the leading electrical & electronics monthly
VOLUME 8 z ISSUE NO. 11 z JULY 2017 z PGS. 104
ISSN 0970-2946 z Rs. 100/-
Industry fully equipped to meet Domestic Demand arising from Capacity Addition Exports in power sector growing at 10% CAGR Electrical Equipment Grows by 4.25% (2016-17) Indian power sector - Investment potential of Rs 15 trillion in next 5 years Solar power addition achieved 104% in overall renewable addition
Imports declining at a rate of 4% in last 5 years
Event 17th African Utility Week In Depth Energy Storage in India: A Fast Evolving Landscape Opinion Need of Electricity Storage System for Reliable Renewable Energy Integration SME Talk Impact of GST on SME
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July 2017
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July 2017
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From the President’s Desk
Dear Friends, The electrical and industrial electronics industry has witnessed a 4.25% growth in the year 2016-17 over the previous year. The industry exported INR 38,580 crore (USD 6 billion) worth of electrical equipment in 2015-16 (INR 35,276 crore April to February in 2016-17 - USD 5.25 bn). Though sluggish demand and higher imports are still hampering the industry growth. There is a high imports visible in HV Switchgear (GIS), Insulators, AC Motors & Generators. The target of 400 KV Transmission & Sub-Station completion is over achieved in 4 years of 12th Plan only. In Power generation, Renewable energy addition is picking up fast and solar power generation addition has achieved 104%with Wind power achieving over 80% of planned addition. In the 13th plan the focus will be on Renewable Energy, Power Electronics and E-mobility. These new technologies will not only pose disruptive challenges but also open vast opportunities for the industry. The largest contributor in India’s power reforms story is the government’s Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana or UDAY scheme for turnaround of state distribution entities, that were considered as the weakest link in the entire chain of power sector reforms. UDAY was launched by the government to develop sustainable power distribution companies. Within three years 27 States and UTs have joined WKLV VFKHPH IRU ÀQDQFLDO DQG RSHUDWLRQDO WXUQDURXQG The scheme has already yielded savings of nearly Rs 12,000 Crores to the state power distribution companies. Almost 85% UDAY Bonds have already been issued (Rs. 2.32 lakh cr out of total Rs. 2.72 lakh cr) leading to less rate of interest for DISCOMs. In line with the government’s “One nation, One price and One grid” initiative, the transmission sector witnessed as much as 36% (One third) increase in transmission capacity from 5,30,546 MVA in Mar 14 to 7,22,949 MVA in Mar 17. India’s power sector has indeed taken rapid strides during the past three years and the process or reforms continue unabated. The reforms in the sector today are recognized by all across the globe. From ranking 99th at the global level in 2014 in terms of electricity accessibility ranking, India today has come up many notches and is sitting at the 26th rank
Sanjeev Sardana
6
July 2017
Samvaad...
Dear Members, There is a mix feeling over the impact of GST on the Indian electrical industry. Experts are not sure whether the reduction of rate on coal, which looks positive for the thermal power industry, will cushion the increase on the operational cost on account of a higher rate for services under GST. The rate for coal at 5 per cent and 400 per tonne as a cess, may bring down the FRVW RI SURFXUHPHQW VOLJKWO\ %XW WKLV ZLOO EHQHĂ€W WKH SURMHFWV XQGHU RSHUDWLRQ GST has already been adopted by over 160 countries in some form or the other. The GST bill is an important reform which will remove barriers to trade, LPSURYH HFRQRPLF HIĂ€FLHQF\ DQG OHDG WR KLJKHU JURZWK LQ WKH ORQJ UXQ IEEMA was seriously concerned about higher rate of 28% GST announced on some electrical products. Time and again IEEMA had requested the government RI ,QGLD IRU UHFODVVLĂ€FDWLRQ RI *67 UDWH RQ (OHFWULFDO 3URGXFWV VXFK DV :LUHV & Cables, Winding Wires, Transformers, LT Switchgears, Panels & Switch Boards, Insulator Fittings, Electric Lamps, Electrical Joints etc. from 28% to 12%. Through the efforts of IEEMA and members, GST rates on some of these items were brought down to 18%. The fossil fuel power generation sector, whilst being the core component in the industry, is connected by to vital limbs, Transmission and distribution thus, the impact of the GST on these two sectors also requires meticulous consideration. $V ,QGLD HPEDUNV RQ D PRQXPHQWDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ LW PD\ EH VLJQLĂ€FDQW WR understand and appreciate how other GST countries have adopted and treated electricity. Malaysia introduced the GST with effect from 1 April, 2015. Under their new GST law, electricity is a supply and falls within the ambit of GST. Malaysia has applied a dual rate treatment on electricity. For domestic customers, the 300 kWh of electricity is subject to 0% GST. In Singapore Electricity is a Standard Rated Supply, and is liable to a 7% GST against the consumer. It is does not distinguish it an essential commodity. Australia also Levies a GST on Electricity, at a rate of 10%. Electricity falls in the broad range bracket of goods and services. It is not distinguished as a special good and thus not attracts zero rating or concessional rating. New Zealand has adopted a 15% GST rate. New Zealand has also considered electricity as a good and placed it within the ambit of GST and thus, levies 15% on the consumption of electricity.
Sunil Misra
July 2017
7
8
July 2017
July 2017
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Contents
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From the President’s Desk 7
Samvaad 14
Appointments This new space in the IEEMA Journal will incorporate recent important appointments in the power and related sectors
16
Cover story Industry fully equipped to meet domestic demand arising from capacity addition
Power sector is one of the most critical components of economic growth and is one of the most GLYHUVLĂ€HG DQG G\QDPLF 7KH VHFWRU constitutes of power generation, transmission and distribution, catering to ever growing demand RI HOHFWULFLW\ 'HPDQG LQ WKH FRXQWU\ KDV LQFUHDVHG UDSLGO\ RYHU \HDUV DQG VKDOO ULVH IXUWKHU LQ \HDUV WR FRPH ,Q order to meet increasing demand IRU HOHFWULFLW\ LQ WKH FRXQWU\ YHU\ VLJQLĂ€FDQW DGGLWLRQ WR WKH LQVWDOOHG JHQHUDWLRQ FDSDFLW\ LV UHTXLUHG
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Guest article
In Depth
Industry fully equipped to meet domestic demand arising from capacity addition
Energy Storage in India: A Fast Evolving Landscape
One of the biggest impacts on modern life in recent times has KDSSHQHG WKURXJK œFRQYHUJHQFH¡ 7KLV KDV VHHQ YDULRXV GHYLFHV DQG elements come together in offering an amalgamated new product or VHUYLFH WKDW PD\ QRW KDYH EHHQ SRVVLEOH HDUOLHU LQ LVRODWLRQ 7R HODERUDWH LQ WKH WK FHQWXU\ consumers used the radio, television, à DVKOLJKW ZDONPDQ ZULVWZDWFK camera and calculator (to name a IHZ DV LQGLYLGXDO GHYLFHV 7RGD\ the smartphone has replaced these GHYLFHV E\ RIIHULQJ DOO WKH IHDWXUHV (and more!) of the individual items ZLWKLQ D VLQJOH JDGJHW
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July 2017
Contents
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Event 17th African Utility Week IEEMA participated in the 17th annual $IULFDQ 8WLOLW\ :HHN $8: D VKRZ dedicated to electricity and water, held IURP 0D\ LQ WKH FLW\ RI &DSH 7RZQ LQ 6RXWK $IULFD 2UJDQLVHG E\ 6SLQWHOOLJHQW ² 3XEOLVKHUV RI (6, $IULFD and other publications, AUW is Africa’s leading trade exhibition for the power and water sector and provides business opportunities for solution providers, utilities and large power users.
their output depends on external conditions, such as sunshine or wind. The value and timing of their output are not controllable. The variability of renewable generation is to be taken into account while adjusting output of load in respect of generating stations for the purpose of balancing.
Carbon capture , storage,future use- strategies of a oil/gas processing station
Avoidance of CO2 generation is one way to capture less CO2since for FRDO ÀUHG WKHUPDO SRZHU VWDWLRQV NZKł NJ &2 WKH ODUJHVW emitting sector in the world .It has been estimated that human activity alone can generate 32million MT CO2/yr, Avoidance has also a limit ,ultra supercritical boiler boilers FDQ UDLVH RYHUDOO WKHUPDO HIÀFLHQF\ to 42% ,from present level of 28 EXW QRW PRUH 6R FDUERQ dioxide must be recaptured by other economic ways .
Opinion Need of Electricity Storage System for reliable renewable energy integration The increasing share of renewable generation in the grid has impacted the traditional approach of balancing power. The renewable sources with XQ SULFHG IXHO VXFK DV :LQG 6RODU 3RZHU DUH LQWHUPLWWHQW LQ QDWXUH DQG
July 2017
The heart of the electrical power generation [with the exception of fuel cell, wind energy and solar power 3KRWR 9ROWDLF @ LV WKH DOWHUQDWLQJ current generator. The generator being a rotating machine calls for special protection consideration from both electrical and mechanical IDXOWV 6XGGHQ IDLOXUH RXWDJH RI D generator in a captive power plant &33 ZLOO UHVXOW LQ KHDY\ ORVV RI production in the plant. For an LQGHSHQGHQW SRZHU SURGXFHU ,33 it will attract huge penalties payable to the grid contractually.
62
Tech Space Economics and Aspects of Power System
44
Solutions Early Streamer Emission and Dissipation Array System Non-Conventional Air Termination in Lightning Protection
37
Preliminary Generator Protection Settings
Expert speak
Insight
6XUJH 3URWHFWLYH 'HYLFHV 63' DUH intended to limit surge voltages and divert surge current and there by protect equipment and the installation from IDLOXUHV 63' FRQWDLQV DW OHDVW RQH QRQ linear component that is connected in parallel to the lines where the surge YROWDJH QHHGV WR EH OLPLWHG )RU YROW SRZHU OLQH 63'¡V DUH JHQHUDOO\ installed inside power distribution boards as well as in electrical and electronic equipment.
Tech Space
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35 SPD’s and Safety +RZ WR ÀQG RXW D VDIH 63' FRQÀUPLQJ WR ,(&
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Air Terminal in an external lightning protection systems can be divided into two categories, namely, conventional and non-conventional. The conventional systems use )UDQNOLQ URGV RU PHVK (DUO\ 6WUHDPHU (PLVVLRQ (6( DQG 'LVVLSDWLRQ Arrays (sometimes called Charge 7UDQVIHU 6\VWHPV ² '$6 &76 DUH the non conventional air terminals.
The method of optimal generation scheduling for economic operation> @ with and without considering transmission losses have been GHVFULEHG $ ORDG Ă RZ SURJUDP has been developed to calculate WKH ORVV FRHIĂ€FLHQWV RI ,((( bus system. Then the generators of the 14 bus system were economically scheduled. The concept of emission> @ > @ from generating stations has also been described. The constraint of HPLVVLRQ FRQVLVWV RI &2 62 12; 30 DQG RWKHU SROOXWDQWV
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Contents
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IEEMA Activities Seminar on GST
Opinion
Chairman 0U 6DQMHHY 6DUGDQD
Smart Metering practices
Members 0U 6XQLO 0LVUD 0U 1DYHHQ .XPDU 0U 0XVWDID :DMLG 0U 9LNUDP *DQGRWUD 0U 9LMD\ .DULD 0U 6XQLO 6LQJKYL
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Power Scenario Global Scenario Indian Scenario
IEEMA Database Basic Prices & Indices Production Statistics
78
In Focus Conventional Vs. Structural Earthing Analysis of Lightning Protection in structures
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International News 90
National News Lightning Protection of structures are being done in 2 ways, both FRQÀUPLQJ WKH ,QGLDQ 6WDQGDUGV 7KH ÀUVW PHWKRG LV LVRODWHG SURWHFWLRQ IRU FRQYHQLHQFH FDOOHG DV FRQYHQWLRQDO PHWKRG LQ WKLV SDSHU DQG WKH VHFRQG RQH LV WR XVH WKH QDWXUDOO\ DYDLODEOH VWHHO LQ EXLOGLQJV DV SDUWV RI /36 VXFK DV GRZQ FRQGXFWRU DQG HDUWKLQJ IRU FRQYHQLHQFH FDOOHG DV VWUXFWXUDO HDUWKLQJ LQ WKLV SDSHU
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Corporate News 96
ERDA News 98
Product showcase &255,*(1'80 The Figure 1 published in the article RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAT RATE AND WIND VELOCITY IN GAS FIRED GENERATOR by Dr Shivaji Biswas,Ex Director, NPC,DS Cube Energy and Enviro consultant and Sujoy Ghose, ExManager of Electrosteel Castings Limited carried in June issue of IEEMA Journal was improperly printed and there some technical error which was mistakenly printed. We regret for the same.
Advisory Committee Founder Chairman 0U 5 * .HVZDQL
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Editorial Board
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SME Talk 101
Index to Advertisers
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July 2017
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Meet us at ELECRAMA 2018! Hall Number: 2 Stand Number: H2M17
July 2017
13
APPOINTMENTS Mr Ajay Kumar Bhalla appointed Power Secretary Mr Ajay Kumar Bhalla, lAS (AM 84), Director General, Foreign Trade has been appointed as Secretary, Ministry of Power in the vacancy caused on superannuation of the present incumbent Shri P.K.Pujari, lAS (GJ 80) on 30.06.2017
Mr Anand Kumar appointed Secretary, MNRE Mr Anand Kumar, lAS (KL 84), MD, National Highways Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited as Secretary, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy in the vacancy caused due to appointment of the present incumbent Shri Rajeev Kapoor, lAS (UP 83) as Secretary, Department of Chemicals & Petrochemicals.
Ms Alka Nangia Arora appointed Joint Secretary MSME Ms Alka Nangia Arora has been named Joint Secretary, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.
Mr Arun Kumar Panda appointed Secretary, MSME Shri Arun Kumar Panda, lAS (OR 84), Additional Secretary, Department of Health & Family Welfare as Secretary, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the vacancy caused due to superannuation of the present incumbent Shri K.K.Jalan, lAS (HY 82) on 30.06.2017.
Mr NK Sinha appointed Secretary Ministry of Information & Broadcasting Mr N.K.Sinha, lAS (BH 80), Secretary, Ministry of Culture has been appointed as Secretary, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting in the vacancy caused due to appointment of Shri Ajay Mittal, lAS (HP 82) as Secretary, Department of Personnel & Training.
Mr Rajiv Gauba, lAS (JH 82), has been appointed as Officer on Special Duty in the Ministry of Home Affairs
vacancy caused on superannuation of the present incumbent Shri B.P.Sharma, lAS (BH 81) on 30.06.2017.
Ms Aruna Sundararajan appointed Secretary, Department of Telecommunications Ms Aruna Sundararajan, lAS (KL 82), Secretary, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology has been appointed as Secretary, Department of Telecommunications in the existing vacancy.
Mr Subash Garg appointed Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs Mr Subash C Garg, lAS (RJ 83), Executive Director, World Bank has been appointed as Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs in the existing vacancy.
Mr Durga Shanker Mishra appointed Secretary Ministry of Urban Development Mr Durga Shanker Mishra, lAS (UP 84), Additional Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development has been appointed as Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development in the vacancy caused due to appointment of the present incumbent Shri Rajiv Gauba, lAS (JH 82) as OSD in MHA.
Mr Ajay Prakash Swahney appointed Secretary, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology Ajay Prakash Sawhney, lAS (AP 84), Additional Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas has been appointed as Secretary, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology in the vacancy caused due to appointment of the present incumbent Smt Aruna Sundararajan, lAS (KL 82) as Secretary, Department of Telecommunications.
Mr Sandeep Sarkar appointed Joint Secretary, cabinet Secretary
Mr Rajiv Gauba, lAS (JH 82), Secretary, Ministry of Urban 'HYHORSPHQW KDV EHHQ DSSRLQWHG DV 2IĂ€FHU RQ 6SHFLDO 'XW\ LQ WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI +RPH $IIDLUV 7KH RIĂ€FHU ZLOO WDNH over as Home Secretary on completion of tenure of the present incumbent Shri Rajiv Mehrishi on 30.08.2017.
Senior bureaucrat Sandeep Sarkar has been appointed as Joint Secretary in Cabinet Secretariat as part of a PDMRU PLG OHYHO EXUHDXFUDWLF UHVKXIà H HIIHFWHG 6DUNDU D EDWFK RIÀFHU RI ,QGLDQ 'HIHQFH $FFRXQWV 6HUYLFH KDV EHHQ DSSRLQWHG WR WKH SRVW IRU ÀYH \HDUV DQ RUGHU issued by the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) said.
Mr Ajay Mittal appointed Secretary, Department of Personnel & Training
Mr Prashant Jain appointed as Joint MD and CEO for JSW Energy
Mr Ajay Mittal, lAS (HP 82), Secretary, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting has been appointed as Secretary, Department of Personnel & Training in the
JSW Energy has appointed Prashant Jain as its Joint PDQDJLQJ GLUHFWRU DQG FKLHI H[HFXWLYH RIĂ€FHU ZLWK HIIHFW from June 16, 2017.
14
July 2017
July 2017
15
CoverStory C oveerStory
ower sector is one of the most critical components of HFRQRPLF JURZWK DQG LV RQH RI WKH PRVW GLYHUVLÀHG and dynamic. The sector constitutes of power generation, transmission and distribution, catering to ever growing demand of electricity. Demand in the country has increased rapidly over years, and shall rise further in years to come. In order to meet increasing demand for electricity LQ WKH FRXQWU\ YHU\ VLJQLÀFDQW DGGLWLRQ WR WKH LQVWDOOHG generation capacity is required. Therefore, demand for electrical equipments shall increase substantially in coming years. But how much of this demand would be available to Indian Industry given current global trade environment (when imports seem to dominate due to unfair trade practices; trade agreements; and/ or IDFWRUV HIIHFWLQJ HIÀFLHQF\ RI GRPHVWLF LQGXVWU\ QRW LQ LWV control) depends upon various factors including reforms in India’s domestic (tax, processes & procedures) and international policies.
During April 2017, the peak demand was about 159.6 GW and the Installed Capacity was 329.2 GW with generation mix of Thermal (67.0%), Hydro (13.5%), Renewable (17.4%) and Nuclear (2.1%).
Developments in power sector emphasize the need for accelerated implementation of National Power Grid on priority to enable scheduled/ unscheduled exchange of power as well as for providing open access to encourage competition in power market. In view of this, nationwide V\QFKURQRXV SRZHU JULG LQWHUFRQQHFWLQJ DOO WKH ÀYH regional grids, has been established. Power Grid is strengthening its transmission network to establish interState and inter-regional links for enhancing the capacity of National Grid in a time bound manner to ensure optimal utilization of uneven distribution of energy resources.
Source: Central Electricity Authority
P
16
Current Installed Capacity (as on 31st March 2017) (GW) Ownership/ Sector Coal Gas Diesel Sub Total Nuclear Hydro RES (MNRE) Total
State
Private
64.69 7.26 0.36 72.31 29.68 1.98 103.97
73.14 10.58 0.47 84.20 3.14 55.28 142.62
Central
Total
54.34 92.16 7.49 25.33 0.84 61.83 218.33 6.78 6.78 11.65 44.48 57.26 80.26 326.85
In Power generation, renewable energy addition is picking up fast. During 12th plan, solar power addition achieved 104% in overall renewable addition of 32GW as against 89 GW from conventional sources. Around 293 global and domestic companies have committed to generate 266 GW of solar, wind, mini- hydel and biomassbased power in India over the next 5 - 10 years. The initiative would entail an investment of more than US$ 300 billion. Further, there has been rise in M&A activities in recent past.
July 2017
CoverStory
Addition to Generation Capacity under Five- Year Plans 120
(GW) 100
100
80
Transmission
60 40 20
industry has witnessed a 4.25% growth in the year 201617 over the previous year. In the last Quarter (Q4, 201617), 6.3% growth was registered after a deceleration in Q3 (1.4%) and just 1.6% in Q2 over same period of last year. Growth in Q1 was however 8.1%.
Addition in ‘CKM’ during 12th Plan Up to March 2017
9th
10th
0 11th
12th
13th
Source: Central Electricity Authority
Addition of Generation capacity during 12th plan (2012-2017) (MW)
14928
Wind 11348
Solar 985
Small Hydro
Sub- Station Addition in MVA/ MW during 12th Plan Up to March 2017
4956
Bio 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
13th Plan Capacity Addition Gas - 4340MW | Hydro-15300MW | Nuclear-2800MW (MW)
5055, 4%
29034, 25%
81237, 71% Wind
Solar
Other RES
5HFHQW ¿JXUHV VKRZ WKDW FLUFXLW NLORPHWUHV FNP RI WUDQVPLVVLRQ OLQHV KDYH EHHQ FRPPLVVLRQHG GXULQJ $SULO ZKLFK LV RI WKH DQQXDO WDUJHW ¿[HG IRU )XUWKHU 09$ RI WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ FDSDFLW\ RI 6XEVWDWLRQV KDV EHHQ DGGHG GXULQJ $SULO ZKLFK FRQVWLWXWHV RI WKH DQQXDO WDUJHW ¿[HG IRU Based on production and sales data collected from member organizations, which represents about 95 percent of the entire electrical equipment installed in India coupled with detail analysis of other non-member sectors, it is seen that electrical and industrial electronics
July 2017
h Low Voltage switchgear registered a good growth of 22% due to revival in growth of Realty, Infrastructure & other manufacturing industries h Distribution Transformer (Especially Up to 25 KVA – REC range) & Energy Meters demand declined by 12% & 14% respectively due to poor off-take from XWLOLWLHV GXH WR GHOD\ LQ ÀQDOL]DWLRQ RI RUGHUV XQGHU Govt. schemes like DDUGVYJ and IPDS h Power Transformer & High voltage Switchgear grew due to rise in domestic orders of new substation additions especially for above 220 kV h LT motors registered marginal growth due to imports & core sector industry capex not taking off
17
CoverStory
h Cable, TLT registered moderate growth
2013-14
30,670
58,459
h 5% decline in Conductors demand due to delay in RUGHU ÂżQDOL]DWLRQV
2014-15
35,420
55,988
2015-16
38,580
53,986
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2016-17
39,280
55,291
Sluggish demand (albeit continued growth) and imports continued to adversely impact industry’s market share especially certain segments viz. GIS (from China & Korea), Polymer Insulators (from China), AC motors & generators (from China & Korea), Power Capacitors (from USA) and HVDC transformers (from UK). On the other hand, majority of electrical equipments and industrial electronics goods started receiving Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS) under country’s Foreign Trade Policy (FTP 2015- 2020) from April 2015 post announcement of FTP on 1st April 2015. Reward rates and target markets were revised further for HOHFWULFDO HTXLSPHQWV WR JLYH PRUH EHQHÀW DQG ODUJHU access in overseas market with regard to exports. Exports in power sector have been growing at about 10% CAGR, while imports have been declining at a rate of about 4% in last 5 years. (Rs. Crores) Period
Exports
Imports
2007-08
14,639
25,186
2008-09
21,244
38,003
2009-10
18,371
41,077
2010-11
18,742
49,632
2011-12
22,628
75,175
2012-13
26,630
64,579
With such growth in power sector, it is important to protect electrical equipments’ industry from imports (MFN as well as FTA route). Today, the focus of industry however has been imports coming under FTAs (Free Trade Agreements), which have caused injury to certain product segments of electrical equipment industry. RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Partnership Agreement) which is one of the mega trade agreements has become a great concern for the industry as China is eyeing larger market access in India, more than agreed earlier between India and China. In fact major threat for electrical equipment industry under RCEP is China, as a) with other partner countries (Japan, Korea and ASEAN) India already has operational trade agreements, whereby injury caused to the industry cannot be undone, apparently b) Australia and New Zealand do not pose any visible threat for India under RCEP c) China is having surplus capacities of certain critical equipments and d) Chinese LQGXVWU\ LV DW FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJHV GXH WR VLJQLÀFDQW subsidies available to the industry.
