제40회 KERIS 연구개발역량 세계화도전과 기회

KERIS 연구개발역량 세계화: 도전과 기회

2011.06.01 아프리카교육개발협회(ADEA) 서울 주재 특명대표, 국경없는교육가회(EWB) 공동대표, 서울대 글러벌교육협력 학과 김기석

I. MASON: MAking

Something Out of Nothing

 Area 99.6 K Sq. Km (107th)

 Population 49.0 Million (26th)  GNI US$ 931.4 Billion (FY08) GNI per capita : US$21,570  Export volume 410 Billion (9th)  Broadband diffusion (2nd)  Home PC diffusion (3rd) - OECD member since 1996 &

DAC member from 2009

2011.KOREA

1950’s Korea

Humiliated by an American soldier in 1948 General Helmick, the Acting Military Governor of South Korea, reported to Washington, stating: “Korea cannot attain a high standard of living. ...

When the US Occupation forces withdraw and stop sending supplies to South Korea, some nine million non-food producers would face starvation.�

Determined to survive . during the war

copyright: John Rich, Korean War in Color

We Never Ever Give up!

II. Education & Economic Development in Korea

Non-formal education in the midst of the Korean War

Even the war failed to stop teaching

Teaching on an earth torn by bombs

Children at a village school built with raw wood planks

Rapid Expansion in Education, 1894-2005 7000000

6000000

5000000

4000000

3000000

2000000

1000000

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Letter Hall

source: Kim, Ki-seok(2008). Studies on Higher Education in Korea, Seoul: Educational Science Publishing Co., p.207

2004

1999

1994

1989

1984

1979

1974

1969

1964

1959

1954

1949

1944

1939

1934

1929

1924

1919

1914

1909

1904

1899

1894

0

Progress of Korean Industrial Development • Korean Economy Growth – GDP Growth : 338 times increase (US$ 60 → US$ 20,265) – Export Growth : 13,666 times increase (US$ 0.03B → US$ 410 B) 25,000

450 410

400

20,265 20,000

350 300

15,000 250 11,350

1인당 GDP(S) 200

10,000

172 150

6,306

5,000

100

3,000 2,000

65.0

50

60 17.5 0

0.0 1960

0

0.8 1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

수출액 (B$)

Korea vs. Ghana GDP since 1958: According to The WBI

Knowledge makes the Difference between Poverty and Wealth...

14

Thousands of constant 1995 US dollars

Rep. of Korea

12

Difference attributed to knowledge

10 8 6

Difference due to physical and human capital

4 2

Ghana

0 1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

GDP per capita, 1960-2008: A Comparison

Korea vs. Ghana in the 2010 WC KOREA

GHANA

Red Devils

Black Stars

Fail to make the quarterfinals, defeated 2-1

by Uruguay

Made it to the quarterfinals after emerging 2-1 victors over the USA

“World-best” Academic Achievement: IAEP An indictor of Korean kids’ academic achievement in math & science in 1998

Math & Science Scores of 12-year-olds Country

Math

Science

Korea

568

550

Canada

540

551

England

510

520

Spain

512

504

U.S.A

474

475

Ireland

504

469

ETS (1998), A World of Difference, IAEP

Mathematics vs. Social Background: PISA 2003 600 500 400

Korea

300

Filand Japan

200

USA

100 0 Mean

GDP

GDP&Ed

sourse: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/1/60/34002216.pdf

ESCS

Ed Exp

Higher Education: Seoul National University

Rank School Papers 1 HAVARD 9,421 2 TOKYO 6,631 3 UCLA 5,232 4 UW-SEATTLE 5,193 5 MICHIGAN 4,951 6 TRONTO 4,942 7 KYOTO 4,751 8 STANFORD 4,633 9 JOHNS HOPKINS 4,468 10 Upenn 4,446 11 CAMBRIGE 4,129 12 UCB 4,049 13 OSAKA 4,040 14 UCSD 3,979 15 UCSF 3,959 16 CORNELL 3,915 17 WISCONSIN 3,846 18 TOHOKU 3,809 19 PITTSBURGH 3,805 niv-London-Imperial-Coll-SCI-Thchnol-MED 20 3,721

Rank 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

School UCD YALE OXFORD DUKE MIT FLORIDA COLUMBIA SAN-PAULO UMM UNC SNU PENN ST. OSU NW WU MCGILL UBC UIU Univ-Coll-London Munich

Papers 3,685 3,683 3,647 3,558 3,511 3,506 3,489 3,454 3,371 3,211 3,116 3,063 3,061 2,999 2,989 2,955 2,893 2,755 2,629 2,617

Productivity among top schools adjusted for expenditures, 2004 Money unit: I B KW

Research funds

Running costs incl. R funds

SCI # papers

SCI ranks

SCI # /RF

SCI # /RC

SNU

2,701

6,466

3,116

31

1.15

0.48

KAIST

977

2,600

1,136

187

1.16

0.44

Postec

810

1,834

823

272

1.02

0.45

Harvard Univ.

