Dynamixx E2DI Journal June 2010

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Commitment Time on Climate Change - The Role of the Aerospace and Defence Industry - By Berrien Moore III

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Extending Raytheon’s Technologies

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E2DS’11 Conference To Cement A&D Industry Role in Energy and the Environment

Cover Image Raytheon’s Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor was designed to collect global aerosol data for climate scientists during NASA’s Glory mission. The three-year mission aims to ascertain the ratios of different species of short-lived aerosols in earth’s atmosphere to further understand their role in global and regional climate change. This new information will also enable policy makers to formulate responses to climate change based on a more complete understanding of the global processes that contribute to it.

Published by Dynamixx Ltd If you have a story or contribution for the E2DI Journal, please contact: Nick Cook, Editor nick@dynamixx.co.uk; Tel: (+44) 7949 946 572 Editor: Nick Cook Production Manager: James Lamont Dynamixx Limited, One Hardwicks Square London, SW18 4AW, United Kingdom.

Tel: (+44) 20 7198 8425 www.dynamixx-e2d.com © 2009 Dynamixx Ltd.

No Going Back Welcome to this special Farnborough International 2010 edition of E2DI – not a regular copy of the Journal per se, but an update on where we are in our campaign for ever greater involvement by the aerospace and defence (A&D) industry in clean energy and environmental markets; and by extrapolation, the sector’s full engagement in the fight against climate change. ou could argue that, after much excitement in the run-up to the COP 15 climate change summit in Copenhagen at the end of 2009, the anti-climax of that event, and the scandals that have tainted some of the science of climate change, that the issue has gone off the boil. That, however, is not a view we would share. The world is preoccupied with a set of pressing financial priorities and, in the atmosphere of cuts and austerity measures that are now being implemented across the developed world, global warming, inevitably, does not preoccupy the minds of decision-makers and headline-writers in the way that it used to. But that is not to say that the problem has gone away.

In our first feature, you can read from one of the world’s most respected climate change authorities, Dr Berrien Moore III, that action on climate change is every bit as urgent as it has ever been; and that the A&D industry occupies a unique niche in being able to solve many of the challenges – some of them seemingly insoluble – that climate change presents. In our second feature, we showcase an exclusive extract of our Green Technology Audit on the A&D industry – a preview of a study that will report at the turn of the year on the sector’s clean energy and environmental skill-sets. In this excerpt, you can read how one A&D giant, Raytheon, is corralling its activities in this arena to ready itself to the challenges that the threat – and opportunity – of climate change represents.

Finally, on page 12, we announce details of our forthcoming conference – Energy, Environmental Defence and Security 2011 (E2DS’11) - to be held in Washington D.C. in the spring of next year. After the success of our inaugural event, E2DS’09, in London last November, we are delighted to be

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staging next year’s conference in partnership with IHS, the global information company. For Dynamixx, this teaming represents the perfect fit.

IHS – with its accent on energy, economics, defence, risk, the environment and the supply chain, coupled to its global reach – exactly encompasses what our E2DS series of events is all about: fully engaging the world’s most innovative sector in the biggest challenge not only of our lifetime, but that of future generations.

Two years ago, at the last Farnborough show, the A&D sector had barely even begun to think about energy, the environment and climate change in terms of market. But that has all changed. Some companies are now deeply involved; others less so. That is what we mean when we say ‘greater involvement’ and ‘fully engaging’. The A&D industry, almost unique amongst large industrial sectors, is renowned for its ability to cooperate as well as compete. To get the attention of politicians, we believe that it is time for the industry to pull together, now, when it needs to, to demonstrate to global decision-makers that it is on hand not only to provide key technologies, but perhaps its greatest skill-set: its unrivalled ability to systems-engineer on a worldwide scale. Climate change is the greatest ‘system of systems’ challenge we are ever likely to face. On behalf of Dynamixx and IHS, I look forward to seeing you at E2DS’11 next spring, when this message will be roundly debated and forcefully delivered in the heart of Washington D.C.

Nick Cook Dynamixx; Editor, E2DI Journal

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Commitment Time on Climate Change - The Role of the Aerospace and Defence Industry Dr Berrien Moore III, a co-recipient of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for his work on the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), addresses the challenges ahead.

Image by: Glynn Downing

Dr Berrien Moore III, a co-recipient of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize

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www.dynamixx-e2d.com “

t was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to heaven, we were all going direct the other way - …” Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities.

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At the end of last year’s Fifteenth Meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) in Copenhagen, the scales were probably tilted toward the worst of times. Would more have been accomplished, if a series of emails between climate researchers had not been hacked and released? It certainly was not a pretty picture, and it also was a confused picture. Since then, other errors in judgment have surfaced on certain matters associated with the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); however, it is important to recognize that these mistakes are very limited in scope and extent.

But let us focus not on the noise or even on a few blunders, but rather on what we know absolutely for certain: First, carbon dioxide and methane are heat-trapping greenhouse gases. Second, since 1750, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by almost 40% and methane has increased by 150%, after being relatively constant for more than 5000 years. And finally, the increase is due primarily to the burning of fossil fuels and secondarily the expansion of agriculture and animal husbandry. On this, there is no scientific debate.

