HIVE: Housing Innovation with Virtual Experience by HusseinlZaarour

HIVE Housing Innovation with Virtual Experience

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

Group 1 Team Members Arjun Kapoor I 20155293 - Hussein Zaarour I 22174134 Ruihan Chang I 22190049 - Taishan Lei I 22131696 Yang Wu I 22174135

Group 1

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE Thesis Index

CHAPTER 1 I INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..03

CHAPTER 4 I DIGITAL FABRICATION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….79

1.1. Studio Agenda I Synopsis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………05

4.1 Research & Precedent………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….80

1.2 Context…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………06

4.2 Topology Optimization Exploration…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….83

1.2.1 Issues Processes………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..07

4.2.1 Experimentation with the Units………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………84

1.2.2 Research Question……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..09

4.3 Composition & Materiality (Structural Composition)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….86

CHAPTER 2 I THESIS & RESEARCH…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10

4.4 General Fabrication Process………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….91

2.1 Thesis Statement………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11

CHAPTER 5 I PROTOTYPING……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………..……………….96

2.2 Research & Precedents………………………………………………………………………..………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………14

5.1 Additive Manufacturing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…………………..97

2.2.1 Residential Community…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16

5.2 Casting Experiments………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………103

2.2.2 Participatory Design I Housing Customization……………………………. ……………………………………………………………………..17

5.2.1 Formation of the Mold………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….104

2.2.3 Social Interaction……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19

5.2.2 Casting Process…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………104

2.2.4 Expandable Design……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………..21

CHAPTER 6 I STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION…………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………107

2.2.5 Localized Production & Community Participation..……………………………………………………………………………………………..22

6.1 Game Precedents…………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………108

2.2.6 Prefabrication..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………..23

6.1.1 Townscapper……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………….109

2.3 Thesis Concept & Framework……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………24

6.2.2 Block’hood……………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………….109

CHAPTER 3 I ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN……………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….30

6.2 Platform Design……………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………110

3.1 Architectural Geometry……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….31

6.2.1 Conﬁguration & Objective……………………………………………………..……………………………………………………….………………..111

3.1.1 Geometry Selection Process……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….32

6.2.2 Decision Tree……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………….112

3.1.2 Main Unit Formation……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………….33

6.2.3. Actors……………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….113

3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level…………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..36

6.3 Developers’ Interface……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...114

3.3 Functional Units……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….50

6.3.1 UI Design……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………….116

3.4 Kit of Parts Deﬁnition……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………53

6.3.2 Main Steps Highlight……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………..117

3.4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..54

6.3.3 Process Exploration……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………….118

3.4.2 Interior Design Kit……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..55

6.4 Residents’ Interface……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….129

3.4.3 Flexible Partition Furniture……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………….61

6.4.1 UI Design……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………..………..131

3.4.4 Façade Kits Conﬁgurations……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………….69

6.4.2 Main Steps Highlight……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….132

3.4.5 Roof Kit Units……………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….70

6.3.3 Process Exploration……………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………….……………………133

3.4.6 Balconies Units……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….71

6.5 HIVE HUB……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..137

3.4.7 External Units……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….74

CHAPTER 7 I REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………145

CHAPTER 1 I INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 I INTRODUCTION 1.1 STUDIO AGENDA I SYNOPSIS

Group 1

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 1.1 Studio Agenda I Synopsis

RCX CONSTRUCTING THE PHYGITAL

RCX is dedicated to investigating and advancing cutting-edge design and construction processes in the field of architecture, engineering and construction (AEC). By harnessing the power of computation and embracing the latest emerging technologies, the cluster aims to push the boundaries of innovation in the industry. The focus of the cluster is addressing the pressing issue of London’s housing shortage, by adopting a tech-enabled and participatory design approach. Data on the requirements of end users are gathered through various platforms that draw inspiration from the gaming and automobile industries. This approach ensures that the resulting housing solutions are precisely tailored to meet the needs and preferences of future occupants, allowing them to gain a sense of ownership and agency. RCX explores the synergies between Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) practices and Industrialized Modular Construction technologies. By integrating these two methodologies, the cluster aims to develop structure and production-aware parametric architectural components. This strategic combination allows for the creation of architectural elements that can be efficiently manufactured and assembled, thereby streamlining the construction process, enhancing efficiency, and reducing costs. Kit of parts are developed and deployed into prototypical scenarios which consist of both private and public spaces, aiming to create sustainable mixed developments. The goal is to increase the density in urban areas, promoting enhanced community/social interactions, and an overall well-being. RCX endeavours to foster community interactions and well-being by designing spaces that facilitate connections and promote a sense of community, thus addressing the housing shortage and the societal need for sustainable and harmonious urban living environments.

CHAPTER 1 I INTRODUCTION 1.2 CONTEXT

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 1.2.1 Issues I Background (London as a Case Study)

Social housing on the Decline (MHCLG, 2022)

Population Density Rate in London (Tejvan Pettinger, 2023)

Ethnic makeup of London (Guilherme Rodrigues, 2008)

Social housing in London (BBC News, 2019)

London is a world leader when it comes to culture, entertainment and business. Yet, the UK capital is a victim of its own success when it comes to cost of living. While London has excelled at creating jobs opportunities, it has failed to build an adequate amount of homes than its workforce can actually afford. As a result, many Londoners struggle to get by, live in overcrowded properties and in unsuitable conditions. According to the latest census, over the 10 years to 2021, there are 9.8 per cent more households with three or more people in them suggesting more Londoners are living in overcrowded accommodation that they cannot afford (Luke Christou, 2018). For most Londoners, the impact of the housing affordability crisis is unavoidable. A blend of soaring private rents and unattainable deposits threatens to stiﬂe London’s ability to remain a competitive global city to live and work in. Home ownership isn’t even a distant possibility for many (Luke Christou, 2018). The housing crisis is a major factor in the high cost of living in the capital, as well as putting home ownership out of the reach of many young Londoners who fear they will never get a foot on the property ladder. In the worst cases, it can affect social cohesion, cause poor health and plunge residents into poverty. There are more people living in London than ever before. According to data published by the Ofﬁcial for National Statistics (ONS), London’s population surged to 8.8 million in 2017. The population in the capital has been growing by 1.1 % on average annually since 2012. With London’s population set to hit 9.4 million by 2030. This equates to 96,000 additional people each year (Guilherme Rodrigues, 2008). However, according to the Greater London Authority’s Housing in London: 2017 report, just 20,030 new homes have been built in the capital each year on average over the last decade. The Greater London Authority’s Housing in London 2022 report states that homelessness in the capital increased by 7 % between 2021/2022 (Luke Christou, 2018).

New homes built in Greater London (Luke Christou, 2018)

Decadal Trend in Household Tenures (Luke Christou, 2018)

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 1.2.1 Issues I Background (London as a Case Study)

Diagrams Retrieved from Finnerty and Gleeson’s ‘Housing in London 2022’ Report

As mentioned in the previous research, London's demand for housing has been increasing over the years, with a growing population and limited resources (Finnerty and Gleeson, 2022). The Greater London Authority's Housing in London report revealed that London's population is projected to grow by 70,000 per year, reaching 10.4 million by 2041. However, the number of homes being built falls short of this demand, leading to the need for alternative housing options. The demand for housing is not only limited to London's native population. International communities also contribute to this need, with many living in overcrowded unsuitable units. In fact, as of 2021, it was noted that around 23% of London's overall population was not from the UK (Finnerty and Gleeson, 2022). The Greater London Authority has implemented various housing projects in an effort to alleviate the housing shortage. However, they are not enough to meet the demand (Greater London Authority, 2022). Facing these challenges and obstacles, many residents have been turning to online platforms to search for housing options. One such platform is Spareroom, which has seen a significant increase in users in recent years. Spareroom is an online platform that connects people looking for affordable housing with those who have available rooms in flatshares (Spareroom, n.d.). The platform provides a search function where users can create a profile, input their preferences (budget, location, and room type), to narrow down their options. The report showed that there were around 76,000 live ads on Spareroom in London, with 23% of the search volume for flatshares coming from people looking for a room (Finnerty & Gleeson, 2022). However, there are several limitations to this approach. One of the main restrictions is the lack of customization available to tenants and potential residents, who may have limited say in the design process or interior furnishings of their personal housing spaces (Finnerty & Gleeson, 2022).

Adults living in Crowded Homes Data (Finnerty and Gleeson, 2022)

Spareroom’s Research Data (Finnerty and Gleeson, 2022)

Group 1

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 1.2.2 Research Question

Thesis Research Question: How can architecture foster the development of sustainable community-centric designs in response to the constrained resources and ongoing demand for space? With increasing populations and limited resources, the development of sustainable community-centric designs has become an essential consideration. It is vital to explore how architecture can provide innovative solutions and designs that will be able to meet the growing demand for space while embracing the community aspect that have been affected by recent isolations. This raises the question revolving around how architecture can foster the development of sustainable and community-centric designs, tackling all these relevant and contemporary challenges.

CHAPTER 2 I THESIS & RESEARCH

CHAPTER 2 I THESIS & RESEARCH 2.1 THESIS STATEMENT

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 2.1 Thesis Statement

The objective of the HIVE project is to enhance community empowerment by promoting a more equitable and inclusive housing process, encompassing design, supply, and delivery. This initiative builds upon existing research and extends its inﬂuence through the implementation of a platform-based solution that revolutionizes the approach to housing design, construction, and occupancy. This transformative platform ensures accessibility to a broader audience regardless of their geographical location, enabling users to create and personalize their living spaces while staying informed about the production processes in addition to the construction and fabrication procedures involved in their customized units.

Housing Innovation with Virtual Experience

HIVE is dedicated to advocating for sustainable and innovative solutions involving diverse communities' housing needs while encouraging users to take ownership of their individual living environments. By doing so, it fosters greater agency and participation, promoting social equity and facilitating economic mobility. Employing a circular economy model, the project offers a promising resolution to the contemporary challenges posed by limited physical and ﬁnancial resources as it prioritizes user preferences. The exploration of modular designs and digital fabrication technologies, coexisting in a hybridized format stimulates innovation, with the ultimate goal of minimizing material waste and maintaining structural integrity alongside a variety of customization design possibilities.

CHAPTER 2 I THESIS & RESEARCH 2.2 RESEARCH & PRECEDENTS

Group 1

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 2.2. Research & Precedents

Modularity

Prefabrication

Decentralized Design and Centralized Assembly Systems

Walden 7, Ricardo Boﬁll

Barbican, Chamberlin, Powell and Bon

A321XLR Airbus Assembly

Alexandra Road Estate, Neave Brown

Nagakin Capsule Tower, Kishō Kurokawa

Aircrafts and Boats Manufacturing Systems

Decentralized Production & Community Participation-Fab Labs

Platform Based Stakeholders Negotiation and Decision Making

Designing Spaces in Small Areas

Fab Labs, 3D Printing

Block’Hood Project, Jose Sanchez (2017)

Interior Design of Aircrafts and Boats

Fab Labs, Community Involvement

Group 1

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 2.2.1 Residential Community

Walden 7 I Taller de Arquitectura

Retrieved from Emily King’s ‘Fortress of Solitude’ article (in 2016)

Walden 7, designed by Ricardo Bofill and completed in 1975, is a towering residential complex located in Barcelona. It consists of a cluster of modular 30 sqm cubes/apartments that spreads out over fourteen stories, shifting at each single level. Originally, three gigantic structures were planned, in the shape of a virtual triangle that enclosed part of the industrial facilities, but only one structure was ever built. Designed to be a self-contained ‘city within a city’, the multi-level construction features a system of access bridges and balconies, generating a variety of vistas and precincts. The apartments are complemented with public spaces, meeting rooms, bars with shops on the ground floor, a small library, and two swimming pools on the roof. With few exceptions, all of them face both outwards and into one of the courtyards which serve as gathering spaces. The architect, Ricardo Bofill, wanted to create a community with shared areas and gardens, where private and public spaces intertwine, and the daily life of its residents is improved. The building is a communal hive as suggested by the network of footbridges that link each of its floors. The aim was to achieve a porous mixed-use structure that offered a variety of communal, and private spaces, fostering a better social connectivity than the housing blocks of the period.

Cement Factory

Walden 7

Modularity of Walden 7’s Design (Group 1, RC10)

Original Construction Plan (Ricardo Boﬁll Taller de Arquitectura, n.d.)

Residential Community-Apartments I Outdoor Social Areas (Ricardo Boﬁll Taller de Arquitectura, n.d.)

