer disease; however, treating equine glandular gastric disease may require 45–60 days of treatment. Repeat gastroscopy may be used to guide the duration of treatment.
Sucralfate, as found in products like Ulsanic, is another medical treatment option. Sucralfate binds to the gastric glandular mucosa and may promote healing. However, studies using sucralfate alone have not shown it to be beneficial in treating squamous gastric ulcer disease in horses or foals. When sucralfate is used with an omeprazole paste, it can reduce the severity of equine glandular gastric disease.
Feeding some lucerne around 30 minutes before exercise can reduce acid splash and thus reduce the risk of squamous ulcers in performance horses.
Misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin analogue, either alone or with sucralfate and omeprazole, has been shown to be effective in treating equine glandular gastric disease.
Another promising pharmacological agent is the S-enantiomer of omeprazole, esomeprazole. Esomeprazole has been shown to treat equine squamous gastric ulcer disease successfully; however,
its treatment efficacy for equine glandular gastric disease is not known.
PROGNOSIS
The prognosis for horses affected by gastric ulcers is generally good. Gastric ulcers can be treated and prevented relatively easily. Most squamous ulcers heal within four weeks of treatment, with glandular ulcers often requiring a slightly longer course.
Horses thrive when they can spend more time outdoors in paddocks with their friends.
PREVENTION
The following management techniques may assist in preventing ulcers:
• Feed horses hay 24/7 or on a free-choice basis (pasture). This helps buffer the stomach acid and stimulate saliva production, nature’s best antacid.
• Reduce the amount of grain and concentrates and/or add lucerne to the diet. Discuss any feed changes with your vet so
that medical conditions may be considered.
• Avoid or decrease the use of antiinflammatory drugs.
• Limit stressful situations such as intense training and frequent transporting.
• If horses must be stabled for large parts of the day, allow them to see and socialise with other horses and have access to forage at all times.
FINAL THOUGHTS
Gastric ulcers are incredibly common in our equine population. If you
suspect your horse is suffering from ulcers, contact your vet to discuss the best way forwards.
by Ashleigh Kabe Photography
MOMENTS FROM HORSE OF THE YEAR 2025
THE WAR ON FLIES
GETTING FLY POPULATIONS UNDER CONTROL IN OUR BARNS
Fly control is about more than simple fly spray. It’s a comprehensive and preventative approach to managing the fly population to the lowest tolerable level.
Whilst we’ll never be able to eliminate flies completely, there’s a lot we can do to keep them manageable and help our horses tolerate their presence.
DID YOU KNOW?
House flies are attracted to the light, so most sticky traps are yellow and hanging them in sunlight can make them super effective.
But before we get started on the topic of fly control, it’s worth asking ourselves why we care about flies.
WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT FLIES?
Flies are more than just a nuisance—they should be a serious concern for horse owners across South Africa. With our warm climate and long summers, flies thrive, causing discomfort, spreading disease, and even leading to
infections such as summer sores and eye irritations.
Beyond disease, flies drain your horse’s energy and cause substantial physical and emotional stress for them. From being bitten hundreds of times a day to stamping their legs sometimes thousands of times a day and having flies sit in the corner of their eyes all summer, it’s easy to see why flies reduce our horse’s quality of life.
TYPES OF FLY
In South Africa, the most common flies affecting horses include:
• House flies (Musca domestica) –carriers of bacteria and irritants.
• Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) – bloodsucking pests that cause painful bites.
• Bot flies (Gasterophilus spp.) –whose larvae burrow into a horse’s stomach lining, causing health issues.
• Horse flies (Tabanidae family) – aggressive blood feeders that stress horses and spread disease.
FEED THROUGH FLY CONTROL
Feed-through fly control is not very common in South Africa but is widely used overseas. Also known as Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs), these products inhibit insects' life cycles. In the US, for example, many IGRs are on the market that can be formulated into a feed or supplement and are safe for consumption.
IGRs don’t affect the horse’s body. They pass through the digestive
system and end up in the manure, and from here, they prevent flies from going through their lifecycle and developing into flies.