In the most recent assessment of the peer-reviewed scientific literature on climate change, the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 found, among many other things, that: 11 of the 12 years between 1995 and 2006 ranked amongst the 12 warmest years since 1850 (we’ve since learned that the year 2009 is likely to rank in the top 6 warmest years and the decade of the 2000’s was the warmest decade since record began in 1850); sea level is increasing; glaciers around the world are generally retreating; the Arctic is warming almost twice as fast as the global average; and Arctic sea ice is declining rapidly. In the biological world, plants are blooming and birds migrating earlier in the spring, growing seasons are getting longer, and plants and animals

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Would more have been accomplished, if a series of emails between climate researchers had not been hacked and released? are moving toward the poles and to higher elevations.

Based on these observations and many, many others, the IPCC concluded that warming of the climate system is “unequivocal,” and that most of the observed warming since the mid-20th century is “very likely” due to the human-caused increase in greenhouse gases. In other words, the IPCC gave less than a 10% chance that the warming is entirely natural. An assessment today would almost certainly reduce those odds even further due to new evidence and recent research.

Peer-reviewed science is now clearly telling us that climate change is happening and that this change is primarily the result of human-caused increases in greenhouse gases.

Arguments over particular lines of evidence are a crucial part of the ongoing process of understanding the subject; however, arguments over whether the planet is warming, most likely from human influence, ignore mountains of evidence.

A natural by-product of the burning of fossil fuels is that we increase the

amount of carbon in active circulation; we are inflating the carbon cycle not unlike the increased printing of money inflates the monetary cycle. The canonical fingerprint of this carbon inflation is the increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

This presents Challenge Number One, which is to stabilize the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Unfortunately, we must do far more than stabilize the emissions of carbon dioxide at current levels—and we are very far from even doing that much. We need to reduce globally carbon dioxide emissions by roughly 80% from current levels to stabilize the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This would require reductions, not on the economic margins of today’s industrial societies, but rather, at the very core of modern economies.

To meet Challenge Number One, we need to “swap-out” the fossil fuel-based energy system of the planet for one that does not inflate the carbon cycle, but without disrupting the monetary cycle.

This is a monumental systems engineering task, but also one that

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www.dynamixx-e2d.com brings many side benefits including enhanced national security, dramatically increased energy independence, a reestablishment of a can-do philosophy versus a no-can-do attitude that is far too prevalent today.

But where are the people that can step up to a monumental systems engineering task? Many are in the aerospace and defense industries since these are the companies that fundamentally rely, trust, and depend upon systems engineering to do what they do. They also bring industrial components and partners that understand how to produce large, complex yet extraordinarily reliable mechanisms operating in

There are many needs—each with its own system complexities, technology demands, and implementation barriers.

We need new and smart energy grids; extensive wind and solar farms; wave and tidal energy facilities, less costly and safe nuclear stations; efficient carbon capture and storage capabilities, and sustainable carbon-neutral liquid fuels.

It is central to recognize that these needs are not met by elements in the technology sandbox; the needs go light years beyond brass-boards. The needs are for energy systems producing gigawatts of electricity and billions of barrels of sustainable liquid fuels.

We need to reduce globally carbon dioxide emissions by roughly 80% from current levels to stabilize the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. difficult environments. Finally, the people and processes within these companies create new and highly innovative technologies to solve real and challenging problems.

It is also important to recognize that the train is moving: • The world's wind power capacity grew by 31% in 2009, adding 37.5 gigawatts (GW) to bring total installations up to 157.9 GW. • China is working with German and U.S. manufacturers on over 34 new wind farms planned for delivery by 2014.

The Chinese goal is 100 GW of wind power by 2020.

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• Britain plans to add 25 gigawatts of offshore wind generation by 2020.

• Spain’s Solar Millennium is participating in the massive $572 billion DESERTEC project, which seeks to build a network of large utility-scale solar generation power plants in the Sahara.

• United States has announced two major steps for a new clean energy economy: - A target of 36 billion gallons of longterm renewable fuels by 2022.

- A Task Force to develop a comprehensive and coordinated federal strategy broadly to speed the development and deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and specifically to have five to ten commercial demonstration projects installed and running by 2016.

The challenge of stabilizing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere - of “swapping-out” our current carbon-based energy system and “swapping-in” an energy system that does not inflate the carbon cycle – is of unprecedented scope but the challenge can be met. However it is not the only challenge that we face.

Challenge Number Two is the reality of the longer-term carbon-climate dynamic.

Namely, even after the concentration of CO2 and other greenhouses gases are stabilized in the atmosphere, the climate will continue to change and evolve: Climate changes lag greenhouse gas changes. This means that we must begin to address not just reductions in greenhouse gases but also climate change adaptation strategies. This is not a retreat from Challenge Number One; rather, it acknowledges that we have already committed to a future climate

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A scientific and societal question underlying any discussion on addressing the climate challenge of adaptation is: “How will the future of the planet unfold?” What is it to which we are adapting? This problem of seeing ‘through the glass darkly’ is particularly acute when we try to make projections about a system, such as the climate system or more generally the Earth System, that has significant nonlinearities and chaotic aspects; that has widely varying time constants; that has not only physical dynamics but also chemical and biological interactions, and that directly involves humans and their institutions.