Group 1

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 2.2.2 Participatory Design I Housing Customization

Walden 7 I Taller de Arquitectura

Type 1-30 SQM

Building’s 3D Model I Extraction of its Vertical/Horizontal Circulations (Group1, RCX)

Each studio apartment in Walden 7, consisting of 30 sqm unit(s), is typically referred to as a ‘cell.’ While some may initially view this as a disadvantage, the design choice is meant to embrace the communal living experience in the building. Residents are encouraged to view their apartments as a part of a larger community, and to engage with their neighbors and the shared spaces within the complex. Each cell was designed to fulfill the specific needs of its individual occupants. The cell is theoretically empty. However, this is only the case if the buyer wants it to be. It typically features a kitchenette, toilet, bath, table, and various cupboards. The divisions within each cell do not form conventional rooms since the walls are placed merely to create a sense of separation, while curtains may be used to screen certain areas that require extra privacy. This design approach allows residents to personalize and adapt their interior spaces based on their needs and preferences. Through active participation in the design process, they gain a sense of ownership and agency within the community. The design exercises carried out to reconfigure the basic cell are a reflection of this intention. They were based on a set of kit of parts that were extracted from the building’s components, such as walls, slabs and circulation elements. The latter were assembled following the practice’s aggregation approach, to maintain the communal living experience.

Type 2-60 SQM

Initial Kit of Parts

Redesigned Nucleus-Cross Unit

Walden 7 Characteristics Redesigned Cross Unit

Type 3-90 SQM

Circulation & Occupied Space

Open Vs Closed Openings

Shared Vs Private Space

Flexible Units/Modules

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 2.2.2 Participatory Design I Housing Customization

Living Room

Bedroom

Bathroom

Kitchen/Dining

Circulation/Corridor

Connections

Open Space

Planters

Grass

Water Bodies

Private Balcony

Module Templates

Cross Unit

Redesign of the Walden 7-A Vertical Village

The conducted design exercises focused on a modular approach, using a 30 sqm space that was divided into smaller, adaptable cubes/cells. The kit of parts was developed to encourage a variety of configurations, each dictated by its function. At this stage, the emphasis was on establishing a computational mindset that revolved around specific conditions such as occurrence/adjacency rules. The resulting designs were then visualized through a series of drawings. Here, the various configurations were anchored by a set of circulation paths, which acted as a backbone to the overall layout. Three primary circulation types were designed defined by a straight path, a L-shaped path, and T-shaped circulation pathway. The placement of each ranged from private internal spaces to broader public areas, intertwined by the aforementioned patterns and the desired experiential outcome. Building on this foundation, the designs evolved into a more intricate "cross unit" configuration. The aim was to amplify the usable area of each unit, while staying true to the logic of the practice’s exploration. Two iteration sets were created: one retaining the original revisited singular unit, while the second capitalized on the cross unit. The latter stretched horizontally, reducing vertical stackings. Addressing shortcomings in the Walden 7’s design, both iterations demonstrated that by altering the core structure, enhanced social interactions and circulation spaces could be achieved. The integrated courtyards significantly improved light penetration to the lower floors, making the spaces more vibrant.

Unit 1

Unit 2

Unit 3

Clusters of Iteration 1

Updated Kit of Parts

Walden 7-Original

Unit 4

Unit 5

Clusters of Iteration 2

Iteration 1

Iteration 2

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 2.2.3 Social Interaction

Barbican Estate I Chamberlin, Powell and Bon

Barbican Estate Art Centre (Arch Daily, 2010)

Barbican Estate Residential House (Arch Daily, 2010)

The Barbican Estate contains both residential and community social areas. Residential and social areas are evenly distributed and interact with each other to provide residents with a rich and convenient living space. It is also characteristic for its total separation of vehicles from pedestrians throughout the area ("slab urbanism"). This is achieved through the use of 'highwalks'—walkways of varying width and shape, usually located 1 to 3 stories above the surrounding ground level. Most pedestrian circulations take place on these highwalks, while roads and car parking spaces are relegated to the lower level which both maintain the privacy of residents and their social interaction. Through the study of the Barbican community, the main orientation in this case is how the residential and social areas are linked and interact with each other, including the zone organization of the different functions, the proportions and the circulation design, and providing an example and theoretical basis for future mixed-use housing project. In a further extension of the design, we tried to modularize the functionality and further experimented mainly guided by deconstruction concept.

Barbican Estate Functional Location (Group 1, RCX)

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 2.2.3 Social Interaction

Interior Composition of the Modules

Aggregation Logic with Reconﬁguration I Recomposition

Theatre

London School for Girls

St Giles Church

Barbican Center Functional Composition

Internal Relationship between the Functions

Based on the analysis of the Barbican, in the re-planning layout, we analysed and categorised the main types of functions, trafﬁc movements and house layouts provided by the community. The scale of division from one building to a smaller unit was reﬁned, and a modular approach was used to convert the functions into voxels that could be freely spliced together. Through a core-based patchwork approach, functions are combined in a more detailed way to form medium-sized communities, providing users with a more private space between urban-scale neighbourhoods and individual dwellings. The principal use of deconstructionist techniques makes the modularity more theoretically grounded and more relevant in a community where the middle class are the main targeted demographic.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 2.2.4 Expandable Design I Residents’ Agency

Quinta Monroy I Elemental

Initial Self-Built Settlements

Quita Monroy Housing Units-Picture by Cristobal Palma (Arch Daily, 2008)

Possibility of Expansion

Interior of the Units-Picture by Cristobal Palma (Arch Daily, 2008)

Site-Plan as Built-2005 (Arch Daily, 2008)

Site-Plan as Built-2017

Quinta Monroy is a housing project in Iquique, Chile that was designed by the architecture firm Elemental, led by Alejandro Aravena. The project aimed to provide affordable housing for low-income families while also allowing them to take part in the design and construction process. The housing units in Quinta Monroy were designed as a starting point and not as a finished product. Each unit was built with the potential for future expansion, depending on the needs and financial resources of the family occupying the space. This was achieved by providing each unit with a concrete structure and a basic infrastructure, such as plumbing and electrical connections, leaving the interior spaces unfinished. To expand their units, families were given a subsidy and access to a catalog of pre-approved expansion designs. They could then use their subsidy to purchase the materials needed for the expansion, and were also encouraged to contribute their own labor to the overall construction process(es). By allowing families to customize and expand their units over time, Quinta Monroy created a sense of ownership and investment in the community. It also allowed families to adapt their living spaces to their changing needs. The project also prioritized the design of public spaces to create social cohesion and foster a sense of community among residents. A central square was surrounded by community buildings, serving as amenities for the residents. Moreover, smaller public spaces such as parks, playgrounds, and plazas were scattered throughout the neighborhood, designed to cater to people of all ages. The public areas acted as an extension of the public space, allowing for social interaction between neighbors. To prevent haphazard expansion, the project team established clear guidelines specifying the maximum height, footprint, and building materials that could be used, ensuring that the expansion of housing units was consistent with the overall design of the neighborhood. The Quinta Monroy project has been recognized for its innovative approach to affordable housing and its success in empowering residents to take an active role in shaping their living environments.

Expansion Model of the Housing Units (Arch Daily, 2008)

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 2.2.5 Localized Production & Community Participation

FabLabs: Digital Fabrication Laboratories

Fablab House, Studio James Brazil (Studio James, n.d, 2010)

Fablab Production (Studio James, n.d, 2010)

Community Participation in Fababs (Hablab, n.d. "Concept")

A fablab, short for fabrication laboratory, is a workspace that provides access to digital fabrication tools, such as 3D printers, laser cutters, and CNC machines, as well as software and electronics to help people design, prototype, and fabricate a variety of projects. The fablab concept was developed at MIT's Center for Bits and Atoms in the early 2000s, with the goal of democratizing access to technology and fostering innovation and entrepreneurship in local communities (Gershenfeld, 2012). Fablabs are typically open to anyone, regardless of age, education, or background, and offer both formal and informal learning opportunities. They also emphasize collaboration and knowledge sharing, as well as experimentation and iteration, developing creative solutions to real-world impediments. Fablabs are seen as a way to bridge the gap between digital design and physical production, and to empower people to become makers rather than only consumers (Buechley et al., 2013). One of the key aspects of the fablab movement remains its focus on localized production. By providing access to digital fabrication tools and skills, fablabs enable people to design and produce customized products locally, rather than relying on mass-produced goods from faraway places. This not only reduces the environmental impact of transportation and waste but also promotes local economic development by creating new opportunities for small-scale production (Pearce et al., 2010). Additionally, fablabs often involve community participation in their activities, which helps to build social networks and foster a sense of belonging. By bringing people together around shared interests, they create opportunities for learning, collaboration, and innovation, while addressing local needs and challenges. In this way, they contribute to the development of sustainable communities that are able to adapt to changing circumstances, and create positive social/environmental impact. Overall, they stand as a powerful tool for promoting innovation, and community development by democratizing access to digital fabrication tools, skills and local production.

Fablabs Factory (Hablab, n.d. "Concept")

Fablabs across the World, Distributed Production (Fab Foundation, n.d.)

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragashan

HIVE 2.2.6 Prefabrication

Nagakin Tower I Kisho Kurokawa Interior Composition of the Modules

Modular Composition

Module Frame Composition

Designed by Kisho Kurokawa, the Nakagin Capsule Tower, located in Tokyo, was completed in 1972. As an emblematic representation of Japan's Metabolist movement, the tower embraced the principles of prefabrication. In fact, each capsule unit was manufactured off-site using reinforced concrete and steel, intended for a 25 years lifespan. Additionally, central to its design was modularity; every standardized capsule, measuring roughly 2.5 by 4 meters, was attached to a central core, envisioned to be replaceable and adaptive to evolving urban demands. Although recognized for its innovative approach, the tower's initial vision of replaceable units remained challenging. Its structure confronted maintenance issues over time. The redesign exercises aimed to reinterpret the concepts of prefabrication/modularity in the ﬁeld.

CHAPTER 2 I THESIS & RESEARCH 2.3 THESIS CONCEPT & FRAMEWORK

Group 1 HIVE

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

2.3 Thesis Concept & Framework

The HIVE project addresses the challenge of the rising population and limited resources, merging user-focused customization with efficiency. It champions modularity to meet personal preferences, utilizes prefabrication for effectiveness, and introduces a platform for seamless design-fabrication integration. The result is a co-design approach, fostering community involvement. This unique symbiosis of design, prefabrication, alongside community engagement, introduces an intricate paradigm in architectural endeavors that aim to craft holistic living environments. The HIVE project embodies an innovative perspective on architectural design and execution. A cornerstone of this initiative is "Design Democratization." This idea fosters a modular design system that is not rigid or one-size-fits-all. It promotes adaptability, ensuring that individual spaces can interchange, catering to unique and evolving requirements of residents. The project also recognizes the value of productivity in construction, understanding that it should not come at the expense of inclusivity. The project's approach to "Efficient and Inclusive Fabrication" uses prefabrication processes., ensuring that projects are not just timely and resource-conscious but are also reflective of the community they serve. Central to binding these two facets - innovative design and inclusive fabrication - is the "Collaborative Platform." Standing at the heart of the HIVE, it enables ideas from designers, practical inputs from developers, and invaluable insights from end-users to coalesce and intertwine. The platform contributes to the promotion of collaboration, inviting both end-users and developers into the design dialogue and exchange of agency/ownership.

Group 1 HIVE

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

2.3 Thesis Concept & Framework I Actors + Duties

Group 1 HIVE

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

2.3 Thesis Concept & Framework I HIVE Scheme

The HIVE Scheme located at the convergence of innovation, education, and collaboration, thoughtfully engages distinct core audiences: students, professionals, and volunteers. Each group ﬁnds a tailored pathway within the initiative, blending their aspirations with the objectives of the program. For students, the HIVE becomes a space for learning and experimentation. They are able to access internships, acquiring practical insights that complement their academic pursuits. This hands-on experience is paramount, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world application. They also develop a keen understanding of collaborative working, project management, alongside community engagement. The professionals, with more acquired expertise, are on a quest for new career avenues, while others see the merit in a barter system, offering their specialized services in return for allocated spaces within the HIVE. Volunteers, especially those drawn from the local communities, reinforce the HIVE’s essence and what it aims to promote. Initial online orientations equip the members with rudimentary construction concepts. This digital engagement then transitions into tangible, on-site training where the nuances of timber component assembly and joinery are deconstructed. This rigorous training is further enhanced by a series of workshops, live demonstrations, and interactive exhibits. Sessions are curated to cultivate fabrication skills and promote innovative thinking. The engagements of the members do not just end at the skill acquisition as they are incentivized with the provision of Pop-up units’ spaces for commercial activities. Knowledge thus meets opportunity, exemplifying holistic educational paradigms that the HIVE Scheme establishes.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 2.3 Thesis Concept & Framework I HIVE: Multiscalar Strategies

Macro-Scale Strategies Connected Globally-Data Sharing

Macro-Scale Development Principles

Territorial Strategies

Regional Project Implementation

Micro-Scale Distributed Production Network

Local Communities Participation

Localized Digital Fabrication and Production

Micro-Scale Strategies

CHAPTER 3 I ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

CHAPTER 3 I ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 3.1 ARCHITECTURAL GEOMETRY

