SHRINES GRACE ZAGARELLA S3707626
AUTHOR AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY BIOGRAPHY
Grace Zagarella Grace is a Melbourne based student studying a double bachelors degree (honours) in mechanical engineering and industrial design at RMIT and currently in her third year. While very passionate about the design field over the course of this semester, the subject of Techno Comfort has allowed her to understand the subject object relationship and how this has evolved throughout time. With technology becoming a continually more important part of the world, this has not only changed the way objects are designed and produced but changed the role of the designer and the user.
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CONTENTS Author Biography 1 Timeline 3 How Has Technology Affected “The Shrine”? Its Transportation, Its Form, And The Emotion It Has Created In The Past, Present, And Future? 4 Introduction History, Traditional Makers, Contemporary Makers, Their Intentions, Pros and Cons 6 Research Process And Design Proposition 12 Research Activities Surveys 14 How Does This Work Contribute To The Design Field 26 Learning Experience 27 Final Object Object Proposal 28 Object Development 30 Final Object 32 Conclusion 40 42 References 44 List of Figures 2
TIMELINE OF OF SHRINES SHRINES TIMELINE
Romans b to encou Christian develop th alters so could cre more perso deep conn with god (R 2007
Christianity’s first notation of a shrine being of Noah in the bible (Bible History, n.d.)
2000BCE
9500BCE
The first notation of Hindu shrines.. Each family was noted to “make the house a sanctuary, a refuge from the concerns and worries of the world...the most essential and indispensable part... is “devotion” (Himalayan Academy, n.d.)
Currently the first known shrine is Gobelki Tepe, a ancient temple found in Turkey – dated back to 9,500 BCE, within this assumed temple they had constructed totems of the Gods. This stone creations was believed as a place of worship and gathering, to earliest known form of Church (Mitchelson, 2014)
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The Spanish arrived in the Americas and brought many parts of their catholic culture with them seeing a massive rise in the home shrine throughout this area, however this now started the shift away from the traditional purely religious home altar. Now they had begun to evolve as a place to pay respect to past family members (Malcom, 2007)
began urage ns to heir own o they eate a onal and nection Roberts, 7)
1600AD
2020AD
Japanese Buddhist culture created the Butsudan to protect their religious icons. It soon became law in Japan for these to be kept within a household and was reinforced by police (Malcom, 2003)
The shift that begun in the 1800’s had continued and now home shrines have taken on a life of their own, combining different cultures, religions and practises. Technology is now involved more heavily then ever and some forms of social media are being used as online shrines
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Figure 1 Gobekli Tepe
HOW HAS HAS TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY AFFECTED AFFECTED “THE “THE SHRINE”? SHRINE”? ITS ITS HOW TRANSPORTATION, ITS ITS FORM, FORM, AND AND THE THE EMOTION EMOTION IT IT HAS HA TRANSPORTATION, CREATED IN IN THE THE PAST, PAST, PRESENT, PRESENT, AND AND FUTURE? FUTURE? CREATED
Introduction Don Norman (2005) defines emotional design as an attempt to produce objects that elicit appropriate emotions, to create a designed experience for the user. There are three levels of emotion design – those being visceral, behavioural, and reflective, as well as many other factors that affect the subject-object relationship. Visceral being related to the response to the appearance of an object, behavioural being about the objects’ function, performance, and usability, and the reflective stage involves “thought and emotion” (Norman, 2005). Other factors proven to affect this relationship have been age, gender, and most importantly the previous experience of a person; allowing emotions and memories to be projected onto an item and an emotional connection to form. These comfort objects are not always tangible, as they have also taken on the form of spaces.
Gobekli Tepe, by AlaTurkaTurkey, n.d., (https://www. alaturkaturkey.com/istanbul-to-nemrut-and-gobekli-tepe 2-day-tour.html)
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Figure 3 Representation of obsession to social media
Figure 2 Christian Shrine
AS S
e-tour-
Christian Shrine, by Krassakov, 2015, (https://krasskova.wordpress. com/2015/07/31/shrine-pics/)
Representation of obsession to social media, by Milan Loiacono, 2019, (https:// pepperdine-graphic.com/worshipping-
As society has evolved, there has been a greater shift towards technology and the world’s reliance upon it, with it affecting the lives of the majority of the population on a day to day basis. Owning a phone has become the new norm and the idea that “if you don’t post it, it didn’t happen” has swept the globe. This subconscious desire to stay connected has led to phones, what gives them power and social media to become the modernday shrine. Despite the fact that technology revolutionarily changed the way humans live and interact, an important question still remains; has the 21st century obsession with technology and need to stay connected reinvented the concept of shrines, or has it destroyed the space of worship and the emotional connection attached to that?