The major downsides of these products are their low availability in South Africa and the requirement that all horses in a particular yard be on the product for it to be effective. It is not useful if fed to only two or three horses because that leaves a head of horses that are still actively cultivating the fly life cycle through their manure.
FLY PREDATORS
Fly predators are tiny insects that you release into the environment, and these predators stop the fly’s life cycle. Various species of fly predators are available. None of these predators is a nuisance to the horses or people. When sprinkled in areas where manure piles up, moisture pools or old hay breaks down, they actively seek out fly eggs and lay their eggs inside the cocoon intended to nurture the fly, thereby
preventing the fly from reaching adulthood and halting the lifecycle.
The main downside of this option is that you must be very organised and keep on top of your orders. Skipping a month or introducing new predators late will disrupt control. In addition, the use of fly sprays is not advised in areas where these predators are used, as the fly sprays can inadvertently kill the predators, thereby nullifying their impact.
COMPANION ANIMALS
Chickens, guinea fowl, and swallows help control flies by eating larvae and adult insects. Having chickens around your barn can make a huge difference to fly populations!
FLY TRAPS
Fly traps can be super helpful if used properly, but it all depends on an understanding of the kind of fly you are trying to trap. House flies make up the vast majority of flies in most horse barns. They don’t bite but are still very annoying to our horses. Stable flies, conversely, are biting flies and consume our horse’s blood. They look almost identical to house flies.
With the two looking so similar, it can be hard to tell the difference, but the best way is to look at the area of the body the fly is drawn to. House flies like sticky eye drainage and hang around on the face, whereas stable flies go for the blood in the legs and the underbelly.
If you have house flies, you can use odour traps or sticky traps. You generally need to add water to odour traps, and the unpleasant odour they produce attracts the house flies. Stable flies are, unfortunately, not attracted to either of these traps. Odour traps should be placed away from your barn to draw house flies away from your horse, and as
house flies are quite sensitive to temperature, you should hang the traps in the sun in cooler weather and the shade in warmer weather. Sticky traps should be used inside your barn to collect the house flies close to your horse. Sticky traps should be hung at eye level or higher outside the stable, near some sunlight, and out of reach of curious horses.
NOTE
FLY BAIT
Similarly to fly traps, fly bait attracts flies using pheromones (used to communicate between flies) and attractive scents to lure flies away from horses and poison them with insecticide. Fly bait must be housed securely in bait stations as it is also toxic to humans and other animals.
There are sticky traps designed for stable flies, but we have not seen them yet in South Africa. These traps are made of light-reflecting material, which makes the trap emit heat. This attracts the biting stable fly because it assumes it is a mammal radiating body heat, typically a sign of a tasty blood meal. These traps need to be placed low because this is where the stable flies like to hang out.
FLY SPRAYS
Most fly sprays contain topical repellants designed to repel biting insects. Some natural varieties are available for those concerned about chemical handling and use on horses, but they are of variable efficacy and should be used in conjunction with other methods for real impact.
Fly sprays can be applied directly to your horse or sprayed around the stables. Some residual sprays and products can be applied to stable walls and ceilings.
Please always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use.
NOTE
Even if your fly control is excellent at home, you will need fly spray for travelling or attending shows, so it is worth patch-testing your horse in advance to ensure they do not have sensitivity to the product.
fall into this category. Some horses dislike wearing these, but if your horse tolerates them, they provide excellent protection against biting insects. At HQ, we’re particular fans of fly boots, as they seem to dramatically reduce the amount of stomping our horses do in response to flies. This is very important for horses with thin soles, arthritis, etc., as every stomp sends concussive
NOTE
Fly sheets are not ideal at the height of summer as they can cause sweating and overheating.
forces up the limb and can cause pain and exacerbate these existing issues.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
This involves being strict about removing or eliminating areas that allow flies, mosquitos and ticks to proliferate. Fly eggs need moisture to hatch, so keeping manure heaps as far away as possible, keeping stables clean, being careful of
pooling water, removing old piles of hay, etc., is very important in managing fly control. The final element of this is the use of fans; blowing a fan in the stable, particularly in the direction of your horse’s face, can help keep flies away as they struggle to battle the air current.