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

3.1.1 Geometry Selection Analysis

System 1: Vertex to Vertex

System 2: Center to Center

System 3: Center to Center & Vertices

Hexagons are more ﬂexible than most conventional geometric forms. We experimented with different sectional grids to explore the possibilities of collocation, encompassing vertex-to-vertex, midpoint-to-midpoint, centroid-to-vertex, and centroid-to-midpoint grids. In order to ﬁnd the best performing division system, four categories of data displayed in the table were evaluated. Each monomer was analysed with the aim to identify which of the following dwellings/modular geometries could stand as the heart of the design exploration.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE

Process Grid to compute the different volumetric shapes

3.1.2 Main Unit Formation I Main Circulation Types

Host 1 - 1 to 6 Host 2 - 1 to 2 Host 3 - 1 to 3

Options based on the clockwise rotations of Host 1, 2 & 3

0°

60°

120°

180°

240°

300°

360°

Main Circulation Types and Components

Occupational Space and/or Open Space

Circulation Types

The selected grid overlaid on the hexagon, defined the main types of circulation. We identified all the geometrical possibilities that resulted from rotating the division lines at a 60 degrees angle. Following this iterative exercise, we were able to determine three main circulations components, showcased in the diagrams, each featuring distinct/unique designs. These kits allow for various configurations as they can be rotated and combined to form either a regular or a more organic path that can adapt to a variety of different contexts and typologies. As part of these kits, we note the straight, L-shaped and three directional modules. This exploration also allowed us to underpin the occupiable units’ area which will be later investigated in the design process, encompassing private and public living modules.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.1.2 Main Unit Formation I Connection Compatibility

H3-2+H3-2

A B

H2-1+H2-2

C D

H1-4 or H1-1+H1-7+H1-2 or H1-4

H2-1 or H1-1+H2-1+H1-3 Compatibility Data

H3-2+H3-3+H2-1+H3-1

H1-1+H3-2

Possible Direct Connection

Connection based on a Condition

No Connection

By examining the connection probabilities between the different clusters/hosts (H1, H2, H3), we were able to identify numerous circulation typologies that can be achieved using the three main predefined kits. These include the straight, L-shaped, and meandering-like configurations, which are tailored to specific connection logic as previously mentioned. The conducted analysis, showcased in the color-coded table, represent the probability of direct connections, with the lightest color indicating a higher likelihood of direct connection between the circulation kits while the darkest brown hues suggesting the opposite scenario. The insights gained from this analysis are essential for making informed decisions about the units’ design, when it comes to the typologies that align with all the geometrical formations.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.1.2 Main Unit Formation

Main Grid Division

Types of Circulations Clusters

Alignment of Structures

Extra-Cells Units

Cluster 1

Circulation Cluster Types 1, 2 and 3 with Set Rules of Connections

Edges attached to the Extra-Cell Kits

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

This section emphasizes the creation of modular units by subdividing the built space within each cluster/host. The circulation was integrated into each occupiable unit, resulting in the formation of three main hosts, namely A, B, and C. An additional unit D which does not feature any circulation, was also introduced as a potential extension unit. The displayed diagrams showcase the connection of unit D to speciﬁc edges of the others clusters A, B, C. Circulation Units Types Extracted

The structural components were identiﬁed at each intersection point of the main grid and adjusted in size so they can complement each other, regardless of the design conﬁguration.

CHAPTER 3 I ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 3.2 AGGREGATION OF UNITS AT THE VOXEL LEVEL

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level I Computational Process Exploration

Number of Units N=25

Unit A-1

Number of Units N=50 Unit B-2

The early stages of the aggregation exploration focused on understanding the intricate dynamics of the units within the clusters. Central to this exploration was the integration of computational methodologies, establishing the foundational rules and parameters for aggregation. Relying on the WASP extension, we were able to design specific units labeled A, B, C, and D, and, determine/ number their connecting sockets – be it sides, top, or bottom. This setup served as a precursor to defining the all-important rules of connection, revolving mainly around their geometric interplay, at this stage of the exploration. The circulation, or the pathways within these aggregated clusters, remained critical, ensuring a cohesive and functional union of these individual units. The diagrams showcased aptly display the variance in the number of units, termed as 'N', across the three primary design attempts. It served as a modifiable parameter integrated into the computation process, resulting in organic aggregation outcomes.

WASP Basic Parts Code for Each Part

Unit C-3

Number of

Connection Sockets

Units N=100

Rules of Connection

Aggregation Process

Unit D-4

Deconstructing Parts

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level I Clusters Deﬁnition

Main Grid Division

Types of Circulations Clusters

Alignment of Structures

Extra-Cells Units

Cluster 1 Formation

Cluster 2 Formation

Cluster 3 Formation

Unit B I 3_Unit C I 4

Unit C I 3_Unit A I 4

Unit A I 3_Unit B I 4

Cluster 1

Cluster 4

C A

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level I Computing the Aggregation Rules

Clusters for Selection from 1 to 4

Aggregation & Exclusion Rules-Same I Distinct Clusters

Deﬁnition + Aggregation of the Clusters Script

Deﬁned Rules

WASP Advanced Parts

Exclusion Rules Script Support Rules Script Same Clusters Connections Aggregation Process Aggregation Rules Mesh Constraint

Site Boundary Distinct Clusters Connections

Connections to Cluster 4

Exclusion from Cluster 4

In this computational phase, we delved deeper into the nuances of the specifically designated clusters, numbering from 1 to 4. Maintaining and developing our reliance on the WASP software, we re-examined and refined the connection rules based on the geometric attributes of each cluster. Cluster 1 presents an L-shaped circulation configuration, Cluster 2 features a straight path, Cluster 3 brings forth a 3D circulation arrangement, and Cluster 4 was distinguished as the extra-cells cluster. After comprehensively categorizing them, attention was directed towards pinpointing their connection sockets. This involved a detailed scrutiny of each facet of the clusters, ranging from their sides to their top and bottom base. The primary rules were articulated in the computation following this system: "CLUSTER 1 I 0_CLUSTER 3 I 2", which implies that the socket numbered 2 of Cluster 3 would connect to the socket numbered 0 in Cluster 1. These connections were meticulously defined based on adjacency rules, ensuring the planned intertwining of the circulation path amongst the clusters, particularly Clusters 1, 2, and 3. As for Cluster 4, the rules were written to enable it to complement the other clusters, especially in areas devoid of circulation. Consequently, the exclusion rules were set to avoid the occurrence of the opposite.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level I Aggregation based on the WFC Model

Sample Aggregation showcasing the WFC Algorithm

Aggregation Process of the Clusters following the WFC Algorithm

Site Boundaries

Clusters Aggregation Variations (From 60 Degrees Rotation)

CL1

CL2

CL3

The set adjacency and exclusion rules laid the foundation for the aggregation to follow a WFC (Wave Function Collapse) model. The latter operates on a dynamic principle: the presence or selection of one option directly affects the occurrence probability for nearby clusters. This system ensures a calculated distribution of clusters.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level I Controlling the Aggregation’s Density Process

Equations Developed to control the Density of Aggregations I Units Numbers

Iteration 1-N=49

Number of Unit A = a Number of Unit B = b Number of Unit C = c Number of Unit D= d

85 % Built-Up Area 14 % of Unit A 33 % of Unit B 18 % of Unit C 35 % of Unit D

Core

Total Number of Units = a + b + c + d = N

Clusters’ Circulation Connections

Built-Up Area of Unit A = 165 sqm Circulation Area of Unit A = 22 sqm

Extra-Units D

Built-Up Area of Unit B = 165 sqm Circulation Area of Unit B = 22 sqm Built-Up Area of Unit C = 155 sqm Circulation Area of Unit C = 33 sqm Built-Up Area of Unit D = 187 sqm Aggregation Total Area = Total Area of Each Unit x N = (Area of Built-Up Space + Area of Circulation) x N = 187 x N

Iteration 2-N=49

Aggregation Total Built-Up Area = % x Aggregation Total Area = % x 187N

70 % Built-Up Area 35 % of Unit A 20 % of Unit B

Corner Connection-Units A

Aggregation Total Circulation Area = % x Aggregation Total Area = % x 187N

29 % of Unit C 16 % of Unit D

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3D Connection-Units C

To compute a, b, c and d for a speciﬁc %, these equations are solved in the scripts N is a known integer I Aggregation Total Built-Up and Circulation Area are Computed

Straight Path Connection-Units B

[

N=a+b+c+d Aggregation Total Built-Up Area = 165 x a + 165 x b + 155 x c + 187 x e Aggregation Total Circulation Area = 22 x a + 22 x b + 33 x c

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level I Adaptation of the Aggregation on any given Topography

Field of Aggregation based on the Topography

Steeper

Contour Lines

Flat

Building upon our initial explorations of aggregation rules at the voxel level, we expanded the scope to incorporate site-specific constraints and parameters. This advancement aimed to equip the aggregation process with the capability to adapt seamlessly to diverse topographies, be it flat or sloping terrains. By integrating the previously outlined adjacency and exclusion criteria, our computational scripts evolved to factor in the slope of the ground where the aggregations take place. This involved key parameters which include the plane's normal and its inclination angle to discern between flat and steep regions. Additionally, we introduced rules for structural support within our scripts, enabling the units to aggregate both vertically and horizontally. Parallel to this, we worked on an auxiliary endeavor which revolved around weaving in road conditions to further refine the aggregation process. This procedure shared several similarities with our primary approach, especially in the utilization of the plane's normal and inclination angle. Essentially, it translates road patterns into guiding trajectories for the voxel-based aggregation. Lines, depicted in red in the displayed diagrams, serve as the template which the aggregation adheres to, effectively allowing it to mimic the contour and form of roadways. The variable “N”, previously discussed, remains an important controller, dictating the number of units amalgamating along these set paths.

Field of Aggregation following the Road

Steeper

Flat

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level I Computational Exploration of Achievable Unit Combinations

Courtyard Typology but often Disconnected

Aggregation with Only Clusters 1 + 3

Courtyard Typology

Aggregation with Only Clusters 1

Aggregation with Only Clusters 2 + 3

Aggregation with Only Clusters 3

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level I Integration & Comparison of the Structure + Density into the Computed Tower Aggregation

Test 1-Clusters 1,2,3,4 25 % Cluster 1 25 % Cluster 2 25 % Cluster 3 25 % Cluster 4

In the ﬁrst iteration, every cluster occupied a 25 % probability of occurrence in the aggregation. Exploring all combinations with these set parameters enabled the aggregation to peak at 193 units, revealing an inadequate structure.

20 % Cluster 1 20 % Cluster 2 50 % Cluster 3 10 % Cluster 4

With the second iteration, the clusters had different probabilities of occurrence in the aggregation. Exploring all combinations with these set parameters enabled the aggregation to peak at 202 units, revealing an inadequate structure.

Core

Minimum: 181 Units

Test 1-Clusters 1,2,3,4

Maximum: 193 Units

Minimum: 187 Units

Weaker (Support of Units Lacking)

10 % Cluster 1 10 % Cluster 2 70 % Cluster 3 10 % Cluster 4

In the third iteration, the clusters occupied different probabilities of occurrence in the aggregation. Exploring all combinations with these set parameters enabled the aggregation to peak at 215 units, showcasing a moderate structure.

Core

Maximum: 202 Units

Structural Favorability :

Test 1-Clusters 1,2,3,4

Minimum: 203 Units

Maximum: 215 Units

Structural Favorability : Weaker (Support of Units Lacking)

Weak (Support of Units Lacking)

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level I Freeform Typologies Exploration

25 % 75 %

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

NULL

Cluster 4

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level I Bounded Typologies Exploration

25 % 75 % 52 Units

43 Units

67 Units

92 Units

69 Units

84 Units

35 Units

39 Units

73 Units

102 Units

66 Units

68 Units

118 Units

119 Units

120 Units

182 Units

155 Units

122 Units

120 Units

94 Units

182 Units

97 Units

143 Units

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

NULL

Cluster 4

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level I Bounded Typologies Exploration

25 % 75 % 52 Units

43 Units

67 Units

92 Units

69 Units

84 Units

35 Units

39 Units

73 Units

102 Units

66 Units

68 Units

118 Units

119 Units

120 Units

182 Units

155 Units

122 Units

120 Units

94 Units

182 Units

97 Units

143 Units

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

NULL

Cluster 4

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level I Exploring the Aggregation while Shifting the Core Location

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.2 Aggregation of Units at the Voxel Level I Density Summary + Typologies Exploration with Two Cores

High

Medium

Low

Aggregation Exploration with 2 Cores Clusters’ Types X Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3

< 100 m

Cluster 4 Cores (2)

Number of Units

Circulation Node Connection

Units Expansion

In this section of our exploration, the focus was on the interplay between the cluster combinations and the resultant spatial configurations. Initially, without any predefined constraints, we set a constant percentage for aggregation and altered the types of clusters combined, creating a dynamic field of possibilities. This unrestricted approach was revealing, as it showcased a wide variety of achievable configurations ranging from linear corridors, to more complex corner formations, and organic combinations. As the study progressed, site boundaries were introduced as constraints, a reflection of real-world building scenarios and laws. This new limitation posed an interesting challenge: how do various combinations with distinct cluster types emerge within these predefined perimeters, especially when the occurrence probability remains unchanged? How may we optimize the cluster combinations to best serve the preferences of the community within the given constraints? It became evident that cluster 4, appeared to be a key option in maximizing the units’ expansion. Its design inherently offers numerous facets for aggregation, making it a favorable choice for bonding with clusters 1, 2, and 3. However, this came at a cost to the circulation connection within the aggregated form. Cluster 3, characterized by its unique three-directional pathways, stands in contrast. Increasing its occurrence within the aggregation not only ensured a wider network of circulation but also maximized the unit count, achieving a balance between form and function. The visual representations, as captured in the showcased diagrams detail the varied occurrence rates for each cluster and the resultant spatial manifestations. Furthermore, the strategic repositioning made to the central core(s) demonstrated the flexibility inherent in the design methodology, shedding light on how spaces such as courtyards could be integrated into the resultant structures. This is akin to integrating an additional core into the aggregation, with circulation adjusting to the layouts across all levels.