While there are a considerable number of objects that promote an emotional response, the significance of shrines in doing so vastly outshine the others due to their ability to inspire memory ongoing worship, as well as providing comfort and promoting a sense of remembrance after death. A shrine is defined by Oxford “as a place regarded as holy because of its associations with a divinity of a sacred person or relic, marked by a building or other construction” (n.d.). Just as communities and cultural practices have evolved, so has the concept of shrines and religious or ancestral worship. From classical Greece, the establishment of ancestral and hero worship allowed communities to promote a sense of acknowledgement and inspired a sense of immortality through the worship of the relics and significant items (Roberts, 2007).
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History, Traditional Makers, Contemporary Makers, Their Intentions, Pros and Cons Figure 4 Day of the dead shrine
Shrines have existed since the beginning of time, historically being associated with religions, ancestors, martyrs, and figures of respect. With the first notation being in classic tests such as the Bible, these document the continuity and prevalence of shrines in monotheistic cultures such as Judaism and Christianity. The first unearthed temple and shrine was found in Turkey and dated back to around 10,000 BC (Oliver, 2018), with a more recent example being in 1600AD, where Japanese Buddhist culture created the Butsudan to protect and house their religious icons (Nelson, 2008). These areas of worship and countless others have been documented throughout history and are prevalent in almost every religion. Day of the dead shrine, by Mexican Folk Art Guide, 2018, (https:// www.mexican-folk-art-guide.com/day-of-the-dead-altars.html#. Xsnr3GgzY5s)
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As the world continues to develop, so has the consensus on what’s important, and while home shrines are still commonly used for religious purposes, less traditional objects have continued to enter this space of worship, redefining the shrine. A recent study conducted for this research paper, surveying 33 Melbournians aged 17 to 56 found that 60% of recipients identified phones, changers, and social media and the modern-day version of a shrine.
As time has gone on, shrines have evolved away from the communal setting, allowing for humans to create or personalise them. This manipulation began when Latin and American cultures integrated in the 1800’s. The Spanish arrived in America and introduced many aspects of their culture to American’s, which included the importance of “honouring family relationships and connecting the living with the dead” (Malcolm, 2003) through the use of inhome altars. With the flood of Hispanic immigrants to America, home shrines were increasingly recognised and utilised, leading to other cultures to adopt this tradition and move away from the traditional religious home altars, towards incorporating the idea to pay respect to family members, memories or non-religious traditions (Malcolm, 2003).
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Figure 5 Grayson Perry riding his ‘pope mobile’
Key designers for shines in the past have been Grayson Perry, an eccentric British designer who has spent most of his career recreating his version of shrines, aiming to encapsulate and provoke the emotions he deems important. His most recognized work is an interactive shrine to his childhood, where he encased his former teddy bear in glass and attached this to the back of a motorbike, which Greyson described as a “popemobile” (KickassTrips, n.d.). Perry and his bear drove around Europe on a 10-day voyage, to restore the relationships of those they villainized as children (KickassTrips, n.d.). Grayson spent the rest of his career designing different adaptations of shrines, each created to evoke different emotions for the user. His attempt at allowing the user to manipulate his designs was a series of make it yourself shrines labelled: create a shrine of your own at home, convert an everyday object to a historical object through aesthetics and convert the mundane into a commemorative souvenir.
Grayson Perry riding his ‘pope mobile’, by KickassTrips, 20 pink-motorbike-pilgrimage-with-his-teddybear-in-a-shrine
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This project links in much of Marc Hassenzahl’s Framework and specifically the idea of manipulation, identification, and evocation. Manipulation involves the user altering the object in some way, linked to the idea of goal achievement, while identification and evocation rely more on the users’ memories. Contrastingly, identification is linked to the idea of self-expression and interaction with others, whereas evocation is linked to self-maintenance and memories (2004). Carrying these ideas forward to social media, in particular, Instagram has also allowed the user to become the designer and create an online space to pay homage to whatever they choose. The abovementioned survey found that 30% of participants use Instagram to memorialise religion, family members, or friends, and 100% of participants know someone who uses social media in this way.