There do, however, appear to be predictable, coherent modes of climate variability, such as El Niño, that not only support a sense of optimism in attacking the prediction/projection problem, but also offer measurable targets, which can be used as benchmarks for evaluating our understanding of the climate system.

But progress in evaluating our abilities to project climate patterns will only be made if we openly and aggressively test climate models. We must not only be able to predict patterns such as El Niño with accuracy, but also to capture multiple aspects of the climate system today and yesterday and tomorrow.

The scientific community has agreed upon 44 Essential Climate Variables (ECVs), which can form litmus tests for climate models. All ECVs are technically and economically feasible for systematic observation. The measurement of these variables must be made with sufficient precision, accuracy, and measurement overlap to produce records of climate utility. The demanding requirements for such records, Climate Data Records, have also been stated clearly by the scientific community. Most of the measurements of the Essential Climate Variables will be made from space-based systems, which will be developed primarily by the same aerospace and defense industries and their partners that will meet Challenge Number One. Fortunately, space agencies in Europe, United States, Japan, and in other spacefaring nations are increasingly focusing on climate-relevant missions.

• ESA’s CryoSat-2 mission is dedicated to precise monitoring of the changes in the thickness of marine ice floating in the polar oceans and variations in the thickness of the vast ice sheets that overlie Greenland and Antarctica.

• ESA’s SMOS mission is focused on improving our understanding of Earth’s water cycle and specifically on the issue of if, and how, it is being modified by climate change, which is becoming increasingly important, not only for understanding how Earth works, but also for environmental policy and decision-making.

• JAXA’s GOSAT is making global measurements of carbon dioxide and methane from space with sufficient density and accuracy to provide insight into their sources and sinks.

• NASA has begun to execute the recommendations in the recent Decadal Survey on Earth Science and Applications from Space, which includes a suite of climate relevant missions from lidarbased measurements of ice topography and greenhouse gases to highly accurate measurements of the radiation budget of the planet.

• President Barack Obama’s 2011 budget proposes to establish, within NASA, a “Climate Continuity Mission line.”

In addition to the scientific challenge of enhancing broadly our understanding of the Earth’s climate system and specifically improving our capability to project climate with rigor and skill, there is another aspect of Earth observation, which needs to be recognized. In his speech at COP-15 in Copenhagen at the end of 2009, President Obama set the issue clearly on the international table: “…we [all major economies] must have a mechanism to review whether we are keeping our commitments [to reduce significantly greenhouse gas emissions], and to exchange this information in a transparent manner. These measures need not be intrusive, or infringe upon sovereignty [space-based]. They must, however, ensure that an accord is credible, and that we are living up to our obligations. For without such accountability, any agreement would be empty words on a page.”

The President’s 2011 budget goes even further: NASA is charged with developing and implementing a sustained space-borne carbon measurement and monitoring capability.

Hence much is riding on the shoulders of aerospace and defense industries of the planet and their industrial partners.

The costs are significant but the benefits clearly outweigh them. The time for coordinated and massive national and international commitments and action is now. There is no other way.

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Raytheon Green Technology Audit

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Energy, the Environment and the Fight Against Climate Change: Extending Raytheon’s Technologies If there is a single company that defines the potential of the aerospace, defence and security (ADS) sector to play a commanding role in the energy and environmental landscape – the backdrop to climate change - it is Raytheon.

n 2009, the company, which employs 75,000 people, posted revenues of almost $25 billion via its six businesses: Integrated Defense Systems (IDS), Intelligence and Information Systems (IIS), Missile Systems, Network Centric Systems (NCS), Raytheon Technical Services Company (RTSC) and Space and Airborne Systems (SAS). It is within these businesses, and the company’s global headquarters in Waltham, Massachusetts, that the pointers to this potential, as well as the corporate DNA that differentiates Raytheon from other global primes, exist.

The activities of these businesses, which give the company a broad footprint in the prime contracting, sensor, weapons, mission support and command, control, communications and intelligence (C3I) markets, support Raytheon’s extremely diverse energy and environmental portfolio. Raytheon has classic domain knowledge in almost all of the fields that enable global prime contractors in the ADS field to play a leading top-down role in combating climate change – this by exploiting its system-of-systems knowledge, amassed over decades, as well as a host of activities, programmes and skills, spread across the six businesses. Collectively, these technologies give the company unprecedented insight into micro and macro aspects of the complexities of climate and climate change.