CONCLUSION
Fly control is an ongoing battle for South African horse owners, but with a combination of good stable management, protective gear, deterrents, and targeted fly-control products, it is possible to keep these pests at bay. Good luck out there!
INTRIGUING INGREDIENTS BERGAFAT
In the ever-evolving world of equine nutrition, we, as horse owners, are increasingly seeking smarter ways to fuel performance, support condition, and manage health. This new HQ series will feature several key ‘intriguing ingredients’ in equine nutrition to shed light on how they can serve our horses, which horses they are suitable for, and, most crucially, how safe they really are.
To kick us off, we’re starting with a name that’s been popping up in feed formulations and equine supplement discussions - bergafat. So what exactly is this ‘intriguing ingredient’, and is it something you should consider for your horse?
WHAT IS BERGAFAT?
Bergafat is a rumen-protected fat, traditionally used in ruminant diets (i.e. the diets of cows) but increasingly making its way into horse feed thanks to its unique energy profile. It’s derived from hydrogenated palm oil, and contains
fatty acids, phospholipids and high levels of vitamin E.
Bergafat comes in a dry, granulated form, making it easy to mix into feed without the mess of oils or the palatability issues of some other fat sources.
DID YOU KNOW?
Many showing pros advocate for the use of bergafat to keep horses in top condition and sustain performance over long competitions.
WHAT IS IT USED FOR?
In horse nutrition, bergafat is primarily used as a high-energy supplement. Because fat is a more concentrated energy source than carbohydrates, bergafat allows you to boost a horse’s energy intake without the risks associated with grain overload—like colic or laminitis.
Its slow-release nature also supports endurance and sustained performance, making it ideal for:
• Sporthorses needing extra energy without fizz
• Underweight horses who struggle to maintain condition
• Older horses with reduced appetite or muscle loss
• Horses prone to ulcers or metabolic issues, where highsugar or high-starch diets are not advised
PROS
High-calorie without starch: A huge benefit is that it delivers dense energy without the sugars and starches that can cause digestive upset or excitability. Supports weight gain and maintenance: For hard keepers, seniors, or recovering horses, bergafat helps pack in calories without increasing meal size significantly.
Cool energy source: Unlike grains, fatbased energy is released more slowly,
providing what’s often referred to as ‘cool’ energy—sustained stamina without the spike in excitability. Easy to store and feed: Being dry and granulated, it stores well and can be mixed easily into existing feeds.
Metabolic health-friendly: Horses with insulin resistance, PPID (Cushing’s), or tying-up syndromes often benefit from lower starch diets—making bergafat a good substitute energy source.
Improves coat condition: The fats can give the coat a very healthy shine.
THE CONS
Not a complete feed: Bergafat is an energy supplement only. It doesn’t offer protein, fibre, vitamins, or minerals, so it must be balanced within a complete feeding programme.
Palatability issues (initially): Some horses may turn up their noses at first, especially fussy eaters. Introducing it gradually and mixing it with molasses-free chaff or flavour enhancers can help.
Fat feeding limits: While fat is useful, too much can interfere with fibre digestion or lead to loose stools. It’s best used under the guidance of a nutritionist or vet, especially if you’re feeding other fat sources. Sustainability concerns: As a palm oil derivative, there are environmental considerations. While most reputable bergafat products use certified sustainable palm oil, it’s still something eco-conscious horse owners may want to research.
SUITABILITY
Bergafat is generally suitable for:
• Sporthorses needing extra energy without getting hot
• Endurance horses
• Underweight horses or those with poor topline
• Senior horses with reduced appetite or chewing issues
• Overweight horses already on a calorie-restricted diet
• Horses on high-fat diets from other sources like oils or rice bran. It is crucial that you check the total
fat percentage in the whole diet before feeding additional fats.
• Very young foals or weanlings unless professionally advised
• Horses with fat digestion issues (rare)
HOW MUCH TO FEED?
Bergafat is potent, so small quantities go a long way. Generally, 100–300 grams per day is common, depending on the horse’s size, workload, and body condition. Always introduce it gradually over 7–10 days and consult your vet or equine nutritionist to balance your horse’s total diet.