Growth Index of Electrical Equipment Industry for the period Apr’16- Mar’17
18
July 2017
July 2017
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CoverStory
While efforts should be made to enable slow integration of country’s economy with global free trade economy by way of FTAs, to avoid any major hiccups which industry might feel- it is highly important for Govt. to make continuous reforms in domestic and international policies while signing such agreements. Further, industry should provide inputs to the Govt., proactively, while negotiations are underway. Simultaneously, industry segment which is facing injury GXH WR XQGHVLUDEOH LPSRUWV DV LQGXVWU\ LV VHOI VXIÀFLHQW to serve current and growing demand), it must try to regularly check whether such imports are happening due to unfair trade practices. Govt. has been aggressively using various trade defense action measures to provide OHYHO SOD\LQJ ÀHOG WR ,QGLDQ LQGXVWU\ 6R IDU *RYW KDV investigated large number of dumping cases; however, with transformation in global market scenario including China being given market economy status, focus now is on anti- subsidy investigation along with anti- dumping and emergency measure safeguards. *RYHUQPHQW RI ,QGLD KDV PDGH WKH EHJLQQLQJ LQ XVLQJ anti- subsidy/ countervailing measures, thereby implying WKDW WKHUH LV D QHHG RI LQFUHDVH LQ DZDUHQHVV RI WKH ,QGLDQ industry to utilize this measure which is too green. Three anti- subsidy investigations have been initiated so far by ,QGLD )LUVW FDVH ZDV LQLWLDWHG RQ WK -DQ FRQFHUQLQJ imports of Sodium Nitrite from China. The initiation ZDV WHUPLQDWHG RQ WK -DQ XSRQ ZLWKGUDZDO RI petition by the petitioner. The second case initiated on WK 0D\ FRQFHUQLQJ LPSRUWV RI &DVWLQJV IRU :LQG Operated Electricity Generator from China. The second FDVH LQYHVWLJDWLRQV ZHUH FRQFOXGHG RQ WK 1RYHPEHU WKHUHE\ ,QGLD VXFFHVVIXOO\ LPSRVHG DQWL VXEVLG\ duty on imports of Castings for Wind Operated Electricity *HQHUDWRU IURP &KLQD 2XW RI VFKHPHV FRQVLGHUHG E\ WKH DXWKRULW\ VFKHPHV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG WR EH FRXQWHUYDOLDEOH %DVHG RQ TXDQWLÀFDWLRQ RI WKRVH schemes, anti- subsidy duty recommended by the DXWKRULW\ ZDV 7KH WKLUG FDVH FRQFHUQLQJ imports of Stainless Steel Hot Rolled and Flat Rolled 3URGXFWV ZDV LQLWLDWHG RQ WK $SULO DQG LV VWLOO under investigation. While protecting the domestic demand from imports DQG SURYLGLQJ OHYHO SOD\LQJ ÀHOG *RYW DQG LQGXVWU\ need to put efforts to generate demand, bring quick policy reforms and encourage more investment in power JHQHUDWLRQ 7KH ,QGLDQ SRZHU VHFWRU KDV DQ LQYHVWPHQW SRWHQWLDO RI 5V WULOOLRQ 86 ELOOLRQ LQ WKH QH[W years, thereby providing immense opportunities in power generation, distribution, transmission, and equipment, DFFRUGLQJ WR +RQ·EOH 8QLRQ 0LQLVWHU 6KUL 3L\XVK *R\DO Three important growth drivers to achieve set targets while ensuring growth of domestic electrical equipment industry are ‘Demand Protection’, ‘Technology 8SJUDGDWLRQ ,QYHVWPHQW· DQG ¶'RPHVWLF ,QWHUQDWLRQDO Policy Reforms’.
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Expectations from the Government h Only domestic industry participation as regards tenders for domestically funded projects h Price preference to domestic manufacturers should EH JLYHQ LQ ,&%V h Domestic manufacturing set- up should be allowed in a given time frame against requirements as under tenders before bid closing h Domestic manufacturers should be allowed to bid for low technology requirement (even if they have not produced the same) if they are producing high technology products of similar category and have earlier participated in tender for requirement of such technology h Testing of equipment from a foreign supplier be PDQGDWRULO\ GRQH LQ ,QGLDQ ODERUDWRULHV h 0LQLPXP SURFXUHPHQW E\ DQ\ XWLOLW\ VKRXOG EH RI ´0DGH LQ ,QGLDµ SURGXFWV h Basic Customs Duty on all electrical equipments VKRXOG EH UDLVHG WR h Standardisation h Testing and calibration facilities should be upgraded h 3URPRWLRQ RI 5 ' h Skill development h Fully supply of raw materials should be ensured h Domestic industry’s interest should be safeguarded under FTAs
Exports of products should be incentivised h 17%V IDFHG E\ H[SRUWHUV WR EH DGGUHVVHG h Encourage foreign investment in raw materials, parts and components h ([SRUW LQFHQWLYH WR ´0DGH LQ ,QGLDµ SURGXFWV h ([SHFWDWLRQV IURP WKH ,QGXVWU\ h 8SJUDGH WHFKQRORJ\ WR QH[W OHYHO h 0RUH IRFXV RQ 5HVHDUFK 'HYHORSPHQW Z U W SURGXFW GHVLJQ PDQXIDFWXULQJ DQG WHVWLQJ IDFLOLWLHV 0RUH LQYHVWPHQW LQ 5 ' WKHUHIRUH h Tie- up with technology suppliers and enter into strategic alliances h Fresh investments to achieve Government’s renewable (Solar and Wind) energy mission. Ɠ IEEMA Research Group
July 2017
July 2017
21
GuestArticle
ne of the biggest impacts on modern life in recent times has happened through ‘convergence’. This has seen various devices and elements come together in offering an amalgamated new product or service that may not have been possible earlier in isolation. To elaborate, in the 20th century, consumers used the radio, WHOHYLVLRQ Ă DVKOLJKW ZDONPDQ ZULVWZDWFK FDPHUD DQG calculator (to name a few) as individual devices. Today, the smartphone has replaced these devices by offering all the features (and more!) of the individual items within a single gadget.
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Similarly, in the near future, lighting will culminate in the convergence of many services and devices via LEDs (light-emitting diodes). If this sounds farfetched, UHPHPEHU WKH PRRQZDON PRELOH SKRQHV DQG WKH ,QWHUQHW VHHPHG WKH VDPH GHFDGHV DJR :H GRQ¡W WKLQN WZLFH DERXW WKHVH EUHDNWKURXJKV DQ\PRUH
The Future is here In fact, the future has already begun unfolding. For more than a decade, Wi-Fi has been deployed in accessing
and transmitting data. At times, though, the service leaves much to be desired due to inconsistent download speeds. But the scenario is all set for transformation with the advent of Li-Fi or Light Fidelity. As a bidirectional, KLJK VSHHG DQG IXOO QHWZRUNHG ZLUHOHVV FRPPXQLFDWLRQV technology, Li-Fi can be termed a ‘light-based Wi-Fi’. Instead of radio waves transmitting data and information as in Wi-Fi, light waves are used as a better, faster means of transmission and communications in Li-Fi. $FFRUGLQJO\ /L )L /(' EXOEV DUH QHWZRUNHG DQG Ă€OOHG with sensors, including software that collects and analyzes data from these sensors. Thereby, these LEDs FDQ OLJKW XS GDUN DUHDV DQG DOVR NHHS D FORVH ZDWFK RQ WKH VXUURXQGLQJV 6LQFH WKHVH /(' ODPSV DUH Ă€WWHG ZLWK transceivers, lighting a room and receiving information are all done simultaneously. What’s more, Li-Fi has PXOWLSOH DFFHVV SRLQWV XQOLNH :L )L ZKLFK KROGV OLPLWHG points only. The above is possible because Li-Fi is a Visible Light Communications system (VLC) running wireless communications at extremely high speeds, using common LED bulbs to transmit data at speeds of up to JLJDELWV SHU VHFRQG &RQVHTXHQWO\ RIĂ€FHV PDOOV schools, hospitals and other buildings in cities are replacing CFLs and incandescent lights with LEDs, since these ensure automation and energy savings while monitoring what people do by collecting information on their activities. In the years ahead, millions of LED bulbs will be installed worldwide, wirelessly connected to the Internet. Indeed, a major proportion of the Internet of Things (IoT) would comprise LED bulbs that will communicate with other interconnected devices. These lights will permit users to control the level of illumination remotely
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July 2017
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GuestArticle
while tracking energy usage. These IoT-enabled lights FRXOG EH UHWURÀWWHG LQWR H[LVWLQJ V\VWHPV RU UHSODFH WKHP FRPSOHWHO\ EHFDXVH WKH /('V FDQ ÀW VQXJO\ LQWR conventional sockets. *LYHQ WKH DELOLW\ RI /L )L ODPSV WR VHH VWRUH DQG DQDO\VH HYHU\WKLQJ LQ WKH VXUURXQGLQJV FULWLFV YRLFH JUDYH FRQFHUQV DERXW SULYDF\ LVVXHV /(' ,R7 SURSRQHQWV EUXVK WKHVH DVLGH KRZHYHU SRLQWLQJ RXW WKDW SULYDF\ KDV DOUHDG\ EHHQ KHDYLO\ FRPSURPLVHG E\ VPDUWSKRQHV VRFLDO PHGLD DQG WKH RWKHU LQWHUFRQQHFWHG GHYLFHV SHRSOH XVH
Safe and Secure &RQYHUVHO\ ,R7 IULHQGO\ OLJKWV FDQ EH RI WUHPHQGRXV EHQHÀW WR GLYHUVH LQGXVWULHV LQFOXGLQJ UHWDLO )RU LQVWDQFH VHOHFW PDOOV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG KDYH LQVWDOOHG WKHVH V\VWHPV 7KH PRPHQW VKRSSHUV UHDFK DQ ,R7 HQDEOHG PDOO LWV RXWGRRU /('V GHSOR\ RFFXSDQF\ VHQVRUV WR SLQSRLQW HPSW\ SDUNLQJ VORWV ZLWKLQ WKH FDU·V YLFLQLW\ 7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ LV WKHQ FRPPXQLFDWHG WR VKRSSHUV YLD WKH PDOO·V DSS ZKLFK VKRSSHUV ZRXOG KDYH GRZQORDGHG HDUOLHU 2QFH LQVLGH WKH PDOO WKH DSS QRWLÀHV VKRSSHUV YLD DQ LQWHUDFWLYH PDS RU D PHVVDJH WKH PRPHQW WKH\ ZDON SDVW DQ\ UHTXLUHG LWHP
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)RU FLW\ PXQLFLSDO FRUSRUDWLRQV WRR WKHVH ,R7 HQDEOHG OLJKWV FDQ EH LPPHQVHO\ EHQHÀFLDO :RUNHUV ZRXOG QR longer need to go around seeking worn-out bulbs to UHSODFH 7KH ,R7 HQDEOHG /(' V\VWHP FDQ GLUHFWO\ QRWLI\ WKH FRUSRUDWLRQ RU LWV ZRUNHUV RI WKH EXOEV WKDW QHHG WR EH UHSODFHG :KLOH JUDYH FRQFHUQV DUH H[SUHVVHG DERXW WKH YXOQHUDELOLW\ RI :L )L V\VWHPV WR KDFNHUV /L )L GRHV QRW SRVVHVV DQ\ VXFK $FKLOOHV· KHHO $V OLJKW FDQQRW SHQHWUDWH FRQFUHWH ZDOOV LW LV DOPRVW LPSRVVLEOH WR VWHDO DQ\ GDWD VHQW WKURXJK /L )L &\EHU WKLHYHV ZLOO WKHUHIRUH KDYH QR OXFN LQ VWHDOLQJ VHQVLWLYH GDWD RQ /L )L ZKLFK LV SRVVLEOH IURP :L )L ,QVWHDG /L )L KDV NH\ EHQHÀWV :KHUH RQO\ RQH :L )L URXWHU FDQ EH XVHG LQ D URRP /L )L KDV HQRXJK EDQGZLGWK WR VXSSRUW VHYHUDO EXOEV EHLQJ SODFHG LQ WKH VDPH URRP IRU PXOWLSOH XVHUV /L )L DOVR GRHV QRW KDUERXU WKH GDQJHU WKDW :L À GRHV 3HWURFKHPLFDO SODQWV JDV ÀOOLQJ VWDWLRQV DQG RWKHU KLJK VHFXULW\ ]RQHV FDQ GHEDU :L )L XVDJH RQ WKHLU SUHPLVHV EHFDXVH LW FRXOG WULJJHU VSDUNV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH XVDJH RI /L )L LV DEVROXWHO\ VDIH LQ VXFK DUHDV *RLQJ E\ DOO WKHVH DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG EHQHÀWV /(' OLJKWV FDQ EH DQ LGHDO SODWIRUP WR SRZHU ,R7 VHUYLFHV Ɠ Vinay Mahendru
Executive Director, EON Electric Ltd. The author is Executive Director, Eon Electric Ltd
July 2017
July 2017
25
InDepth
he Indian Energy Storage market is gearing up with a multitude of large scale pilot projects. India has long been seen as one of the largest market for lead acid batteries with annual sales of ~$6 Billion. In 2012, India Energy Storage Alliance was launched with a vision of making India not only a fast adoption market for advanced energy storage technologies but also a global hub for manufacturing. In past 3 years, government of India’s vision of integrating 160 GW of wind and solar by 2022, need for reducing use of diesel generators used for backup, government vision of 24*7 power for all and plan to roll out 6 million+ EVs by 2020 are fueling interest in advanced energy storage technologies. These applications are growing at a considerable rate year after year, with demand also stemming from less traditional applications such as peak load management, Transmission and Distribution deferral, ancillary services and desire of customers for power quality and reliability.
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Grid scale storage project demonstrations started with Power Grid Corporation India Ltd. (PGCIL) issuing 3 tenders for Li-Ion, Advanced Lead Acid and Flow batteries for demonstration of grid balancing application in Pondicherry in 2016. Two of these projects for Li-Ion and advanced lead acid are already commissioned and started operating earlier this year. 3rd demonstration SURMHFW IRU Ă RZ EDWWHU\ LV DOVR DZDUGHG DQG LV H[SHFWHG to be commissioned by end of the year. Apart from this, distributed energy storage with advanced technologies such as li-ion is fast catching up in India. Accosting to IESA estimates, earlier this year, Indian Industry has crossed 1000 MWh of Li-Ion battery deployment for distributed applications such as telecom towers and bank ATMs. Also India has crossed deployment of over 1 Million EVs in the category of 2 wheeler and 3 wheelers. Indian government has also set a target of 24*7 electricity for all by 2019. This is generating strong interest for micro grids with anticipated roll out of over 10,000 microgrids
26
by 2022. IESA has launched, MICRO, the Microgrid Initiative for Campus and Rural Opportunities to bring together key stakeholders and reduce the cost of energy from microgrids by 50% by 2019. Now, both policy makers and industry stakeholders are taking active steps for energy storage integration projects in India. Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has already recommended larger scale demonstration projects considering need for enabling larger scale renewable integration as part of a report released last year. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) also issued a staff paper on â&#x20AC;&#x153;Introduction of Electricity Storage System (ESS) in Indiaâ&#x20AC;? inviting comments from concerned stakeholders in January 2017. India Energy Storage Alliance organized 2 stakeholder consultations in partnership with FICCI and TERI in 0DUFK &(5& RIĂ&#x20AC;FLDOV DUH FXUUHQWO\ HYDOXDWLQJ WKH UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV DQG KDYH SURSRVHG WR LVVXH Ă&#x20AC;QDO recommendations on energy storage related policy changes by end of June 2017. IESA is also leading efforts to create awareness about the storage potential and relevant policy changes at state level by conducting training programs for Forum of Regulators in partnership with India Smart Grid Forum. 1st such training was conducted in April in Hyderabad for policy makers and XWLOLW\ RIĂ&#x20AC;FLDOV IURP :HVWHUQ DQG 6RXWKHUQ UHJLRQV 1H[W training in this series is scheduled in Kolkata in early June for Eastern region. IESA is also launching a 5 day training course for policy makers with Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad later this year. ,QGLD KDV DOUHDG\ Ă RDWHG 0: ODUJH VFDOH HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH SURMHFWV ODVW Ă&#x20AC;QDQFLDO \HDU <HDU has already seen introduction of 64 MWh of new RFPs and ZH H[SHFW 0: SURMHFWV WR EH DQQRXQFHG IRU WKLV year. The much-awaited 6 solar + energy storage project tenders by SECI (Solar Energy Corporation of India) were
July 2017
July 2017
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InDepth
ÁRDWHG ODVW \HDU IRU .DUQDWDND DQG $QGKUD 3UDGHVK ZLWK WRWDO 0: VWRUDJH ZLWK 0: VRODU 6(&, KDV UHFHLYHG RYHU ELGV IRU WKHVH SURMHFWV DQG WHFKQLFDO GXH GLOLJHQFH LV DOUHDG\ FRPSOHWH 6(&, RIÀFLDOV KDYH LQIRUPHG LQGXVWU\ SDUWLFLSDQWV WKDW WKH ÀQDQFLDO ELG ZLOO EH RSHQHG ZLWK LQ QH[W PRQWK ,Q &HQWUDO (OHFWURQLFV /WG &(/ ÁRDWHG DQG FRPSOHWHG WKH WHQGHULQJ SURFHVV IRU D 0: HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH SURMHFW IRU VRODU SRZHU 5HFHQWO\ %+(/ DOVR FRPSOHWHG WKH FDOO IRU (2, ([SUHVVLRQ RI ,QWHUHVW IRU /L ,RQ WHFKQRORJLHV IRU D IHZ SLORW SURMHFWV 7KH *RYHUQPHQW LV SODQQLQJ WR Á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ÀUVW WR EH WHQGHUHG E\ 173& WR EH FRPELQHG ZLWK HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH HYHQ WKRXJK WKH HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH SDUW LV WHQGHUHG VHSDUDWHO\ 5DMDVWKDQ (OHFWURQLFV ,QVWUXPHQWV /WG 5(,/ DQG ,QGLDQ 2LO &RUSRUDWLRQ LV DOVR DVVLJQHG WR XQGHUWDNH 3LORW SURMHFWV RQ VRODU LQWHJUDWHG HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH SURMHFW E\ 015( *RYW RI ,QGLD $SDUW IURP JRYHUQPHQW ERGLHV WKLV \HDU ZH H[SHFW D IHZ ODUJH VFDOH SURMHFWV IURP 8WLOLWLHV ,QGXVWULHV DQG &RPPHUFLDO HVWDEOLVKPHQWV 0DOOV +RWHOV +RVSLWDOV ,7 2IÀFHV DQG UHVRUWV HWF IRU HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH SURMHFWV IRU FDSWLYH FRQVXPSWLRQV $(6 (QHUJ\ 6WRUDJH D JOREDO OHDGHU LQ GHSOR\PHQW RI DGYDQFHG HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH DQG NH\ PHPEHU RI ,(6$ KDV DQQRXQFHG D 0: 0:K SURMHFW LQ SDUWQHUVKLS ZLWK 0LWVXELVKL &RUS IRU 7DWD 3RZHU 'HOKL 'LVWULEXWLRQ /WG 73''/ LQ 'HOKL $V D OHDGLQJ DOOLDQFH LQ WKH HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH VHFWRU ,(6$ KDV EHHQ UHFHLYLQJ TXHULHV IURP YDULRXV ,QGXVWULHV WR VHW XS VRODU SOXV EDWWHU\ SODQWV IURP .: WR 0: FDSDFLWLHV ,(6$·V YLVLRQ LV WR PDNH ,QGLD D JOREDO OHDGHU LQ HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH DQG PLFURJULG WHFKQRORJ\ DGRSWLRQ DQG D JOREDO KXE IRU PDQXIDFWXULQJ RI WKHVH HPHUJLQJ WHFKQRORJLHV E\ &XUUHQWO\ ,(6$ PHPEHU FRPSDQLHV KDYH PDGH LQYHVWPHQWV WR VWDUW RYHU 0:K RI DQQXDO PRGXOH PDQXIDFWXULQJ FDSDFLW\ IRU /L ,RQ EDWWHULHV (DUOLHU WKLV \HDU (FRXOW D OHDGHU LQ DGYDQFHG OHDG DFLG EDWWHU\ WHFKQRORJ\ DQQRXQFHG SDUWQHUVKLS ZLWK ([LGH WR VHW XS PDQXIDFWXULQJ RI 8OWUD%DWWHU\ D K\EULG OHDG DFLG ² XOWUD FDSDFLWRU WHFKQRORJ\ LQ ,QGLD 6X]XNL 7RVKLED DQG 'HQVR KDV DQQRXQFHG LQYHVWLQJ RYHU 0 WR VHW XS ,QGLD·V VW OL LRQ FHOO PDQXIDFWXULQJ IDFLOLW\ :H DUH DQWLFLSDWLQJ DW OHDVW PRUH VXFK DQQRXQFHPHQWV WR VHW XS VXFK *LJD )DFWRULHV IRU OL LRQ EDWWHULHV LQ ,QGLD LQ QH[W PRQWKV Ɠ Rahul Walawalkar
CEM, CDSM, CSDP President & MD, Customized Energy Solutions India; Executive Director, India Energy Storage Alliance
28
July 2017
July 2017
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Events
Cape Town International Convention Centre, Cape Town, South Africa 16-18 May 2017 IEEMA participated in the 17th annual African Utility Week (AUW), a show dedicated to electricity and water, held from May 16-18, 2017, in the city of Cape Town in South Africa. Organised by Spintelligent â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Publishers of ESI Africa and other publications, AUW is Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leading trade exhibition for the power and water sector and provides business opportunities for solution providers, utilities and large power users. The entire show offered a combination of presentations through various Conferences, Workshops, networking opportunities and the main exhibition, where about 250 exhibitors displayed their products and technologies. The exhibition and conference focussed on areas like transmission & distribution / smart grids, generation, metering, clean power, water, large power users, LQYHVWPHQW DQG Ă&#x20AC;QDQFH (VNRP WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI Energy and the City Government of Cape Town were the host utility, Ministry and City Government respectively IRU $8: 7KH WDUJHW DXGLHQFH ZHUH RIĂ&#x20AC;FLDOV RI SRZHU and water utilities of Africa that provided a platform for XWLOLWLHV LQ WKH SRZHU DQG ZDWHU VHFWRU WR Ă&#x20AC;QG VROXWLRQV to current challenges and optimise performance. Around 5,000 power and water professionals from across the world attended the event. IEEMA delegation was led by Mr. Vikas Jalan, Chairman - RBSM, ELECRAMA-2018. Other member companies who participated as exhibitors, under the auspices of ,QGLD 3DYLOLRQ ZHUH $GLW\D %LUOD ,QVXODWRUV 'HFFDQ Enterprises; Jainco Transmission Ltd.; NESSA; Nirmal :LUHV 3 /WG 3UROLĂ&#x20AC;F 6\VWHPV DQG 7HFKQRORJLHV 3YW Ltd.; Shirdi Sai Electricals Ltd., Shivalic and Supreme & Co. Pvt. Ltd. and Central Power Research Institute (under Ministry of Power, Government of India).