Underpinning its energy and environmental knowledge is the key to Raytheon’s primary distinguishing characteristic relative to other global ADS primes: the fact that it is an

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engineering-led systems provider – not a platform-builder per se, but one nonetheless that regularly acts in a prime-contracting capacity - with a very clear focus on innovation. This cultural differentiator has not come about by accident, but flows from the top down: CEO Bill Swanson is an engineer by background. “We’re run by leaders and innovators, who more often than not started their careers as engineers,” says Bill Kiczuk, Vice President and Chief

‘A string of firsts: the ruby laser

Technology Officer for the Raytheon Company, “and this speaks volumes about our corporate culture. We are problem solvers that pay attention to details.” Since it was founded in the 1920s, Raytheon and its heritage companies have been responsible for a string of firsts: radar, mass-manufacture of the magnetron and the proximity fuse, the first microwave oven, the first missile guidance computer and the first working laser, to name but a few.

Monitoring the Equator to the Poles If there are engineering-led solutionsets to the way we observe, analyze and deal with climate change – as a growing number of scientists and academics believe – and if the ADS community is to play a leading role in delivering them, then Raytheon has been responsible for what could well turn out to be the landmark, progenitor project: SIVAM. The Brazilian government’s $1.4 billion System for the Vigilance of the Amazon, fully operational since 2005, is the world’s largest fully integrated remote monitoring system of the environment.

Raytheon, which was one of the prime contractors for the programme, oversaw the development and deployment of a highly integrated system-of-systems to perform monitoring of the land, air and water resources of the Brazilian Amazon region, the primary challenge being the delivery of remote sensing and communications over a vast, sparsely populated and inaccessible region.

The company and its partners were able to do this via an extensive network of air traffic control (ATC) and surveillance radars, environmental sensors, communications systems, airborne sensors and coordination centres – in all, a network of over 500 elements: 2000 sensors and nodes of various types.

The Amazon is not the only remote, ecologically threatened region with which Raytheon businesses have strong environmental associations. Through Raytheon Polar Services, part of Raytheon Technical Services Company, the company has been providing

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The Amazon

infrastructure, logistical and operational support for US National Science Foundation (NSF) projects in support of the US Antarctic Programme for a decade. This vast and complex undertaking has given the company insight into how to deliver a range of services – ‘everything it takes to run a small town’, according to Raytheon program managers – in a delicate eco-system at the opposite end of the environmental spectrum from the Amazon.

Stimulation through innovation While all Raytheon’s businesses share a consistent view on innovation, the company allows each to develop innovation programmes that best enable them to progress towards common goals.

Raytheon Missile Systems, for example, uses its ‘Bike Shop’, a world class ‘special projects’ organization, with a culture of secrecy to match, to rapidly prototype new thinking into hardware for its demanding military customer needs.

Space and Airborne Systems, on the other hand, has its own Office of Innovation, which functions as a focal point and stimulus for anyone within SAS with a radical, innovating idea or proposal. SAS’s Office of Innovation was founded in 2007 on the principle that everyone is involved. Three ‘innovation advocates’ across SAS’s businesses – there are two advocates in California, one in Texas – stimulate the innovation process, Mark Skidmore explains. As Venture Director in El Segundo, California he reaches out to SAS’s network of subject-

matter experts, soliciting ideas, shaping them and kicking around the proposals that are brought to them before selling them to a ‘sponsor’ within the organization. Guiding principles are ‘be safe’ – don’t do anything to jeopardize the security of the company – bear the needs of customers in mind and no deliverable hardware before the ‘tyres of the idea’ have been kicked and thoroughly tested. Amongst the ideas that have shown great promise and look set to be developed further are a low-

long heritage in power-management and power-conditioning for space platforms.

Yet another model can be found within the Mission Innovation (MI) group at IDS, a small team with a big charter: to look at out-of-the-box solutions to global problems, many of which, superficially at least, bear little or no relationship to Raytheon’s traditional military-oriented customer-base. MI grew out of a move seven years ago as Raytheon began to focus more on its core defense markets. Eighteen months

The Amazon is not the only remote, ecologically threatened region with which Raytheon businesses have strong environmental associations. cost thruster, launched into space on the back of pre-existing missions for safely de-orbiting dead satellites (it can also extend the lives of functioning satellites by shifting them into higher orbits); and a ‘sense and avoid RF patch radar’ that leverages technology from Raytheon’s game-changing electronically scanned radar systems, which will give unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) the ability to operate safely in national airspace.

“Different businesses in Raytheon have different innovation models, but there is a consistent view on innovation across the company. And while each business has a unique innovation structure, the goals are shared across the enterprise,” says Skidmore. He believes that the clean energy and environment field represents fertile ground for SAS, tapping particularly as it does into SAS’s

into this exercise, the focus of the company became more sharply attuned to the support needs of the US warfighter and its allies. But at the same time, Lee Silvestre, vice president, Mission Innovation at Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems says, there was a recognition that there were growth opportunities beyond defence that needed to be rigorously explored. MI’s charter, to come up with competitive solutions to what the company terms ‘S4P’ needs – requirements in the ‘safety, security, stability, stewardship and protection’ fields - still tapped into defence Raytheon’s know-how; only it was ‘defence with a little not a big d’, Silvestre says.