016, (https://kickasstrips.com/2016/03/grayson-perryse-on-the-back/)`
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Figure 6 Shrine to the Demigod Siri
Shrine to the Demigod Siri, by Broadsheet, 2014, (https://www.broadsheet.com. au/melbourne/art-and-design/article/phone-shrine-pay-homage-siri-demigodtelecommunications)
therefore creating a positive connotation with the idea that phones can be worshiped and be considered a shrine, as worshiping technology is often looked down on. The survey mentioned above of 33 Melbournians found that 40% of participants spend 8 or more hours daily on their technology and 65% of responses show that participants are unwilling to give up their phones even if it would not impact work or schooling, only 33% of these participants would identify as worshipping their phones. This survey supports the negative association regarding the worship of technology which has been deeply ingrained into individuals throughout time, as terms like “the idiot box” have been thrown around constantly and this has limited the acceptance of technology as a shrine.
Similarly, Renae Shadler and Arie Rain Glorie explored “the notion of the mobile phone serving … as a shrine to its owners’ identity” (Mitchelson, 2014). While many are often too quick to dismiss the idea they worship phones, Shadler and Glorie embrace this idea and have questioned “If we don’t have that religious connection in our everyday lives, what are the substitutes? If we were to have a modern-day religion, what would it be and what does contemporary lifestyle offer us?” (Mitchelson, 2014). Their installation was an interactive piece where participants would text a message and a version of Siri in a power suit would appear, texters were also given a gem (something of universally perceived value) to be attached to their phone, aka their shrine. This concept aimed to link a cheerful feeling between users and their phones as shrines,
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Figure 7 Advertising
Despite the many advantages to this technological shift, it has also greatly altered the traditional definition of a shrine and the typical emotions evoked for worshippers). Chapman in Emotionally Durable Design: Objects, Experiences and Empathy, Attachment to Objects describes the stages in the inevitable decline in the connection between humans and their possession, beginning with initial love at first sight in the “honeymoon stage� where the object is viewed as exciting and interesting, however, this slowly transitions to the difficult and often disappoint daily grind, where the excitement and the connection to the object have faded. Unfortunately, this quick and unfulfilling human-object relationship can be seen in many of their technology or modern-day shrines. While initially many may feel fulfilled, the constant flood of new and improved versions of their technology through advertisement is often too quickly followed by a repetitive cycle of dissatisfaction and longing for something newer. Although technology is not solely responsible, this has taken away part of the deeper emotional connection many have traditionally felt, replacing it with disconnect and a constant sense of longing as opposed to appreciation.
Advertising, by Emmersion, 2017, (https://www.emmersion.com.au/ advertising101/)
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Figure 8 Christian Church Prayer,
Christian Church Prayer, by Network, 2019, (https://network.crcna.org/classis/classis-worshiping-commu
Figure 9 Crowd of Phones,
Crowd of Phones, by World Economic Forum, 2019, (https://www.weforum.org/ agenda/2019/03/a-smartphone-is-now-a-necessity-for-most-of-us-say-researchers/)
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unity)
Through the development of media that promotes technology, we also seemingly disconnect with the past in a material manner and therefore, the concept and presence of shrines within many communities has changed significantly. With the diversity of technology, religion, and the malleability of worship we can certainly acknowledge the way in which society has ultimately removed itself from traditional means of worship or ancestral worship. With the inconclusive value placed on technology, it can certainly be acknowledged that our reliance on technology and the development of communities has transformed technology into the shrine of contemporary society.
Research Process And Design Proposition As outlined above, shrines have significantly evolved throughout history from antiquity to contemporary society. The considerable developments and changes exhibited within cultures in the establishment and focus of shrines and worship are a result of societal progression, religious and dogmatic transitions, scientific developments, and the accessibility of technology. As society advances and technology becomes more widely accessible and implemented within daily life, we are able to observe the societal changes that such accessibility has in his communities connect and disconnect - with others.