CHAPTER 3 I ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 3.3 FUNCTIONAL UNITS

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.3 Functional Units I Programmatic Distribution

Kitchen+Bathroom (Wet Unit)

Standard Studio

Main Units (Nucleus Units) Bedroom+Sitting Space (Dry Unit)

2 bedroom ﬂat

X Bedroom Flat

Living Spaces with Shelves

1 bedroom ﬂat

Additional Extensions Bedroom+Bathroom

Divisions of Functions within Units according to Necessities (Group 1, RC10)

In order to achieve design democratisation and customization, we have increased the freedom of choice for the users by standardising and modularising the functions in a more varied arrangement. We have divided the functional modules into nucleus units and extended modules. The basic module is divided into a dry unit and a wet unit, which are combined together to form a studio, and an additional module, which features an extension of the private space and an extension of the public space, enabling the conversion between studios and apartments, and between various other types. The division of the functions also ensures that the interior circulation is smooth and feasible with minimal to no obstructions.

Different Functional Conﬁgurations (2 Units)

Kitchen I Dining

Bathroom

Bedroom

Sitting Space

Living Spaces

Shelves I Storage Area

The displayed diagram showcases the composition of all the studios which are made up of the basic modules. Combining them with the previously discussed units, demonstrate a ﬂexibility which is different from a conventional housing system. In the future, the combination with custom-made furniture will allow residents to have more space to navigate and move around. The extension modules will be connected externally to the outer edge of the basic studios to create a unique residential module tailored to individual needs, personal development, surrounding social environment, and pre-existing living conditions.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.3 Functional Units I Users

Unit 4-1 Unit 4-3

Individual (1)

Couple (2)

Family (3)

Bedroom:1 Bathroom:1 Kitchen:1 Living room:0-1

Bedroom:1-2 Bathroom:1-2 Kitchen:1 Living room:0-1

Bedroom:2-3 Bathroom:1-2 Kitchen:1 Living room:1

Unit 3-2

Unit 4-2 Unit 4-3

Unit 4-6

The dwelling units are assigned to three main user groups based on the number of occupants/individuals. They are combined together to create single-storey unit types. The conducted analysis/exploration, showcasing the functional combinations that were based on users’ requirements and most necessities, generated the foundation of the design iterations and subsequently the HIVE digital platform. Overall, the conﬁgurations that were explored, are mainly composed of one wet and dry unit that include different living spaces.

Basic Studio 1 Unit 2-1

Unit 3-1

Unit 4-1

Unit 4-4

Unit 4-7

1 Unit Range

2 Unit Range

3 Unit Range

Unit 3-4

Unit 4-5 Unit 2-2

Unit 3-2

Unit 4-2

Unit 4-5

Unit 4-8

Unit 4-3

Unit 3-3

Unit 4-3

Unit 4-6

The units resulting in the fragmentation of the hexagon enable ﬂexibility in the design. The maximum number of units on the ground ﬂoor remains four in our system, but users have the ability to expand vertically if more space is required. The division between basic and extended units allows them to customise their spaces in order to meet most of their needs in terms of number of occupants, living habits, and privacy. The mixed arrangement of the living modules, the outdoor, open/communal, and the green modules allows the housing units to be well ventilated and lit. The exploration of the fundamental modules’ permutations provides the basis for the design of the kit of part (s).

Basic Studio 2

CHAPTER 3 I ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 3.4 KIT OF PARTS DEFINITION

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.1 Introduction

Roof Units

Façade Kits

Kits of parts are the key to the modularity, customisation and platform building. They represent the foundation of our ﬂexible design. The kit of parts are grouped into interior, exterior, circulation, and landscape design sets, all according to their respective functions. The interior kits are divided into basic single units that can form a standard studio, complemented by additional extra units that can adapt to different room types and arrangements. The design offers a selection of furniture, integrated in the HIVE platform.

Furniture Design Kits

External Units Kits

The design of the balconies and roof terraces also ensures that people can socialise through the abundance of outdoor spaces, while the landscape kits embrace the outdoor spaces and add a sustainable attribute to the project. The combination of these kits meet the physical and mental needs of the residents, featured within the online platform to achieve customisation and democratisation. In contrast to the traditional rental process where people can only choose between housing offered by agents, this design explores more how a generic approach can be used as a case study to provide occupants with more inclusive living spaces in different contexts. An attempt is made to strike a balance between construction efﬁciency, human-centred designs, end-user participation, customisation, traditional architecture while leveraging on advanced technological means.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.2 Interior Design kit I Dry Unit Kits

Beds

Closet Space

Table

The design of the Interior unit kits is broadly classiﬁed into two categories, dry unit and wet unit kits. This is done with the intention to simplify the building services by clubbing functions that require plumbing and drain pipes in spaces such as toilets and the kitchen together. The functions that are included in the dry unit kits are the bedroom, the closet and the lounge/reading space. The design of the kits is based on the grid pattern of the slab, allowing for comfortable circulation between the kits and within the combined dwelling unit. Since the furniture is modular and customisable, it is easy to replace with other kits based on the changing needs of the user. For example, a student living in a single bedded space could replace his bed and his study table with a double bed and a closet space in the event of a partner moving in and the same can be replaced with a bunk bed and a recliner for children. This demonstrates the adaptable nature of the designed kits based on the ever changing needs of the users while maintaining relevance with time.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.2 Interior Design kit I Wet Unit Kits

Kitchen Counter I Dining Table

Bathroom

The wet unit kits are inclusive of the kitchen/dining area and the bathroom of the dwelling units. Like the dry unit kits, these too are designed based on the grid pattern of the slab, allowing for comfortable circulation between the kits and within the combined dwelling unit. The Kitchen portion comprises of the kitchen counter, storage shelves and a breakfast counter and dining units are designed to be customizable based on the number of users in the units. The bathroom units are designed based on the position of service lines within the grid of the ﬂoor-slab. The users can customise these based on their preferences of sanitaryware and toilet ﬁxtures. It must be noted that the design of the kitchen area and the bathroom is interdependent on each other based on the positioning of sanitary, plumbing and gas lines. Care has been taken while designing these kits to avoid the blockage of circulation while aggregating these functions. The users would have the ability to alter and select the kitchen/dining furniture based on their increased/reduced demand(s).

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.2 Interior Design kit I Dry & Wet Unit Singular Conﬁgurations

Bed 1 + Closet 2 + Table 1

Bed 1 + Closet 3 + Table 2

Bed 1 + Closet 5 + Table 2

Bed 3 + Closet 3 + Table 4

Bed 3 + Bed 4 + Closet 3

Bed 4 + Closet 2 + Table 2

Bed 2 + Closet 2 + Table 3

Bed 2 + Storage 4 + Table 1

Bed 2 + Closet 1 + Table 4

Counter 2 + Bathroom 2

Counter 5 + Bathroom 2 + Sitting 2

Counter 5 + Bathroom 2

Counter 1 + Bathroom 2

Counter 3 + Bathroom 2

Counter 5 + Bathroom 2 + Sitting 1

Counter 5 + Bathroom 2 + Sitting 2

Counter 4 + Bathroom 1 + Sitting 1

Counter 6 + Bathroom 4

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.2 Interior Design kit I Combination of the Wet & Dry Units

The dwelling units are designed in combination of the wet and the dry units, bringing together the functions of bedding, living, dining, the toilets and the kitchen. The design of the wet and dry units is interdependent on each other based on the circulation grid patterns. This would allow the functions to seamlessly ﬂow into each other and ensure the optimal usage of space within the unit. Each wet unit can be shared by a maximum of three dry units to form a household with two or three bedrooms sharing a kitchen and a toilet. The design allows the addition of dry unit kits to the existing household based on the increasing need of the users. The design of the vertical circulation kits allow the dwelling units to expand vertically in-case of duplex apartments. The orientation of the staircases in these kits can be altered based on the main circulation grid of the unit. This kit allows the end users to access the the many private and social landscaped terraces designed in the aggregation to promote community interaction.

Dry Unit

Vertical Circulation for the Duplex Apartments

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

3.4.2 Interior Design kit I Singular Unit Rendering

Interior Design 1

Interior Design 2

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.2 Interior Design kit I Units Conﬁgurations Rendering

Apartment 1 Bedroom Kitchen + Bathroom Living Room

Apartment 2 Bedroom + Living room Kitchen + Bathroom Staircase

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.3 Flexible Partition Furniture I Introduction & Customization

Panel A

Panel B

When it comes to dividing the interior units, still leveraging on the concept of design flexibility while addressing the concept of need for space, the design activates this separation of spaces and adapts to the users’ needs over time without having to alter the existing space. To address this relevant challenge which requires no expansion, the project still leverages the separation between the units. This targeted objective is achieved through the inclusion of a rotatable, movable, and flexible pop-up partition, that can be personalized by all end-users. The partition unit is designed to be a timber block that moves and rotates along a predefined path within the units. It offers a wide range of benefits, serving various functions such as the creation of private and public spaces, beds, and storage areas, among others. This addition to the kit of parts, enables users to optimize their living spaces’ interior layouts without the need for additional area consumption or extension, as noted earlier. Consequently, the project successfully incorporates flexibility, freedom of choice, efficient interior space utilization and extended user customization.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.3 Flexible Partition Furniture I Design & Functionality

Private Spaces

Public spaces

Foldable Desk

Cabinet Doors

Foldable Sofa

Elevations Foldable Bed

Bedside Tables

Cabinet Doors

Dining Table

Cabinet Doors

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.3 Flexible Partition Furniture I Detailed Composition

The flexible partition, primarily crafted from timber panels, showcases a modular design complemented by an interchangeable kit system. This dynamic structure operates on a combination of hinges and movable wheels, enabling its maneuverability within the space, and allowing easy adjustments in alignment with the fixed unit configurations. Given that these components are constructed from timber – a material celebrated for its sustainable attributes – they can be efficiently produced in both large-scale factories and local workshops. Such modularity and ease of fabrication not only democratize the construction process by involving a diverse range of community members but also empower residents to tailor them to their individual requirements. The design champions adaptability, with elements being swappable to cater to evolving spatial needs.

Non-Unfolded Partition

Exploded Axonometric

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.3 Flexible Partition Furniture I Conceivable Scenarios

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Group 1

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.3 Flexible Partition Furniture I Adaptability of the Design over Time

Year 5

Year 0

Students

Accommodation-Two Units

Couple

Year 10

Couple House-Two Units

Family

Expanding the Family House-Two Units

Group 1 HIVE 3.4.3 Flexible Partition Furniture

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

Group 1

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.4 Façade Kits Conﬁgurations I Presentation of the Designed Kits

60°

90°

120°

180°

Concrete Framing

Optimized Slab

Non-Structural

Concrete Column

Timber Framing

Interior Space Exterial Space Columns A3

Façade Kits

Components Connectivity & Facade’s External Skin

The design of the facade follows several principles. The skin must be able to fulfill numerous conditions for quick disassembly, flexibility of change and customizability, and it needs to fit the form of the slab structure. There is an interdependency between the interior spaces and the design of the facade kits. The kit is divided into the timber skin portion and the concrete finished framing bands that continue and tie the floor plates visually throughout the aggregation, while concealing the building services within. These skin elements are further divided into smaller components that ease the process of fabrication. Standing as part of the process, combinations of the exterior designs have been examined, with the potential facade configurations outlined and the external structure divided so that the frame kits could adapt to achievable distinct configurations depending on the needs of the users within their respective living environments.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.4+5 Façade Kits Conﬁgurations I Adaptability of the Facade to the Units’ Interiors + Roof Kit Units

3.4.5 Selected Roof Kits

Height (m)

Resulting Façade

Interior Layout

Furniture Blockage

The facade design has been divided into three levels: openings, frames and extra facade kits. The openings are designed according to the furniture and functional distribution of the interior spaces. In the living, dining and public areas, more translucent openings are used for better views and light access, while in the private areas, timber grating and solid wood panels are used to ensure privacy and security. The frame is determined by a combination of the structural orientation and the form of the windows opening. As showcased within the displayed diagrams, the facade adapts to the interior layout conﬁgurations following a WFC model, where the furniture arrangements dictate the occurrence of the kits.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.6 Balconies Units I Extra Kit Conﬁgurations

Extension of the Interior Spaces

Additional kit as an extension

Two Units (Wet + Dry)

Extension of the Grid

Aggregation of the Units

Balconies

Overlay of the Unit Grid on the Additional Kits

Extra-Kit Formation Process

Loose Flexible Furniture

Interior Design with the Extra-Kit-Extension of the Interior Spaces (Group1, RC10)

Flexible & Dynamic Plan Conﬁguration

Given the geometry of the hexagonal shape, the designed façade may appear too irregular and not fitting in its surrounding environment. In order to solve this potential issue, a set of special units that complement the configuration of the exterior design is introduced. These kits enable the façade and external units to be more flexible and adaptable, whether in an urban context dominated by diverse geometric blocks, a countryside that features low houses and farms, or a plain dominated by the natural landscape/environment. The addition of these smaller units enhances the functionality of both interiors and exterior designs. They may act as an extension of the internal spaces, featuring additional furniture kits; or as extra balconies, introducing new typologies and facade configurations.