Amongst a now large portfolio of MIgenerated and MI-coralled ideas in the energy, transportation, S4P, food,

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www.dynamixx-e2d.com healthcare, environment and education domains, a number are already showing considerable promise. These include Tempwave, which uses low intensity RF microwave energy to help protect crops threatened by frost damage; a robotic hull cleaner that attaches to the hulls of ships, removing algae whilst the ship is underway; and CO2 sequestration and sequestration monitoring which uses a ‘wireless mesh network’ that remotely monitors massive CO2 sequestration sites (or other large energy infrastructure sites) for leaks and automatically reports them when they occur.

Enterprise campaigns, energy and the environment In 2007, Raytheon had started to look into the energy market and learned that the sustainable energy and environmental market offered considerable potential "We realized we had a lot of weather and environmental systems experience and capability within the company that was focused on our classic customers.

Merging our focus on energy and the

on addressing - initially at least - the infrastructure energy needs of the military; from large permanent bases in the US to forward operating bases abroad.

Modelling, simulation, systems integration and weather There are many examples of how Raytheon’s domain knowledge in weather and the environment might be opened up to a plethora of future users. One such approach can be found in the Integrated Terminal Weather System (ITWS). Under a contract let in 1997, Raytheon developed ITWS to enable commercial aircraft to run in and out of airports affected by bad weather for far longer time periods compared to airports with no such capability. It does this by fusing data from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and National Weather Service (NWS) sensors to provide highly accurate storm data, allowing air traffic controllers to route aircraft with precision around incoming storms, even as they draw close to the airport. The

The Ocean Observatories Initiative will do for the sea what SIVAM did for the Amazon environment into a common set of goals seemed a logical next step. So, we took a look at integrating from a system-ofsystems perspective to see what happened," says Director of Technology, Bruce Snider at Network Centric Systems (NCS).

A corporate-wide enterprise campaign was chosen as the vehicle for exploring the company’s approach to the renewable energy and environmental market.

Funded centrally, enterprise campaigns tend to last for two to three years and act in a horizontally integrated, crosscutting capacity across all the businesses - channelling ideas, technologies and processes as they gather momentum – in a bid to see whether a given theme can be developed into a solid business model. In this particular case, NCS now leads the ‘Energy Surety and Environment Enterprise Campaign’ to drive opportunities across the enterprise.

It determined that ‘smart grids’ were a good first market for the company to look at, but unlike Boeing and Lockheed Martin, whose first steps into the future energy market are aimed at national smart grid needs, Raytheon is focused

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integration task is not trivial as it brings together a wide range of sensors: the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar, the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD), the Low Level Wind Shear Alert System, airport surveillance radars, automated weather and surface observing systems, lightning detection systems, NWS weather models and data from the airliners themselves via the meteorological data collection and reporting system (MDCRS). With assistance from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which wrote the algorithm, Raytheon was able to integrate all the data streams - writing thousands of lines of software code in the process - into the ITWS product. “We were able to take that algorithm and put it on a screen that air traffic controllers were used to seeing – that was the breakthrough,” says Scott Whatmough, Vice President Engineering and Technology for Raytheon NCS. As it works on mitigating the effects of wind-turbines on radar, Raytheon holds regular meetings with wind energy suppliers, air traffic management (ATM) authorities and governments in its bid to

provide solutions. In the process of this exchange, however, it is also ramping up its environmental knowledge considerably, as well as its contacts with environmental experts. This is happening, too, with CASA – the centre for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere – a 20-strong entity partnership amongst academia, government and industry, including Raytheon, to solve a hitherto intractable problem: accurately mapping weather in the lower reaches of the atmosphere. Dr David McLaughlin, Director of the CASA Engineering Research Center and Associate Dean at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, explains the depth of the problem: “When it comes to weather, we don’t know a lot of what’s happening around us. Satellites look down from space and synthetic aperture radars see through clouds. But we can’t map a good deal of the phenomena related to storms, winds, rain, temperature and humidity close to the ground, because for long range, groundbased radars there’s a gap.” Due to the curvature of the Earth, this gap prevents 72 per cent of the troposphere below one kilometre from being observed. CASA’s solution is to look into this gap using small networked radars mounted on buildings and other installations right across the US. 

Environmental knowledge: from the ocean depths to space

The same can be said of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) – a project that will do for the sea what SIVAM is doing for the Amazon. OOI is a highly integrated observatory network that will provide the oceanographic research and education communities with continuous, interactive access to coastal and global waters. OOI is the NSF’s contribution to the US Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), which will feed into the Global Ocean Observing System, which in turn is part of GEOSS. OOI, which began construction in 2009 and will be complete in 2014, will be deployed in critical parts of the ocean where traditionally oceanographers have been forced to gather point-source driven data from research vessels. OOI’s network of fixed and roaming sensors, nodes, shore stations and satellite links will capture climate, carbon, ecosystem and geodynamic changes in the ocean as they happen - from the seafloor to the ocean’s surface, and relay them instantly to scientists on land, giving them an unprecedented window onto the

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www.dynamixx-e2d.com ocean environment and, critically, how it is being affected by climate change. The programme is run by the Consortium for Ocean Leadership, with strong support from the University of California San Diego, the University of Washington and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute.