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Apart from above, a few more IEEMA members participated in the exhibition outside the India Pavilion, namely, Genus Ltd.; Lawson Fuses; L&T Ltd.; Secure Meters Ltd. The three day exhibition began with the inauguration of the India Pavilion, on 16th May, 2017, by Mr. Puneet R Kundal, Consul General of India in Cape Town. Mr. Kundal addressed the participants and expressed his happiness, while he met and interacted with the members of the delegation and visited their stalls. He said that more and more manufacturers should participate in such events, so that, the strength of Indian electrical industry and the power sector is visible to the world. Mr. Kundal talked about the initiatives taken by the *RYHQPHQW RI ,QGLD HVSHFLDOO\ Âś0DNH LQ ,QGLD¡ 'LJLWDO ,QGLD (DVH RI 'RLQJ %XVLQHVV DQG LQIRUPHG DOO SRWHQWLDO investors and decision makers to look at India as a secure, stable and reliable partner for their investments. He said that India is one of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fastest-growing economies and is the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s third biggest economy in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). India stands as a bright spot among the global economies, registering 7.6 per cent in 2015-16, thus becoming the fastest growing major economy in the world. Internationally, the World Economic Prospects 2016 Report by United Nations pointed out that India is expected to be the fastest growing large economy in 2016-17. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has retained Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth projections at 7.5 per cent for 2016-17 and 2017-18 each, even as it cut its forecast for the global economy by two percentage points for 2016 and 2017 calendar years on depressed oil and commodity prices. Today the Indian economy is over $ 2 Trillion and is a strong,
July 2017
Events
VWDEOH DQG GLYHUVLĂ&#x20AC;HG HFRQRP\ ZLWK D ODUJH LQGXVWULDO base. The composition of the economy is Services: 64%, Industry: 19%, Agriculture: 17% with forex reserves of over US$ 350 billion. +H HPSKDVLVHG WKDW WKHUH LV D Ă&#x20AC;QH VHOHFWLRQ RI ,QGLDQ companies under the India Pavilion, which represented the global face of the country. These companies had ventured out of India and established worldwide presence, including a large number of countries in Africa. Shri Kundal took a keen interest in ELECRAMA-2018 and RBSM, assuring his fullest cooperation and support to reach out to targets in South Africa and other African countries, through his colleagues/partner and associates. The objective of IEEMAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s participation in the 17th AUW was to promote participation of foreign exhibitors and visitors in ELECRAMA-2018 and register foreign buyers for 4th Reverse Buyer-Seller Meet (being organised concurrently with ELECRAMA-2018); amongst visitors, RIĂ&#x20AC;FLDO GHOHJDWHV DQG SDUWLFLSDWLQJ H[KLELWRUV RI $8: comprising of senior officials from power utilities, government power/energy ministries, EPC contractors, energy regulators, consultants, equipment buyers etc. from South Africa and other African countries. IEEMA had a 12 sq. mtrs. stall (2 side open) in India Pavilion, which was suitably set up with a bright colour scheme, along with necessary collaterals like brochures RI (/(&5$0$ DQG ,((0$ 5%60 Ă LHUV DQG IRUPV pictorial depiction and posters on ELECRAMA etc. ,((0$ VWDOO ZDV KRVWHG E\ WZR 6HFUHWDULDW RIĂ&#x20AC;FLDOV 0U 6XGHHS 6DUNDU 'LUHFWRU DQG 0UV 5HHPD 6KULYDVWDYD 'HSXW\ 'LUHFWRU
Many of them took note of the strengths and capabilities of the Indian electrical equipment industry and agreed to participate and register as buyer in RBSM-2018; besides complimenting IEEMA for organising such business friendly events. 5%60 Ă LHUV ZHUH DOVR VWUDWHJLFDOO\ SODFHG LQ WKH VWDOOV of 10 other participating Indian exhibitors and IEEMA RIĂ&#x20AC;FLDOV PHW RWKHU H[KLELWRUV RI $8: WR UHDFK D ODUJHU DXGLHQFH 2SSRUWXQLW\ ZDV DOVR WDNHQ E\ ,((0$ RIĂ&#x20AC;FLDOV WR PHHW $IULFDQ SRZHU XWLOLW\ RIĂ&#x20AC;FLDOV DW WKH VHYHUDO networking receptions organised at the exhibition venue. ,((0$ 6HFUHWDULDW RIĂ&#x20AC;FLDOV DOVR LQWHUDFWHG ZLWK H[KLELWLQJ participants from other countries with RBSM collaterals. Many of them agreed to come back for collaboration with Indian manufacturers. Mr. Vikas Jalan and Mr. Sudeep Sarkar, called on the Councillor Mrs. Philiswa Marman, Chairperson Utilities and Energy Services, City of Cape Town. Mr. Jalan showcased the strength of Indian Electrical Industry and briefed the Councillor about forthcoming ELECRAMA-2018 and the Reverse Buyer-Seller Meet being conducted during the event. Ms. Marman assured KHU VXSSRUW WR ,((0$ E\ SURYLGLQJ D OLVW RI RIĂ&#x20AC;FLDOV IRU inviting to the event. IEEMA Members had meeting Mr. Edwin Mabelane and Mr. Willy Mojola from Eskom, the South African electricity public utility, which is not only the largest producer of electricity in Africa, but also among the top seven utilities in the world in terms of generation capacity and among the top nine in terms of sales. Members were interested to know the procedure for getting enrolled in the vendor list of ESKOM.
Over the three days of the exhibition, the IEEMA stall was visited by over 150 visitors and delegates, including VHYHUDO RIĂ&#x20AC;FLDOV IURP SRZHU XWLOLWLHV HQHUJ\ PLQLVWULHV (3& contractors, energy regulators, consultants, equipment buyers of South Africa and other African countries.
This was followed by meeting with Ms. Janine Fredericks, 'HSXW\ 'LUHFWRU ,QYHVW $IULFD 'HSDUWPHQW RI 7UDGH DQG Industry. She gave a presentation to the members about the various processes and areas of interest where South $IULFD LV RSHQ WR LQYHVWPHQW HLWKHU DV D *UHHQĂ&#x20AC;HOG SURMHFW or a partnership.
'HOHJDWHV ZKR YLVLWHG ,((0$ VWDOO ZHUH DSSULVHG DERXW IEEMA & Indian electrical equipment industry; the magnitude of largest power show - â&#x20AC;&#x153;ELECRAMA-2018â&#x20AC;? and changeXchange-2018 (RBSM) and its facilities, HQFRXUDJLQJ WKHP WR UHJLVWHU DV 5%60 EX\HUV E\ Ă&#x20AC;OOLQJ up the on-line application form.
Ms. Chiboni Evas and Ms. 1WKDELVHQJ 'XEH IURP SAEEC (MoU partner of IEEMA) and Members of IEEMA delegation had an interactive session, in which ERWK GLVFXVVHG WKH EHQHĂ&#x20AC;WV DQG SURFHVVHV RI GRLQJ business with South Africa. The Members shared their concerns about various bottle necks faced by them
July 2017
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Events
while getting into any trade agreement with the South African companies. Ms. Evans asked the members to share their concerns through IEEMA to SAEEC, which would be taken up with the concerned stakeholders in South Africa. In addition to the exhibition, the Consul General also organised an evening session with local experts. Two local South African companies participated in this event. The participating South African companies addressed the Indian companies offering their services in the following areas: Accountability: The company representative offered their services to carry out background checks on potential
business partners in South Africa to reduce credit risk. The Consulate has been in discussion with this company, so that, Indian companies can make use of their services so as to reduce the chances of getting defrauded/ cheated in their business dealings. Schoeman Law: The representatives of this company spoke about the existing business environment in South Africa and also offered their services to help Indian investors in providing guidance and advice for investing in South Africa. AUW 2017 acted as a platform to take the India Africa bilateral relations to the next level of mutual cooperation.Ɠ
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July 2017
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S. Gopakumar
Managing Director, Cape Electric Ltd.
July 2017
35
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July 2017
Opinion O pinion
he increasing share of renewable generation in the grid has impacted the traditional approach of balancing power. The renewable sources with un-priced fuel such as Wind, Solar Power are intermittent in nature, and their output depends on external conditions, such as sunshine or wind. The value and timing of their output are not controllable. The variability of renewable generation is to be taken into account while adjusting output of load in respect of generating stations for the purpose of balancing. One of the approaches to address the variability of renewable generation is capacity addition of conventional load generating stations such as hydro electric plants and gas based plants. The use of base load generating stations is not limited to variation of load, but its use is now extended to counter the variability of renewable generation. The higher penetration of renewable generation will require higher capacity of base load generating stations. The balancing through the conventional load generating stations such as hydroelectric plant and gas based thermal plant would not be adequate.
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Alternatively, the renewable generation dominated states use coal based thermal generating stations to counter balance the variability of the renewable generation. However, regulating generation output of coal based thermal generation plants, to address the variability of renewable generation is not recommended based on number of consideration including uneconomical cost, environmental issues and challenges involved in practical implementation. The decentralized market structure provides individual market entities to be more responsive in complying with grid discipline rules of balancing their generation and demand. The regulator has mandated volume limits on over - drawal and XQGHU GUDZDO RI HOHFWULFLW\ E\ DQ\ EHQHĂ&#x20AC;FLDU\ RU D EX\HU and under-injection or over-injection of electricity by a
July 2017
generating station or a seller in order to maintain grid frequency. Load serving entities are severely affected due to these grid discipline rules because of variation RI Ă RZ RYHU WKH SHULSKHU\ RQ DFFRXQW RI XQFRQWUROOHG Ă XFWXDWLRQ RI ORDG )XUWKHU WKH LQWHUPLWWHQW QDWXUH RI renewable generation within the periphery of load serving entities will further contribute to variation of SRZHU Ă RZ RYHU WKH SHULSKHU\ In the coming decade, the need for modernizing the grid will help the nation to meet the challenge of handling projected energy needs as well as increasing energy from renewable sources while maintaining a robust and resilient electricity delivery system. These challenges ZDUUDQW D VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;F HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH VROXWLRQ WR FDWHU WR peak demand and to address the variability of intermittent JHQHUDWLRQ ,Q WKLV FRQWH[W QHHG LV IHOW IRU VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;F Electricity Storage System (ESS) that would provide economically feasible Electricity Storage Services to address these challenges. Energy storage can play a VLJQLĂ&#x20AC;FDQW UROH LQ PHHWLQJ WKHVH FKDOOHQJHV E\ LPSURYLQJ the operating capabilities of the grid, reliable renewable integration, lowering power purchase cost and ensuring high reliability by maintaining unscheduled interchange as well as deferring and reducing infrastructure investments in new projects.
Need of electricity storage system The most common form of grid energy storage in the India is pump storage hydroelectricity, in which electrical energy is converted to gravitational potential energy, which is subsequently converted back to electricity by running the water down through a turbine. Pump-storage hydroelectric plants is one of the mature technologies for the bulk electricity storage, However, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s yet to carve a niche for itself in the overall basket of about 325 GW installed capacity as on date in the country. Therefore
37
Opinion
penetration of renewable energy on the grid. The Energy Storage System can enhance the reliability of delivery of power generated from wind and solar technologies by controlling the intermittent nature of the generation and in effect, increasing the value of renewable power;
relying only on the traditional approach for storing electricity through a pump-storage hydroelectric plant would not be adequate and thus, unconventional bulk electricity storage system (ESS) would be required. In India, Renewable potential is concentrated in a few States such as Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh etc. In these States, further growth of renewable generation has been limited due to intermittent nature of these sources. 7KH UHQHZDEOH GRPLQDWHG 6WDWHV DUH IDFLQJ VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;F challenges for maintaining grid reliability. The ESS can play a vital role in addressing these challenges in renewable dominated States. The application of the ESS is envisaged for the renewable dominated States for time shifting of the renewable generation, optimal utilization of the available generation, shifting of generation at the time when it is required and utilization of the renewable generator for longer period. Energy storage not only provides means to absorbe higher penetration of variable wind and solar generation into the electricity system, it also helps in effective utilization of transmission and distribution assets and enables the thermal generation plants to operate HIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQWO\ (QHUJ\ 6WRUDJH SURMHFWV LV RQH RI WKH PRVW effective solution to address the lack of scheduling of renewable sources. These projects are required to be given a special status as they provide a mechanism to FRQYHUW LQĂ&#x20AC;UP SRZHU WR Ă&#x20AC;UP SRZHU ZLWKLQ D VKRUW SHULRG and ensure scheduling of renewable power in inter and intra state transactions Energy storage systems are an alternative option for both grid-connected and off-grid renewable energy systems. It also helps in strengthen the intermittent SRZHU Ă RZ IURP UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV ,W FDSWXUHV the excess energy generated from renewable energy sources during low demand times in order to dispatch it during high demand times. Storage also helps in mitigating rapid changes in generation from renewable energy sources, which could be due to wind speed variability affecting generation or lower solar generation due to clouds. Energy storage separates generation IURP GHPDQG DQG WKHUHE\ LQFUHDVHV ERWK JULG Ă H[LELOLW\ and performance. Storage can reduce outages, lower pollution from fossil fuels and eventually enable a complete reliance on renewable sources. It is envisaged that the Electricity Storage System can address issues with the shifting of generation, regulating dispatch of HOHFWULFLW\ PDLQWDLQLQJ Ă RZ FRQWURO LQ WUDQVPLVVLRQ system and strengthening reliability of the power system without adding capacity from the traditional and variable sources of power. Renewable Energy integration with storage will be part of the wider picture in realizing Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s commitments towards climate change mitigation.
Benefits of electricity storage system Development of Energy Storage System in India has several applications. The possible applications of the Energy Storage System are as under:h
38
Various policy interventions of the Government to encourage renewable generation has resulted in
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In the global scenario, the Energy Storage System has been used for reducing peak demand. Today, to meet the peak demand, the costly generation is being dispatched. The Energy Storage System can be deployed to address the issues of peak demand by shifting delivery of economical generation output during peak period;
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Storage could address reliability of power system IRU HQVXULQJ IUHTXHQF\ DW +] /DUJH Ă \ZKHHO installations combining with frequency linked automatic control system could be useful for automatic controlling of frequency. Storage could be an alternative method of providing spinning reserves or ancillary support services.
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6WRUDJH FRXOG EH XVHG WR LPSURYH WKH HIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQF\ RI power system through storage of excess generation over and above required generation for 50.00 Hz frequency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions caused by wasteful excess capacity;
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Energy storage can reduce the need for major augmentation of new transmission grid. Additionally, distributed storage can reduce line congestion and line-loss by moving electricity at off-peak times, reducing the need for overall generation during peak times. By reducing peak loading (and overloading) of transmission lines, storage can extend the life of existing infrastructure;
h
Energy storage can play an important role in black start operation during emergency preparedness which provides robustness to the power system operation.
h
Storage facility use for optimization of generation by shifting the generation output from one period to another. The generating companies and distribution licensees could opt to shift demand or consumption. Generating companies could use storage facility to enhance the market value of its generation by shifting off-peak generation to peak periods.
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)XUWKHU SRVVLEOH XVH RI D VWRUDJH IDFLOLW\ LV WR VWRUH JHQHUDWLRQ RXWSXW IRU PDLQWDLQLQJ Ă RZ RI SRZHU RYHU WLH OLQH 7KH Ă RZ FRQWURO RI WLH OLQH LV LPSRUWDQW WR address the congestion in the transmission system and for reliable operation of the transmission system.
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Storage System can minimize the deviation from schedule dispatch or drawl. The deviation from schedule attract huge penalty particularly the deviation which is detrimental to the grid. The storage service will be useful for providing the regulation service to the system operator at the rates of ancillary service decided by the Commission.
July 2017
Opinion
Challenges to Energy Storage System Development of Energy Storage System in India has several challenges. Addressing these challengeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s could boost interest and acceptance in storage technologies for investment and utilization by the stakeholders. Some of the challenges are as follows: h
Cost competitive energy storage technologies: A reduction of costs will requires extensive engineering research and development for new storage concepts and materials used for it. The cost also involves the factors such as technical risk mitigation, controlling the uncertainties at the early stage of deployment, operational uncertainties etc. Advanced research at international level is expected to reduce the cost of storage technologies.
h
Environment issues of storage technologies: Though storage technologies will not pollute the environment by emission of greenhouse gases but it involves the use of chemicals. The enhanced life cycle of battery will require the periodical replacement of this chemical. The disposal of this chemical may involve the environment concerns. Presently, no policies are existing to address the environment concerns arising out of deployment of storage facilities.
h
Policy framework for storage technologies: Currently, a policy and regulatory framework does not exist in the country. Since the deployment and acceptance of grid storage are in their infancy, presently there is no policy and regulatory framework in the country. Industry acceptance would create a need for policy framework. However, the need of storage solutions in areas such as frequency regulation, renewable generation, generation shift etc., is self evident. A lack of well established policy and regulatory framework may inhibit the investment in the Power sector.
h
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Safety aspects of battery storage technologies: The electro chemical storage facilities may be hazardous from various aspects and have to be WUHDWHG ZLWK VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;F VDIHW\ FRQVLGHUDWLRQV 7KH safety norms for grid based storage technologies will have an impact on cost and business plan. Safety of large storage systems is a concern and will be a barrier in their deployment in urban areas or in proximity of other grid resources such as substations. The safety standards and procedures for the different storage technologies need to be developed for proper deployment. Stakeholderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Acceptance of technology and cost: Stakeholderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s acceptance is a key to deployment of storage technology. There is no clarity on how storage technology will be used in practice and how new storage technologies will perform over time in applications. What will be the market rules for operating storage technologies in the grid? In the present scenario, the planning criteria do not envisage deployment of the grid level storage facilities. Addressing these questions
July 2017
could boost interest and acceptance in storage technologies for investment and utilization by WKH VWDNHKROGHUV +RZHYHU WKHUH DUH QR VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;F regulations which address the tariff and operational code associated with new storage technologies
Way Forward Energy storage systems and its services can be used in regulated and deregulated markets. Currently, policy and regulatory framework for energy storage systems does not exist in the country. In the absence of a policy and regulatory frame work, it is not possible to establish the revenue generation model for energy storage system developers and the case for investment will remain muted. While there is an established need of storage system in areas such as frequency regulation, renewable generation, generation shift etc., there are uncertainties in regard to their applications in the industry as well as jurisdiction of the Appropriate Commission. A well established regulatory oversight may direct the investment in the area of storage technologies. Various issues such as planning criteria, cost structure, grid connectivity of storage services, tariff structure and recovery methods, cost effectiveness criteria, standardization of operational norms, incentives, and rebates etc. are to be addressed. The issue of jurisdiction of storage facilities is important to address for the proper development of storage technologies. On the other hand, a storage facility can also be considered as one that enables the primary generator to sell at wholesale, either directly or through intermediaries, to the load-serving entities or distribution licensees who receive the energy discharged from the storage facility. Under this character, the storage facility is akin to a generating station. Different types of storage facilities are likely to warrant different regulatory FODVVLĂ&#x20AC;FDWLRQV DQG WUHDWPHQWV ,I WKH VWRUDJH IDFLOLW\ ZDV owned by a different owner then what would be the economic consequences and what regulatory treatment would be necessary. A range of regulatory modes need be employed for addressing regulatory requirements of storage facilities.
Conclusion Well established policy and regulatory framework for the Energy Storage System at this infancy stage may channelize the investment in this segment of the power sector. Various issues such as planning criteria, cost structure, grid connectivity of storage services, tariff structure and recovery methods, cost effectiveness criteria, standardization of operational norms, incentives, and rebates etc. are need to be addressed. The issue of jurisdiction of storage facilities is also important to address for the proper development of storage technologies. Ć&#x201C; Ashok Upadhyay
BE (Electrical), M Tech. Hon. (Ind. Engg.) M. Phil (Renewable Energy), PHD Scholar Dy. Director (Generation) M.P. Electricity Regulatory Commission Bhopal (M.P.)
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Power Quality Solutions
LV and MV APP Capacitors
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Thyristor Switch Module Capacitor Duty Contactors
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July 2017
ExpertSpeak E xpertSpeak
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Fig : A view of Flare gas recovery station
Fig : Proposed post combustion CO2 recovery process.
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July 2017
ExpertSpeak
development of a system that can capture CO2 emission before vented to atmosphere and then powered by solar energy, convert the CO2 into valuable chemical products including–bio-degradable plastics, pharmaceuticals and even liquid fuel.
CO2+water into acetate –common building block of biosynthesis. As claimed by “Mr Pedang Yang” –a chemist, in his paper titled “ nano-wire –bacteria hybrids for XQDVVLVWHG VRODU FDUERQ GLR[LGH À[DWLRQ WR YDOXH DGGHG chemicals “the new system can change the chemical and oil industry and fuels can be produced in a totally renewable way.
Conclusion Researchers are showing many avenues towards low cost conversion of CO2 to value added chemicals including fuel. Carbon dioxide capture technology though require energy but now –a –days made one integral part of CO2 emitting power plant and all other areas where boiler is used. In India such projects are yet to start, due to no government enforcement. Fig : Diagram of hybrid system of photosynthetic process
Sciientists of “Barkley National laboratory, USA” created one hybrid system of “Semiconductor nanowire and “bacteria” that mimics the natural photosynthetic process by which plants use the sunlight energy to synthesise –carbohydrates from CO2 +water. However this new photosynthesis system synthesizes the combination of
July 2017
REFERENCES 1
Field studies in oil and gas processing station.
2
US department of Energy National laboratory managed by University of California, news release –Lynn yarris (510), 486-5375, April 16-2015. Ɠ
Shivaji Biswas
Ex-Director, National Productivity Council, Prop-Dscube Energy And Enviro Consultants, Kolkata
43
Solutions
ir Terminal in an external lightning protection systems can be divided into two categories, namely, conventional and non- conventional. The conventional systems use Franklin rods or mesh. Early Streamer Emission (ESE) and Dissipation Arrays (sometimes called Charge Transfer Systems â&#x20AC;&#x201C; DAS / CTS ) are the non conventional air terminals.