THE TAKEAWAY
Bergafat is an exciting addition to the equine nutrition toolbox, especially for horses needing a calorie boost without the downsides of starch or sugar. While not suitable for every horse, in the right situation it can
TOP TIP
If you're considering adding Bergafat to your horse's diet, chat with your equine nutritionist or vet. Not all fats are created equal, and getting the balance right is key to a healthy, happy horse.
make a noticeable difference to performance, condition, and overall well-being.
THE POWER OF PEAS
THE VALUE OF PEA PROTEIN ISOLATE IN EQUINE NUTRITION
Pea protein isolate is a relatively new product in South Africa, but as owners begin to see the impact of this powerful supplement, its popularity is increasing. Traditionally, horses have derived protein from sources like alfalfa,
soy, and flax, but pea protein isolate (PPI) is emerging as a viable and perhaps better alternative. This article explores the benefits, limitations, and potential use cases for pea protein isolate in horse diets.
WHAT IS PEA PROTEIN ISOLATE?
Pea protein is derived from yellow split peas (Pisum sativum) through a process that removes starch and fibre, leaving a concentrated protein source. Pea protein isolate is the most refined form, containing up to 85-90% protein. It is rich in essential amino acids, particularly lysine, which is crucial for muscle development in horses.
NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS
1. Rich in essential amino acids Protein quality in equine diets is determined by its amino acid profile. Pea protein isolate contains high levels of lysine, an essential amino acid often lacking in common feedstuffs like maise and oat hay. Lysine is critical for muscle repair, growth, and immune function.
WHAT IS AN ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID?
An essential amino acid is an amino acid that an organism cannot synthesise on its own in sufficient quantities and must obtain through its diet. In horses, essential amino acids include lysine, methionine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. These amino acids are crucial for muscle development, tissue repair, enzyme production, and overall metabolic function. Lysine is often considered the most limiting essential amino acid in equine diets, meaning if it's deficient, it can restrict protein synthesis even if other amino acids are available.
2. Hypoallergenic and easily digestible
Soy is a traditional high-protein feed ingredient, but some horses develop sensitivities to soy proteins. Pea protein isolate is naturally hypoallergenic, making it a suitable alternative for horses with dietary sensitivities or inflammatory conditions.
3. Environmentally sustainable South Africa, like many regions, faces increasing pressure to adopt environmentally sustainable agricultural practices. Pea protein isolate production requires less water and generates lower carbon emissions than soy or animalderived proteins, aligning with global sustainability goals.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON PEA PROTEIN ISOLATE IN HORSES
While extensive research on pea protein isolate in horses is limited, studies on other species suggest its efficacy. In a study published in the Journal of Animal Science (2021), researchers found that pea protein
isolate provided similar muscle recovery benefits to whey protein in athletic animals. Another study in the British Journal of Nutrition (2020) reported that pea protein isolate effectively supported muscle maintenance in ageing mammals, suggesting potential benefits for senior horses.
HOW CAN PEA PROTEIN ISOLATE BE USED IN EQUINE DIETS?
1. As a supplement for performance horses
Adequate protein intake is important for muscle growth, energy, hoof health, skin and coat quality and more. Performance horses have increased protein requirements due to muscle exertion. Feeding pea protein isolate can provide this
protein and improve recovery from exercise, topline development and recovery from injury or illness.
2. As a protein source in balancer feeds
Feed manufacturers can incorporate pea protein isolate into formulated feeds for horses requiring a non-soy protein option. Given its high lysine content, it can help balance diets based on cereal grains.
POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS
1. Methionine deficiency
Although pea protein isolate is rich in lysine, it is relatively low in methionine, another essential amino acid important for hoof health and coat condition. Supplementing with methionine or combining pea protein isolate with other protein sources, such as flax or alfalfa, can help balance amino acid intake.
2. Palatability
Some horses may take time to adjust to the taste of pea protein isolate. Mixing it with molasses-free chaff or a preferred feed can improve acceptance.
3. Suitability
For horses with liver and kidney disease high levels of protein can be harmful so for horses suffering from either of these conditions, pea protein isolate is not an appropriate supplement.