It is via its strong relationship with Woods Hole, going back decades, that Raytheon is involved: the company will utilise its system engineering and systems integration skills to pull the complexities of the system together, much as it did with SIVAM. It would be impossible for an ADS company to contribute on a global level to the sum of climate change knowledge without a strong and established capability in the space domain. Ninety per cent of our environmental knowledge is derived today from satellites. At Space and Airborne Systems in El Segundo, California, Raytheon has a deep and fundamental capability in space-based sensing. El Segundo is a million-squarefoot-plus facility dedicated to the development and production of spacesensors: electro-optic (EO), infrared (IR) and radio-frequency (RF). The company has been responsible for a number of key environmental sensors that have been flying since the 1970s. These include: The EO sensor on LANDSAT, which has been used extensively to focus on landmass environmental impacts such as soil erosion and deforestation.

MODIS – the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer – packaged on the Terra and Aqua satellites. MODIS gathers atmospheric, land and ocean data via a single sensor and is currently playing a vital role in the development of global Earth system models that predict accurate changes in climate.

SeaWIFS – the Sea-viewing Wide Fieldof-View Sensor – on board SeaStar, the ocean-focused corollary of LANDSAT, monitors ocean characteristics such as chlorophyll concentrations and water clarity, but has also demonstrated itself to be very effective at monitoring volcanic activity and fires.

AMSR-E, also aboard Aqua, is a passive microwave radiometer that observes oceanic, land, atmospheric and cryospheric parameters to provide data on precipitation, oceanic water-vapour, cloud water, near-surface windspeed, sea surface temperature, soil moisture, snow

cover and sea-ice, all of which are critical to our understanding of Earth’s climate and climate change.

SAS’ two latest developments are the Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor (APS) that is due for launch on the NASA Glory satellite in November 2010 and the Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the troubled military/civilian National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS).

In February 2010, the White House announced a major restructuring of NPOESS, with the pursuit of separate military and civilian projects instead of a single over-arching programme.

Energy, environment and climate change: pulling it all together Whilst these sensors amass a vast amount of climate-related data, climate knowledge is not part of the SAS’s charter, says Jeff Rold, Business Area Chief Engineer Space Systems for SAS. “We are scientists and engineers of the technology doing the sensing – we have smart people who can speculate on what to do with the data, but that’s not our business. Our expertise is in phenomenology, in this case reflected photons. We defer to our customers like NASA (the National Air and Space Administration) and NOAA (the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) to interpret what those reflected photons are.”

Rold readily acknowledges that you cannot completely separate sensor knowledge from environmental knowledge, but across the Rockies, in Aurora, Colorado, Raytheon does have a facility that makes no bones about its knowledge of climate, the environment and climate change impacts. Intelligence and Information Systems is a true system-of-systems organization, where software and systems integration are used to synthesize data from a vast array of platforms – subsea to space-based – for a customer community that spans the environmental, military and intelligence domains.

IIS’s mastery of the systems integration chain is yielding considerable benefits to the remote-sensing and weather forecasting communities. On NPOESS – and its successor programmes its involvement extends all the way from the reflected photons gathered by NPOESS’ sensors to the provision of

the information to the end-user – delivering it, too, in a format that is intuitive and understandable. The output from NPOESS, and most likely its successor platforms, will run to 31 terabytes per day. For the data to be meaningful, it has to be pulled down from the satellite and processed a lot quicker than previous generations of satellites. Geostationary weather satellites cover vast swathes of territory, but always end up looking at the same spot, which is of limited use for global environmental monitoring. A large number of the engineers at IIS believe passionately in the environment and believe, too, that coordinated by the Energy and Environmental Surety EC their capabilities can be brought to bear in an integrated way against the numerous challenges presented by climate change.

On a broader front, this same passion is reflected in the skillsets, technological capabilities and innovative pathways of Raytheon as a whole. The company, it is clear, is only now beginning to fully appreciate the vast potential of weather, environment, climate and energy-related expertise that resides within its business units. It can only be a matter of time before this potential is realised and deployed in markets and arenas the company could barely have imagined or foreseen just a few short years ago.

VIIRS Visible/Infrared Imager Padiometer Suite

*This article, specially amended and updated for the E2DI Farnborough Special, is an exclusive excerpt from Dyanamixx's forthcoming Green Technology Audit - our evaluation of the clean energy, environmental and counter-climate change capabilities of the aerospace and defence industry.

Farnborough Special

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www.dynamixx-e2d.com

E2DS’11 Conference To Cement A&D Industry Role in Energy and the Environment

Images by: Glynn Downing

Dr Berrien Moore III, a co-recipient of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, speaks at E2DS’09

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www.dynamixx-e2d.com he first major conference to discuss the full potential of the Aerospace and Defence (A&D) industry in combating climate change – Dynamixx’s E2DS’09 (Energy and Environmental Defence and Security 2009) event on 5th and 6th November 2009 at RSA House in Central London – agreed by overwhelming consensus that the sector has a profound role to play in helping science understand our environment, develop clean energy solutions and, potentially and crucially, combat macro effects of climate change.