A
Many decades of experience shows that Franklin rods or mesh located at critical points on a structure with a proper down conductor and earthing system, the damage due to lightning on the structure could be UHGXFHG VLJQLĂ&#x20AC;FDQWO\ 7R SURWHFW HOHFWULFDO DQG HOHFWURQLF systems with in the structure SPDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s are necessary. The system is accepted and appreciated by all national / international standards.
Early Streamer Emission ESE manufacturers claim that ESE terminals are equipped with discharge triggering device to initiate streamers and increase the probability of connecting to a downward leader. The time advantage realized by the early inception of the connecting leader from an ESE terminal in comparison to a normal Franklin rod would provide a possibility interception at a longer distance in comparison to that from a Franklin rod. Consequently, it is claimed that under similar circumstances an ESE terminal will have a larger protection area than a Franklin rod of similar dimensions. ([SHULPHQWV DQG LQYHVWLJDWLRQV Ă&#x20AC;QG WKDW WKHVH FODLPV are baseless. How ever these rods are accepted in the French standard as an additional standard (in addition to EN 62305)
44
Practical Issues in India ESE rods are installed in almost every building in India. Some are made in Europe/China and balance in India. As a proof of reliability ESE manufacturers claim test reports from CPRI. Mistakes done in India are 1. ESE rods are tested with a short current pass of few KA (an iron rod also pass this test). This test report have nothing to do with the principle of ESE 2. ESE rods with one insulated down conductor is used. Even insulated cable through the steel sheet of a PEB building. This is against the French Standard itself 3. Down conductors are installed with number of bends and often through electrical shafts. This create serious threat to electronic installation in the building NF C 17-102: 2011 (French standard on ESE rods) explain as below Level of protection I+: The ESE system at level of protection 1 is additionally connected to the metal structure or reinforced bars of the building in addition to the dedicated down conductors included in the ESE system at roof level and ground level. When down conductors are not interconnected at roof level, a ring conductor located above the roof can be used to achieve this requirementâ&#x20AC;Ś.. If there is no natural down conductors or if the above requirement can not be IXOĂ&#x20AC;OOHG OHYHO FDQQRW EH DFKLHYHG Level of protection I++: WKH URRI LV SURWHFWHG DW , ZLWK an ESE terminal having radius of protection reduced by 40 %.
July 2017
Solutions
The above clause from French standard shows ESE protections is just like doing a conventional Lightning Protection system with an extra ESE rod and down conductor. Even ESE suppliers donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know such points from the ESE standard (6( DLU WHUPLQDWLRQ SULQFLSOH GR QRW FRQĂ&#x20AC;UP WR ,6 standards, National electric code, National Building Code as well as CEA safety regulations. As per CEA regulation every building with more than 15 meter height shall be protected as per IS/IEC 62305. In spite of this, large number of industries and commercial buildings use ESE rods (always with one down conductor). Users consider ESE rods as they believe it is the easiest way of doing lightning protection, but are never aware of the dangers behind it. Such installation create serious threat to the structure as well as its contents. Critical telecom installations in India were using ESE URGV D GHFDGH EDFN Ă&#x20AC;QGLQJ LWV LQHIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQF\ LQ SURWHFWLRQ ESE rods were replaced with DAS. Dissipation Array System or (Charge Transfer System) The original idea of lightning eliminators or dissipation arrays is to utilize the space charge generated by one or several grounded sharp points to â&#x20AC;&#x153;dissipateâ&#x20AC;? (i.e. neutralize) the charge in thunderclouds and thus prevent lightning strikes to a structure to be protected. The manufacturers of this system claim that the space charge generated by the array will silently discharge the thundercloud. The idea of DAS means an area with number of DAS systems will never experience a lightning hit. The idea seems to be attractive, but it is the peak of exploitation. Engineering community never accepted DAS.
The Fact Both ESE and DAS installations in India do not provide any protection to structure, Electronics and +XPDQ EHLQJV LW DOVR LQFUHDVHV WKH FKDQFH RI Ă&#x20AC;UH LQVLGH the building. These devices are widely used due to the attractive features explained in the catalogue. Insurance companies deny ESE as a protection device and ask users to replace it with conventional system FRQĂ&#x20AC;UPLQJ WR ,6 ,(& An installation properly designed and installed satisfying Indian standards IS/IEC 62305, IS 3043, IS 732 will protect the installation for years with out maintenance. National Building code (2015-draft) recommends not to use these non conventional system. Lightning protection as per IS/IEC 62305 is mandatory for buildings more than 15 meter height as per CEA safety regulations (2016-amendment draft). With these code & regulations in place it becomes a legal requirement now to use conventional system and not ESE and DAS. Courtesy: published research papers of Mr. M.A. Uman and Mr. V. A Rakov & Mr. HARTONO Zainal Abidin
Lightning Protection System &RPSDULVRQ FRQĂ&#x20AC;UPLQJ WR ,6 ,(& VWDQGDUGV DQG (6( URGV This comparison is made based on the installation practices prevailing in India. NFC 17-102 ESE standard require down conductors and earthing as per IEC 62305 which is not followed in India. (refer French standard NFC17-102:2011 on ESE rods) Sr. No. 1
2
Design Standard
Name Conventional usually used Lightning Protection Protection required against Lightning
DAS in a telecom tower DAS has been installed widely in India especially for critical telecommunication application. After every failure, DAS supplier reply to users that the lightning which created failure is higher than the capacity of that particular model of DAS. Manufacturer recommend to replace the existing DAS with a bigger one at extra cost after every failure.
July 2017
3
,6 ,(&
ELPS for structure and SPM for contents. All requirements cRQĂ&#x20AC;Umed
NFC 17-102: 2011 Advanced Lightning protection Focused only on ESE rod. No protection provided against Ă&#x20AC;UH HOHFWURQLFV failure, step potential, touch potential & EMC
Acceptance Yes. Accepted world NO (except E\ VFLHQWLĂ&#x20AC;F wide (including french and spain bodies france and spain as as an additional main standard) standard - due to local business conditions)
45
Solutions
4
Theory Behind
Faraday Cage
only highlighting the rod
5
&RQÃ&#x20AC;UPDWLRQ to IS standard
Yes
NO
6
Testing
IEC 62561 - 1 to 7
Short circuit & surge current from CPRI. Both tests are not related to ESE theory
7
8
&RQÃ&#x20AC;UPDWLRQ to NBC-2016 and CEA regulation
Yes
Level of protection
Class 1 to 4
NO NBC of India 2016 banned use of ESE Class I and I
Air For both classes Termination and structural steel as Down conductor down conductor recommendations is mandatory. VSHFLÃ&#x20AC;HG LQ ,6 ,(& Additional 62305 exposed down conductors in multiple locations are also required (ref 5.2.3.5 of NFC 17-102: 2011). But in India one or two exposed down conductors alone are used
Expected problems of ESE rods 1
2
3
4
5
Publication Date
1st working day of the month of the issue
Cover Pages
210 GSM Art Paper *
Inside Pages
70 GSM LWC Paper *
Magazine Size
A - 4, 297 mm x 210 mm
ADVERTISEMENT TARIFF W.E.F. 1ST APRIL 2016 HEIGHT X WIDTH Cover Positions
RATE PER INSERTION (Rs.) Rates for 4 colours and non bleed
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260 mm x 390 mm
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Page 9 (11)
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Ordinary Positions Full Page
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,QVWDOODWLRQV LQ ,QGLD DUH QRW HYHQ FRQÃ&#x20AC;UPLQJ to French standards - ESE standard recommend to reduce the coverage radius HIÃ&#x20AC;FLHQF\ RI URGV WR LQ KLJK UDLVH buildings, which is not done India
Half Page
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24,750
Double Spread
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Insert
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1R SURWHFWLRQ SURYLGHG DJDLQVW Ã&#x20AC;UH electronics failure, step potential, touch potential, EMC. Focused only on ESE air terminal rod
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Fire and Flash over due to 1 or 2 down conductors. Recommendations as per ESE standards are not followed especially usage of natural down conductors Insurance companies also reject ESE rods as a result number of industries installed conventional LPS at extra cost One world famous ESE manufacturer claims ESE rods as per NF-C standards will not work !!!!!!!!!!!!!. KV Vardharajan
-Director LP Consultants International Pvt. Ltd.
46
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July 2017
TechSpace
he heart of electrical power generation (thermal, hydro-electric, gas, solar-thermal and wind energy enabled) is the alternating current generator. The generator being a rotating machine calls for special protection consideration from both electrical and mechanical faults. Sudden failure (outage) of a generator in a captive power plant (CPP) will result in heavy loss of production in the plant. For an independent power producer (IPP), it will attract huge penalty payable to the grid contractually. Thus generator protection becomes important and one needs to obtain a basic knowledge in applying the various protections and arriving at appropriate settings.
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This article has been written based on the author’s SURMHFW HQJLQHHULQJ DQG ÀHOG H[SHULHQFH WRJHWKHU ZLWK reference taken from a number of guides, manuals, tutorials and relay brochures as acknowledged under reference.
Typical Generator Protections
This knowledge will help one to h
Check the settings/calculations given by the manufacturer.
h
Furnish start-up (preliminary) (commissioning values)
h
Analyze the reasons with respect to the protection settings when the Turbo Generator set trips and make meaningful report to management / the customer.
settings
,W PD\ EH QRWHG WKDW WKH ÀQDO VHWWLQJV GHSHQG XSRQ on the growth of the power plant (in terms of number of generators as well as those in the connected grid, which may call for a review after a detailed power system study). A number of protection parameters are provided in a modern numerical (digital) generator protection relay. Some are simple while others are complex. This article provides short explanations for each of the protection functions. The relay manufacturer furnish detailed operating manuals for their relays. Nowadays, a number of
July 2017
software packages for setting up the numerical relays are available in the market. But in the author’s opinion, the protection engineer shall understand the function of each type of protection, its requirement, the basic block diagram and the logic and the relay manufacturers’ recommendations for fully utilizing such software packages.
A typical list of protections needed for starting a generator is given below: 1
Stator winding protection – Differential protection (87G)*
2
Stator Over Current Protection (50 /51)*
3
Stator Earth Fault Protection (50N /51N)*
4
Frequency Protection (81) – Under and Over IUHTXHQF\# 2YHU H[FLWDWLRQ 2YHU ÁX[LQJ protection (24)**
5
Reverse Active Power Protection (32)*
6
Low Forward Power Protection (32LF)*
7
Over Voltage Protection (59)**
8
Under Voltage Protection (27)***
9
Negative Phase Sequence Protection (unbalanced loading protection)
(46)#
10 Protection against inadvertent (or accidental) energisation OR Dead machine protection (50/27)* 11 Protection against loss of excitation^^
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TechSpace
12 Generator Rotor Faults (64)* h
(DFK RI WKH DERYH SURWHFWLRQV KDV EHHQ TXDOLĂ&#x20AC;HG by a mark which means the following:
h
Single Star * mark: Default settings are available subject to understanding the basics.
h
Double Star ** mark: Default settings are available but the same are to be coordinated with AVR settings.
h
Tripe Star *** mark: Under voltage protection settings are to be coordinated with load side under voltage settings, apart from coordination with AVR settings.
h
Mark @: Settings are to be coordinated with Governor controls.
h
Mark #: Default settings depend upon generator in a CPP supplying power to pant loads comprising large single phase and non-linear loads.
h
Mark ^^: Settings are to be coordinated with rotor thermal capability and system stability study.
All the above protections are not needed in all generators ratings. Please see the attached Table-1 ZKLFK VKRZV SURWHFWLRQ QHHGV FODVVLĂ&#x20AC;HG ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH JHQHUDWRU VL]H UDWLQJ 7KLV OLVW QHHGV WR EH YHULĂ&#x20AC;HG with the generator/turbine manufacturer and decided in consultation with the client. Modern numerical relays cover all the above protections apart from other features related to synchronization, generator breaker failure and substation automation control systems. These features are not covered in this article. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Pole slipping protectionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Reverse Reactive Power protectionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; are also not covered in this article, as these are deemed to be advanced protections involving system study calling for a separate discussion.
Generator Protection Tripping Classes The generator is driven by a prime mover, namely, the steam turbine. There could be other prime movers such as hydraulic turbine, diesel engine, gas turbine etc. In this article, a steam turbine is considered, as it is the most commonly used prime mover. When we trip a generator on fault, due considerations are to be given to the status of the steam turbine. Similarly, when the steam turbine develops a fault, due consideration is to be given to the status of the generator. Keeping the above in mind, basically three classes of tripping are GHĂ&#x20AC;QHG 7KHVH DUH JLYHQ EHORZ 'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recommendation, we have to form and Ă&#x20AC;QDOL]H WKH WULSSLQJ FODVVHV IRU HDFK SRZHU SODQW Class A: This involves the complete machine shutdown LQYROYLQJ RSHQLQJ RI *HQHUDWRU FLUFXLW EUHDNHU Ă&#x20AC;HOG circuit breaker and tripping of the turbine. For all internal faults of the turbine, the generator and the exciter, this class of tripping is employed. Class B: This involves the opening of the generator FLUFXLW EUHDNHU DQG WKH Ă&#x20AC;HOG FLUFXLW EUHDNHU )RU FHUWDLQ abnormal conditions such as over voltage, this class
48
of tripping is employed. This avoids tripping of turbine for such conditions and thus permits fast rebuilding of voltage and re-synchronization with the grid. Class C: The generator main breaker alone is tripped. This class of tripping is usually employed for faults in the connected power system when generator backup protection operates due to failure of system main protection relays. This allows the machine to continue to run in open circuit mode and enables fast resynchronization. Now we start elaborating on the initial settings which are suggested for the protections listed in B above:
Stator winding Protection The stator is subjected to three basic types of faults. These are: (1) Earth Faults: Considered critical and monitored precisely, Differentia protection coupled with separate earth fault relays are needed. (2) Phase to Phase Faults: Considered as somewhat rare. Differential protection takes care of these faults. (3) Inter turn faults: Considered as very rare. Not covered by the differential protection.
Stator winding protection for Generators >1MVA rating High speed (instantaneous) differential protection is applied to clear phase faults with very high currents â&#x20AC;&#x201C; based on Merz & Price circulating current system.
Stator winding protection for Generators <1MVA rating )RU VPDOOHU JHQHUDWRUV 7LPH EDVHG ,QYHUVH 'HĂ&#x20AC;QLWH Minimum Time or IDMT) and instantaneous over current protections are applied for the stator winding protection.
Circulating Current Differential Protection 7KH DERYH SURWHFWLRQ ZDV Ă&#x20AC;UVW HVWDEOLVKHG E\ 0HU] Price and is shown in its simple form in Sketch-1#1. Neutral side
Phase side Generator
Id>
Diff Relay
Sketch -1: Circulating Current Protection (Merz-Price) System:
Basically the zone between the two sets of current transformers, in this case, the generator, is protected. This zone can also be a motor, cable or a short transmission line. Current into the zone is compared with current out of the zone. Any difference in the currents (called as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;spill over
July 2017
TechSpace
FXUUHQW· ZLOO ÁRZ LQ WKH UHOD\ DQG WKH UHOD\ ZLOO RSHUDWH The protection shall operate for true phase faults internal to the machine’s stator winding and shall not act for through- faults or due to errors /mismatching in the current transformer characteristics. For this purpose, a ‘bias’ is set which restricts the relay operation as much as possible for true faults. Depending on bias arrangement, we have two (2) types of differential protection for the generators. These are: 1) Biased Differential Protection & 2) High Impedance Differential Protection. Scheme for Biased Differential Protection can be seen from Sketch-2(a) #1. Setting parameters for Biased Differential Protection can be seen from Sketch-2(b) #1. I2
I1
Neutral side CTs
Generator
CT outputs are compared inside this relay
Phase side CTs
-2a#1:
Sketch Scheme for Biased Differential Protection
Type (1) - Biased Differential Protection The fault currents being large in quantity and asymmetrical in nature may cause unequal saturation in the current transformers. This will cause spill current to pass through the relay resulting in its mal-operation. In order to restrain the relay operation during such conditions, we use the bias. Bias helps in the following way: h
Allow sensing for actual that is internal faults – “OPERATE”
h
Disallow sensing for external faults which could be huge - “RESTRAIN”.
I2
The OPERATE and RESTRAIN regions can be clearly seen in Sketch-2(b) #1 Operating Region
Idiff
= I1
+
Sketch -2b: Operating characteristics of Differential Protection
Functions
Steam/Gas Turbines Medium (10-100 MVA)
Large (>100 MVA)
Small (<10 MVA)
Medium (10-100 MVA)
Large (>100 MVA)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y/N
Y
N
Y/N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Differential 95% Stator E/F 100% Stato E/F Interturn Faults Backup Impedance Voltage Controlled O/C Negative Sequence Field Failure Reverse Power Pole Slipping Over Voltage Under frequency Dead Machine Rotor Earth Fault 2YHUÁX[LQJ
Hydro Turbines
Small (<10 MVA)
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y: Needs to be provided N: Not provided in general (but depends on application)
There are basically four settings in the biased differential protection scheme; they are: Is1, IS2 and the slopes K1 and K2. The differential current threshold setting Is1 can be set as low as 5% of rated generator current to bring into protection zone as much of the winding as possible. Refer Figure-2(b): The bias slope break-point threshold setting Is2 may set to a value higher than the generator rated current, say, 120%, in order to achieve external fault stability in the event of transient asymmetric CT saturation. Bias slope K2 would be normally set at 150%. Bias slope K1 would be normally set at about 10%. In case of closely matched CTs, the value could be even set theoretically at 0%. In general, however, a minimum setting of 5% is always recommended.
K1
IS1
Table-1#1,4,6 Typical Classification of Protection Requirements with respect to MVA Rating and Turbine type
Restraining Region
Type (2): High Impedance Differential Protection: IS2
IBias
I1
+
=
2
July 2017
I2
In this type of differential protection, the relay stability against through faults, external switching and unequal
49
TechSpace
CT saturation are obtained through a different method. Refer Sketches-3a#1 & 3b#1. If the impedance of the relay is high, in the event of one CT becoming saturated by the high through fault current, LW ZLOO PDNH WKH FXUUHQW IURP WKH XQVDWXUDWHG &7 WR Ă RZ into the saturated CT rather than through the relay. This is because the impedance of the CT is reduced when it JHWV VDWXUDWHG 7KH FXUUHQW ZLOO Ă&#x20AC;QG WKH OHDVW UHVLVWDQW SDWK DQG Ă RZ WKURXJK WKH VDWXUDWHG ORZ LPSHGDQFH &7 In Sketch-3a#1 WKH FXUUHQW Ă RZ LV SORWWHG DQG LW LV FOHDU that the relay current remains unaffected which means that relay will not mal-operate for the through fault current. Sketch-3b shows the relay connections. This side CTs are not Saturated, as the Through fault is at phase Side of the Generator
High impedance Value in unsaturated CT
This side CTs are saturated Due to through fault IF
Generator Zm
RCT1
RCT2
RL3
RL1
Earth Fault â&#x20AC;&#x153;Through Faultâ&#x20AC;? (outside Protection Zone)
RSTB IS>
VRelay
RL2
RL4
Ohmic value tends to be low due to CT saturation
Sketch -3a: Principe of High Impedance Differential Protection
Phase side CTs I2
Neutral side CTs I1
Sketch -3b#1: Scheme for High Impedance Differential Protection
Generator
Three ended / Four ended Differential scheme: Whenever Unit Auxiliary transformer (UAT) is used, a three ended differential scheme has to be adopted, in order to account for the current drawn by the UAT. There ZLOO EH WKUHH VHWV RI &7V 7KH Ă&#x20AC;UVW VHW ZLOO EH DW WKH neutral side of the generator. The second set will be on the HV side of the Generator Transformer (GT) and the third set will be at primary (generator) side of the UAT. Four end scheme; In case a second UAT is used, the fourth set of CTs will be located at the primary side of the second UAT. It is to be noted that the above scheme forms overall differential protection of the Generator and its GT. For the protection of the UATs, separate differential protection needs to be provided.
Some typical settings given for the generator differential protection relay for a few generators are given below: Generator Rating
Set value
150MW
5%
30 MW
22%
25 MW
5%
Bias Bias Slope K1 Slope K2
10%
150%
Remarks
Class PS CTs Class 5P CTs
10%
Class PS CTs
In the case of 30MW Generator, Class 5P CTs have been used, due to which a higher pick up setting to the tune to 22% has been set after studying the differential current which was indicated in the relay.
Over Current Protection Diff. Relay
STABILISING RESISTOR
NonLinear Resistance
Generator and Generator (step-up) Transformer (GT) Differential Protection: (Clubbing of Generator and Transformer in a single zone) A single zone of overall differential protection can protect the generator stator and the step up transformer, This overall protection will be an addition to the exclusive differential protection applied to the generator. Precautions for prevention of mal-operation of the above back-up relay due to transformer characteristics: Biased transformer differential protection with magnetizing inrush current restraint feature needs to be applied. When the generator rejects load (during tripping of the grid circuit breaker), the generator terminal voltage will rise (in spite of the AVR controls) and will cause over
50
Ă X[LQJ LQFUHDVH LQ Y I IRU WKH WUDQVIRUPHU LQ WUDQVIRUPHU FRUH ,Q VXFK FDVHV SURWHFWLRQ ZLWK WUDQVLHQW RYHU Ă X[LQJ restraint/blocking needs to be incorporated. In the above overall scheme, tap-off to UATs (1 no or 2 nos.) can also be included. See below:
Over current protection can be used as the principle form of protection of stator windings in case of small generators. Over current protection can also be used as back-up protection for large generators where differential current protection is already employed as the principal stator winding protection.
Plain Over current protection For generators rated <1MVA, time delayed over current protection may form the principal stator winding protection. For large generators, over current protection may be applied as remote back-up protection. This will facilitate disconnection of the unit from any un-cleared external fault. In case of a single generator feeding an isolated system, current transformers (CT) at the neutral end of the machine should energize the over current protection, to allow a response to winding fault condition. This means that any winding fault will be sensed by the CT and hence by the protection relay. At the same time, it may be remembered, CTs connected to the phase side of the generator respond faster for faults on the phase (Grid) side.
July 2017
TechSpace
In single generator operation, a terminal fault will bring about reduction in the excitation with drop in terminal voltage with resultant drop in stator current to about rated or less than rated values. In such cases, setting ZLOO EH GLIÀFXOW WR PDNH In such cases, we have to adapt voltage controlled (restrained) Over current protection.
Fault current behaviour of a multiple Generator operation In the case of more than one generator in operation, then the fault current will be supplied by the healthy generator and also by the system. In this case, both the magnitude and duration of the fault current are to be supervised and FRUUHFWLYH DFWLRQ WDNHQ
Voltage dependent Over Current Protection Voltage controlled over current protection or Voltage restrained over current protection) is applied where GLIIHUHQWLDO SURWHFWLRQ LV QRW MXVWLÀHG RQ ODUJH JHQHUDWRUV or where problems are encountered in the application of plain over current protection, as discussed above.
Typical settings used are: Relay will trip if the current exceeds 50% of generator rated current up to 80% of generator voltage. Above this voltage, the current setting of 50% will not be valid. The normal over current setting shall be followed.