Group 1 HIVE

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

4.4 Kit of Parts Deﬁnition I Summary

The overall dwelling unit design is the result of the harmonious amalgamation of the interior unit kits and the exterior kits that are deﬁned based on the functions within. The versatility and the adaptive nature of the kits based on the users needs is what makes the kit more relevant. These units enhance ﬂexibility in function and adaptability for various contexts, whether urban with diverse geometries, rural with low houses, or natural landscapes. These units improve both interior and exterior functionality. This approach harmonizes the dwelling units with their respective environments while expanding design possibilities. The provision of multiple options for each customisable layer of the unit gives more agency to the end users to take design decisions and to actively participate in the process of construction of their respective units in the cluster.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.7 External Units I Introduction

HC-01

HC-02

HC-03

HC-04

HC-05

HC-06

HC-07

HC-08

HC-09

HC-02+HC-03 HC-10

HC-11

HC-19

HC-20

HC-12

HC-21

HC-13

HC-14

HC-15

HC-16

HC-17

HC-18

HC-22

HC-23

HC-24

HC-25

HC-26

HC-27

HC-22+HC-16+HC-17

Elevator Shafts

Open Social Spaces

Social Units I Pop-up Markets (Group 1, RC10)

The project aims to create a community-centric design that promotes social interaction among residents and local community. One of the main strategies adopted to achieve this objective is the integration of the circulation within occupiable units which can be used as an open and green space or as an apartment. This ﬂexibility allows for a range of activities, including smaller pop-up market spaces that embrace the circular economy model. This concept is similar to the idea of pop-up cities, where markets can be ﬂexible, versatile, and easy to maneuver, encouraging social interaction and communal living. The integration of pop-up market areas within the building fosters a sense of engagement and involvement, with both residents and local communities making use of these open spaces, and taking part in these interactive activities.

HC-26+HC-26 +HC-26

HC-18+HC-14+HC-18+HC-22+HC-22

HC-25+HC-09+HC-11+HC-22

HC-10+HC-12+HC-13

HC-27+HC-27+ HC-27

HC-04+HC-05+HC-06

HC-02+HC-03+HC-08

HC-23+HC-24

HC-22+HC-22+HC-06+HC-06+HC-22+HC-22

Group 1 HIVE

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

3.4.7 External Units I Main Functionality

The External units are broadly classiﬁed based on their functions into green spaces, social spaces and productive spaces and inclusions of kits that are combinations of the functions. The kits that fall under green spaces include small planters, turf, etc. that add to the wet-landscape area of the aggregation. The social spaces include playgrounds and parks for the community, Productive spaces include spaces for people to practice plantation as well as pop-up market kits that could be used differently based on seasonality. One of the main purposes of creating these kits is to foster community engagement where people can come together, interact, and engage in shared experiences, strengthening community bonds and social cohesion. These units become versatile spaces for hosting public discussions, workshops, or exhibitions, promoting awareness, education, and conversations on important topics such as sustainability, social justice, or community development. They provide an inclusive environment where people of all backgrounds living in the co-designed aggregations can discover something new, engage with unique experiences/interactions and contribute to the growth and development of the community.

Group 1

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4.7 External Units I Spatial Quality of the Designed Units

Social

Green + Social

Social

Green + Social

Social + Market

Green + Social

Social + Market

Based on the speciﬁed functions and the categorisation of the external units, the kits are designed to host temporary exhibitions, performances, interactive experiences and leisure activities and thus would promote cultural exchange, celebrate diversity, and thus foster understanding among different communities living within the aggregation. The inclusion of designed water bodies, sand pits, playground kits and study spaces for children, wooden decks for exercise, planters, BBQ decks and market kits add to the diversity of the landscape design while catering to the needs of a diverse community. The outdoor spaces are designed to be multi-functional based on the idea of seasonality to adapt to changing functions of the space based on factors such as the time of the day or the seasons of the year. This allows the exterior spaces to be used all year round fostering a better sense of community within the people living in these dwelling units and being maintained.

Group 1 HIVE

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

3.4.7 External Units I Pop-Up Market Concept Integration

The primary structure of the pop-up unit is designed as a rotatable timber block that moves along a track. This block incorporates retractable timber frames with a tensile fabric between them, creating an enclosed space when expanded. This flexible configuration allows the pavilion to adapt to a range of cultural activities, including conferences, open forums, artistic performances, and movie screenings. The two outer faces of the primary structure are specifically designed to accommodate different functions. When popped up, one face transforms into shops with integrated clothes racks and tracks. Additionally, a small door can be pushed aside to create a dressing room area. On the other face, an expandable coffee/bar station is provided, along with a storage space for kitchen appliances and outdoor furniture. This design approach offers versatility and adaptability, allowing the pavilion to cater to diverse events transforming to meet the specific needs of users and events.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 3.4 Kit of Parts Deﬁnition I Rendering Captured Moments

Spatial Quality of one of the resulting HIVE Typologies

CHAPTER 4 I DIGITAL FABRICATION

CHAPTER 4 I DIGITAL FABRICATION 4.1 RESEARCH & PRECEDENT

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 4.1 Research & Precedent

DFAB House I ETH Zurich

Overall View (NCCR Digital Fabrication, 2020)

Spatial Timber Assemblies (Arch Daily, 2021)

Computation Smart Slab Design (NCCR Digital Fabrication, 2020)

The DFAB HOUSE project is a collaborative demonstrator of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Digital Fabrication on the NEST building of Empa and Eawag. As part of the full-featured building project, researchers from eight ETH Zurich professorships have come together with industry experts and planning professionals in a unique way to explore and test how digital fabrication can change the way we design and build. As part of DFAB HOUSE, NCCR researchers have fabricated an 80 m2 lightweight concrete slab, making it the world’s ﬁrst full-scale architectural project to use 3D sand printing for its formwork. Dillenburger’s research group developed a new software to fabricate the formwork elements, which is able to record and coordinate all parameters relevant to production. Once the planning on the software is completed, the fabrication data can then be exported to the machines at the push of a button (NCCR Digital Fabrication, 2020). This is where several industry partners came into play for Smart Slab: one produced the high-resolution, 3D-printed sand formworks, which were divided into pallet-sized sections for printing and transport reasons, while another fabricated the timber formwork by means of CNC laser cutting. The latter methodically sculpts the upper portion of the Smart Slab, carving out hollow spaces which reduce the weight and quantity of the material used, while providing channels for the routing of electrical cables. The Smart Slab Ceiling (NCCR Digital Fabrication, 2020)

The Smart Slab Ceiling Detail (Arch Daily, 2021)

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 4.1 Research & Precedent I Fabrication

DFAB House structure detail (ETH Zurich, 2018)

The DFAB House, built by ETH Zurich in 2018, is a pioneering and innovative project which showcases the integration of modern digital fabrication methods in the construction field. The house was designed using robotic fabrication methods and new fabrication processes. Process that include additive manufacturing were used to create complex/intricate and customized components for the house. This allowed for the production of detailed geometries and designs that would have been difficult to achieve in traditional ways. The DFAB House utilized a technology called "digital concrete printing" to create load-bearing concrete walls with high precision. Robotic arms were programmed to extrude layers of concrete according to the 3D model's specifications. This process minimized material waste and allowed for efficient and easy construction. When the prefabricated components were completed, they were transported to the site. They were then assembled on site using cranes alongside several technologies which were used to promote more sustainable/fast construction processes and interations.

Step 1: 3D printing the Formwork

Step 2: Assembling the Formwork

Step 3: Concrete Pouring

Step 4: Casting the Slab

Step 5: Preparing Prefabricated Slab

Step 6: Combining Prefabricated Parts

Step 7: Joining using Post-Tensioning Cables

Step 8: Finishing Facade Interface

CHAPTER 4 I DIGITAL FABRICATION 4.2 TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION EXPLORATION

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE

Three Units

Two Units

One Unit

Two Units

4.2.1 Experimentation with the Units I Optimization in 2D

As part of the structural optimization process, we conducted experiments on one and two basic units combined. To achieve this, we made us of various software which include Ameba, Fusion 360, and Topos. The process involved modeling the slab to be optimized and setting a uniform load on its upper surface, followed by defining the support points on the contact surface between its lower level and the bearing columns. With the software equipped with detailed load calculations, the process resulted in several color-coded diagrams which outline the main internal divisions of the optimized version of the slab. We repeated this experimentation, removing column(s) at different locations of the slab to obtain various configurations that embrace the flexibility and adaptability of the design. In turn, this allows for larger facades and cantilevering slabs. In contrast to Fusion 360 and Ameba, Topos could provide clear 2D results and outcomes.

3DP Floor (2016-2018) with Sand Bonded by Phenolic Binder (Ranaudo, Mele, Block 2021)

To address the constraints on resources outlined in the background research, a key objective of the project is to reduce the material usage while ensuring structural integrity. To this end, we have explored the concept of topology optimization, which seeks to minimize the weight of the structure while preserving its overall strength, as a potential solution to be leveraged. Topology optimization is a “powerful computational tool” that has been used in a variety of engineering applications (Sigmund, 2011, p. 235). It develops algorithms to iteratively explore different design configurations and determine the optimal shape of a structure. The resulting designs can be complex, achieving significant weight savings without sacrificing the structural performance. One inspiration for this approach was the promising implementation of topology optimization in a 3D printed floor with sand bonded by phenolic binder (Ranaudo, Mele, and Block, 2021). In this project, the optimization process involved setting digitally structural points at the corners of the floor’s rectangular shape, then testing distinct internal subdivisions in numerous iterations and trials. This successful approach informed the project’s design of the units, leading to the series of explorations we carried out to reduce the material usage of the slabs during the fabrication processes we set in place.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 4.2.1 Experimentation with the Units I 3D Modeling

Method 1 using Ameba Software

Grid drawn based on the Optimization

Division of the Internal Surfaces

Extrusion of the Internal Surfaces

Method 2 using Topos Software

Topology Optimization of two Units Combined (Group1, RC10)

Following the completion of the 2D optimization of the unit's slabs, we proceeded to the 3D modeling level using mainly the Maya 3D modeling software. Taking the slab of the two basic units combined together as the starting point, we traced the outlines of the main structural divisions computed in the previous diagrams, which served as the basis for the optimized slab modeling. The main lines were then extruded, and the resulting internal surfaces were subdivided further. The ﬁnal step of the process involved the creation of the vaulted structure of the slab based on the internal ribs. To integrate the optimized slab with the supporting columns, two distinct scenarios were investigated. In the ﬁrst scenario, the slab is resting on straight columns, while in the second, the columns extend from the slab’s topology. The second scenario creates a visual continuity. However, it remains challenging when it comes to the fabrication stage since there is no clear distinction/connection between the resulting optimized slabs and the bearing columns, informing the updated 3D modeling.

Option 1: Straight Columns connected to the Slabs

Option 2: Columns extending from the Optimized Slabs

These 3D modeling exercises allowed us to further reﬁne these optimized slabs and explore numerous possibilities for the columns placement, embracing the ﬂexibility of the set design.