In Spring 2011, at Dynamixx’s second major international conference - to be held in Washington D.C. jointly with IHS - the A&D industry, politicians and academia will outline how and where the sector can apply these skill-sets to best effect. Speakers from across the industry will also demonstrate, in key areas, where A&D companies are doing this already.

“The A&D industry is global in its reach, highly complementary in its skills-base and badly in need of a largescale innovation challenge – the kind that put a man on the Moon 40 years ago,” said Dynamixx MD, Nick Cook in opening last year’s conference. Cook called for a challenge that would ripple through academia and the supply chain, mobilising all sections of the economy in the process. “But does it have the wherewithal to do so?” he asked. “Just as importantly, do governments?”

These questions were addressed time and again at E2DS’09 by an impressive line-up of speakers from inside and outside the A&D industry. The extent of the climate change threat itself was made clear by keynote speaker Dr Berrien Moore, a co-recipient of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for his work on the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Dr Moore was clear on the need for drastic reductions in emissions of manmade CO2 being pumped into the atmosphere, but also called for urgent improvements in satellite earthobservation capabilities to determine the extent of the damage that is being caused. He also stressed the urgency of the need for action. One of the key facts highlighted during the conference was the fact that there is currently just one satellite dedicated to the ‘Holy Grail’ of climate change causes – CO2 emissions – Japan’s ‘Ibuki’ platform launched in early 2009.

“We have to educate our government (s) on the gaps,” said Rob Mitrevski, Vice President and Director of Commercial

T

Dr Tom Romesser, Chief Technology Officer of Aerospace Systems for Northrop Grunman addresses the conference

Rob Mitrevski of ITT

Dr Tom Romesser of Northrop Grunman

and defence industry, along “withThetheaerospace Department of Defense, must take the challenges of climate change seriously. ”

Dr Ray Johnson, Chief Technology Officer of Lockheed Martin

Space Science, Space Systems Division of ITT. “Not everyone knows that there are gaps in our knowledge. They assume that we know, but we don’t (know everything). We must collaborate, not just as the Aerospace and Defence industry, but with academia and our government customers,” Mitrevski said, to understand the heart of the problem before action can be taken.

The ‘political challenge’, Mitrevski added, was to instil ‘data-confidence’ at political levels that the climate change problem is real and of the urgency for action – the first role, he added, that the

A&D industry needed to take on as a prelude to action. “Climate change is as complex a systems-engineering problem as we’ve ever seen and it’s been hard to get an inkling on where policy-makers want to go with it. We innovate based on customer need. We don’t generally ‘technology push’.” Hence, he reiterated, the need for ‘data-confidence’ – something that could be provided by the A&D industry in concert with scientists from other sectors – that the problem was real and quantifiable.

The call for clear data was reiterated by numerous senior industry executives

Summer 2009

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www.dynamixx-e2d.com Dr Ray O Johnson of Lockheed Martin

Dr David Whelan of Boeing

to give policy-makers options on action against climate change – although prevarication, all agreed, was not one of them. “The growth in data is explosive,” said Dr Tom Romesser, Chief Technology Officer of Aerospace Systems for Northrop Grumman. “Data is the first step in the cognitive hierarchy,” Dr Romesser continued, and whilst governments, universities and agencies such as NASA, NOAA and the USGS in the United States were collecting plenty of it, more tools were needed, particularly in the simulation and modelling arenas, to provide “situational awareness” of the issues.

Dr Romesser also said that too much data was segregated, but could be made infinitely more effective if integrated – and the results dispensed not just at the planetary level, but at regional and local levels, too. “What we need are climatemonitoring ‘decision centres’,” he said, where environmental data could be accessed at multiple levels, emulating the kind of decision-support centres currently in place for homeland security.

What was further needed, he concluded,

challenges of climate change seriously.”

Since 2009, Lockheed Martin has launched a business dedicated to the development of clean energy that is now turning over several hundred million dollars annually.

Michael Liebreich, Chairman and CEO of Bloomberg New Energy Finance, said at E2DS’09 that there were numerous technologies in amongst the $150 billion annual clean energy market (rising to $500 billion) – opportunities he called ‘enablers’ – that were currently open to A&D companies. These included energy efficiency, power storage, carbon capture and sequestration and smart grid technologies.

Boeing and Lockheed Martin, amongst others, are already chasing these markets. “The full functional technical specification of ‘smart (electricity) grids’ hasn’t been realised yet,” said Professor Stephen McArthur of Strathclyde University, in the opening session on Day Two, which was dedicated to clean energy opportunities and issues. This, he added, represented a big opportunity for the A&D sector.