Voltage restrained over current protection: In the case of voltage restrained over current protection, WKH FXUUHQW SLFN XS YDOXH LV FRQWLQXRXVO\ YDULHG ZLWK respect to generator terminal voltage. This may be similar to an I.D.M.T. protection according to generator voltage. Alternatively, this can be considered as an impedance type with dependent type time delay. 5HIHU 6NHWFK #5 for a graphical representation of the relay operation. Current
Fault current decrement behavior of a single Generator
The current pick up value is Continuously varied between 25% to 100% with respect to generator terminal voltages : 25% to 100%
Sketch -5: Voltage restrained over current Relay operation for indirectly connected generators
100%
Voltage controlled over current protection: These relays have their current coils fed from CTs located on the neutral side of the generator and their voltage sensor fed from a VT on the phase side of the generator. Case-1: During overloads, when the system voltage is sustained near normal, the over current protection should have a current setting above full load current and an operating time characteristic that will prevent the generator from supplying current to an external fault for a period higher than the plant’s short time withstand limits. Case-2:
Current
Under close-up fault conditions, the bus bar voltage or generator terminal voltage will fall below the threshold value which will enable the operation of the relay even when there is a reduction in fault current. This setting is also to be time graded with external circuit protection. 5HIHU 6NHWFK #5 for a graphical representation of the relay operation.
Region for abnormal over current protection: System voltage is lower than the threshold value “Vs”. Example: Suggested O/C setting 50% for V < 80%
Sketch -4: Voltage Controlled over current Relay operation for directly connected Generators
Region for normal over current protection: System voltage is higher than the threshold Value, say, 80%
Enabled 50%
Disabled 80%
Voltage
July 2017
25%
25%
100%
Voltage
Typical settings used are: Relay will trip if the current exceeds 25% of generator rated current up to 25% of generator voltage. Above this voltage, the current setting will increase in proportion with the voltage as shown in WKH ÀJXUH 7KLV NLQG RI VHWWLQJ LV JRRG ZKHQ PRWRUV ZLWK their heavy inrush KVA) are started on the generator bus directly.
Stator Earth Fault Protection The stator earth fault protection varies as per the stator neutral grounding scheme adapted. Basically, there are three types are used depending on the Location and rating of the generator. Low impedance that has zero or minimal impedance applied to the WYE neutral: Used for single generators, with generator rating in the region of 1 to 5 MW. Medium impedance that limits the earth fault current in the range of 100 to 500A used for Generators in the region of 5 to 10MW. High Impedance type uses a distribution transformer arrangement, which limits the earth current to 5 to 10A. 7KLV NLQG RI HDUWKLQJ LV XVHG LQ ODUJH FULWLFDO VHWV For a fault located down to the bottom 5% of the stator winding from the stator neutral, impedance earthing of the stator neutral limits the earth fault current below the threshold value of the over current/differential protection.
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Therefore, it becomes essential to give separate earth fault protection for detecting the above low earth fault current.
Case-1: Direct connected generators In this case, the generator/generators are directly connected to the plant bus without the use of a generator transformer. A current transformer which is provided in the neutral earth connection energizes an over current relay element. This provides unrestricted earth fault protection and hence must be graded Therefore, the earth fault relay element has to be provided with a time-delayed operating characteristic. The current setting shall not be > 33% of the maximum allowable earth fault current of the generator, provided ORDGV OLNH PRWRUV ZKLFK FDQ GHYHORS IUHTXHQW HDUWK faults are not connected to the generator bus directly. A lower setting shall be preferably provided with grading obtained with the outgoing feeders* at the common bus. * - In case the outgoing feeders are motor feeders, the protection of the generator becomes problematic DV PRWRUV WDNH LQUXVK FXUUHQW ZKLFK LV QRW EDODQFHG always. Also the earth fault settings for the motors are to be again coordinated with that of the generator.
Case II - Indirectly connected generators
the stator windings (shunt capacitance). When a fault occurs in the part of the stator winding which is close to the neutral end, the third harmonic voltage nearly falls to zero. This can be detected by a suitable relay. As the fault location moves away from the neutral, the drop in the third harmonic voltage becomes less and less. At a point which is 20 to 30% of the winding distance, it is not possible to discriminate between a healthy and faulty winding. This means a conventional scheme shall be used in conjunction with the third harmonic voltage measurement system to provide overlapping cover for the entire winding.
Frequency Protection (81) 1RWHV RQ 8QGHU 2YHU IUHTXHQF\ 2YHU Ă X[LQJ 3URWHFWLRQ The above conditions are grouped together because these problems often occur due to a departure from synchronous speed.
Over fluxing 2YHU Ă X[LQJ RFFXUV ZKHQ WKH UDWLR RI YROWDJH WR IUHTXHQF\ LV WRR KLJK $V SHU (0) HTXDWLRQ Ă X[ LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH UDWLR RI 9 I 7KH LURQ VDWXUDWHV RZLQJ WR WKH KLJK Ă X[ density. Over heating occurs, resulting in winding faults. The problem is common for both direct and indirectly connected generators.
Here, each generator is connected via its own unit WUDQVIRUPHU WR WKH QHWZRUN ,Q WKLV W\SH FRQĂ&#x20AC;JXUDWLRQ WKHUH FDQQRW EH DQ\ ]HUR VHTXHQFH LQWHUFKDQJH ZLWK WKH UHPDLQGHU RI WKH QHWZRUN DV WKH YHFWRU JURXS RI WKH generator transformer is invariably Yd11, delta winding on the generator side. Due to this and also due to interposed transformer impedance, there will not be any circulating third harmonic currents, due to which, earthing circuits of all individual generators are closed, when a number of generators operate in parallel and IHHG WKH KLJK YROWDJH QHWZRUN
Most Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR) have an over Ă X[LQJ SURWHFWLRQ IHDWXUH +RZHYHU D VHSDUDWH UHOD\ element provided by the relay manufacturer. It is usual WR SURYLGH D GHĂ&#x20AC;QLWH WLPH GHOD\HG DODUP VHWWLQJ DQG DQ instantaneous or inverse time delayed trip setting to match the withstand characteristics of the protected generator and transformer.
7KHUH DUH IRXU EDVLF W\SH RI HDUWK IDXOW SURWHFWLRQ IRU this category of generators and they are:
Under/Over Frequency
h
High resistance earthing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; neutral over current protection
h
Distribution transformer earthing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; use of current sensing
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Distribution transformer earthing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; use of voltage sensing
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Neutral voltage displacement protection
100% Earth fault protection for the stator winding (64TN) In case protection below 5% of the winding from the neutral is also needed, then, the measurement of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Third Harmonic Voltageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; shall be adapted, which shall be programmed to give appropriate alarm. +HUH LV KRZ WKLV VFKHPH ZRUNV 7KH WKLUG KDUPRQLF voltage which is internally generated appears across WKH HDUWKLQJ LPSHGDQFH E\ YLUWXH RI LWV Ă RZ WKURXJK
52
,W LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW WKDW WKH 97 UHIHUHQFH IRU RYHU Ă X[LQJ for the above separate relay function is not the same as that used for the AVR.
7KH JRYHUQRU Ă&#x20AC;WWHG WR WKH SULPH PRYHU QRUPDOO\ SURYLGHV SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW RYHU IUHTXHQF\ ZKLFK RFFXUV GXH WR VXGGHQ ORVV RI ORDG 8QGHU IUHTXHQF\ PD\ RFFXU DV D result of over load of generators operating in isolated systems or a serious fault on the power system that UHVXOWV LQ D GHĂ&#x20AC;FLW RI JHQHUDWLRQ FRPSDUHG WR ORDG 7\SLFDO XQGHU IUHTXHQF\ DQG RYHU IUHTXHQF\ VHWWLQJV adopted in a 150MW generator: Sl no
Protection function
Setting available in the relay
Recommended setting
Remarks
Under Frequency1 Protection (81U) 1
Min Volt/ Amp
0.1 to 1.25 p.u. in steps of 0.01
0.5
3LFN XS
20 to 65 Hz in steps of 0.01 0.00 to 65.535 seconds in steps of 0.001
3LFN XS Delay
July 2017
0.5 sec
To trip 86C
TechSpace
Note: Relay 86 is the trip collection relay. 'B' refers to
Reset delay 0.00 to 65.535 0 sec seconds in steps of 0.001 Under Frequency2 Protection (81U) 2
Min Volt/ Amp
0.1 to 1.25 p.u. in steps of 0.01
0.5
3LFN XS
20 to 65 Hz in steps o f 0.01
3LFN XS Delay
0.00 to 65.535 seconds in steps of 0.001
Class 'B' protection and 'C' refers to Class 'C' protection. Typical 150MW Generator â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sample calculations for To trip 86B
root3)
2.0 sec
Rated VT secondary voltage = 63.5V Rated generator V/Hz on secondary
Min Volt/ Amp
0.1 to 1.25 p.u. in steps of 0.01
0.5
3LFN XS
20 to 65 Hz in steps of 0.01
52
VLGH 9 +] With Max permissible continuous over excitation To trip 86C
Sl no 1
0.1 to 1.25 p.u. in steps of 0.01
0.5
3LFN XS
20 to 65 Hz in steps of 0.01
52.5
3LFN XS Delay
0.00 to 65.535 seconds in steps of 0.001
Independent time delay = 3 sec ,QYHUVH WLPH (OHPHQW 75,3 6(77,1*
Select setting 110% of rated generator V/Hz 0LQLPXP SLFN XS OHYHO [ 9 +] S X S X To trip 86B
3.0 sec
Reset delay 0.00 to 65.535 0 sec seconds in steps of 0.001 Frequency Rate of Change Protection (81U/O) Protection Setting available in Recomme- Remarks function the relay nded setting )UHT 5DWH Decreasing Increasing To trip Trend 86C )UHT 5DWH 0.1 to 15 Hz/sec 0.5 Hz/sec 3LFN XS in steps of 0.01 )UHT 5DWH 0.100 to 3.000 OV Supv p.u. in steps of 3LFN XS 0.001 )UHT 5DWH 0.100 to 3.000 0.2 OC Supv p.u. in steps of 3LFN XS 0.001 )UHT 20 to 80 Hz in Rate-1 Min steps of 0.01 )UHTXHQF\ )UHT 20 to 80 Hz in 55 Rate-1 Max steps of 0.01 )UHTXHQF\ )UHT 5DWH 0.00 to 65.535 3LFNXS seconds in steps Delay of 0.001
July 2017
0.1
'HĂ&#x20AC;QLWH WLPH HOHPHQW $/$50 6(77,1*
OHYHO [ 38
0.00 to 65.535 0.5 sec seconds in steps of 0.001 Reset delay 0.00 to 65.535 0 sec seconds in steps of 0.001 Over Frequency2 Protection (81O) Min Volt/ Amp
105% assumed.
0LQLPXP SLFN XS
3LFN XS Delay
5DWHG JHQHUDWRU YROWDJH N9 +] 5DWLR RI YROWDJH WUDQVIRUPHU 9 URRW 9
Reset delay 0.00 to 65.535 0 sec seconds in steps of 0.001 Over Frequency1 Protection (81O) 3
VHWWLQJV IRU 2YHU H[FLWDWLRQ RYHU Ă X[LQJ SURWHFWLRQ
Protection setting Volts/Hertz1 (Stage-1) Protection function
Setting available in the relay
Recommended Remarks setting
3LFN XS
WR 38 LQ steps of 0.01
Curves
'HĂ&#x20AC;QLWH WLPH Inverse A, Inverse B, Inverse C, Flex Curve A, Flex Curve B
Inverse B
To trip 86B
TD Multiplier 0.05 to 600.00 3 sec in steps of 0.01 T Reset
0.0 to 1000.0 s 0.1 sec in steps of 0.1
Volts/Hertz2 (Stage-2) Protection Setting Recommended Remarks function available in setting the relay 3LFN XS
WR 38 LQ VWHSV of 0.01
To trip 86B
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Protection Setting Recommended Remarks function available in setting the relay Curves
'HÀQLWH time, Inverse A, Inverse B, Inverse C, Flex Curve A, Flex Curve B
'HÀQLWH WLPH
TD Multiplier
0.05 to 600.00 in steps of 0.01
3 sec
T Reset
0.0 to 1000.0 s in steps of 0.1
0.1 sec
7\SLFDO 0: *HQHUDWRU )LYH VWDJHV RI IUHTXHQF\ protection are enabled in the relay and are used for the islanding, load shedding and generator protection applications as listed below: h
)UHT 6W B 8QGHU IUHTXHQF\ VWDJH WR WULS WKH JULG LQFRPHU EUHDNHUV IRU LVODQGLQJ DQG ORDG VKHGGLQJ
h
)UHT 6W B 2YHU IUHTXHQF\ VWDJH WR WULS WKH JULG LQFRPHU EUHDNHUV IRU LVODQGLQJ
h
)UHT 6W B 8QGHU IUHTXHQF\ VWDJH WR WULS WKH generator to avoid damage to turbine
h
)UHT 6W B 2YHU IUHTXHQF\ VWDJH WR WULS WKH generator to avoid damage to turbine
h
)UHT 6W B 8QGHU IUHTXHQF\ RU UDWH RI GURS RI IUHTXHQF\ IRU ORDG VKHGGLQJ
Notes: h
h
h
7KH IUHTXHQF\ DQG UDWH RI FKDQJH RI IUHTXHQF\ elements used for islanding and load shedding have to be based on transient studies considering all operating contingencies.
The generators will start motoring action when the prime movers fail. This protection is set lower than the minimum expected motoring power of the generator. The usual setting is 2% to 3%. When more stringent sensitivity is needed, a metering class CT shall be employed to avoid &7 HUURUV ZKHQ WKH *HQHUDWRU VXSSOLHV D ODUJH TXDQWLW\ RI UHDFWLYH SRZHU FORVH WR ]HUR SRZHU IDFWRU 3OHDVH UHIHU to table#1 showing the potential damage with respect to various prime movers along with typical settings. Prime mover
Motoring Power (% of rated)
Possible damage
Protection setting
Diesel Engine
5 to 25%
Fire/explosion due to un-burnt fuel. Mechanical damage to gear box /shafts.
Gas Turbine
Gear box damage.
10 to 15% (Split shaft). >50% (Single shaft).
Hydro
0.2 to 2% (Blades out of water).
Blade and runner cavitations.
50% of motoring power
>2% (blades in water). Steam Turbine
0.5 to 6%
Turbine blade damage. Gear box damage on geared sets.
6DPSOH VHWWLQJV IRU ´5HYHUVH $FWLYH 3RZHU 3URWHFWLRQµ for some generators are given below: Set Time value – delay, Sn if any.
S.No
Gen Rating
7KH XQGHU DQG RYHU IUHTXHQF\ VWDJHV SURYLGHG IRU protecting the turbine are set coordinating it with the islanding/load shedding scheme settings and also ensured to be within the turbine withstand characteristics.
1
150MW
2%
2
30 MW
0.5%
5 sec
7KH ÀUVW WZR VWDJHV )UHT 6W B )UHT 6W B DUH FRQÀJXUHG WR WULS WKH JULG LQFRPHU EUHDNHUV 7KLV will island the generator and stabilize its operation. In case the problem persists, the next two stages )UHT 6W B )UHT 6W B DUH FRQÀJXUHG WR WULS the generator via the master trip relay 86GM.
3
25 MW
3%
5 sec
Remarks
2 sec Capability of TG is from 0.5 to 6% of the rated power.
Sample Calculations made for a typical 150MW Generator:
Reverse Active Power Protection (32)
$VVXPLQJ DV WKH PRWRULQJ SRZHU UHTXLUHG RI WKH output power of generator = 2% of 150MW = 0.02 x 150 = 3.0MW
Reverse power protection ensures detection of motoring action of generators, which is detrimental to the turbine.
6PLQ [ 5DWLQJ PRWRULQJ SRZHU 0: [ 3KDVH &7 3ULPDU\ [ 3KDVH 97 5DWLR [ 3KDVH 97 6HF
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Note: (Generator CT ratio: 8000/1A: Generator PT ratio: (15.75/(Root3))/(110/(Root3)) Smin = (1/2) x 3.7 / (3 x 8000 x 143.18 x 63.5) = 0.0068 PU Note-1: The reverse power protection should be SURYLGHG ZLWK D GHĂ&#x20AC;QLWH WLPH GHOD\ RQ RSHUDWLRQ WR prevent spurious operation with transient power swings WKDW PD\ DULVH IROORZLQJ V\QFKURQL]DWLRQ RU LQ WKH HYHQW RI D SRZHU WUDQVPLVVLRQ V\VWHP IDLOXUH ,Q WKLV FDVH WKLV GHOD\ WLPH LV VHW DW VHFRQGV
Low Forward Power Protection (32LF) 7KLV SURWHFWLRQ LV XVHG IRU VHTXHQWLDO VKXWGRZQ RI WKH PDFKLQH IRU QRQ XUJHQW WULSSLQJ VXFK DV D VWDWRU HDUWK IDXOW RQ D KLJK LPSHGDQFH HDUWKHG JHQHUDWRU RU ZKHQ D QRUPDO VKXW GRZQ RI D JHQHUDWRU VHW LV WDNLQJ SODFH :KHQ WKH JHQHUDWRU LV VXSSO\LQJ VXEVWDQWLDO IXOO SRZHU LWV EUHDNHU VKDOO QRW EH WULSSHG DOO RI D VXGGHQ ,I WULSSHG VXGGHQO\ LW ZLOO UHVXOW LQ RYHU VSHHGLQJ RI WKH JHQHUDWRU URWRU DQG ZLOO VWUHVV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH KLJK VSHHG F\OLQGULFDO W\SH URWRU WR D JUHDW H[WHQW $IWHU WKH WXUELQH LV WULSSHG WKHUH LV VWLOO HQHUJ\ OHIW LQ WKH WUDSSHG VWHDP DIWHU WKH VWHDP YDOYH KDV WULSSHG RU LQ WKH HYHQW WKDW WKH VWHDP YDOYH V GR QRW IXOO\ FORVH IRU WKH VDPH UHDVRQ 7KHUHIRUH WKLV FDOOV IRU JUDGXDO ORZHULQJ RI WKH RXWSXW IURP WKH JHQHUDWRU :KHQ WKH RXWSXW EHFRPHV ORZ HQRXJK QRW WR FDXVH RYHU VSHHGLQJ WKHQ DW WKLV SRLQW WKLV SURWHFWLRQ ZRUNV DQG WKH JHQHUDWRU &% JHWV WULSSHG 7KXV WKH RXWSXW RI WKLV VHQVLQJ HOHPHQW LV LQWHUORFNHG (ANDED) with the â&#x20AC;&#x153;turbine trippedâ&#x20AC;? status input and FRQĂ&#x20AC;JXUHG IRU WULSSLQJ WKH PDFKLQH DW ORZ JHQHUDWRU RXWSXW 7KLV HOHPHQW VKRXOG EH VHW WR D YDOXH RI SRZHU WKDW ZLOO FDXVH YHU\ OLWWOH RYHU VSHHGLQJ ZKHQ WKH PDLQ EUHDNHU LV WULSSHG 7KLV HOHPHQW LV QRUPDOO\ VHW WR 6Q 6HWWLQJV XVHG LQ VRPH RI WKH SURMHFWV FDQ EH VHHQ IURP the table given: Project Typical Gen Rating
Set value
Time delay, if any.
Remarks
,33
150MW
RI 6n
1 sec
RCA =180
CPP
30 MW
RI 6n
5 sec
-
o
1RWH 5&$ !! 5HOD\ &KDUDFWHULVWLF $QJOH
Over Voltage Protection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
Settings for a typical 150MW Turbo Generator Set: 2YHU YROWDJH 6WDJH S X ZLWK WLPH GHOD\ RI VHFRQG
July 2017
2YHU 9ROWDJH VWDJH S X ZLWK WLPH GHOD\ RI second.
Under Voltage Protection (27) 8QGHU YROWDJH SURWHFWLRQ LV UDUHO\ Ă&#x20AC;WWHG WR WKH JHQHUDWRUV ,W LV VRPHWLPHV XVHG DV DQ LQWHUORFN HOHPHQW IRU DQRWKHU SURWHFWLRQ IXQFWLRQ RU VFKHPH VXFK DV Ă&#x20AC;HOG IDLOXUH SURWHFWLRQ RU LQDGYHUWHQW HQHUJLVDWLRQ SURWHFWLRQ ZKHUH WKH DEQRUPDOLW\ WR EH GHWHFWHG OHDGV GLUHFWO\ RU LQGLUHFWO\ WR DQ XQGHU YROWDJH FRQGLWLRQ :KHUH XQGHU YROWDJH SURWHFWLRQ LV UHTXLUHG LW VKRXOG FRPSULVH DQ XQGHU YROWDJH HOHPHQW DQG DQ DVVRFLDWHG WLPH GHOD\ 6HWWLQJ DGDSWHG IRU D W\SLFDO 0: 7* LV JLYHQ EHORZ 8QGHU YROWDJH 6WDJH S X ZLWK WLPH GHOD\ RI second. 8QGHU 9ROWDJH VWDJH S X ZLWK WLPH GHOD\ RI second.
Negative Phase Sequence Protection (Protection against unbalanced loading) $ JHQHUDWRU LV DVVLJQHG D FRQWLQXRXV QHJDWLYH VHTXHQFH rating. For turbo-generators this rating is low; standard YDOXHV RI DQG RI WKH JHQHUDWRU FRQWLQXRXV rating have been adopted. The lower rating applies ZKHQ PRUH LQWHQVH FRROLQJ WHFKQLTXHV DUH DSSOLHG IRU H[DPSOH K\GURJHQ FRROLQJ ZLWK JDV GXFWV LQ WKH URWRU WR IDFLOLWDWH GLUHFW FRROLQJ RI WKH ZLQGLQJ 6KRUW WLPH KHDWLQJ RFFXUV GXULQJ V\VWHP IDXOW FRQGLWLRQV and it is usual while determining the generator negative VHTXHQFH ZLWKVWDQG FDSDELOLW\ WR DVVXPH WKDW WKH KHDW dissipation during such periods is negligible. 8VLQJ WKLV DSSUR[LPDWLRQ LW LV SRVVLEOH WR H[SUHVV WKH KHDWLQJ E\ WKH ODZ ,22t = K :KHUH I2 1HJDWLYH VHTXHQFH FRPSRQHQW SHU XQLW RI MCR) t = time in seconds: K &RQVWDQW SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH WKHUPDO FDSDFLW\ RI WKH generator rotor. 7KH QHJDWLYH VHTXHQFH SURWHFWLYH HOHPHQW ZLOO DOVR UHVSRQG WR SKDVH HDUWK DQG SKDVH SKDVH IDXOWV ZKHUH VXIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQW QHJDWLYH VHTXHQFH FXUUHQW DULVHV 7KXV JUDGLQJ ZLWK GRZQVWUHDP SRZHU V\VWHP SURWHFWLRQ UHOD\V LV QHHGHG $ GHĂ&#x20AC;QLWH PLQLPXP WLPH VHWWLQJ PXVW EH DSSOLHG WR WKH QHJDWLYH VHTXHQFH UHOD\ HOHPHQW WR HQVXUH FRUUHFW JUDGLQJ 3OHDVH UHIHU WDEOH VKRZLQJ FDOFXODWLRQV DQG VHWWLQJV IRU D IHZ SRZHU SODQWV ([DPSOH 7\SLFDO 0: 7XUER *HQHUDWRU 6\VWHP 'HWDLOV $V\PPHWULFDO VKRUW FLUFXLW SHUIRUPDQFH LV JLYHQ E\ ,22t Contiguous negative VHTXHQFH FDSDELOLW\
= 20
CT Ratio
= 8000/5A
7KH JHQHUDWRU QRPLQDO FXUUHQW
,QRP 3ULPDU\ &7 SULPDU\ = 6873/8000 = 0.859PU
Recommended settings:
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RI , FDSDELOLW\
[ RI )/& The minimum operating time of stage 1 = 5 seconds The Maximum operating time = 600 seconds Stage 2 is set higher than Stage 1 6WDJH VKDOO EH VHW DW RI , FDSDELOLW\ 6WDJH SLFN XS RI )/& ZLWK WLPH GHOD\ RI second 3URWHFWLRQ VHWWLQJ WDEOH ,33 0: 7* VHWV Protection function
Setting available in the relay
Recommended setting
GEN UNBAL: 0.000 to 1.250 Inom p. u. in steps of 0.001
6WDJH 3LFN 0.00 to 100% in up steps of 0.01
Remarks
0.00 to 100 in steps of 0.01
20
Stage 1 Tmin
0.00 to 50.00 sec in steps of 0.001
5 sec
Stage 1 for 86C trip.