CHAPTER 4 I DIGITAL FABRICATION 4.3 STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION & MATERIALITY

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 4.3 Structural Composition & Materiality I Process Exploration

Optimized Slabs with Ribs extending in the inner Side of the Columns

Concrete Columns

Process Modeling (Columns’ Thickness Redesign Iterations)

Optimized Slabs with Columns (Group1, RC10)

Gypsum Board

Steel Stick Reinforcement

Optimized Slab

Timber Outer Skin

Timber Outer Skin Frame

The basic studio unit load-bearing structure consists of two main components: the optimized floor slab and the load-bearing columns. Following the topology optimization process, the floor slab does not require anymore beams to distribute the load to the vertical structural members, thus reducing the number of load-bearing elements. Both the slabs and the columns are made of concrete. They are connected using a vertical lap joint with round holes. Cylindrical steel rods are inserted into these holes to provide additional support and resistance against the shear forces. This design enables the units to resist not only these forces that occur between the columns and the slabs but also those of its upper and neighboring units. In doing so, the structural integrity of the entire assembly is strengthened. As previously explained, the infill partition walls of the units are not structural. They consist of a wide range of prefabricated components such as integrated floor-to-ceiling windows, windows with partitions, and balconies. The materials used for these components are diverse but includes mainly wood, concrete, steel, aluminum, among others. Still, the emphasis is placed on wood, given its renewable and eco-friendly properties, aligning with all the sustainability considerations that the project ardently aims to embrace and champion. The external facade’s skin is connected to the load-bearing structure using a metal frame. Outside of the frame, a gypsum base plate and wood decorative panel are installed to complete the overall external design, providing a sense of continuity between all the units.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE

Column Capital to Slab bottom

4.3 Structural Composition & Materiality I Columns to Slabs Detail Connection

The focal point of the structural design in framed structures resides in the intricacies of the concrete joinery, seamlessly connecting the optimized slabs and meticulously designed columns. Drawing inspiration from the well-known columns of Berlin's Neue Nationalgalerie by Zaha Hadid Architects (2016), the joint design amalgamates innovation with architectural prowess. The approach in this design streamlines construction by employing a two-step process. The columns and slabs are fabricated separately, catering to their distinct requirements and are then assembled on site. Here, metal plates and hardware become the linchpin, orchestrating the uniﬁcation of slab corners, column capitals, and footings. This ingenious mechanism involves screwing these elements together, creating a robust connection capable of seamlessly transferring loads. This clever integration expedites construction processes, signiﬁcantly reducing the project's overall time frame. The joint design not only ensures structural integrity but also underscores the fusion of architectural innovation with practical Berlin Art Museum (Zaha Hadid) construction feasibility, reducing steps in the overall process.

Slab Top to Column Footing

Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin I Zaha Hadid (2016)

Fabrication joints - Design Inspiration

Structural joints - Column and Slab connection

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 4.3 Structural Composition & Materiality I Composition of Two Units Combined

Roof Unit

Façade Components

Column Outer Skin

Glazing

Balcony

2 Units Apartment

The dwelling unit is designed in combination of the wet and the dry unit, bringing together the functions of bedding, living, dining, the toilet and the kitchen. The design of both units is interdependent on each other based on the circulation grid pattern. This would allow the functions to seamlessly flow into each other and ensure the optimal usage of space within the unit. The addition of the balcony kit in this unit allows the residents to enjoy a small outdoor, open to sky, private area that can be used for leisure and recreation along with interacting with the neighbourhood the unit faces. The diagrams showcase the details that contribute to the process of fabrication including the concrete to concrete joints, the timber frame to concrete joints, the timber joinery to frame joints and the flooring and enclosed services in the unit. The flexible and rotatable partition is also seen in the unit that allows the end users to use it optimally for the specified functions and can be used as a simple partition when not in use, dividing the public living areas of the unit from the private dwelling areas.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 4.3 Structural Composition & Materiality I Facade Corner Detail

Detailed Exploded Axonometric

Rotatable Timber Louvers

Precast Concrete Column

MEP Lines Enclosed

Timber Façade Skin

Floor Insulation

The facade corner detail serves a twofold purpose: it elucidates the intricate layers within the structural design and dissects the essential components earmarked for fabrication, while also delving into the nuances of assembly. This approach not only showcases the complexity of the design but also empowers stakeholders with comprehensive insights into the assembly and fabrication intricacies. Incorporated within the design are adaptable kits that grant end users a sense of authorship over their spaces. These encompass a spectrum of choices ranging from flooring options (wooden, carpeted, tiled, etc.), to interior finishes (painted, brushed, and timber textures). This individual agency fosters a personalized touch in interior design. Alongside these, predefined kits are embedded, encompassing exterior joinery, louvers, and specific skin and eave designs. These predetermined elements stem from developer and manufacturer decisions, ensuring a cohesive and harmonious design framework. The visual depictions through diagrams adeptly unravel the layers that constitute a typical corner within the project and expound on how the designed timber and facade elements serve a dual role: not just ornamentation, but integral components that ingeniously shroud services within the skin of the building.

Optimised Concrete Slab

Façade Eave Overhang

Facade’s Corner Detail

CHAPTER 4 I DIGITAL FABRICATION 4.4 GENERAL FABRICATION PROCESS

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 4.4 General Fabrication Process I Main Framework

From Digital Design to Fabrication (Gershenfeld, 2012)

Process Democratization

Structural Components-Concrete

Data Sharing

3D Printing the Mold of the Optimised Slabs and Casting them

Professional Manufacturers Contractors Non-Structural Components-Timber

Platform’s Fabrication Data

Components are shipped to the active site

Platform

On Site Ordering

Installation I Assembly

Shipping

Local Community Workshops

The timber can be from Local Materials

Local Factories following the Fablab Model

Fabrication Process Main Sections (Group 1, RC10)

Local Communities Participation

Fabrication Process Main Sections (Group 1, RC10)

Local Workshops

Empty I Vacant Lands

Assembly on Site

In this section, the fabrication system of the project while adhering to the main objectives outlined is detailed. The production chain is divided into two sub-branches based on the manufactured components and the level of expertise each requires. The process starts when the unit's customization is ﬁnalized by the residents and approved by the developers, the HIVE platform serving as a mediator between both parties. The dataset is transmitted to local factories, following the Fablab model that has the potential to reduce transportation and supply chain costs while simultaneously engaging communities to cater to a larger scale of production. When it comes to the fabrication of the structural components, the formwork of the optimized slab is 3D printed and then casted in concrete, which is then shipped and assembled on site. Regarding the non-structural components, they can be manufactured by a network of more distributed workshops occupying abandoned buildings and playgrounds in the cities. This approach aligns with the commons-based peer-to-peer production theory, ultimately striving to establish a sustainable, productive and inclusive fabrication process(es).

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 4.4 General Fabrication Process I Optimized Slab Manufacturing Process

Casting the One Unit Slab

01: Initial Slab Shape 02: Grid Overlay on Slab 03: Casting Sequence 04: 3D Printing the Mold 05: Assembling the Mold 06: Completing the Mold 07: Preparing the Cast 09

08: Laying Reinforcement Mesh 09: Laying Service Pipes 10: Pouring the Concrete 11: Completing the Process 12: Dried Concrete Part 13: Collection of the Parts 14: Assembly of the Parts 15: Assembled Slab 16: Completion of the Slab

The manufacturing process for the optimized slab begins with a digital analysis of stress lines, which leads to breaking it down into a grid-like pattern for simpler casting. A mold, created through 3D printing in separate components, is then assembled, mirroring the slab's negative space. Concrete is poured into this mold, with reinforcement mesh laid in place. Conduits for electrical wiring are incorporated before finalizing the concrete placement. After setting, the molds are removed and the components are transported to construction sites. At the site, these segments are assembled, creating the fully formed optimized slab. The approach employs technology to streamline manufacturing. Stress analysis informs efficient casting, while 3D printing offers precision in crafting the mold. Integrating conduits during casting minimizes post-production work. Assembling the final slab on-site reduces logistical complexities and makes the whole process of manufacturing economically sustainable.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 4.4 General Fabrication Process I Singular Unit Manufacturing & Assembly

One Unit Composition Construction Process

Columns to Slab

Floor Slab to tracks

Structure to MEP

Tracks to Skin

Skin to Eaves

Skin to Glazing I Louvers

Finishes

The process of assembly of a singular dwelling unit begins with placement of the optimised slab assembled on site in the specified location on site. The columns are then fixed to the slab in a process as mentioned earlier followed by placing the roof slab above them completing the framed structure. The next step of the process involves fixing of the required hardware elements such as floor tracks that support the insulation and floor above as well as the metal angles that support the service lines as well as the support the facade elements and the timber skin. Fixing of the MEP lines based on the layout within these support elements forms the next part of this process. Once this is completed, the timber skin of the unit is fixed onto the support structures. The joinery including large sliding glass windows, ventilators and doors is then fixed onto the timber skin in specified locations followed by the fixing of rotatable louvers that serve as sun-shading devices within the tracks designated for them on the skin. The water treatment and soil filling for the terrace landscapes is the last part of this process. The assembly of the single unit is replicated in case of larger dwellings.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 4.4 General Fabrication Process I Assembly of the Prefabricated Components on Site Process

Preparation of Site - Column Footing

Arrival of Precast Material on Site

Assembly of Precast Slabs & Columns

Stacking of Slabs & Columns

Preparation of MEP Framework

Installation of MEP Parts

Training of Volunteers

Assembly of Timber Joinery

Assembly of Furniture on Site

Group 1

B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 4.4 General Fabrication Process I Assembly of the Prefabricated Components on Site Process

Preparation of Site - Column Footing

Arrival of Precast Material on Site

Assembly of Precast Slabs & Columns

Stacking of Slabs & Columns

Preparation of MEP Framework

Installation of MEP Parts

Training of Volunteers

Assembly of Timber Joinery

Assembly of Furniture on Site

CHAPTER 5 I PROTOTYPING

CHAPTER 5 I PROTOTYPING 5.1 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 5.1 Additive Manufacturing I Process Exploration 1

1-Straight Flexible Columns connected to the Optimized Slabs

2-Columns extending from the Optimized Slabs including the Ribs

To physically study our various iterations and experiments, we started working with the 3D printing method for prototyping the units. During this explorative process, we tested different design sets, which enabled us to identify key issues. One of these sets involved straight columns connected to the optimized slab, with one strategy involving a vertical insertion of the columns into the slab, while the other consisting of a parallel insertion. We noted that the latter approach is ﬂawed since it implies that the slabs come before the columns. The second set of printed units consisted of the columns extending from the slabs as one single entity, taking part in the optimization process. Nevertheless, these explorations also presented certain shortcomings, such as the columns remaining too wide, and the slab thicker than what we initially planned.

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B-Pro I The Bartlett School of Architecture RC10-Constructing the Phygital Federico Borello & Cesar Fragachan

HIVE 5.1 Additive Manufacturing I Process Exploration 2

1-Structural Optimization of One Unit (Slab + Columns)

2-Structural Optimization of Two Units Combined (Slab + Columns)

After encountering several challenges in our previous experimentations, we made few changes in the overall design. We decreased the slab thickness to 250 mm and adjusted the columns’ dimensions accordingly. Additionally, we simpliﬁed the internal division lines of the slabs, thus reducing the number of the extruded ribs. As a result, we were able to expand them on the inner side of the columns, which not only improved the efﬁciency of the vertical load distribution but also created a sense of visual continuity within the interior spaces. In this set of iterations, the columns and optimized slabs remain as two distinct components despite giving the impression of being one single entity. The new design enabled us to improve the functionality and aesthetic appeal of the overall structure.

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HIVE 5.1 Additive Manufacturing I Overall Composition of the Slabs + Columns Designed Prototypes

Composition Panel of the 3DP Prototypes showcasing the Evolution of the Slabs’ Design

Slab Cast Experimentation

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5.1 Additive Manufacturing I Prototype of the Facade Corner Detail

Unit Corner Detail with Integrated Designed Systems, Layers + Services

The photographs of the prototypes made for the typical facade corner detail out the several layers of the fabrication process starting from the column being fixed to the slab. The next step of the process involves fixing the hardware elements such as floor tracks that support the insulation and floor above and angles that support the service lines. Once this is completed, the timber skin of the unit is fixed onto the support structures. The joinery, including sliding windows, is then fixed onto the timber skin in specified locations followed by the fixing of rotatable louvers that would serve as solar-shading devices within the tracks, designated for them on the skin. The end resulting joinery is representative of various tests, conducted to explore the possibilities of simple/effective fabrication processes, which simplify larger scale units’ assembly.

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5.1 Additive Manufacturing I Flexible Partition Furniture

Customization and Flexibility of the Partition Furniture

The design of the flexible partition furniture is modular in nature and is designed with an exchangeable kit of parts which enable easy fabricationin a variety of factories,efficient transportation, and a simple assembly process. The kit includes interchangeable timber parts designed to be assembled together. Leveraging such a flexible and movable kit offers multipurpose benefits; besides accommodating various functions, as mentioned, alongside the HIVE’s fixed furniture, it can be folded or closed to enhance the perception of openness within the apartment’s units. The resulting flexible formations of the furniture emerged from numerous trials and exploration processes which revolve around customizable streamlined/efficient fabrication methods. The displayed prototype was 3D printed, showcasing the achievable configurations.

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CHAPTER 5 I PROTOTYPING 5.2 CASTING EXPERIMENTS

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HIVE 5.2.1 + 5.2.2 Prototyping I Mold Formation + Casting Process

1-3D Printing the Mold’s ( Negative of the Optimized Slab)

2-Casting the Optimized Slab of the two Combined Units in the Mold

After finalizing the design of our units, we proceeded to test them through the casting process. This involved 3D printing the mold’s components, which replicated the negative of the optimized slabs. To prevent any leakage, the mold was fitted with flats at the four edges and sealed at the corners. After assembling the mold, we mixed the material with water and poured it into the mold. We then let it dry for 36 hours, but upon removing the cast, we noticed that it had become fragmented. We then repeated the process while implementing certain adjustments. We decreased the water input slightly and increased the drying time frame to 48 hours. As expected, our second attempt was successful and the prototype remained solid and complete, indicating that all our adjustments seemed to be effective.