If there was one reason for the A&D industry to “ get involved in climate change, it’s innovation. ” Dr David Whelan, Vice President, Deputy General Manager of Boeing’s Phantom Works and Chief Scientist for Boeing Integrated Defense Systems

was the sharing of that data with the right people at the right time – and this could be done, he said, by exploiting the ‘network-centric’ integration skills that the A&D industry has spent two decades developing since the end of the Cold War. Dr Ray O Johnson, Chief Technology Officer of Lockheed Martin, said that his corporation’s assessment of the threat concurred with those of environmental scientists like Dr Moore and reiterated his call from Dynamixx’s EnviroSec’08 workshop event for “the aerospace and defence industry, along with the Department of Defense, (to) take the

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Dr David Whelan, Vice President, Deputy General Manager of Boeing’s Phantom Works and Chief Scientist for Boeing Integrated Defense Systems, informed delegates of the vast number of clean energy technologies Boeing was now exploring in order to engage this market. “If there were one reason for the A&D industry to get involved in (combating) climate change,” Dr Whelan said, “it’s innovation” and others agreed: there is considerable potential in clean energy and environmental technologies for re-invigorating an industry that has become risk-averse and as a result is not

Mark Russell of Raytheon

drawing the level of fresh graduate engineering talent that it needs to sustain innovation into the future.

Day One at E2DS’09 was given over predominantly to the A&D industry’s potential for engaging in environmental solutions to climate change. Mark Russell, Vice President of Engineering, Technology and Mission Assurance for Raytheon, pointed to SIVAM – the vast Amazon jungle protection network developed and ‘built’ by prime contractor Raytheon for the Brazilian government – that is fulfilling numerous problems at once: eco-protection amongst a raft of others, including drugs-trafficking and illegal de-forestation. To build systems like SIVAM, which could function as models for other eco-protection schemes, a great amount of ‘system-of-systems’ and ‘architecture’ work was required, Russell said, skills that were bread-andbutter business to the A&D industry.

Russell was clear that the A&D industry had the skills to be the architects, if called upon to be so.

These skills could be provided both collaboratively and competitively, concluded Dynamixx’s Nick Cook.

Dynamixx is now working with A&D industry leaders to examine where A&D companies can come together, as well as compete, in order to help governments take action on the pressing issues of climate change engagement and mitigation.

A major undertaking to that end is Dynamixx’s ‘Green Technology Audit’ (GTA) a comprehensive research effort culminating in the publication of a ‘white paper’ that will report on the technologies and skills within the A&D industry that are applicable to fighting climate change, as well as meeting the challenges of the clean energy market and environmental clean-up operations. Before being circulated widely, the findings of the GTA will be reported at the Dynamixx/IHS Jane’s Spring 2011 Conference in Washington D.C.

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Agenda Overview

The Conference

Section 1 The politics, economics and science of climate change.

• Climate change, environmental and energy policy for North America.

• Incentives, funding and growth prospects for clean technologies.

Spring 2011, Washington D.C. Energy, Environment, Defence and Security – Engaging the Aerospace and Defence Sector Against Climate Change Conference objectives: • Promote

aerospace and defence (A&D) as the sector that is best positioned and best equipped to supply top-down solutions to climate change.

• Investigate

the scientific and political case for decisive action against climate change.

• Determine

the need for politicians, scientists, the A&D sector and its supply chain to work in closer collaboration on clean energy and environmental solutions.

• Quantify

the value of the space programme and earth observation.

• Examine

the value of the environmental and green energy sectors to A&D companies – on a collaborative international basis.

• Discuss

collaboration between the A&D sector and established players in energy and other climate sensitive sectors.

• ‘Selling’ the need for action – urgently.

• Climate change and environmental impacts in North America.

• The need for collaboration with the private sector – to improve the science and to develop and build solutions.

• Who is the ‘customer’?

Section 2 The unique capabilities of the A&D sector – Dynamixx research and industry case studies.

• Dynamixx’s Green Technology Audit – research findings.

• System of systems, systems engineering and command and control expertise applied to environmental management.

• The A&D sector’s technical scope, knowledge-in-depth and technology transfer record.

• A&D innovation processes applicable to climate change and the environment (e.g. modelling and simulation, network-centric technologies).

Section 3 Environmental monitoring systems - how we need to improve the science and develop solutions.

• The data and systems that we need to improve climate modelling and validate emissions.

• The cooperation this requires – between agencies (NASA, NOAA, ESA etc.) – between A&D companies, government and academia.

• Do we have the systems we need to provide climate security to our people?

• The commercial potential – new value-added services that can be provided by improved monitoring and forecasting – food, water and extreme weather security.

• Other sector involvement – e.g. insurance, financial.

Section 4 Working in collaboration for energy security.

• National energy security plans.

• Technical collaboration in practice – with government and with established energy sector companies.

• Clean energy technologies from the A&D sector.

• Adapting A&D systems for energy efficiency.

Section 5 Shared problems and solutions on a global scale.

• Collaboration by scientists works on a global scale.

• The same potential exists with solutions developed by A&D companies in India, Brazil, China, Japan …

• The need for the same collaboration between science, politics and the private sector worldwide.

Dynamixx, One Hardwick’s Square, London SW18 4AW T: +44 (0)20 7198 8425 Or contact Nick Cook directly T: +44 7949 946572 E: nick@dynamixx.co.uk Visit: www.dynamixx-e2d.com Lynne Samuel, Head of Corporate Events, IHS Jane's T: +44 (0)20 8700 3772 F: +44 (0)20 8763 0277 M: +44 (0)7740 631447 E: lynne.samuel@janes.com Visit: www.janes.com/events

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