600 sec
Stage 2 for 86B trip.
Stage 1 K reset
0.0 to 1000 sec in steps of 0.1
VHF
6WDJH 3LFN WR 3 8 up in steps of 0.01
10.5%
6WDJH 3LFN 0.0 to 1000 sec up delay in steps of 0.1
0.2 sec
Case-1: Generators rated equal to or less than 5MVA &RQYHQWLRQDO Ă&#x20AC;HOG XQGHUFXUUHQW SURWHFWLRQ FDQ EH JLYHQ The setting has to be below the minimum exciting current which is about 8% of that corresponding to the MCR of the machine. Time delay relays are to be used to avoid mal-operation during transient conditions and ride over Ă&#x20AC;HOG FXUUHQW Ă XFWXDWLRQV GXH WR SROH VOLSSLQJ ,Q FDVH WKH JHQHUDWRU Ă&#x20AC;HOG FXUUHQW LV QRW PHDVXUDEOH WKHQ VFKHPH given in Case-2 below needs to be pursued.
Case-2: Generators rated more than 5MVA#1, #5 The generator appears as an inductive load whenever a ORVV LQ LWV H[FLWDWLRQ RFFXUV /DUJH TXDQWLW\ RI 9$5V DUH absorbed by the machine at this condition. Either change the change in the machine impedance or variation in the VARs can be monitored to give protection.
Stage 1 K value
Stage 1 Tmax 0.0 to 1000 sec in steps of 0.1
Protection against loss of excitation
Protection against inadvertent (or accidental) energisation or Dead machine protection (50/27) $FFLGHQWDO FORVLQJ RI WKH JHQHUDWRU FLUFXLW EUHDNHU when it is not running can induce very high currents in the generator rotor and stator circuits with resultant overheating and damage.
On loss of excitation, the generator terminal voltage will start decreasing and the start current will start to increase. At this condition, when the generator is viewed from the generator terminal side, there will be an apparent reduction in the impedance (V/I). This impedance varies with respect to deceleration (change in rotor angle) of the generator. During loss of excitation, the generator terminal voltage starts falling and at the same time the rotor angle (slip) starts increasing. At zero VOLS ;* PDFKLQH UHDFWDQFH EHFRPHV HTXDO WR ;G WKH V\QFKURQRXV UHDFWDQFH $W VOLS ;* ;¾G WKH sub-transient reactance. At 50% slip, XG is shown to EH HTXDO WR ;¡G WKH WUDQVLHQW UHDFWDQFH ,Q WKH FDVH RI impedance relaying, an impedance (mho) circle with its center in the X axis is formed. The circles center is at a distance of (X'd/2) from the R axis. When the machine LPSHGDQFH EHFRPHV HTXDO WR ;G V\QFKURQRXV reactance), tripping is carried over a time delay. When the impedance further falls down, instantaneous tripping LV DSSOLHG 5HIHU 6NHWFK #5).
X - Axis
Stage 1 3LFN XS
Relay location: Generator R - Axis
Offset = Xâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d/2
Diameter = 1 P.U.
A combination of stator under voltage signal and phase over current signal can be used to monitor this condition. $Q LQVWDQWDQHRXV RYHU FXUUHQW UHOD\ LV XVHG DQG JDWHG with a three phase under voltage element to provide the UHTXLUHG SURWHFWLRQ 7KH 97 VKDOO EH RQ WKH JHQHUDWRU VLGH RI WKH FLUFXLW EUHDNHU The over current setting shall have a low setting as the RSHUDWLRQ LV EORFNHG ZKHQ WKH JHQHUDWRU LV RSHUDWLQJ normally. A setting of 50% voltage setting is normal. The over current setting can be in the range of 20% of normal full load current. In case of VT fuse failure, this protection VKDOO EH LQKLELWHG )RU D W\SLFDO 0: 7* EDVHG 3RZHU SODQW D FXUUHQW VHWWLQJ RI S X DQG D YROWDJH VHWWLQJ RI S X KDV EHHQ PDGH
56
Instantaneous operation Time Delayed operation Diameter = Xd Sketch -6: Loss of excitation â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Protection characteristic
The time delay settings td2 and tdo2 are set to zero to give instantaneous protection and reset.
Protection against Rotor Faults 7KH Ă&#x20AC;HOG FLUFXLW RI D JHQHUDWRU FRPSULVHV a) Field winding of the Generator
July 2017
TechSpace
b) Armature winding of the Exciter and
VWDJH LV D WULS VWDJH DQG LV VHW WR NÈ&#x17D; ZLWK WLPH GHOD\ RI V 6XJJHVWHG VHWWLQJV ² WR EH YHULÃ&#x20AC;HG DW VLWH
F )LHOG FLUFXLW EUHDNHU The above forms an isolated circuit, which is not normally earthed. Therefore on the occurrence of a single earth fault, it cannot be detected. However, the occurrence of D VHFRQG HDUWK IDXOW ZLOO GLYHUW KLJK Ã&#x20AC;HOG FXUUHQW 7KLV will result in damage to the conductors and the rotor as well. A violent vibration may occur which may damage the bearing surfaces and displace the rotor and cause fouling with the stator. The fault may be detected through an AC Injection PHWKRG 7KH JHQHUDWRU Ã&#x20AC;HOG ZLQGLQJ VKDOO KDYH DW OHDVW RQH VOLS ULQJ FRQQHFWLRQ WR WKH Ã&#x20AC;HOG FLUFXLW 6NHWFK #1) Sketch-7: Field Circuit Earth fault protection - Low Frequency A.C. Voltage injection system
Thus we could go through the protection settings in detail to the extent possible in this article. The notes SURYLGHG LQ WKLV DUWLFOH ZLOO DLG WKH Ã&#x20AC;HOG HQJLQHHU WR analyze and provide basic / commissioning settings to enable the initial starting of the plant. For easy reference, refer Table-2, which gives a summary list of preliminary settings. 7KH DXWKRU FRQYH\V KLV WKDQNV WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI 0 V 0 1 'DVWXU &RPSDQ\ 3 /LPLWHG IRU KDYLQJ JLYHQ DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR KLP WR ZRUN LQ WKH SURWHFWLRQ engineering domain. 7KH DXWKRU IXUWKHU DFNQRZOHGJHV ZLWK JUDWLWXGH the following sources, which have been used in writing this article.
Exciter exciter
Field winding
Concluding Notes
REFERENCES PDUNHG DV LQ WKH DUWLFOH
$/6720 JXLGH RQ 1HWZRUN 3URWHFWLRQ DQG $XWRPDWLRQ an extensive reference is made to this guide in this article.
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$SSOLFDWLRQ 1RWHV RQ *HQHUDWRU 3URWHFWLRQ 6FKHPHV 80 6,(0(16 ZZZ TXDG LQGXVWU\ FRP WLWDQBLPJ HFDWDORJ 80 B*HQB3URW 6FKHPHVB( SGI
Here an injection source is connected between earth DQG RQH VLGH RI WKH Ã&#x20AC;HOG FLUFXLW WKURXJK FDSDFLWLYH FRXSOLQJ DQG WKH PHDVXUHPHQW FLUFXLW 7KH Ã&#x20AC;HOG FLUFXLW is subjected to an alternating potential at substantially the same level throughout. An earth fault anywhere in WKH Ã&#x20AC;HOG V\VWHP ZLOO JLYH ULVH WR D FXUUHQW WKDW LV GHWHFWHG DV DQ HTXLYDOHQW YROWDJH DFURVV DQ DGMXVWDEOH UHVLVWRU E\ WKH UHOD\ 7KH FDSDFLWLYH FRXSOLQJ EORFNV WKH QRUPDO G F Ã&#x20AC;HOG YROWDJH SUHYHQWLQJ WKH GLVFKDUJH RI D ODUJH GLUHFW current through the protection scheme. The combination RI FDSDFLWRU DQG UHDFWRU IRUPV D ORZ SDVV Ã&#x20AC;OWHU WXQHG FLUFXLW WKH LQWHQWLRQ EHLQJ WR Ã&#x20AC;OWHU KLJK IUHTXHQF\ URWRU currents that may occur for a variety of reasons.
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CEAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s manual on â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Basic Electrical Design features for 7KHUPDO 3RZHU 6WDWLRQV 6HFWLRQ 5HFRPPHQGHG 3URWHFWLRQV
Typical settings for Rotor Fault of a 25MW Turbo generator
IEEE tutorial is an excellent source of information written by a group of practicing engineers based in North America.
RLC Bypass circuit
Low Frequency AC Source
Sensitive Voltage Relay
This rotor earth fault protection is provided by relay with two stage protection. This relay measures the rotor ZLQGLQJ WR JURXQG LPSHGDQFH 7KH Ã&#x20AC;UVW VWDJH LV DQ DODUP VWDJH DQG LV VHW WR NÈ&#x17D; 7KH VHFRQG VWDJH LV D WULS VWDJH DQG LV VHW WR NÈ&#x17D; DV SHU JXLGHOLQHV SURYLGHG in the relay manual.
Typical settings for Rotor Fault of a 150MW Turbo generator This rotor earth fault protection is provided by relay with WZR VWDJH SURWHFWLRQ 7KH Ã&#x20AC;UVW VWDJH LV DQ DODUP VWDJH DQG LV VHW WR NÈ&#x17D; ZLWK WLPH GHOD\ RI V 7KH VHFRQG
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$PRQJ WKH DERYH $/6720 *XLGH RQ 1HWZRUN 3URWHFWLRQ DQG $XWRPDWLRQ LV D JRRG VRXUFH RI reference for the protection engineers and used extensively by the author during his career. This guide needs to be owned by every protection engineer as it is a life-time asset. This guide is an extension / modern YHUVLRQ RI LWV HDUOLHU HGLWLRQ 3URWHFWLYH UHOD\V DSSOLFDWLRQ guide: GEC measurements', which deals with earlier types of relay protections.
SIEMENS write-up is simple and friendly and gives suggestions for the correct choice of protections for each rating of generator together with a clear explanation of their relay characteristics and applications. BASLER EECTRIC provides preliminary settings for their relays in their write-up, besides detailed current / potential transformers and relay connection schemes for various ratings of generators. The CEA manual is an authority on the thermal plant design and is a de-facto standard to be followed religiously in our country.
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Table-2: Summary of Protection Relay settings for Turbo-Generator Sl No Name of Protection
Default settings (for start-up / commissioning stage)
Remarks
Is1 = 5% of In 1
Stator winding protection â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Biased Differential protection*
Is2 = 120% of In K1 = 10% K2 = 150%
2
6WDWRU 2YHU &XUUHQW 3URWHFWLRQ
Note
The settings shown in 2(a) to 2(d) are to be derived over the phase side and neutral side phase CTs. These VHWWLQJV DUH QRW GHSHQGHQW RQ VWDWRU YROWDJH 3URWHFWLRQV H DQG I ZKLFK GHSHQG RQ VWDWRU YROWDJH need additional input of voltage from a VT connected to the phase side of the generator.
2(a)
Instantaneous phase over current protection - 50 (some WLPHV GHQRWHG DOVR DV 3
Set: 3 x In or maximum fault current as per short circuit study whichever is lower.
For initial setting: Delay: 0 second
2(b)
Time delayed phase over current protection - 51 - Some WLPHV GHQRWHG DV 3
6HW 360 [ ,Q 6HW 706 Slightly more than the fault clearing time on the HT side.
If the HT side fault clearing time is for example 0.5s, TMS = 0.0068
2(c)
Instantaneous neutral over current protection - 50N
Set: 50% of In: For initial setting: Delay: 0 second
This relay is connected residually to the CTs on the neutral side of the generator
2(d)
Time delayed neutral over current protection - 50N
6HW 360 RI ,Q 6HW 706 0.1 (as minimum safe value)
This relay is connected residually to the CTs on the neutral side of the generator
2(e)
Voltage controlled over current protection - For directly 360 RI ,Q 9HU\ LQYHUVH 7' connected Generators without Control voltage: 80% of Vnom use of GT.
5HIHU *HQHUDWRU 3URWHFWLRQ Application Guide: Basler Electric#5. Note: Compare WKHVH VHWWLQJ ZLWK WKH ZRUNHG RXW example in ALSTOM Guide#1 on page no 308.
2(f)
Voltage restrained over current 360 RI ,Q 9HU\ LQYHUVH 7' protection - For indirectly Control voltage: 100% of Vnom connected Generators (with the use of GT)
5HIHU *HQHUDWRU 3URWHFWLRQ Application Guide: Basler Electric#5: Note: Compare WKHVH VHWWLQJ ZLWK WKH ZRUNHG RXW example in ALSTOM Guide#1 on page no 311.
3
Stator Earth Fault Protection*
Directly connected generators
Shall not be more than 33% of the generator earth fault current carrying capability (or as advised by generator manufacturer) and this setting is to be coordinated with system earth fault current
Caution: To avoid direct connection of earth fault prone loads such as motors on the Generator bus.
3b
Indirectly connected generators
3URWHFWLRQ RI DERXW WR RI WKH winding from neutral: 100% Stator HDUWK IDXOW SURWHFWLRQ 71 7KLUG harmonic voltage monitoring - Alarm: 0.3V: Time delay: 1 to 3 sec - Trip: 9 7LPH GHOD\ WR VHF
7KH VHWWLQJ DUH WR EH YHULĂ&#x20AC;HG DW VLWH DQG FRQĂ&#x20AC;UPHG DV WKH WKLUG harmonic voltages vary with respect to the generator load. 100% stator earth fault protection settings are alarm type only.
3b
Set the over current relay in the Indirectly connected distribution transformer secondary generators (Continued) circuit to a value of 5% of the 3URWHFWLRQ IRU WKH EDODQFH SDUW calculated maximum earth fault current of the stator winding: at rated generated voltage.
3a
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In the case of indirectly connected generators, distribution transformer earthing is invariably employed.
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Case study )RU WKH WKUHH JHQHUDWRU V\VWHP WKH IXHO FRVW FRHIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQWV and the operating generator limits are given in following WDEOH 7KH % FRHIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQWV IRU WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV DUH JLYHQ in another table. Determine the economic schedule for loads 160 MW and 210 MW. 7DEOH )XHO FRVW FRHIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQW DQG RSHUDWLQJ JHQHUDWRU OLPLWV Generator
1.
ai bi 5V 0: K 5V 0:K
ci 5V K
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160
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7DEOH $LU (PLVVLRQV IURP )RVVLO )XHO (OHFWULF 3RZHU *HQHUDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ )XHO 6WHDP F\FOH SXOYHUL]HG Coal
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factor rating (EFR) code. This rating system is common to EETs for all industries and sectors and therefore, to all Industry Handbooks. The EFR codes are based on rating systems developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and by the European Environment Agency (EEA). Consequently, the ratings may not be directly relevant to Australian industry. The emission factor ratings will not form part of the public NPI database. When using emission factors, it should be aware of the associated EFR code and what that rating implies. An A or B rating indicates a greater degree of certainty than a D or E rating. The less certainty the more likely that a given emission factor for a VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;F VRXUFH RU FDWHJRU\ LV QRW UHSUHVHQWDWLYH RI WKH source type. These ratings notwithstanding, the main criterion affecting the uncertainty of an emission factor remains the degree of similarity between the equipment/ process selected in applying the factor, and the target equipment/process from which the factor was derived. The EFR system is as follows: A
-
Excellent
B
-
Above Average
C
-
Average
D
-
Below Average
E
-
U
-
Where, CPM = Concentration of PM10 or gram loading (g/m3), Cf = Filter catch (g), Vm,STP = Metered volume of sample at STP (m3). (The mass concentration of a gas (cgas) is obtained directly by measurement results in units g/m3, or converted from units such as g/m3, or parts per million by volume (ppmv) which may be on a wet or dry basis.) Emission, EPM10 = CPM * QD * 3.6 ((273/(273+T)) --------(13) Where, EPM10 = Hourly emissions of PM10 in kg/hr QD = 6WDFN JDV YROXPHWULF Ă RZ UDWH P3STP, dry/S) 3.6 = 3600 seconds per hour multiplied by 0.001 kilograms per gram T = Stack gas temperature in 0c
Case study PM10 emissions calculated using equations 12 and 13, and the stack sampling data for the following monitoring information: Total sampling data
7200 sec
Moisture collected
359.6 g
Poor
Filter catch (cf)
0.0851 g
Unrated
Average sampling rate
1.67 * 10-4 m3STP,dry/S
Emission Estimation Techniques The four types of emission estimation technique, that may be used to estimate emission, are as follows: h
Sampling or Direct measurement
h
Mass balance
h
Fuel analysis or other Engineering calculations
h
Emission factors
Selection of emission estimation technique is most appropriate for this purpose. For examples mass balance to best estimate fugitive losses for pumps and vents, direct measurement for stack and pipe emissions, and emission factors when estimating losses from storage tanks and stockpiles.
Standard metered volume (VmSTP) 1.185 m3STP,dry 9ROXPHWULF Ă RZ UDWH 4d) Exhaust gas temperature
8.48 m3STP,dry/S 250c {298K}
CPM = Cf / Vm,STP = 0.0 85 / 1.185 = 0.072 g / m3STP,dry EPM = CPM * QD * 3.6 (273/(273+T)) = 0.072 * 8.48 * 3.6 * (273/298) = 2.01 kg/hr 7R FRQYHUW DFWXDO H[KDXVW Ă RZ LQWR 673 GU\ XVH Qd = Qa*(1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;MC/100) * (273/(T + 273)) * (P /101.325)---- (14) Qd = 6WDFN JDV YROXPHWULF Ă RZ UDWH P3STP, dry/S) Qa $FWXDO JDV YROXPHWULF Ă RZ UDWH P3/s) MC = Moisture content of stack gas (% by volume)
Using Sampling Data Stack sampling test reports often provide emission data in terms of Kg/hr or grams/m3STP,dry (dry standard cubic meter). Annual emission for NPI reporting can be calculated from this data using equations (12) or (13) below. This section shows how to calculate emissions in Kg/hr based on stack sampling data, and how to convert WKLV WR DQ DQQXDO HPLVVLRQ Ă&#x20AC;JXUH &DOFXODWLRQV LQYROYHG in determining PM10 emission are used as an example, although the same general methodology is applicable for most of the substances listed on the NPI. Concentration, CPM = Cf / Vm,STP ----------------------------------------------------(12)
July 2017
T = Actual stack gas temperature (0c) Ps = Absolute stack gas pressure (kpa)
Using Emission Factor An emission factor is a tool that is used to estimate emission to the environment it relates the quantity of substances emitted from a source to some common activity associated with those emission. Emission factor are used to estimate a facility emissions by the general equations:
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Ekpy,i = [A * ophrs] * EF * [1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; CEi/100] ------------------- (15) Where, Ekpy,i = Emission rate of pollutant i, kg/yr, A = Activity rate, t / hr, ophrs = operating hours, hr/yr, EF = Uncontrolled emission factor of pollutant I, kg,t, CEi = 2YHUDOO FRQWURO HIÃ&#x20AC;FLHQF\ IRU SROOXWDQW L LQ . Emission factors are based on either fuel consumption (kg/tone of fuel consumed), energy consumption (kg/ PJ or tone/PJ energy input). Where, the emission factor is based on energy consumption. Energy consumption (PJ/year) = [Fuel consumption (tonnes/year) * higher heating value (MJ/kg)]/106. Emission factors developed IURP PHDVXUHPHQWV IRU VSHFLÃ&#x20AC;F SRZHU VWDWLRQ RU SURFHVV can sometimes be used to estimate emissions at other sites. Emission factors are commonly available for air emission, but rarely available for emission to water or land.
Emission Factors for Black Coal Combustion (Steam Cycle) The following tables include air emission factors for the combustion of black coals in boiler for electricity generation. Black coal is assumed to include bituminous DQG VXE ELWXPLQRXV FRDOV &RDO VSHFLÃ&#x20AC;F HPLVVLRQ factors for black coal combustion in power station are:
PM10(FF controlled)h
0.009 Ad
5.3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 7.1 kg/tonne of coal
SO2
6.72 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 11.0 kg/tonne of coal
Particulates
0.1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1.4 kg/tone of coal (total)
For Queensland coal: NOX
3.17 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 15.6 kg/tonne of coal
SO2
4.0 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6.2 kg/tonne of coal
Particulates
1.18 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1.98 kg / tonne of coal (total)
,Q WKH DEVHQFH RI VLWH VSHFLÃ&#x20AC;F HPLVVLRQ IDFWRUV IDFWRUV from Table- 3, (SO2, NOX, CO and PM10) can be used. Table-3: Emission Factors for Black Coal Combustion (NOX,SO2,CO and PM10)
EMISSION FACTOR (kg / tonne of coal)
SUBSTANCE
:DOO Ã&#x20AC;UHG Rating Sulfur dioxide (so2) Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)b Carbon monoxide (CO)c
Tangentially Rating Ã&#x20AC;UHG
0.009 Ad
E
Emission Factors for Brown Coal Combustion (Steam Cycle)
Brown coal or lignite is low rank coal used for electricity generation in India, Victoria and South Australia .Brown coal usually has a high moisture content and low heating value (<19 MJ / kg (afm)). The following emission factors indicate the range for brown coal: NOX
1.14 - 1.6 kg / tonne of coal
SO2
0.78 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1.82 kg / tonne of coal
CO
0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 0.12 kg / tonne of coal
Particulates
0.4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1.1 kg / tone of coal (total particulates)
,Q WKH DEVHQFH RI VLWH VSHFLÃ&#x20AC;F HPLVVLRQ IDFWRUV IURP table 4 (SO2,NOX,CO and PM10) can be used Table â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4: Emission Factors for Brown Coal combustion (SO2,NOX,CO and PM10) SUBSTANCE
EMISSION FACTOR (kg / tonne of coal)
WallÃ&#x20AC;UHG
For NSW coals: NOX
E
Rating Tangentially Rating Ã&#x20AC;UHG
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
15S
C
15S
C
Oxides of nitrogen (NOX)
5.6
C
3.7
C
2.3
C
3.4
C
Carbon monoxide (CO)
0.13
C
No data
PM10 (Uncontrolled)
0.91A
E
1.15
E
PM10 (Multiple cyclone controlled)
0.35A
E
0.44A
E
Emission Factors for Natural Gas Combustion (steam cycle)
Natural gas is used in steam cycle electricity generation plants. Natural gas is also used to fuel gas turbines, and less commonly to fuel stationary engines to generate electricity.