6,481

28,574

9,421

1

1.45

0.33

Tokyo Univ.

4,257

17,327

6,631

2

1.56

0.38

UC Los Angels

6,107

36,510

5,232

3

0.86

0.14

Stanford Univ.

8,602

26,024

4,633

8

0.54

0.18

UC Berkeley

4,395

16,910

4,049

12

0.92

0.24

Industrial Development Progress in Korea •

Korean Industrial Policy with HRD : Timeline of Industrial Progress with HRD

Period 1960’

Strategic industry ·Agriculture ·Light industry

Technology Capacity Foreign Technology assistance

Workforce

HRD system

Skilled labor workforce

Vocational training schools

- Skilled technical workforce of technical high school and college level - Operation of production line

1970’

Heavy & Chemical industry

Turn-Key based technology outsourcing

Technical high school and University of science & engineering

1980’

High-tech industry Electric and electronics

Reverse engineering

College and University level engineers

College and University of science & engineering

1990’

Globalization of advanced industry

Core technology acquisition through R&D

R&D workforce Of Master and Ph.D level

Research driven university

2000’~

IT, BT, NT, GT, etc.

New growth engines

Basic and core technology acquisition

·Highly professional R&D workforce ·Creative workforce

Research driven university

Industrial Development Progress with HRD in Korea Industrial advance is closely influenced by timely technology competence. The core element of technology competence is the capacity of human resource.

Technology innovation

Core Tech. development

Green Tech. & Global Leading

IT, BT, NT, CT Future growth industry

Tech. copy

Highly professional creative workforce

Tech. out-sourcing

Technology assistance Agriculture Promotion Rural enlightenment campaign

1960’

Export-driven industrialization

Heavy & Chemical industry

Vocational training school, Skilled workforce

1970’

High-tech industry Ex) Digital Electronics

R&D workforce

Technical high school, Skilled technical workforce

Early 1980’

1990’

2000’

Since 2010’

Progress of human resource cultivation in Korea Cultivation System Vocational training center ex) Institute of industrial technology education

Agricultural & Technical high school

·Promotion of Technical college ·Expansion of no. of university of science & engineering ·Human resource cultivation of science and technology (KAIST)

Construction of education system dedicated for cultivation of human resources of advanced science and technology (Research core university)

Period 1960’

Motivation and Development Progress ·Established by assistance of the US ·Training institutes for light industry such as textiles, sewing, shoes, etc. ·Legislation of vocational training discipline law

1960’ quantitative expansion

·Quantitative expansion of skilled technical workforce, education focused on practical exercise ·Planning for heavy & chemical industry workforce ·Operation of institute for cultivation of practice teachers ·Improvement and development of curricula & contents

1970’ quantitative expansion

·Cultivation of production technicians through conversion from vocational training institute to technical college ·Cultivation of human resources for heavy & chemical industry through specialized education program of science & engineering university · Classification of 3 major education programs for scientists, engineers, and manufacturing technicians

1980’~ present

· Education for cultivation of gifted youngsters in science - Cultivation of leading human resources for future advanced industry by creative education · Specified Education System : Science high School → University of Science and Technology → Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

BMC teaching of “The unbounded power of Education.�

Education changes human behaviors: thinking power, Values, innate capacity, & even character.

농사꾼 一家, 農軍 창건 내부의 적 빈궁과 싸우다

Five Factors Development

Underpinning

Economic

1. Education: privatized, the ladder of social prestige, power and wealth, & the “plank schools”, shacks built with raw wood

planks on “an earth torn by bombs.”

2. The expansion of education was not necessarily pursued by economic development.

3 Experience of compulsory military service for all males.

4. Stable & determined political leadership.

5. The rise of a group of ambitious entrepreneurs: SS, Hyundai/Kia, LG, SK and others.

From Education & Development (2010)

Core Factors Supplying a cadre of “well educated and highly

disciplined laborers at low labor costs,” Externalizing Han (deep seated pain & sorrow) as a

complex structure of feelings and a determination to make something out of nothing: “We can-do-it!”