CONCLUSION
Pea protein isolate presents an exciting alternative for equine nutrition, particularly for South African horse owners seeking sustainable, high-quality protein sources. While further equine-specific research is needed, existing studies in other species indicate promising benefits. Whether used as a supplement for performance horses,
a component in balancer feeds, or a protein source for senior horses, pea protein isolate has the potential to contribute positively to equine health and nutrition. As the industry continues to evolve, embracing plant-based protein sources like pea protein isolate may be a step toward more sustainable and effective horse-feeding practices.
The Power of Peas
Unlock the Benefits of Pea Protein Isolate in Equine Nutrition
Pea protein is emerging as a valuable supplement for horses, offering superior protein quality for muscle development, recovery, and overall health.
Pea protein isolate (PPI) is a concentrated source of protein, rich in essential amino acids like lysine, which supports muscle growth and repair. It's a hypoallergenic, easily digestible alternative to traditional protein sources like soy and alfalfa, ideal for horses with dietary sensitivities. Plus, it's more environmentally sustainable, requiring less water and generating fewer carbon emissions.
Explore the benefits of Pea Protein Isolate for your horse's health and performance today.
Email: info@balius.co.za
Contact: 082 318 6193 www.balius.co.za
by Ashleigh Kabe Photography
MOMENTS FROM HORSE OF THE YEAR 2025
EQUINE WORM EGG COUNTS
MONITORING PARASITE RESISTANCE AND GUIDING SUSTAINABLE CONTROL STRATEGIES IN SOUTH
AFRICA
Equine parasitic infections present a substantial challenge to the health of horses and the equine industry in South Africa. The rising prevalence of resistance of internal parasites to anthelmintic drugs indicates a critical need for sustainable and scientifically guided parasite control strategies. Worm egg counts (WECs) are a diagnostic tool for assessing parasite burdens and identifying resistance to certain
active ingredients in dewormers that are available in South Africa. This overview examines the role of determining WECs, focusing on the methodology, interpretation, and applications in targeted treatment and integrated parasite management (IPM). Additionally, it explores the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance, highlighting challenges and proposing future research for sustainable control.
INTRODUCTION
Worm egg counts are essential for monitoring and maintaining your horses’ health, enabling targeted deworming and reducing the risk of resistance. By regular testing, you can ensure your horse receives the correct treatment at the right time.
Equine parasitic infections continue to pose a significant threat to equine health worldwide, leading to weight loss, colic, reduced performance and, in severe cases,
even fatality. In South Africa, where the equine sector plays an important economic role, parasite infections result in considerable productivity losses, highlighting the need for effective management strategies.
Common equine parasites in South Africa include small strongyles, large strongyles, ascarids and tapeworms. Strongyles are the most common and infest horses of all ages. Ascarids predominantly afflict young foals.
Once inside the horse, the larvae mature and migrate to various different sites.
IN THE HORSE
The larvae are consumed as the horse grazes (in the casse of tapeworm the horse ingests the forage mites).
As adults, they lay eggs and these are passed in dung and the cycle starts again.
Eggs are passed in horse dung.
ON THE PASTURE
The larvae are present on the pasture (forage mites ingest the tapeworm larvae.)
Eggs hatch and larvae develop.
The extensive use of anthelmintic drugs (known as dewormers) has induced the development of parasite resistance, causing parasites to be less susceptible to pharmacological agents. This jeopardizes the effectiveness of conventional dewormers. Globally, this phenomenon highlights the need for the implementation of control strategies.
WECs serve as a tool that enables the quantification of parasite burdens, the identification of infected horses needing particular attention, and the detection of anthelmintic resistance. Guided by WECs, veterinarians and para-veterinarians can implement treatment protocols, reduce the overuse of dewormers, and in this way, slow down the development of parasite resistance. Dewormers are only administered in cases where the WECs are high instead of routinely.
EQUINE PARASITES: PREVALENCE AND CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
In South Africa, the key equine gastrointestinal parasites include:
• Small strongyles (Cyathostomins): Most prevalent in adult horses; these parasites induce clinical manifestations such as weight loss, diarrhoea, and colic.
• Large strongyles (Strongylinae): Though their prevalence has declined due to the use of ivermectin, they still cause arterial damage and colic.