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RESEARCH ACTIVITIES Surveys The results of this survey along with the questions are as following:
An online survey was conducted of 33 Australian residents based in Melbourne and Sydney. Participants identified as both male and female, with ages ranging from 17 to 56 and a range of chosen religions. In this survey participants were asked a range of questions about their worshiping practising both religious and non-religious. The questions then shifted more to the technology habits of the participants, both on their general and social media usage. By allowing participants to acknowledge the amount of time they spend daily on their phones along with their unwillingness to give it up it was seen if they would consider it a shrine or if the negative stigma society has created would stop them from doing this.
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Why do you practise within the home? Is there a sense of guilt that you feel encourages you to practise at home? 5 responses It’s the most accessible place to practise if you don’t go to church, not really Not at all. It’s just been a habit every Sunday I read one passage from the bible. Nothing to do with guilt. Just something I’ve Been brought up with. No I practice because my parents drive it. I guess it makes them a better Catholic if they do practice. Because my religion provides me great encouragement and peace. Also I want to worship Jehovah our god
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Do you have any form of non-religious shrines within the home and how often do you interact with these? 33 Responses No X 30 Responses Sound system that I love to sit down and listen to Shrine of sporting trophies, I see from a distance everyday but I look at it closely aprox once a month We do not have shrines or idols as they distract worship of God, we would then be worshipping that idol
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Do you use any of these forms of social media to pay respect to a person, place or thing? 33 Responses No X 23 Responses In all things I wish to glorify God however my accounts are not religious based, they are me based Yes – Instagram for family, Anzac day and places Yes – by keeping in touch with my family overseas Yes – my deceased dad every now and again Yes, if there is a post about tragedy I’ll react or comment or post to pay respect Sometimes X 2 Responses Yes – personal interactions, liking posts about friends activities Yes for birthdays Yes, I personally don’t post pictures of people who have passed on social media yet but if someone close to me was to pass I would, and a lot of people post throwbacks on their wall and I feel like that is paying respect to a place and a memory
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How do you think technology and the relationship it has with users will evolve? 33 Responses Get worse Will become more co-dependent People will soon be working from home. Going into work won’t be needed. People growing up will also worship Instagram more and try be Instagram famous rather than finding full time work etc. Will become more and more reliable I think it will become even more integrated with our lives We will become even more reliant on it Technology is a way to contact friends and family and is reshaping the way daily tasks are conducted, as we are able to do many more activities on our devices we are constantly using them which has created a stronger bond with them and most people couldn’t survive without them and as we become more dependent on them as they evolve, the relationship will evolve Not well at the current rate Addiction Sociality is moving towards being incapable of functioning without these forms of technology. Eventually it will become an unavoidable, essential part of all aspects of life. I think as my generation continues technology will continue to advance and the amount of time people spend on it every day will increase. The first iPhone was released in 2007 and 13 years from now there will be something else that doesn’t exist today.
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How do you think technology and the relationship it has with users will evolve? 33 Responses People are already dependant on technology, it will be impossible to be disconnected from some form of technology, it is needed in order to be part of the community and complete daily activities. I think people will be more reliant on technology than ever before with it being able to perform more and more functions of daily living, when these devices break down or fail it may be concerning that people may not know how to perform these tasks otherwise. Will continue to grow stronger and more important in everyday lives and worshipping I think somehow people will increase their relationship with technology and it will become more efficient in order to better meet its users needs I think that users will become even more reliant on technology and real social interactions will become rarer and rarer Continuing change in the way humans connect and interact It will continue to become further integrated into our lives but more as a tool than something that is worshipped, could be used to allow people to practice religion or worship in a different way but I don’t think it the technology is what is being worshipped. I think that technology will always be prevalent in modern day society, however as children learn from the mistakes of their parents, this generation will soon learn from those before it and too much social media use can be devastating for both physical and mental health and parents in the future will make a conscious effort to reduce screen time of children and teenagers. Therefore developers of software must also adapt their products to become more user friendly without staring blindly into a screen. Work technology however may evolve to become more user friendly at home so that people don’t need to travel to and from their work office as often creating a more efficient society. People are and will become more dependent on technology over time
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How do you think technology and the relationship it has with users will evolve? 33 Responses I think technology will continue to attempt to answer as many questions and solve as many problems as possible for its users, but at some point the users will lose interest in the need of answered questions and seek the journey again. For society its becoming the norm. Personally i am less interested and use technology for work and would rather call or meet in person. We will only become more dependant on it into the future. 100% no can live without social media Dependance on machines will increase Technology will take over watch out for the robots More interactive As time goes on I think we will only become more dependent on technology and many won’t be able to complete simple things without it Reliant and overdependent Everything will become online - now that Covid has happen, it has shown you can pretty much do anything online. People will become more dependent on it as it connects us to others and provides entertainment and information It will only get closer intertwined Generally the use of phones for young people are beyond close. They are seemingly becoming closer and closer to them. Maybe one day the two will merge. It will continue to create a virtual world - one in which we obsess over
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As seen from the answers above religious practises are not as common as they once might’ve been. While there is not one answer for this, some say it is because they are given the choice while others contribute it to the internet and the abundance of questions and theories it sparks (Emerging Technologies, 2014). Nevertheless while religion in participants was not common the immense use of technology was.