Koreans working on Libyan pipe line projects shocked Libyan leaders, being told that they were “not workers but soldiers,” working day and night without complaint in the hottest desert areas.

In Obama’s speech at The State of Union, 25 Jan. 2011

The WB’s comments • illustrates the significant difference a knowledge-based development strategy made for Ghana and Korea with similar GDP per capita in 1958 • estimates the relative contribution of two types of factors:

tangible factors such as the accumulation of physical capital and additional years of schooling in the labor force,

• and other factors linked to the use of knowledge, such as

the quality of education the strength of institutions, the ease of communicating and disseminating technical information, and management and organizational skill

III. Transformation of

Korea:

from beneficiary to donor

US aid to Korean Education, 1956-62 • Peabody College performed technical assistance, called the Korean Project, right after total ruins of War • Spending app. 200 (1,500 today value) Million USD for 6 years • Scaling up teacher training, education reconstruction and restoring science education, libraries and labs of College of Education, SNU • Outcome(1): One PM, 3 Ed Ministers, 5 Presidents of University, administrators, college professors &…

• Outcome(2): Globally competitive world-top class public education system

US technical aid to Seoul National University, 1954-62 • Minnesota University, a leading public university in U.S., performed technical assistance, called the SNU-UMN Project in war torn Korea • Spending app. 300 (1,800 today value) Million USD for 8 years • Renovating Medical, Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine, and Engineering, setting up Graduate School of Administration and modernizing Central Library of SNU

Korea as a Recipient, 1945-1990

Korea received a total of 13 billion USD from U.S. and Japan in economic assistance

여전히 빈곤, 무지, 질병에 시달리는 지구촌

낮은 소득으로 인핚 극심핚 빈곤상태

UN 새천년개발 목표: 2015년 달성 ?

보건 홖경 미비로 인핚 질병위험 만연화

• 1억 명 어린이 학교 못 가고

8 억 명 문맹

“교육을 통핚 빈곤과 질병퇴치”

global

non-profit

professional

핚국 ODA를과업의 바라보는범위 국제사회의 시각 “G20 서울 정상회의를 선도하고 고위급회담을 유치하는 것은 누구도 흉내 못 낸다.” “한국원조는 빈곤으로 교육받지 못하는 사람들에게 기회를 줄 것이 다.”

“한국 성공적인 스토리를 다른 국가에 알리는 것이 매우 중요하다.”

브라이얶 애투드 (OECD 개발원조위원회 의장)

[동아일보] 2011-03-26 윤완준 기자

과업의 범위 교육과학기술 ODA 선진화 방안 교육과학기술 ODA의 전략적 지원확대 -교과부 총예산대비 ODA 비율 확대계획 11년도 0.10%(451억)-> 15년 0.15%(951억) 분야별 교육과학기술 ODA 내실화 -핚국교육발전경험 공유를 위핚 콘텐츠개발, 정책컨설팅, 연수를 강화함. 전략적 교육과학기술 ODA 추진기반 구축 -국제개발협력 전문대학원을 도입하거나 기졲 대학원을 전문대학원 교육과정 운영방식으로 운영하는 방안 검토.

Colleagues beyond borders: Korean & African Bill, BF, Jan. 2007

Burkina Faso 교육

여학생 초등교육 취학률 54%-> 중도탈락률은 40%

비형식 문맹퇴치센터를 적극적으로 홗용

2008년도까지 300,000명이 문맹퇴치교육 이수

후속 교육(보건교육, 소득증대, 자립지원 등) 에 대핚 요구가 증대 but, 재정부족의 어려움.

The Fight against Poverty and HIV/AIDS through Quality Education for All

global

non-profit

professional

GAPA • • • •

Global Alliance for Poverty Alleviation

• Pay Back

10 K run for fund raising

: 14, 000 000 KRW in 2009

ADEA

EWB

GAPA

KOICA

APENF

핚국형 “갚아” GAPA 모형 Figure 1 EWB’s integrated approach

2007. Need Assessment

TIRR!: The time is right &

Micro-scholarship: $10 per month

2009. Feasibility Study

2010. Project Launching

Women-inLearning

3 Rs:

Village classroom For literacy

Knowledge is Power:

“Lonni ye see ya”

Five products from beans

No Left Child Behind?

Livestock for Lifelong Learning (L4L) Bank: A New Approach to EFA using Korean experience

Chicken

Donkey

Cow