• Ascarids (Parascaris equorum): Primarily affecting young foals,
ascarids manifest as weight loss, sub-optimal growth and respiratory issues.
• Tapeworms (Anoplocephala spp.): These parasites are implicated in intestinal irritation and colic.
• Equine gastrodiscus: Caused by (Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus), found in water sources such as marshlands and dams.
Factors that increase parasitic transmission in South Africa include the warm, humid climate, improper pasture management, and high horse densities.
METHODOLOGY AND INTERPRETATION OF WORM EGG COUNTS
The McMaster technique remains the most effective for WEC determination. It entails the following steps:
1. Collection of faecal samples
2. Preparation of flotation solutions
3. Quantification of eggs using McMaster chambers
4. Calculation of eggs per gram faeces (EPG)
Factors influencing WEC accuracy include faecal integrity, sample freshness and observer proficiency. The interpretation of WEC results involves the identification of parasite types and WEC thresholds, beyond which treatment becomes necessary. However, variables such as the age, health, and prior anthelmintic exposure of the horse must be considered. The type of parasite detected determines the treatment prescribed. Follow-up, involving re-testing, is necessary to obtain treatment success.
SEDIMENTATION TEST FOR GASTRODISCUS
Equine gastrodiscus caused by (Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus) is a condition that affects horses, particularly in areas where there are marshy pastures or access to water sources such as rivers and dams. This parasite has a complex life cycle, involving freshwater snails as intermediate hosts. Equines become infected by grazing on vegetation where the parasite's infective stage, metacercariae, is present. After leaving the snail, the parasite finds suitable vegetation or a surface in water. It then encysts itself as metacercariae to protect against environmental factors such as UV radiation.
The metacercariae remain dormant, until they are ingested by an animal grazing on the vegetation or drinking the contaminated water. Once inside the digestive system, these parasites shed their outer layer and develop into mature flukes. They migrate to the caecum and colon to complete
their life cycle. The eggs are shed back into the fields or waterbody, where the cycle starts again. Controlling access to contaminated pastures and water sources is key to preventing infections.
While many infections do not show any clinical symptoms, and some horses can live with these flukes for years, others will exhibit colic, lethargy, diarrhea, loss of appetite and weight loss. These parasite eggs can be found through a sedimentation test, where gravity is used to collect the heavy eggs in the sediment that drop to the bottom of the collection cup. This sediment is rinsed a few times to increase visibility. The liquid is placed under the microscope where the eggs can be observed. It is important to test horses once a year for gastrodiscus. Horses that have access to water sources, or that have a history of previous infections, should be tested more often.
ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE: DETECTION AND SCOPE
WECs facilitate resistance detection through the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT). Reduction analysis pre- and post-treatment is used to evaluate drug efficacy, with insufficient EPG reduction indicative of resistance. However, confounding factors, such as inconsistent egg shedding and inhibited larval stages, may complicate the accuracy of the FECRT. Treated horses should be re-tested within 14 days to establish whether follow-up treatment is
necessary to break the parasite cycle.
Resistance to benzimidazoles, pyrantel and abamectin has been documented in South African equine parasites. Contributory factors include:
• Excessive anthelmintic use without WEC guidance.
• Improper dosing, leading to survival of resistant phenotypes.
INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES FOR PARASITE CONTROL
Targeted treatment via WEC-guided results and consultation minimizes drug usage, thereby preserving the efficacy of anthelmintic drugs. Strategies should be followed to integrate WECs with practices such as:
• Pasture management: Rotational grazing and manure collection.
• Hygiene practices: Routine cleaning of stables and paddocks.
• Holistic controls: The use of supplements to assist in parasite control.
Such approaches reduce drugdependency, prolong anthelmintic drug efficacy, and promote equine health.
CHALLENGES AND FUTURE RESEARCH
WEC-based programmes face challenges, including diagnostic costs, a lack of education and resistance to behavioural change among horse owners, where routine administration of dewormers is easier than having faeces tested.
Future research imperatives include:
• Development of new anthelmintics to counteract resistance.
• Advancement of diagnostic methods to improve results and affordability.
• Test-based results to monitor resistance.