All participants use some form of technology and social media platform for both work/school and entertainment purposes. Participants have identified to spending most of their day on their phones and being unwilling to give these up. It should also be noted that social media was specified by 30% of participants of somewhere where they like to use this as an online forum to commemorate a person, place, or thing.
Figure 10 Table of Texters
Table of Texters, by TechCOmmuters, 2020, (https://www.techcommuters.com/best-phone-usage-tracke
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er-apps-for-android-iphone/)
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HOW DOES DOES THIS THIS WORK WORK HOW CONTRIBUTE TO TO THE THE CONTRIBUTE Figure 11 Buddhist Shrine
Buddhist Shrine, by The Zen Gateway, n.d., (http://www.thezengateway.com/latest-news/ exercises-in-mindfulness-home-shrines-2)
Design Field
When applying this to the modern day world, technology needs to be taken into account. This has not only changed the ways in which objects can be designed and produced but has changed the roll of the designer and allowed who was previously the user to become much more involved.
Through the in dept evaluation of shrines over the semester in Techno Comfort a look at an emotional object as a space rather than a physical object has been conducted. While much of the same theory can be applied to both, spaces have a lot more variance especially between religions and cultures around the world and therefore previous theories will spark different emotions between these cultures.
This has been highlighted through the survey conducted which notes multiple participants looking at social media as an online shrine; a digital space to worship and highlight whatever they want.
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Learning Experience Over the course of this semester I have not only learnt about the subject-object relationship but I have had the chance to design an object. Using the content I’ve learnt I have been able to design for emotions using the frameworks and studies of previous key designers. This can be achieved through the use of specific forms, colouring, and items that connect with a persons past memories.
Figure 13 Home Garden Shrine
Figure 12 Home Shrine
This was also reinforced by the survey that was conducted. This allowed me to have a deeper understanding of humans relationship with technology across a range of ages and religions. While I knew my habits on technology was common among people within a 10 year age bracket above or below me, participants of all ages (17 – 56) has similar habits and were unwilling to give up their phones.
Home Garden Shrine, by Pinterest, 2016, (https://www.pinterest.com.au/ pin/365565694747086093/)
Home Shrine, by Patheos, 2018, (https://www.patheos.com/blogs/ oathbound/2018/03/building-homeshrine/)
By being able to apply my learning it has deepened my understanding of this relationship and the life cycle it experiences.
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Figure 14 Lego Shrine
FINAL OBJECT Object Proposal I will be making an at home kit to construct a charging shrine for your phone. While functional in nature as it will provide a protective stand for the phone while charging this will pull elements from at home shrines and is designed to be customisable. The kit is a loose how to with instructions on how to build the intended structure, however participants will be provided with clay, wire, plastic sockets and are encouraged to manipulate the final design to whatever strikes a chord with them. With the intended design being simple the plastic sockets allow for photos or thin objects to be played within them and interchanged whenever the user would like. Wire can also be added so other forms can be attached.