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HIVE 6.2.2 Prototyping I Successful Casting Process 2

1-Comparison between the Cast Slab and the Mold (Alternative 1)

2-Comparison between the Cast Slab and the Mold (Alternative 2)

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HIVE 6.2.2 Prototyping I Successful Casting Process 3

1-Preparing the 3DP Mold (Two Units) to cast the Gypsum Material

2-Gypsum Cast Optimized Slab-Removed from the Mold when Cured

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CHAPTER 6 I STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION

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CHAPTER 6 I STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION 6.1 GAME PRECEDENTS

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HIVE 6.1 Game Precedents

6.1.1 Townscapper

6.2.2 Block’hood

Block'hood (Plethora Project, 2017)

Block'hood is a neighbourhood building simulator. It aims to combine square building pieces together to create a vertical skyscraper where people may potentially reside in. There are more than 200 distinct construction blocks, each featured with a unique function and set of requirements. Each block contains resources it consumes as inputs and resources it creates as coexisting outputs. (Sanchez, 2015)

Townscapper (Townscapergame, 2016)

Townscaper is played on a huge deformed grid surrounded by an endless sea. The platform is an indie city builder video game that allow user to arrange and remove coloured blocks on the ocean. In contrast to games that are based on regular grids, this enables settlements that feel more organic and unstructured, leading to a wide variety of possibilities and conﬁgurations. The process, framework, and technology, behind the game has greatly been of inspiration, informing our approach within the HIVE project.

Block'hood (Plethora Project, 2017)

It is important to manage resources such as food and energy since without enough of them, building blocks would degrade and need to be replaced. Buildings such as wind turbines, farms, and water towers may also be constructed to create additional resources. There are apartments that can house people, parks that offer fresh air, shops that make money, and clinics that treat illnesses.

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CHAPTER 6 I STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION 6.2 PLATFORM DESIGN

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HIVE 6.2.1 Conﬁguration & Objective

Negotiation within the HIVE Platform

Investors

USERS

ize om st Cu e liz

so er IP

Developers

Designers

IS et

Develop the Platform

Create Active Project

FABRICATION

DESIGN

Commercial Users

Platform Set Relationships (Group1, RC10)

Professionals

Users

Finalizing the Process

Fabrication

Customization I Personalization

Residents

The project development process is a collaborative effort that begins with designers creating and developing the platform. Once created, the platform is provided to developers who collaborate with professionals and experts to create an active project that integrates multiple matrices into the design, resulting in adaptable typologies. When the project is active, both residents and commercial users can access the platform and personalize their living and working spaces based on their preferences, fostering a sense of ownership and engagement. This aspect is inspired by popular games such as Townscapes and Blockhood, which prioritize user customization. The approach also allows for a high level of flexibility and adaptability, as users can adjust their spaces to fit their changing needs and preferences over time. Following this stage within the process, the experts then oversee the finalized design to ensure that it meets safety standards and is ready for fabrication in the next steps.

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HIVE 6.2.2 Decision Tree

Registration

Developers

Signing in

Signing up

Signing in

Registration Name Personal Data Email Address

Design Projects

Homepage

Active Projects

Matrices Input

Overview

Edit Overall Topology

Start New Project

Edit Overall Topology

Signing up

Signing in

Homepage

Start New Project

Active Projects

Start New Project

Select Site-Start

Select Clusters

Approve Topology

Approve Design

Fabrication Process Start

Edit Units Design

Customization

Homepage

Set Location

Overview

Fabrication

Registration Name Personal Data Email Address

Set Location

Input Building Code Parameters Building setback, Maximum footprint exploitation, Maximum total exploitation coefﬁcient, Allowable footprint, Allowable total area, Desirable Density

Registration

Signing up

Registration Name Personal Data Email Address

Active Projects

Users

Commercial users

Set Location

Customization

Discard I Restart

Fabrication

Residents

Design Selection

Users

HIVE Users’ Start

Input Needs and Preferences Number of units (number of dry and wet units), Assessments of Accessibility, Views, Privacy, Noise leading to changes within the users’ targeted Budget

Start Designing

Overview

Edit Units Design

Input Needs and Preferences Number of units (number of dry and wet units), Assessments of Accessibility, Views, Privacy, Noise leading to changes within the users’ targeted Budget

Decision Tree’s Main Sections

Start Designing

Wet Units

Dry Unit(s)

Wet Units

Dry Unit(s)

Provide personal furniture following the logic grid

Select from furniture catalogue suggested layout and designs

Provide personal furniture following the logic grid

Select from furniture catalogue suggested layout and designs

Finalize Design

Proceed to Fabrication Info

Finalize Design

Proceed to Fabrication Info

The HIVE platform is divided into major sections that serve user types that include developers, inhabitants, commercial users among others. When it comes to the developers, they have access to a pre-construction service based on an analysis of the existing site and tailor-made solutions bin accordance to building setbacks, maximum footprint exploitation, maximum total exploitation coefﬁcient, allowable footprint, allowable total area, and desired density. The utilization of the platform by residents is centered on the customization of housing apartments, where individuals can personalize their own living quarters according to the following conditions which entail input needs and preferences, number of units (dry and wet units), assessments of accessibility, views, privacy, and noise leading to changes within the users’ targeted budget. The HIVE platform is accessible to commercial tenants. It is also important to note that the HIVE scheme stands at the core of the conceived platform.

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6.2.3 Actors I Users’ Identiﬁcation + Proﬁles

In order to accurately understand the communities engaged within the project and its accompanying platform, we categorized the users based on various distinctive criteria. This approach took into account demographics such as age, with subdivisions like children, adults, and the subsequent elderly; living arrangements, distinguishing single tenants from couples or extended families; and occupation, which played an important role in ascertaining user preferences, with key groups involving students, professionals, and retirees. This latter classification further shed light on the anticipated duration of occupancy, whether a temporary, extended or yet permanent stay. Having demarcated these users’ profiles, comprehensive online surveys were conducted, diligently including a balanced mix of the identified targeted demographics. The primary aim of this survey was not merely to validate the project's foundation but also to comprehend its resonation with the design and fabrication aspirations of potential users. In essence, a significant 80% of respondents expressed a keen interest in actively shaping their living environments, while 60% showcased an inclination towards involvement in the fabrication process at varied extents. These numbers underscore the relevance and pertinence of the HIVE project across diverse/distinct communities.

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CHAPTER 6 I STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION 6.3 DEVELOPERS’ INTERFACE

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6.3 Developer’ Interface Summary

The third and pivotal section of the project introduces us to the intricacies of the HIVE platform, tailored specifically to cater to a diverse set of users encompassing developers, residents, and commercial users. This inaugural exploration primarily sheds light on the developer's experience. The process they follow begins in the 'Pre-aggregation' phase, characterized by a variety of actions: registration, site selection, and inputting initial building parameters. Following this step, they proceed into the 'Aggregation' segment, where they immerse themselves in the heart of design, determining core placements, cluster types selection, and setting densities. Finally, the 'Post-aggregation' stage aims to refine the resulting aggregation, fine tuning density settings, defining replaceable units, and optimizing the overall structural formation. As we navigate the platform from the developer's vantage point, what becomes evident is the platform's emphasis on interactive design through virtual reality. This immersive interface facilitates the envisioning of typologies within tangible contexts, ensuring that design aspirations greatly align with practicalities such as regulatory standards and building codes. The interface, articulated with precision, orchestrates a series of actions, each contingent on the developer's choices, converging on a voxel-based aggregation that capitalizes on the multifaceted cluster types previously covered in depth. In essence, the aggregation is closely tied to the developers' objectives, reflecting their strategic choices within their unique/specific context(s).

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6.3.1 UI Design

Showcased here is an intricate User Interface (UI), exclusively tailored to cater to the unique requirements and preferences of developers within the HIVE platform. The architecture of this UI manifests in three main discernible components, involving a comprehensive dashboard which provides an overview and seamless access to all available tools; a central, dynamic display window that vividly illustrates the outcomes of multiple actions, serving as a visual feedback mechanism; and a greatly adaptable action-set pane, enabling developers to precisely calibrate inputs, refine design preferences, and approve the resulting voxel-based aggregations. This interface, crafted following a meticulous iterative design process, has been constructed to not only expedite task flow but also to ensure that the developers can navigate easily through the functionalities the platform features. To infuse the interface with an intuitive design language while meeting the high standards anticipated by its users, inspiration was gleaned from several advanced gaming interfaces, with Block'hood being a notable reference. Priority was accorded to the strategic positioning of interactive elements and buttons, ensuring they are both accessible and logically sequenced. The resulting design outcome is a harmonious amalgamation of form and functionality, crafted to facilitate an efficient/user-friendly experience.

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HIVE 6.3.2 Main Steps Highlight

Step 1-Select a desired Site + Input the Site Boundaries & Desirable Height

Step 2-Deﬁne the Clusters’ Combinations Types + Initiate the Aggregation

Step 3-Deﬁne the Density Percentage to integrate the Open/Green Spaces

Step 4-Overview, Edit and/or Approve the Open Spaces Deﬁnition & Design

Step 5-Overview + Optimize the Structural Performance of the Aggregation

Step 6-Approve or Reset (Edit Previous Inputs) the Resulting Aggregation

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HIVE 6.3.3 Process Exploration I Step 1

Step 1-Select a desired Site + Input the Site Boundaries & Desirable Height In the initial phase of the pre-aggregation process tailored for developers, the foremost action is to authenticate their identity by registering or logging in using their personal credentials. Following this step, they proceed to select their preferred location (1), which subsequently leads them to the specific selected site for aggregation (2). Post this selection, they are prompted to input relevant building codes and regulations, specifically focusing on aspects such as setbacks and allowable building height. Upon input, a red demarcation is automatically generated (3), serving as a tangible constraint within which the aggregation will be confined. Further, by specifying their desired building height, a definitive red boundary box is constructed (4), representing visually the spatial parameters for the impending aggregation. Developers then have the opportunity to review and edit this designated space, ensuring alignment with their preferences and regulatory compliances.

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HIVE 6.3.3 Process Exploration I Step 2

Step 2-Deﬁne the Clusters’ Combinations Types + Initiate the Aggregation Upon completing the site selection and establishing the building regulations, the developers advance to the aggregation phase of the process. The inaugural task involves selecting an appropriate core among the four displayed and placing it within the chosen site (1). Following this step, four distinct parameters materialize in the action set window: spatial typologies, number of units, units’ expansion, and circulation node connections. This interface grants developers the capability to adjust these parameters, ensuring alignment with their vision and intended outcomes (2). Such adjustments dynamically calibrate the probability occurrence of each cluster type they have opted for. Subsequently, the aggregation is generated around the designated core (3), adhering to the spatial constraints of the surface boundary (4). This procedure follows the aggregation rules/process delineated in the previously covered "Aggregation of the Units" section.

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HIVE 6.3.3 Process Exploration I Step 3

Step 3-Define the Density Percentage to integrate the Open/Green Spaces Following the formation of the aggregation, developers proceed into the post-aggregation phase, enabling a deeper customization tailored to their projected outcomes The first step of this phase involves setting a density percentage. Rooted in our computational framework, this value determines which units are eligible for substitution, potentially by open or green spaces. Developers are able to dictate their optimal density percentage, thereby ensuring a balance between built and unbuilt areas. Alongside the density selection, they also determine the desired cluster's extent radius (1). This parameter is integral to the computational script, instructing it on the specific number of units to be factored into the process (2). Once these integral parameters are set and confirmed, the developers are able to set the algorithm into motion (3). The units identified are demarcated in a distinct orange hue (4) for potential replacement and forthcoming substitution.

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6.3.3 Process Exploration I Step 3-Computation behind the Scenes

Density of Agg. = Limitation of Units / Nb. of Units x 100

Unit Start of the Analysis Area of the Neighborhood Units in the Neighborhood Units to be Replaced

Step 4-Define the Density Percentage to integrate the Open/Green Spaces Diving deeper into the mechanics that underpin the process, these diagrams provide further insight into the algorithmic framework. Developed in C# language, our algorithm is fundamentally rooted in iterative logic. To break down the process: for every individual unit, the system first determines its center point. From its center, a circular range is expanded, with points inside this circle being classified as neighboring units. This method provides a robust yet flexible system to determine unit relationships and optimize connectivity based on distance. An essential component of this algorithm is the density percentage, which is represented as: “Density of Aggregation = Limitation of Units / Number of Units x 100”. Given that the density of aggregation is pre-determined by the developers and the total number of units is a known variable, the set system efficiently calculates which units ought to be substituted within that range, to align with the predetermined parameters.