PACKAGING OF SAMPLES
To collect and send faecal samples, place two manure balls into a sealable plastic bag, ideally taking
manure piles. Clearly label the bag with the animal's name, age, and any relevant details, such as deworming history or symptoms. When preparing for transportation, place the sealed sample in a cooler or container with ice packs. If immediate transport is not possible, refrigerate the sample, but avoid freezing or overheating it, as this may compromise its suitability for testing.
CONCLUSION
Equine worm egg counts are pivotal to parasite control and to delay the onset of parasite resistance in South Africa. Sustained research and
education are important for refining and adopting practices that prevent parasite proliferation, ensuring equine health and productivity.
Para-Vet Plus is a registered facility that offers Worm Egg Counts at affordable rates. We are also equipped to conduct tests for identifying the presence of gastrodiscus. Contact Ilsemarie Greyvenstein on 072 089 6248 or visit Para-Vet Plus on Facebook.
What is the difference between a supplement and a balancer?
A balancer is a nutrient-dense complete feed that, when fed at the recommended levels, provides a horse or pony with all his daily vitamin and mineral requirements. Balancers are usually pelleted and can be fed by hand or alone in a bucket. They’re a popular choice with owners of ‘good doers’ as they’re generally low in calories.
Supplements often have a more specific role in the horse’s diet, such as supporting better hoof quality, aiding joint mobility or providing muscle support. You can buy broad-spectrum supplements that provide essential vitamins and minerals, but these usually come in a powdered form and must be added to a bucket feed rather than fed alone.
What is the difference between a saddler and a saddle fitter?
Quite often, people say they need the saddler when they actually need a saddle fitter. The two are entirely different.
The saddler is the person who physically makes the saddle. They are craftspeople skilled in cutting, stretching, and creating the saddle. The saddle fitter and saddler may work together to discuss the horse and rider, and sometimes, the saddler will find a design to solve fit issues that the saddle fitter cannot with an off-the-peg item.
A saddle fitter, on the other hand, assesses the saddle's fit for both horse and rider. They
perform routine checks to ensure ongoing fit and follow a protocol to observe any changes to the horse, saddle or rider. Saddle fitters need to have extensive knowledge of horse conformation, gait, anatomy and physiology, as well as know about saddle types, how saddles are made, tree and panel designs and how to solve issues.
In summary, a saddler makes the saddle but isn’t trained to fit the saddle, while the saddle fitter fits the saddle but can’t make the saddle. Rarely do you meet individuals who are both saddlers and saddle fitters, but these people are the exception rather than the rule.
Why do some vets vaccinate horses in different parts of the body, such as the chest and hindquarters, rather than just the neck?
Most equine vaccinations need to be given by injection into the muscle. It doesn’t really matter which muscle it is, but larger muscle groups are commonly used as there’s more space for any swelling that results, and they’re a bigger target!
The neck, hindquarter and chest are easily accessible areas that most horses are pretty comfortable with when having injections.
Many vets use the side of the neck to vaccinate horses, but the disadvantage is that if the horse
has any swelling after the injection, he might have a stiff neck, causing him to struggle to eat. For this reason, some vets prefer the chest or the hindquarters for vaccination, as there is more space to accommodate any swelling, and any stiffness is likely to be less of an issue.
Sometimes, sites are selected because they may be safer to use in horses that are not keen on injections (or vets in general!). For example, horses who barge or kick out may be more easily injected into the hindquarters over a door to ensure both the handler and the vet can remain safe.
Are there any risks to having horses scoped for ulcers?
Gastroscopy is a safe and effective diagnostic tool for a variety of conditions, but it is most commonly used to diagnose gastric ulcers.
Before the procedure, your vet will assess your horse’s suitability for sedation and take appropriate measures to mitigate potential risks. Although nosebleeds may occasionally occur due
to the presence of highly vascularised structures in the nasal cavity, they’re usually harmless and can be controlled quickly.
Mild colic may also occur due to distension of the stomach with air, but this is rare.
Ultimately, not diagnosing or treating your horse due to the perceived risk of gastroscopy could have more serious health implications for your horse, so it is important to balance the risks and make an informed choice with your vet.