Lego Shrine, by Bifuteki, 2011, (https://www.bifuteki.com
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A physical kit will be made, with the set of instructions and an example (or multiple) of what the final product could look like. This object aims to capture aspects from shrines past and present. The intended structure is similar to some of the first altars in the religious communities while the user controlled windows is a physical representation of the social media (particularly Instagram) that many have identify and use as an online shrine. This ‘phone shrine’ will allow users to display photos and items that are important to them and would possibly be otherwise be overlooked in an area (phone charger) that they will now use everyday. This will encourage the consumer to look back on the memories related to the photos and objects chosen to be displayed. This object is also aimed to try and remove the negative stigma that society has created around worshiping technology by displaying it in the protective shrine.
m/2011/06/things-were-diggin-lego-brick-case-for-iphone-4/)
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Object Development During the object development phase it was not yet decided what object I was going to make however taking inspiration from previous key designers in the field versions of how to kits and phone shrines were brainstormed. The final object needs to capture the traditional emotions this space of worship creates adding the features that the modern shrines born from technology have encapsulated. Various versions of how to kits as well different forms of phone shrines were designed. A final concept of a ‘Build Your Phone The Shrine It Deserves’ was decided upon.
This object will come in a pack with all the required materials along with a set of instructions. For protective measures there will be scrunched up paper inside to keep the objects from moving while being posted. This paper will be sections from various religious scriptures linking the object back to the original shrines. The outside of the packaging will be a collage of various types of typical shrines. An example was built to show what a possible version of this shrine would look like.
The form now being up to the user along with clear plastic windows that allow any object to be placed into them has incorporated Marc Hassenzahl’s Framework idea of manipulation and the object attachment theory.
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Final Object
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BUILD YOUR PHONE THE SHRINE IT DESERVES How To: 1. Roll our your clay into an even slab that is larger than your phone 2. Fold the edges up to form a protective house, ensuring that your phone can still fit into the space. Customise the shape into whatever you like 3. Cut a hole into the bottom of your shrine large enough to fit your phone charger through OPTIONAL 4. Add the plastic pockets to either the back or sides of your shrine by pushing the edges into the clay 5. Add any wire to allow items to hang off your shrine 6. Customise as desired NEEDED 7. Leave flat to dry for 24 to 48 hours until firm 8. Place any items in the plastic pockets to display and enjoy your phone shrine
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CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Over the course of this semester I have learnt a great deal about objects and the way humans interact with them. While physical aspects contribute (being the form or colouring) to this relationship, I have learnt that the link between an object and a person or an action can cause a dramatic effect. This was shown through the experiment of a cardigan that was worn by a serial killer and caused an adverse reaction from participants.
Taking on what I had leant over the semester I wanted to make sure my object aimed to spark the appropriate emotions in users while being something that can be updated and interacted with.
By allowing users to participate in the form and what is displayed in the windows this will allow individuals to create an emotional connect and revisit visit fond memories that they have chosen. This will help to avoid the disappointment many feel and replace it with a warm sense of nostalgia.
The life cycle of this relationship is also something that I will take forward into my design career. As the world has changed so has this relationship and now users are constantly bombarded with the next version of what they have it only highlights what they don’t have. And while originally happy in the honeymoon phase the transition into the daily grind often leads to disappointment and a quick discarding for what’s new.
While I am happy with the physical kit I was able to build if the current situation was different and I was able to visit a workshop I would have build a mini frame. This would have allowed a base structure that the clay could be moulded around and would provide extra support to add to the longevity of the item.