(17.5S)a
A
(17.5S)a
A
10.9
A
7.2
A
0.25
A
0.25
A
PMf10 (Uncontrolled)
1.15A
E
1.15A
E
EMISSION FACTOR (tonne / PJ ) SUBSTANCE Wall- Rating Tangentially Rating Ã&#x20AC;UHG Ã&#x20AC;UHG
PM10(ESP controlled)g
0.027Ad
D
0.027Ad
D
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
68
Emission factor are included in table 5. Table-5: Emission Factors for Natural Gas Combustion (SO2, NOX, CO, and PM10)
0.25 A
July 2017
0.25
A
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Oxides of nitrogen (NOX) Carbon monoxide (CO) PM10
35
U
6
U
1.3
D
97
U
1.3
D
combustions. Fugitive emissions of dust are related to many factors that are not readily predictable, such as VXUIDFH FUXVWLQJ DQG URXJKQHVV 7KH PDMRU LQĂ XHQFLQJ factors on total fugitive dust emissions include surface disturbance (eg ash moving, etc) surface wind velocity and soil characteristics (eg moisture content, etc) )XJLWLYH GXVW HPLVVLRQV WHQG WR EH VLJQLĂ&#x20AC;FDQW DW WKH commencement of an event (eg wind change) and decrease as the surface material becomes depleted of the smaller particles.
Emission Factors for Oil Combustion (steam cycle) Fuel oil and distillate are commonly used as an auxiliary fuel in steam cycle boilers. Hence their use is relatively minor when compared to coal and natural gas. Table-6 gives emission factor for fuel oil and distillate. Table-6: Emission Factor for Oil Combustion (SO2. NOX, CO, PM10) SUBSTANCE
EMISSION FACTOR (kg / 103 L)
FUEL
WallĂ&#x20AC;UHG
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Fuel oil
Oxides of nitrogen (NOX)
Fuel oil
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Rating
Tangentially Ă&#x20AC;UHG Rating
A
18.9S
A
A
17S
A
8
A
5
A
Distillate
2.4
A
2.4
A
Fuel oil
0.6
A
0.6
A
Distillate
0.6
A
0.6
A
0.71A
C
0.71A
C
18.9S
Distillate 17S
PM10 Fuel oil (uncontrolled)
Emission Factors for Stationary Gas Turbines These factors should also be used for cogeneration system based gas turbines. Factors for gas turbines utilizing exhaust gas control technology are included. These technologies include: 1) Water or steam injection where water / steam is injected into the combustion chamber to reduce the Ă DPH WHPSHUDWXUH DQG 12X emission. 2) Combustion control to reduce NOX emission through lean combustion, reduced combustor residence time, two-stage lean / lean combustion or two stage rich / lean combustion. 3) Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system that reduce NOX emission by injecting ammonia into the exhaust gases upstream of catalyst.
Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust Fugitive dust emission may be relevant to facilities storing and handling coal and ash for PM10 and trace elements (for large emissions). Sound practice should minimize fugitive emissions that, in practice should be minor when compared with the emissions from
July 2017
Using Fuel Analysis Data Fuel analysis can be used to predict SO2, metals and other emissions based on application of conservation laws, if fuel rate Qf is measured. The presence of certain elements in fuels may be used to predict their presence of emission streams. This includes elements such as sulphur that may be converted into other compounds during the combustion process. The basic equation used in fuel analysis emission calculation is the following: Ekpy,i= Qf * pollutant concentration in fuel*(MWP/ EWf) -----------(16)
Where, Ekpy,i = emissions of pollutant i kg / yr, Qf = fuel use (kg / hr), MWP = molecular weight of pollutant emitted (kg / kg-mole), EWf = elemental weight of pollutant in fuel (kg / kg-mole). Equation-5 is most DSSURSULDWH IRU YRODWLOH HOHPHQWV LQ FRDO VXFK DV Ă XRULQH and chlorine. For elements that are captured effectively, HLWKHU LQ ERWWRP DVK Ă \ DVK (TXDWLRQ FDQ UHVXOW LQ over-estimation of emissions. If coal concentrations and ash fractions are known, emission estimate can be calculated without stack measurements by utilizing mass balance techniques. For instance, SO2 emissions from oil combustion can be calculated based on the concentration of sulfur in the oil. This approach assumes complete conversion of sulfur to SO2. Therefore, for every kilogram of sulfur (EW = 32) burned, two kilograms of SO2 (MW = 64) are emitted.
Case Study How SO2 can be calculated from oil combustion, based RQ IXHO DQDO\VLV UHVXOWV DQG WKH IXHO Ă RZ LQIRUPDWLRQ The power station is assumed to operate 150 hours per year on oil. Ekpy,SO2 can be calculated using equation (5) Assume a given Qf =2000 kg/hr, Weight percent sulfur in fuel=1.17 %, Operating hours=150 hr/yr Ekpy,SO2
=
Qf * pollutant concentration in fuel * (MWP / EWf) * ophrs
= (2000) * (1.17 / 100) * (64 / 32) kg / hr = 46.8 kg / hr * 150 hr / yr = 7.0 * 103 kg / yr
Using CEMS Data Using CEMS (continuous emission monitoring systems) data to estimate emissions can be applicable for
69
TechSpace
power stations with suitable equipment installed, or for facilities that undertake medium term monitoring that is representative of power station operations over a year. To monitor SO2, NOX and CO emissions using a CEMS and use a pollutant concentration monitor that measures concentration in parts per million by volume dry air (ppmvd). Flow rate should be measured using D YROXPHWULF Ă RZ UDWH PRQLWRU (PLVVLRQ UDWHV NJ hr) are then calculated by multiplying the stack gas FRQFHQWUDWLRQV E\ WKH VWDFN JDV Ă RZ UDWHV Although CEMS can report real-time hourly emissions automatically, it may be necessary to manually estimate annual emissions from hourly concentration data. It is important to note that prior to using CEMS to estimate emissions, you should develop a protocol for collecting DQG DYHUDJLQJ WKH GDWD LQ RUGHU WKDW WKH HVWLPDWH VDWLVĂ&#x20AC;HV the local environmental authority as a requirement for emission estimations. Table-7: CEM Output Averaged for a Power Plant Firing Fuel Oil Time
O2 (%V)
Concetration(C) (ppmvd) SO2
NOX
CO
Gas Flow Oil Use Rate (Q) Rate (A) (m3stp,dry/s) (tonnes/s)
1
10.3 150.9 142.9
42.9
8.52
290
2
10.1 144.0 145.7
41.8
8.48
293
3 11.8 123.0 112.7 128.4 8.85 270 Hourly emissions can be based on concentration measurements as shown in Equation (6). Ei = (C * MW * Q * 3600) / (V * 106) ------------------------ (6) Where, Ei = emissions of pollutant i, kg / hr, C = pollutant concentration in ppmvd, MW = molecular weight of the SROOXWDQW NJ NJ PROH 4 VWDFN JDV YROXPHWULF Ă RZ rate in m3 STP,dry / S 3600 = 3600 seconds per hour, V = volume occupied by one mole of gas at standard temperature and pressure (22.4 m3 / kg-mole at 00C and 1 atmosphere) This may be applied to each hour that CEMS data LV DYDLODEOH IRU D \HDU DQG PRGLĂ&#x20AC;HG WR DFFRXQW IRU time CEMS data is unavailable (Weighted by load). Alternatively, a less robust estimation of emissions in kilograms per year can be calculated by multiplying the emissions rate in kg / hr, by the number of actual operating hours (opHrs) as shown in equation (17). Ekpy,i = (Ei * OpHrs) ----------------------------------------------(17) Where, Ekpy,i = annual emissions in kg / yr of pollutant I, Ei = hourly emissions in kg / yr of pollutant I, Op Hrs = annual operating hours in hr / yr. Emissions in kilograms of pollutant per tonne of fuel consumed can be calculated by dividing the emission rate kg / hr, by the fuel consumption rate (tones / hr) during the same period which is shown in equation (8). (Ekpt,i) 1 = Ei / A ---------------------------------------------------(18)
70
Where, (Ekpt,i) 1 = emissions of pollutant i per tone of fuel consumed ,kg / tone, Ei = hourly emissions of pollutant i, kg / hr, A = fuel oil consumption, tones / hr.
Control Technologies Emissions control technologies commonly used in the fossil fuel electric power generation industry. These technologies are combined with environmental management systems on many sites to reduce the overall adverse environmental impact of fossil fuel electric power generation.
Control Technologies for Air Emissions Control of air emissions from fossil fuel electric power generation may be considered as: h
Pre-combustion (fuel treatment) ;
h
Combustion control ;
h
Post- combustion
Pre-combustion processes relate to the â&#x20AC;&#x153;cleaningâ&#x20AC;? of undesirable substances from the fuel prior to combustion. This could also include the selection of fuels that can result in reduced emissions of particular substances, such as low sulfur coal. Pre-combustion processes have limited application for fossil fuel electric power generation. Combustion control processes generally relate to the control of oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and carbon monoxide &2 E\ FRQWUROOLQJ Ă DPH WHPSHUDWXUH DQG IXHO DLU UDWLR to ensure complete combustion. Pre-combustion processes relate to the control of particulate matter. Generally, this is achieved by the XVH RI HOHFWURVWDWLF SUHFLSLWDWRUV DQG IDEULF Ă&#x20AC;OWHUV &ROOHFWLRQ HIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQFLHV FRPPRQO\ H[FHHG RI LQSXW particulate load.
Control Technologies for Water Emissions Water emissions include discharges from boiler water demineralising plant, cooling water blow down, ash WUDQVSRUW ZDWHU DQG Ă RRU DQG VLWH GUDLQDJH The techniques to reduce the adverse environmental impact of water discharges are:
July 2017
TechSpace
h
Neutralizing of acid discharges;
h
Dense-phase ash transport (no ash transport water to dispose of);
h
Impoundment of side drainage eg. Settling ponds;
h
“Zero discharge ” operations by evaporating excess water;
h
Use of marine disposal for saline water;
h
&RQWURO RI ÁRRU GUDLQV GLVFKDUJHV YLD RLO
h
Mechanical condenser cleaning systems;
h
Chemical substitution eg Non solvent cleaning techniques;
Conclusion Now days, the demand of power is growing very rapidly all over the world. So it is important to restructure the SRZHU V\VWHP WR IXOÀOO WKLV GHPDQG 7R PDNH VXFK W\SH of restructured power system, government should have to take the help of private sector. Economic operation of power system is also needed to minimize the cost of generation. Due to the privatization, there is a huge competition in the market, to supply the power in nominal cost. For this reason economic operation is very much effective. Also, emission from plants increases the cost of generation due to increased pollution checking measures implemented. Hence, it is highly recommended that we apply better algorithms so as to bring down the amount of pollutants emitted. This, in turn, should again decrease the generation cost, too and be eco-friendly. Thus, the emission related calculations and a related algorithm to bring down the emission from generating stations is developed. These algorithms and the related studies should help the generating stations in near future to maintain economic and eco-friendly generation. This would also help our country in future to be power VXIÀFLHQW DQG PDLQWDLQ WKH DWPRVSKHUH WKDW ZRXOG EH EHQHÀFLDO IRU RXU IXWXUH JHQHUDWLRQV DOVR REFERENCES: 1)
Jerom. K. Delson and S. M. Shahidehpour “LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLICATIONS TO POWER SYSTEM ECONOMICS, PLANNING AND OPERATION”. IEEE Transactions on power system, Vol7, No3, August 1992.
2)
Air & Waste Management Association Air Pollution Engineering Manual (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992)
3)
Air & Waste Management Association Toxic Air Pollution Handbook, edited by D Patrick (Van Nostrand Reinhol 1994)
4)
Dale L. S. Fate of Trace Elements in Coal Combustion and Potential Environmental Impact. Ɠ
Dr. S. C. Konar
Ex-Professor & Head, E. E. Department; B.E.S.U. (now, IIEST), Howrah - 711103. Presently, Dean (R & D); Narula Institute of Technology,
Mr. Prasanta Kumar Das
Visiting Lecturer, E. E. Department; Regent Engineering and research Foundation
July 2017
71
IEEMAActivities
Seminar on GST
IEEMA Activities
Seminar on “GST Trade Awareness”
IEEMA jointly with MSME Development Institute conducted half day Seminar on “GST Trade Awareness” at MSME Development Institute in Mumbai. The seminar began with presentations by Mr J Prasath, Assistant Commissioner, Service Tax – I & Mr Yogesh Loke, Assistant Commissioner, Service Tax – II on GST Overview, Registration, Filing Returns & GST Network. A panel discussion and Q&A session comprising of CA Dushyant Bhatt, Partner – Mehta Chokshi & Shah & Ms. Priyanka Naik, Senior Manager at SKP Consulting apart from Mr Prasath and Mr Loke was also conducted. The seminar was attended by 78 participants. Seminar ended with networking high-tea.
Workshop on Switchgear Basics, Application & New Technology IEEMA organized One Day Workshop on “Switchgear Basics, Application & New Technology” on Friday, the 26th May 2017 at Maple Hall of Hotel Residency, Andheri (East), Mumbai. The Workshop was conducted by Mr.Satish Gupte, retired Vice President, Siemens Ltd. It was attended by 44 participants from 8 IEEMA Member Companies, 5 non-member Companies, CPRI, ERDA, Reliance Infrastructure & Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation Ltd. The workshop was designed to give an insight into best practices of the Switchgear products, type testing requirements, emerging trends and technological advancement. The feedback received from the participants was positive. All non-member company representatives have shown interest in IEEMA Membership.
Workshop on “Implementation of GST” IEEMA organized One Day Workshop on “Implementation of GST” on 22nd June 2017 in Mumbai. SKP Group & Yes Bank joined IEEMA as Knowledge Partners for the workshop. Mr. Jigar Doshi, Partner (Indirect Taxes) and Ms.Rebecca Pinto, Manager – Indirect Taxes from SKP Business Consulting LLP conducted the first three sessions of Workshop and presented all important aspects of Implementation of GST. All sessions were kept open for interaction to answer delegates’ queries, keeping
Readers are requested to send their feedback about content of the Journal at editor@ieema.org 72
July 2017
IEEMAActivities
in mind the complexity of GST as a new tax reform. Mr.Sopan Chavan, Senior Vice Prisdent, Mr.Rupesh Shinde, Senior Manager & Mr.Abhishek Pandey, Senior Vice President conducted the final session and presented Bankâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s initiative towards MSMEs in light of introduction of new tax reform, Software Integration to GST Network, Issues related to export and import trade compliance. The workshop was attended by 47 participants from 12 IEEMA Member Companies and the feedback received from all of them was overwhelming in terms of satisfactory and in-depth clarifications they got from the speakers.
Joint Workshop on GST by IEEMA and NIMSME IEEMA and NIMSME jointly organized a GST workshop on 02nd June 2017 at NIMSME Hyderabad. Speakers for the session were Mr. Venkateshwarlu, ICWA, Ms. Radhika, CA & GST qualified trainer of NIMSME and faculty members of NIMSME, Hyderabad. Mr. L Hoakip, Director (SME) - Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India, Mr. M Chandra Sekhar Reddy, DG - NIMSME & Dr. Yedukondalu, Ass.t Commissioner, Commercial Taxes Department, Gov.t of Telangana also attended the workshop.
Workshop on Smart Meter Implementation On 12th June 2017 a workshop was organized by National Smart Grid Mission-PMU for Smart Meter implementation at PGCIL, Gurugram. The workshop was participated by key stakeholders of Smart Metering ecosystem. There was four different presentation suggesting various business models for Smart Meters roll out the presentations was given by IEEMA, EESL, RECPDCL & KPMG. Mr. Jitendra Agarwal , Chairman of IEEMA Meter Division gave presentation on behalf of Industry. Mr. A.K Verma JS(D) , MoP and Mr. Vishal Kappor , Director (D) MoP was also present in the workshop. The workshop was followed by an open house where participant deliberated on various business models. Mr. Sunil Misra DG, IEEMA, Mr. J.Pande , Sr. Director, IEEMA and Mr. Akeel Khan , Executive Officer IEEMA was also present in the workshop.
IEEMA also sought a date for proposed Workshop on Level Playing Field and Make-in-India, with all power utilities and stakeholders, under the aegis of the Department of Heavy Industry. Secretary confirmed the date, as 27th July 2017, and gave his consent to be the Chief Guest.
Meeting with Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion on Quality Control Order for IS 12615 On 8th June 2017, a meeting was called by Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion under the chairmanship of Ms. Vandana Kumar- Joint Secretary to discuss and understand the implementation issues regarding Quality Control order for IS 12615. The major discussion points were Exemption of Exports order from the purview of QC Order, ISI marking on Motors, Labs availability for testing, Process of BIS License and certification etc. In the meeting IEEMA Delegation was led by representatives from BBL, CGL, SIEMENS and ICAI.
Meeting With Shri BN Sharma, Additional Secretary, Department of Revenue On 8th June 2017, Shri Sunil Misra, Director General and Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Director, IEEMA, called on Shri B N Sharma, Additional Secretary, Department of Revenue, Government of India, and represented the issue of high GST rate of 28% on some of the electrical items, including the Capital Goods. IEEMA had earlier submitted a representation to Revenue Secretary and also met him on 25th May 2017, on this subject. Shri Sharma agreed to look into and take up the matter with the Revenue Secretary.
Agreement between IEEMA and CEEIA A new saga of inter association cooperation began with the conclusion of sales partner agency agreement between IEEMA and CEEIA, electrical equipment industry association of China. CEEIA will promote ELECRAMA 2018 in mainland China and HongKong. The agreement was signed by Mr Bai Wenbo, Deputy Secretary General, CEEIA and Mr Ajay Mahajan, HeadTrade Fairs Mktg, IEEMA.
Meeting with Shri Girish Shankar, Secretary, DHI on the issue of high GST on some electrical items On 7th June 2017, Shri Sunil Misra, Director General and Shbri Sudeep Sarkar, Director, IEEMA, met Shri Girish Shankar, Secretary, Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India, to apprise him and request intervention of DHI, in the issue of high GST rate of 28% on some of the electrical items, including the Capital Goods. IEEMA had earlier submitted a representation to Secretary, DHI on this subject. Secretary, DHI agreed to take up and write to Revenue Secretary, in this regard.