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HIVE 6.3.3 Process Exploration I Step 4

Step 4-Overview, Edit and/or Approve the Open Spaces Definition & Design Upon identifying the units suitable for replacement (1), the next step entails the allocation of specific functions to them. This process is informed by an algorithm we established that intricately evaluates the value of each unit in relation to its environmental context. Three pivotal factors drive this valuation: privacy, view quality, and view boundary. As depicted in (2), each unit adopts a color spectrum to signify its evaluated score. The units with the highest scores, due to their advantageous positioning, are designated for green spaces. Mid-score units, benefiting from a balanced environmental relationship, are transitioned into public spaces, while the units with lower scores are earmarked for voids. This approach ensures that the resultant functions, from greenery (3) to open and public spaces (4), are optimally positioned where their requirements are met, leveraging essential parameters to the ambient quality of life such as the light access, and privacy.

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HIVE 6.3.3 Process Exploration I Step 4-Parameter 1 within the Site Analysis

Low Exposure

High Exposure

View Boundary Legend

Low Exposure

High Exposure

Site Analysis-Integrating the View Boundary Parameter into the Units Replacement Definition Score = Angle (Target Face and Facade) × Distance [(Target Face and Facade) × Square (Facade)] Delving into the site analysis, emphasis is laid on environmental variables, with 'view boundary' being a prominent factor. This parameter captures the extent of the view available to each individual unit within the aggregation. The computational backbone of this analysis is rooted in an algorithm we crafted in C#. The core of this algorithm involves individually examining each unit with the system casting an array around it, delineating a field of view. This field is shaped by the line of sight originating from the unit's edge and the obstructions present in the surrounding environment. The resultant area of this field is then considered its 'view score.' This system evaluates the units scores, with a comprehensive understanding of the site's visual connectivities.

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HIVE 6.3.3 Process Exploration I Step 4-Parameter 2 within the Site Analysis

Low Exposure

High Exposure

View Quality Legend

Low Quality

High Quality

Site Analysis-Integrating the View Quality Parameter into the Units Replacement Definition Score = Green Space Square - Obstacles (Facade Square) - Building in the View Boundary The assessment of 'view quality' delves deeper than mere spatial boundaries as it engages with the qualitative value of the view accessible to each unit. Utilizing C# language rooted in iterative logic, our system adopts a comprehensive approach. For every unit, the algorithm delineates a volumetric space derived from its field of view. Within this volume, components featured in nature like trees, lawns, and lakes are identified as positive contributors to the view's quality. Conversely, urban fixtures such as buildings and streets are labeled as the opposite. The system then calculates the proportion of these positive and negative elements within the set volume, generating a 'view quality index.' This index, essentially a weighted assessed measure, is assigned to each single units.

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HIVE 6.3.3 Process Exploration I Step 4-Parameter 3 within the Site Analysis

Low Exposure

High Exposure

Privacy Boundary Legend

High Exposure

Low Exposure

Site Analysis-Integrating the Privacy Values Parameter into the Units Replacement Deﬁnition Score = Angle (Target Face and Facade) × Distance ((Target Face and Facade) × Square (Facade) The "privacy value" emerges as the third parameter in the site analysis. This system's approach is also rooted in C# language and operates through iterative logic. For every individual module, the system projects an outward array that intersects with neighboring architectural components. From these intersections, a cumulative boundary is created, giving rise to the façade. This façade is then uniformly subdivided, allowing for an assessment of the exposed surface area. Simultaneously, the algorithm identiﬁes the center of each segment and computes the angle between this center point and its projected origin. By multiplying the area with this angle, the system derives a nuanced "privacy score" for each module, quantifying its relative seclusion/exposure within its environment.

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HIVE 6.3.3 Process Exploration I Step 4-Replaceable Units Identiﬁcation

Clusters (from 1-4)

Voxels (from A-D)

Functions

Criteria

Spatial Quality

Spa

en Gre

ces

s ace l Sp

ia Soc

Pop

rke

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HIVE 6.3.3 Process Exploration I Step 5

Step 5-Overview + Optimize the Structural Performance of the Aggregation The emphasis now shifts to the structural optimization. This is a crucial step as it ensures the stability of the newly redeﬁned aggregation following the incorporation of open, green, and public spaces (1). Developers initiate this process via the action set window, which systematically reviews each voxel unit within the aggregation (2). The deﬁned system systematically scans each unit (3), determining both its central point and surrounding ones. It then contrasts their x and y coordinates. Identical x and y coordinates signify that one unit is directly beneath another, disregarding other module placements. Subsequently, the system evaluates the z-axis position between the two vertically aligned units. If the discrepancy surpasses the height of one, it indicates an absence of support beneath the upper unit. In such instances, the system autonomously introduces the necessary support for that unit, ensuring higher physical integrity/viability of the resulting structure.

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HIVE 6.3.3 Process Exploration I Step 6

Step 6-Approve or Reset (Edit Previous Inputs) the Resulting Aggregation The HIVE platform unveils a comprehensive interface designed specifically for developers. This enriched overview offers an intricate insight into every layer of the aggregation. Developers can meticulously assess communal areas, ensuring a balanced equilibrium between constructed and open spaces (3). The platform also provides an in-depth look at the aggregation structural arrangement (1). Furthermore, a dedicated section unveils the intricacies of the circulation formations, ensuring efficient connectivity within the community. For a more quantitative analysis, the developers can access metrics that include built space areas and voxel counts (2), depicting a clearer picture of the project's scale and density. Each of these layers, are accessible via intuitively designed buttons within the action set window. As they navigate these layers, developers have the needed tools to make informed decisions, culminating in the approval of the final aggregations (4).

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CHAPTER 6 I STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION 6.4 RESIDENTS’ INTERFACE

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6.3 Developer’ Interface Summary

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6.4.1 UI Design

The showcased User Interface (UI) unveils a tailored digital realm, meticulously designed to cater to the desires and preferences of residents within the HIVE platform. Organized in a threefold structure reminiscent of the developers' user interface, the UI features: a streamlined dashboard which offers an overview of the main sections, which can be accessed through a single click; an interactive display window, mirroring real-time alterations; and an action-set section positioned to the right of the screen, enabling them to input all their preferences and make their selection. The design of the interface is rooted in the pursuit of operational ﬂow and enhancing user navigability. Drawing inspiration from the mechanics of the game known as "Townscrapper", we recognized the impact of strategic button placements within primary game interfaces on the overall user experience. This underscored the importance of our design approach. Through mirroring the integration and user-centric design principles evident in such games, the residents’ UI has been tailored to facilitate navigation. Similar to the platforms which prioritize user immersion, the design ensures that the residents/players remain engaged, fostering a sense of familiarity/ease. The synergy between the visual appeal and the intended utility reinforces the effectiveness of the UI design. This balance results in an intuitive overall users’ experience.

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HIVE 6.4.2 Main Steps Highlight

Step 1-Input User’s Preferences + Select the Adequate Desired Units/Voxels

Step 2-Customize the Dry and Wet Unit + the Flexible Partition Furniture

Step 3-Select + Personalize the Private Open Spaces as part of the Voxels

Step 4-Initiate the Facade Implementation in accordance with the Interiors

Step 5-Dive into the Immersive Experience within the HIVE HUB’s World

Step 6-Explore the Fabrication Details and Updates of the Designed Units

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HIVE 6.4.3 Process Exploration I Step 1

Step 1-Input User’s Preferences + Select the Adequate Desired Units/Voxels This initial step empowers individuals to craft a living experience that resonates with their distinct desires and requirements. The concept of "View Boundary" is introduced, a fundamental measure that calculates the optimal distance from surrounding structures, forming the foundation for the apartment's field of view. This empowers users to curate their visual engagement with the environment, encapsulating a sense of expansiveness and connection. Furthermore, "View Quality" emerges as a pivotal factor, seamlessly integrating panoramic vistas of landscapes, nature, and significant landmarks visible from the units. Privacy considerations, both from neighbors and surroundings, add another layer of personalization. The price range parameter enables users to firmly ground their preferences within their budgetary constraints. This feature not only streamlines choices but also ensures a realistic selection process, aligning preferences with financial feasibility.

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HIVE 6.4.3 Process Exploration I Step 2+3

Step 2+3-Customize the Dry and Wet Unit + the Flexible Partition Furniture + the Open Spaces The second and third steps involve the selection of the number of units desired, followed by the intricate customization of both wet and dry units. These customizations are based on a range of options made available through the previously inputted data, ensuring that each aspect aligns perfectly with the user's preferences/needs and residents are presented with an array of furniture with sanitary ﬁxture options elegantly displayed within a comprehensive kit. Subsequently, the process advances to a pivotal stage involving the customization of interior partitions (1+2). With a modular nature in mind, these partitions are ﬂexible and adaptable, enabling residents to handpick functions and spaces that seamlessly align with their lifestyles (3). As the interior unit takes shape in accordance with the personalized selections, residents are presented with the interactive opportunity to design their private green spaces for all relaxation, leisure, and social interaction (4).

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HIVE 6.4.3 Process Exploration I Step 4

Step 4-Initiate the Facade Implementation in accordance with the Interiors The subsequent stage involves the meticulous implementation of the facade onto the housing unit. This phase is executed in alignment with the principles of WFC, that governs the selection and arrangement of facade kits. These kits are thoughtfully implemented by the system, based on the prior selection of interior furniture kits, thereby fostering adequate interaction between the external facade and the internal spaces it encompasses (4). This integration follows a strategic approach, where the selected facade elements not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of the unit but also engage harmoniously with the functional aspects of the interior. Users are endowed with the ability to actively participate in reﬁning their living spaces. The choice of use of rotatable louvers is left to the residents based on their design and utility speciﬁcations. These louvers offer dynamic control over privacy, light, and ventilation, elevating their role beyond that of traditional design elements.

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HIVE 6.4.3 Process Exploration I Step 5

Step 5-Dive into the Immersive Experience within the HIVE HUB’s World The immersive experience crafted within the HIVE HUB is a captivating journey that invites users to submerge themselves within the project's intricacies. It extends beyond individual units, encouraging users to delve into the broader neighborhood to cultivate a comprehensive understanding of their neighbors, community dynamics, and the pulse of events within the residential development. By seamlessly blending information and engagement, this immersive experience empowers users with multifaceted insights. The ability to interact with neighbors virtually fosters a sense of community, transcending geographical boundaries. Users can initiate conversations, foster connections, and gain valuable perspectives, all within the digital realm. This experience ingeniously melds information sharing with a gamiﬁed atmosphere. As users freely navigate through virtual environments, they unlock a unique blend of education and entertainment.

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WELCOME TO THE HIVE HUB

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HIVE 6.4.3 Process Exploration I Step 6 Part A

Step 6-Explore the Fabrication Details and Updates of the Designed Units Incorporating an additional layer into the immersive experience, the HIVE HUB takes user engagement to a new level by showcasing fabrication and structural intricacies. This innovative facet enhances the platform's offering by allowing users to meticulously explore their chosen dwelling unit within the virtual experience. From the optimized slab speciﬁcations to precise concrete joinery, the HIVE HUB furnishes users with an in-depth understanding of the construction's foundation and framework. This level of detail empowers residents, developers, and even building management teams to scrutinize every facet of their living or working spaces. The inclusion of comprehensive MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing) drawings further heightens the utility of this feature. The practical beneﬁts are manifold. Residents can communicate concerns more precisely to building management, accelerating response times and minimizing disruptions.

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HIVE 6.4.3 Process Exploration I Step 6 Part B

Step 6-Explore the Fabrication Details and Updates of the Designed Units The primary objective of this set feature is to establish a higher level of transparency and communication between users and developers during the construction phase of a project. This transparency is achieved through the implementation of the platform that offers real-time visibility into the ongoing construction process. The proposed solution aims to bridge this gap by providing users with a direct and continuous view of the construction activities as they unfold. In addition to the real-time view of construction, the platform also serves as a communication channel to keep users informed about crucial decisions they need to make regarding the interior of their units. Regular updates and reminders are sent to users, prompting them to make selections for elements such as ﬁxtures, ﬁnishes, layouts, and other interior design aspects. By receiving these prompts in a timely manner, users can make informed choices and can personalize their living spaces effectively.

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HIVE 6.4.3 Process Exploration I Additional Step

Additional Step-Explore the HIVE Network and the resulting Designs + Typologies + Communities The HIVE project's core objective is to foster a cohesive global community of individuals and organizations engaged in housing, construction, and manufacturing by establishing the HIVE HUB. This innovative component serves as a central platform where developers and platform participants can connect and engage with diverse projects spanning various cities worldwide. Through the HIVE HUB, enrolled residents and developers gain access to an array of projects conceptualized and executed on the platform. The HIVE HUB goes beyond mere visual representation, offering a comprehensive understanding of projects by delving into their technical intricacies. Users can explore not only the aesthetic aspects but also the underlying construction methodologies and technologies employed. This feature enables residents and developers to remain current with the evolving construction landscape, staying informed about emerging technologies/market trends.

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6.4 Residents’ Interface I Exploring the HIVE Typologies

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CHAPTER 7 I REFERENCES

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References

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