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REFERENCES Bible History. (n.d.). Ancient Alters. https://www.bible-history.com/biblestudy/altars.html Chapman, J. (2012). Emotionally Durable Design: Objects, Experiences and Empathy, Attachments to Objects (pp. 63-86) Definitions and Translations. (n.d.). Definition of Comfort Objects. https://www.definitions.net/definition/COMFORT+OBJECT Emerging Technology. (2014). How the Internet is Taking Away From Religion. MIT Technology Review https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/04/04/13684/how-the -internet-is-taking-away-americas-religion/ Hassenzahl, M. (2004). Emotions can be quite ephemeral; we cannot design them. Interactions. Vol 11. No. 5. pp. 46-48 KickassTrips. (n.d.). Grayson Perry’s Pink Motorbike Pilgrimage with his Teddybear in a Shrine on the back https://kickasstrips.com/2016/03/grayson-perrys-pink-motorbike- pilgrimage-with-his-teddybear-in-a-shrine-on-the-back/ Malcolm, T. (2003, November 14). Creating a sacred space. The National Catholic Reporter. http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2003d/111403/111403k. htm
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Mitchelson, A. (2014, June 20). Phone Shrine: Pay homage to Siri the demigod of telecommunications. Broadsheet. https://allthatsinteresting.com/gobekli-tepe Nelson, J. (2008). Household Alters in Contemporary Japan; Rectifying Buddhist “Ancestor Worship” with Home Décor and Consumer Choice. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 35(2), 305-328. Norman, D. (2004), Emotional Design: Why We Love Everyday Things, (pp. 35- 60) Oliver, M. (2018, June 14). Build 6,000 Years Before Stonehenge, Gobekli Tepe Is The Oldest Temple In the World. All That’s Interesting Online. https://allthatsinteresting.com/gobekli-tepe Oxford. (n.d.). Definition of Shrine. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/shrine
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LIST OF FIGURES Any of the figures that were not referenced were of my own making Timeline Figure 1. Ancient Origins. (2015). Gobekli Tepe. https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/ archaeologists-find-12000-year-old-pictograph-gobeklitepe-003441 Timeline Figure 2. Himalayan Academy. (2020). Hindu Shrine. https://www.himalayanacademy.com/ Timeline Figure 3. Wikipedia. (n.d.). Butsudan. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butsudan Timeline Figure 4. Learn Religions. (2018). Shrine to Ancestors. https://www.learnreligions.com/setting-up-your-magical- altar-2561940 Timeline Figure 5. Bible History Daily. (2019). Presentation in the Temple. https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/new- testament/mary-simeon-or-anna-who-first-recognized-jesus- as-messiah/ Timeline Figure 6. Youtube. (2018). Home Altar. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxqckLSI4kk Timeline Figure 7. The Fat Cactus. (2016). Mexican Pocket Shrine. http://www.thefatcactus.co.uk/?p=4842 Figure 1. AlaTurkaTurkey. (n.d.). Gobekli Tepe. https://www.alaturkaturkey.com/istanbul-to-nemrut-and-gobekli-tepe- tour-2-day-tour.html Figure 2. Krassakov. (2015). Christian Shrine. https://krasskova.wordpress.com/2015/07/31/shrine-pics/
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Figure 3. Loiacono, M. (2019). Representation of obsession to social media. https://pepperdine-graphic.com/worshipping-false-idols-social-media-and- body-image/ Figure 4. Mexican Folk Art Guide. (2018). Day of the dead shrine. https://www.mexican-folk-art-guide.com/day-of-the-dead-altars.html#. Xsnr3GgzY5s Figure 5. KickassTrips. (2016). Grayson Perry riding his ‘pope mobile’. https://kickasstrips.com/2016/03/grayson-perrys-pink-motorbike- pilgrimage-with-his-teddybear-in-a-shrine-on-the-back/ Figure 6. Broadsheet. (2014). Shrine to the Demigod Siri. https://www.broadsheet.com.au/melbourne/art-and-design/article/phone- shrine-pay-homage-siri-demigod-telecommunications Figure 7. Emmersion. (2017). Advertising. https://www.emmersion.com.au/advertising101/ Figure 8. Network. (2019). Christian Church Prayer. https://network.crcna.org/classis/classis-worshiping-community Figure 9. World Economic Forum. (2019). Crowd of Phones. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/03/a-smartphone-is-now-a- necessity-for-most-of-us-say-researchers/ Figure 10. TechCommuters. (2020). Table of Texters. https://www.techcommuters.com/best-phone-usage-tracker-apps-for- android-iphone/ Figure 11. The Zen Gateway. (n.d.). Buddhist Shrine. http://www.thezengateway.com/latest-news/exercises-in-mindfulness- home-shrines-2 Figure 12. Patheos. (2018). Home Shrine. https://www.patheos.com/blogs/oathbound/2018/03/building-home- shrine/ Figure 13. Pinterest. (2016). Home Garden Shrine. https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/365565694747086093/ Figure 14. Bifuteki. (2011). Lego Shrine https://www.bifuteki.com/2011/06/things-were-diggin-lego-brick-case-for- iphone-4/
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