July 2017
73
PowerStatistics
Global Energy Trends 2015 Total Primary Energy Supply by Fuel
Hydro 2% Biofuels 11%
Nuclear 1% Natural Gas 16%
Nuclear 5% Natural Gas 21%
Coal 26%
Coal 30%
Oil 44%
1971
Hydro 2%
Biofuels 10%
5523 Mtoe
Oil 32%
2015
13700 Mtoe
Total Final Consumption by Sector
NonSpeciĮed (Other) 4%
Agricultur e/forestry 3%
Commerc e & Public Services 8%
Agricultur e/forestry 2%
NonSpeciĮed (Other) 2%
ResidenƟa l 23%
ResidenƟa l 24% Industry 38%
Industry 37%
Transport 23%
1971
4244 Mtoe
Commerc Services 8%
Transport 28%
2015
9426 Mtoe
Total Primary Energy Supply by Region
Bunkers 3%
Asia 13%
Middle east 1%
Europe & Eurasia 16%
Non OECD Americas Africa 3% 4%
Middle east 5%
Source:
74
5523 Mtoe
2015
Non OECD Americas 5%
Africa 6%
OECD 37%
Asia 35%
OECD 60%
1971
Europe & Eurasia 9%
Bunkers 3%
IEA
July 2017
13700 Mtoe
PowerStatistics
Indian Electrical Equipment Industry - Quarterly Growth Index RotaÆ&#x;ng Machines
Switchgear 26.7
6.4
5.2
21.3 1.4
4.2
4.9 4.4
3.6
3.9
-1.0
12.6
10.3
14.7
FY15 Q1FY15 Q2FY15 Q3FY15 Q4FY16 Q1FY16 Q2FY16 Q3FY16 Q4FY17 Q1FY17 Q2FY17 Q3FY17 Q4
12.7
13.7
9.2 -1.1
7.2
7.1
0.6
-3.4 -8.7
-9.1
FY15 Q1FY15 Q2FY15 Q3FY15 Q4FY16 Q1FY16 Q2FY16 Q3FY16 Q4FY17 Q1FY17 Q2FY17 Q3FY17 Q4
Transformers
Cables
41.9
14.0
32.6
11.0
9.2 28.7
4.1 23.8
19.7
3.2
16.8
2.8 7.7
6.3 0.7
-2.9
-5.0
1.3
-1.8
-1.9
FY15 Q1FY15 Q2FY15 Q3FY15 Q4FY16 Q1FY16 Q2FY16 Q3FY16 Q4FY17 Q1FY17 Q2FY17 Q3FY17 Q4
51.0
Capacitors
37.8
28.2
10.5
-7.5
-5.1
-10.5
-16.2
8.6
6.6
FY15 Q1FY15 Q2FY15 Q3FY15 Q4FY16 Q1FY16 Q2FY16 Q3FY16 Q4FY17 Q1FY17 Q2FY17 Q3FY17 Q4
-14.1
Meters
15.4
12.9 6.8
-10.1
-9.7
FY15 Q1FY15 Q2FY15 Q3FY15 Q4FY16 Q1FY16 Q2FY16 Q3FY16 Q4FY17 Q1FY17 Q2FY17 Q3FY17 Q4
14.7
8.5 4.0
5.9
2.7
-1.6
FY15 Q1FY15 Q2FY15 Q3FY15 Q4FY16 Q1FY16 Q2FY16 Q3FY16 Q4FY17 Q1FY17 Q2FY17 Q3FY17 Q4
-16.8
-14.5
-7.2
-16.5
-19.4
-29.0
Transmission Lines 8.8
6.9
6.7
4.1
13.0
11.5
8.4
9.3
1.9
0.9
Overall Electrical Equipment Industry
14.8
9.4
12.9
8.12
7.4
0.3
6.26 7.2
FY15 Q1FY15 Q2FY15 Q3FY15 Q4FY16 Q1FY16 Q2FY16 Q3FY16 Q4FY17 Q1FY17 Q2FY17 Q3FY17 Q4
5.5
5.2
-2.5 -9.7
1.40
1.60 FY15 Q1
LV Switchgear
FY15 Q2
FY15 Q3
FY15 Q4
FY16 Q1
FY16 Q2
FY16 Q3
FY16 Q4
HV Switchgear
35.6
FY17 Q1
FY17 Q2
FY17 Q3
FY17 Q4
39.7
25.8
19.3
5.6
16.7
10.7
9.3
9.0
19.7
14.0
11.6
13.0 8.8
7.6
1.0
FY15 Q1FY15 Q2FY15 Q3FY15 Q4FY16 Q1FY16 Q2FY16 Q3FY16 Q4FY17 Q1FY17 Q2FY17 Q3FY17 Q4
-4.3
-0.7 FY15 Q1
12.6
7.8 5.2
-5.3 FY15 Q2
FY15 Q3
FY15 Q4
FY16 Q1
FY16 Q2
FY16 Q3
FY16 Q4
FY17 Q1
FY17 Q2
FY17 Q3
FY17 Q4
-0.5 -17.3
Source: IEEMA database
July 2017
75
IEEMADatabase
BASIC PRICES AND INDEX NUMBERS Unit
as on 01.4.17
IRON, STEEL & STEEL PRODUCTS
OTHER RAW MATERIALS
BLOOMS(SBL) 150mmX150mm
`/MT
29503.00
BILLETS(SBI) 100MM
`/MT
30193.00
CRNGO Electrical Steel Sheets M-45, C-6 (Ex-Rsp)
`/MT
55500.00
CRGO ELECTRICAL STEEL SHEETS a) For Transformers of rating up to 10MVA and voltage up to 33 KV b) For Transformers of rating above 10MVA or voltage above 33 KV
`/MT
`/MT
as on 01.4.17
Unit
Epoxy Resin CT - 5900
`/Kg
420.00
Phenolic Moulding Powder
`/Kg
87.00
PVC Compound - Grade CW - 22
`/MT
133250.00
PVC Compound Grade HR - 11
`/MT
134250.00
`/KLitre
59000.00
Transformer Oil Base Stock (TOBS)
218250.00
OTHER IEEMA INDEX NUMBERS
274500.00
IN-BUSDUCTS (Base June 2000=100) for the month February 2017
227.06
IN - BTR - CHRG (Base June 2000=100)
293.09
IN - WT (Base June 2000=100
228.36
IN-INSLR (Base: Jan 2003 = 100)
211.38
NON-FERROUS METALS Electrolytic High Grade Zinc
`/MT
208100.00
Lead (99.97%)
`/MT
177100.00
Copper Wire Bars
`/MT
394692.00
Copper Wire Rods
`/MT
407227.00
Aluminium Ingots - EC Grade (IS 4026-1987)
`/MT
144137.00
Aluminuium Properzi Rods EC Grade (IS5484 1978)
`/MT
150093.00
Aluminium Busbar (IS 5082 1998)
`/MT
206800.00
Wholesale price index number for â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Ferrous Metals (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month February 2017 Wholesale price index number forâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Fuel & Power (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month February 2017
93.70
94.50
All India Average Consumer Price Index Number for Industrial Workers (Base 2001=100) February 2017
274.00
# Estimated, NA: Not available 140000
PVC Compound - Grade HR-11 Rs./MT
(Rs./MT)
135000
130000
125000
May 2015 - April 2017 120000
76
July 2017
04-17
03-17
02-17
01-17
12-16
11-16
10-16
09-16
08-16
07-16
06-16
05-16
04-16
03-16
02-16
01-16
12-15
11-15
10-15
`09-15
`08-15
`07-15
`06-15
`05-15
The basic prices and indices are calculated on the basis of raw material prices, exclusive of excise/C.V. GXW\ ZKHUHYHU PDQXIDFWXUHV DUH HOLJLEOH WR REWDLQ 02'9$7 EHQHÃ&#x20AC;W These basic prices a nd indices are for operation of IEEMAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Price Variation Clauses for various products. %DVLF 3ULFH 9DULDWLRQ &ODXVHV H[SODQDWLRQ RI QRPHQFODWXUH FDQ EH REWDLQHG IURP ,((0$ RIÃ&#x20AC;FH Every care has been taken to ensure correctness of reported prices and indices. However, no responsibility is assured for correctness. Authenticated prices and indices are separately circulated by IEEMA every month. We recommend using authenticated prices and indices only for claiming price variation.
IEEMADatabase
1200
AC Motors - L.T.
1000
000'kVA
1100
900
800
700
Apr 13 to March 17
6000 4
6
8
10 12
2
4
6
8
10 12
2
4
6
8
10 12
2
4
6
8
10 12
2
Production Name of Product
Accounting Unit
For the Month Mar 2017
From April 16 Highest Annual to
Mar 17
Production
Electric Motors* AC Motors - LT
000' KW
1078
10822
11580
AC Motors - HT
000' KW
465
3225
5091
DC Motors
000' KW
35
410
618
000' KVA
1088
11544
11261
Contactors
000' Nos.
978
9743
8527
Motor Starters
000' Nos.
194
1986
1909
Nos.
80872
704031
947878
000' Poles
15561
159917
136979
Circuit Breakers - LT
Nos.
271939
2736967
1932964
Circuit Breakers - HT
Nos.
9407
72492
72156
Custom-Build Products
Rs. Lakhs
25435
182733
265267
HRC Fuses & Overload Relays
000' Nos.
1264
14243
16875
KM
64145
565332
507486
000' KVAR
4871
47409
53417
Distribution Transformers
000' KVA
5928
43512
46761
Power Transformers
000' KVA
36686
202036
178782
000' Nos.
59
603
705
12538
109601
114488
000' Nos.
3214
25176
29317
000' MT
114
1052
1250
AC Generators Switchgears*
Switch Fuse & Fuse Switch Units Miniature Circuit Breakers
Power Cables* Power Capacitors - LT & HT* Transformers
Instrument Transformers Current Transformers Voltage Transformers Energy Meters* Transmission Line Towers*
Nos
* Weighted Production IEEMA Database
July 2017
77
IInFocus nFocus
ightning Protection of structures are being done in ZD\V ERWK FRQÃ&#x20AC;UPLQJ WKH ,QGLDQ 6WDQGDUGV 7KH Ã&#x20AC;UVW PHWKRG LV LVRODWHG SURWHFWLRQ IRU FRQYHQLHQFH FDOOHG DV FRQYHQWLRQDO PHWKRG LQ WKLV SDSHU DQG WKH VHFRQG RQH LV WR XVH WKH QDWXUDOO\ DYDLODEOH VWHHO LQ EXLOGLQJV DV SDUWV RI /36 VXFK DV GRZQ FRQGXFWRU DQG HDUWKLQJ IRU FRQYHQLHQFH FDOOHG DV VWUXFWXUDO HDUWKLQJ LQ WKLV SDSHU
L
Protection Measures (touch and step potential)
PTA 1
1R 3URWHFWLRQ PHDVXUHV Warning notices
(OHFWULFDO LQVXODWLRQ RI H[SRVHG /36 SDUWV
6RLO HTXLSRWHQWLDOLVDWLRQ
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Analysis on injury to living being by electric shock due to a direct lightning strike in the structure ,6 ,(& H[SODLQV WKH ULVN DVVHVVPHQW DQG SUREDELOLW\ RI GDPDJHV LQ D EXLOGLQJ GXULQJ D OLJKWQLQJ 3UREDELOLW\ RI LQMXU\ WR OLYLQJ EHLQJ GXH WR WRXFK DQG VWHS SRWHQWLDO 3$ LQ D EXLOGLQJ GHSHQGV RQ WKH SURWHFWLRQ PHDVXUHV SURYLGHG LQ WKH EXLOGLQJ DJDLQVW WRXFK DQG VWHS SRWHQWLDOV 37$ DV ZHOO DV WKH H[WHUQDO /36 SURYLGHG 3% 3$ 37$ ; 3%
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July 2017
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InFocus
Class I with no protection 0.02 One strike out of 50 measures PTA can create physical damage Structural Earthing
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NO Chance of Damage
Electrical Safety and Power Frequency Fault Voltage Industrial / IT and commercial establishments generally use TN-S network for L.V electrical distribution with in the facility. For establishments with number of electronic systems, TN-S is the recommended network by every latest standards . The method is explained and recommended in IS 3043 as PME (Protected Multiple Earthing). Properly implemented structural earthing ensures easy implementation of PME and there by reduce the power frequency fault voltage between electricity using equipment and extraneous conductive parts in a building during a fault. Equipotential bonding thus created avoids GDQJHURXV VSDUN RYHU DQG Ă&#x20AC;UH GXULQJ D IDXOW
Protection of Electronics Modern day electronic installations are highly sensitive to Transients. Transients in a building are created due to radiated Electro Magnetic Pulse (EMP) due to various reasons. Future electronic installations will be smaller & faster which means more sensitive to EMP. Electro Magnetic Shielding plays a major role in protecting modern day electronics. A properly installed Structural Earthing system mean a large volume shield created by natural components of the structure such as the metal reinforcement in ceilings, ZDOOV DQG Ă RRUV WKH PHWDO IUDPHZRUN WKH PHWDO URRIV and metal facades. These components together create a grid-like spatial shield (faraday cage). The current LQMHFWHG LQWR WKH UHLQIRUFLQJ URGV LV DVVXPHG WR Ă RZ through a large number of parallel paths. The impedance of the resulting mesh is thus low and, as a consequence, the voltage drop due to the lightning current is less. The PDJQHWLF Ă&#x20AC;HOG JHQHUDWHG E\ WKH FXUUHQW LQ WKH UHLQIRUFLQJ steel mesh is weak due to the low current density and the parallel current paths generating opposing HOHFWURPDJQHWLF Ă&#x20AC;HOGV ,QWHUIHUHQFH ZLWK QHLJKERULQJ electrical conductors is correspondingly reduced. With out any doubt, structural earthing Provides the best equipotentialisation and protection of electronic systems.
Corrosion and Associated problems Steel inside concrete have the advantage that, if the concrete is of adequate construction and covers the steel by at least 50 mm, they are reasonably protected against corrosion, throughout the life of the building. Where as a conventional LPS is subjected to corrosion,
80
theft, vandalism etc hence need periodic inspection and maintenance A properly installed Structural earthing system is permanent in the building well shielded provided welded iron reinforcing bars are used for concrete outer walls. Note that a good electrical bond is necessary. In several situations the steel reinforcing bars may not represent an adequate shield. An well-designed and implemented lightning conductor with conductive connections to structural steel is an alternate method. Some tips about this conductor are 1. Galvanised steel inside concrete may create problem to concrete and hence avoid GI inside concrete. 2. All penetrations of steel in reinforcement to an outer area need careful design and installation. Use only Copper, Copper coated steel or SS material for this application. 3. Use only copper, copper coated steel or SS in soil if connected to steel in reinforcement as recommended in IS/IEC standard.
Cheap and Best in long run 7R DFKLHYH D FRVW HIIHFWLYH DQG HIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQW SURWHFWLRQ system, the design should be carried out during the building conception stage and before construction. This allows one to optimize the use of the natural components of the structure and to choose the best compromise for WKH FDEOLQJ OD\RXW DQG HTXLSPHQW ORFDWLRQ )RU D UHWURĂ&#x20AC;W of Shielding measures in conventional LPS the cost is generally higher than the cost for new structures.
Structural earthing and Bonding system h More safety for human beings during lightning h More safety for electrical installations during fault &
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h Protect Electronic systems against EMP h No Corrosion and Less Maintenance h Cheap and Best in long run
Structural Earthing is a standard construction practice in developed countries. Ć&#x201C;
July 2017
Opinion
nergy meters are a key component of a power VXSSO\ V\VWHP DQG SOD\ D VLJQLĂ&#x20AC;FDQW UROH LQ UHYHQXH protection, quality control, compliance with regulatory requirements, consumer satisfaction and image building. Energy meter measures the amount of electrical energy consumed by a domestic consumer or a commercial consumer. There are basically two different types of energy meter, namely electromechanical type energy meter and electronic energy meter. The present billing V\VWHPV KDYH PDQ\ SUREOHPV OLNH SUREOHP RI SD\PHQW collection, energy thefts, quality of photographs that is printed on bill etc. due to which the traditional billing system is slow, costly and unreliable. The present billing system has chances of error and it is also time consuming. In the existing meter system, consumers are presented with usage information only once a month with their bill.
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A smart energy meter is typically electronic equipment that record and stored consumption data of energy in LQWHUYDOV RI DQ KRXU PLQXWH RU OHVV DQG communicates that information at least daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes. Smart meters enable two-way communication between the meter and the central system. Unlike home energy monitors, smart meters can gather data for remote reporting. The role of metering in the power sector is growing in LPSRUWDQFH $ FRPSOHWH PHWHULQJ V\VWHP LV LPSHUDWLYH IRU LPSURYLQJ WKH Ă&#x20AC;QDQFLDO KHDOWK RI WKH SRZHU GLVWULEXWLRQ companies. Inadequate and faulty metering has led WR ORZHU UHYHQXH DQG KLJKHU ORVVHV %HVLGHV KHOSLQJ GLVWULEXWLRQ XWLOLWLHV LQ PDQDJLQJ UHYHQXHV PHWHUV KDYH EHFRPH D NH\ VRXUFH RI YDOXDEOH FRQVXPHU LQIRUPDWLRQ $GYDQFH PHWHULQJ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DXWRPDWHG PHWHU reading, pre-paid meters and net meters are the key technologies of smart metering being adopted. These
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meters allow a two-way exchange of information, automated processes such as meter reading, and enabling accounting of the electricity drawn from the grid E\ D FRQVXPHU 7KLV KDV KHOSHG LQ LPSURYLQJ PHWHULQJ HIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQF\ ELOOLQJ DFFXUDF\ UHYHQXH PDQDJHPHQW DQG consumer satisfaction. Electricity Act, 2003 mandated distribution utilities for supply electricity to all the consumers, within stipulated time, through installation of a correct meter in accordance with regulations to be made in this behalf E\ WKH &HQWUDO (OHFWULFLW\ $XWKRULW\ 2YHU WKH ODVW RQH DQG KDOI GHFDGH XWLOLWLHV KDYH LQYHVWHG VLJQLĂ&#x20AC;FDQWO\ LQ LPSURYLQJ PHWHULQJ FRYHUDJH LQ RUGHU WR UHGXFH WKHLU aggregate technical and commercial losses. Most of the VWDWHV KDYH DFKLHYHG SHUFHQW PHWHULQJ IRU GRPHVWLF FRPPHUFLDO DQG LQGXVWULDO FRQVXPHUV +RZHYHU VRPH distribution companies are yet to electrify all the households in their regions and a large number of consumers, therefore, still remain unmetered in their states. With respect to feeder and distribution transformer metering, a large number of these remain to be metered and there LV VLJQLĂ&#x20AC;FDQW VFRSH IRU LPSURYHPHQW ZLWK RQO\ D KDQGIXO RI XWLOLWLHV EHLQJ DEOH WR DFKLHYH FRPSOHWH PHWHULQJ IRU this category of consumers.
Government Initiatives 0HWHULQJ LQ ,QGLD UHFHLYHG D PDMRU ERRVW XQGHU WKH JRYHUQPHQW¡V à DJVKLS VFKHPH IRU $7 & ORVV UHGXFWLRQ WKH 5HVWUXFWXUHG $FFHOHUDWHG 3RZHU 'HYHORSPHQW DQG Reforms Program (RAPDRP) which was rolled out in 7KH JRYHUQPHQW WKURXJK YDULRXV SROLFLHV VXFK DV WKH ,QWHJUDWHG 3RZHU 'HYHORSPHQW 6FKHPH WKH 'HHQGD\DO 8SDGK\D\ *UDP -\RWL <RMDQD DQG 8'$< LV DLPLQJ DW SHUFHQW PHWHULQJ LQ WKH FRXQWU\
July 2017
Opinion
One of the commitments under UDAY is to make the installation of smart meters compulsory for all consumers using more than 200 kWh of electricity per month. UDAY envisage fast track roll out of 35 million smart meters by the end of 2019. The target is to install smart meters for consumers with a monthly consumption of 500 kWh DQG DERYH LQ Ă&#x20AC;UVW SKDVH E\ VW 'HFHPEHU¡ DQG the consumers with a monthly consumption of 200 N:K DQG DERYH LQ VHFRQG SKDVH E\ 'HFHPEHU¡ UDAY also provides for compulsory feeder and Distribution Transformer metering, consumer indexing and GIS mapping. The Integrated Power Development Scheme targets the installation of around six million meters at the consumer, feeder and Distribution Transformer levels. The Deendayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana with its IRFXV RQ UXUDO HOHFWULĂ&#x20AC;FDWLRQ DOVR WDUJHW WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ of around 12 million meters at the consumer, Distribution Transformer and agricultural feeder levels. These VFKHPHV DUH DOVR H[SHFWHG WR SURYLGH VLJQLĂ&#x20AC;FDQW PHWHU opportunities for meter manufacturers. Under UDAY, awareness campaigns are also being organized to LPSURYH FROOHFWLRQ HIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQF\
Smart Metering practices Smart metering is essential for strengthening the power GLVWULEXWLRQ VHJPHQW (IĂ&#x20AC;FLHQW PHWHULQJ SUDFWLFHV KHOS WR PDLQWDLQ WKH Ă&#x20AC;QDQFLDO KHDOWK RI D XWLOLW\ 7KHVH LQFOXGH accurate billing and prevention of power theft, which have been the focus areas for utilities. These practices also help in lowering aggregate technical and commercial losses of the utilities. Transition from electromechanical PHWHUV WR HOHFWURVWDWLF PHWHUV ZDV RQH RI WKH Ă&#x20AC;UVW step towards improving consumer metering. Now the utilities are adopting smart metering, prepaid metering, net metering etc. and focusing in meter data analysis. Main consideration while implementing smart metering initiatives are h
technology,
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disposal of old meters.
Some of the new and smart metering practices being adopted by utilities are as follows:
AMR and AMI Metering Automated Meter Reading is being adopted as it provides advanced capabilities like outage management, data analytics, tamper detection and network management to utilities. Meter data management and analytics are also developed by utilities for enhanced customer services, theft detection and power quality monitoring, better understanding of consumption patterns and HQHUJ\ HIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQF\
July 2017
The use of Advanced Metering Infrastructure and smart meters results in the generation of a huge amount of data. Meter data management systems help in the acquisition of this data from various meters of different locations for system performance monitoring and decision support, network analysis and system planning, monitoring and collection of data on energy usage billing, tampering, RXWDJH GHWHFWLRQ DQG PRQLWRULQJ RI HQHUJ\ Ă RZV LQ WKH energy supply chain to provide information for energy auditing. AMI adoption is likely to accelerate further, as such system provide a vast range of facilities like load management and outage handling, remote meter reading, remote connecting and dis connecting as well automated and timely billing.
Net Metering There is a growing focus on solar rooftop projects in the country. With the rapid growth of the rooftop solar segment and the ambitious targets set by the government for this segment, net metering assumes a critical role. It is necessary for the discoms to provide net metering facilities to consumers, which allow the consumer to feed electricity into the grid. To this end, the regulators have issued net metering policies or regulations. This presents a major opportunity for manufacturers of bidirectional meters that track the energy consumed and generated by consumers, and enable net billing. In order to met the target set by the government for rooftop solar, the adoption of net meters is likely to increase further in the coming years.
Prepaid Metering Prepaid meters operate on a no use no pay principle, wherein consumers pay for their electricity consumption LQ DGYDQFH ,W LPSURYHV FROOHFWLRQ HIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQF\ UHGXFHV working capital requirements for utilities and provides JUHDWHU Ă H[LELOLW\ WR FRQVXPHUV ZKLOH EXGJHWLQJ consumption. In prepaid metering, the meter manufacturer provides meters with prepaid billing software based on the tariff set by the utility. Most of the states have developed prepaid meters, but the development has been limited to selected consumers segments. It is used for temporary connections as well as in areas where utilities face uncertainty of payment. The cost of three phase prepaid meters is approximately Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 12,000, which is more than three to four times the cost of an ordinary meter. Utilities are required to overcome the cost hurdle through rental payments and regulators are required to allow utilities to collect rental charges from consumers for prepaid metering.
Challenges While the development of new smart metering technologies has increased, it is still slow, owing to the lack of adequate infrastructure with the utilities and WKHLU SRRU Ă&#x20AC;QDQFLDO KHDOWK 6RPH RI WKH FKDOOHQJHV IRU development of smart metering practices are as follows:
83
Opinion
One of the challenges in the adoption of smart meters LV WKHLU KLJK FRVW 7KH FRVW RI VPDUW PHWHUV LV Ă&#x20AC;YH WR VL[ times more than that of electrostatics meters. Besides, there is a lack of clarity as to who will bear the cost burden. Hence there is an increased focus on reducing the cost of meters. At the same time it is important to ensure that the quality of meters is not compromised. There is need to develop checks and standards for smart meters. Along with laboratory testing of meters to check for their compliance, it is important for the utilities to undertake checks for performance and reliability. Interoperability and standardisation of smart meters are the key issue and need to be addressed. The lack of interoperability restricts the options for utilities to connect WKH PHWHUV ZLWK RWKHU GHYLFHV 7KH FRQĂ&#x20AC;JXUDWLRQ RI SRUWV varies from one manufacturer to another. The base computer software also varies in different meter models. As different meters have a different data structure, it is not possible to analyse all meters data on a common platform. Standardisation of meters by utilities can led to focused efforts by manufacturers in developing new and reliable designs. A key consideration in the adoption of smart meters LV WKH LGHQWLĂ&#x20AC;FDWLRQ RI WKH WDUJHW FRQVXPHUV JURXS WR DFFRUGLQJO\ XQGHUWDNH PHWHU PRGLĂ&#x20AC;FDWLRQV 7\SLFDOO\ XWLOLWLHV DUH UHTXLUHG WR Ă&#x20AC;UVW XQGHU WDNH VPDUW PHWHULQJ IRU high voltage consumers, and then slowly install smart meters for other categories consumers. On the communication front, a key concern for utilities LV ODFN RI HIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQW FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV :KLOH distribution networks are often not capable of managing SRZHU OLQH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ 5) FRPPXQLFDWLRQ Ă&#x20AC;QGV limited uptake owing to a number of geographical limitations. In addition, there is a lack of service providers for RF technology. There is also a lack of a mechanism for the testing of communication technology for meters. In automatic meter reading for feeders and high tension consumers, where meter reading is undertaken through modems, there are lot issues with the service providers/ telecom players. Other challenges in the adoption of new metering technology includes disposal of old meters. The utilities have been grappling with the issue since the time electrostatic meters replaced electromechanical meters. The issue has exacerbated in the past couple of years, with new metering technologies emerging at a rapid pace. In order to promote the adoption of rooftop solar, bidirectional meters are needed. There are also certain techno economic challenges impeding the rooftop solar projects. First the investments in these projects are relatively high. Since grid scale power itself is expenses, further investment in rooftop solar by consumers is uncertain.
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Second, the tariff slabs for buy-back of power by utilities are different for each consumer category, thereby reducing the incentive for setting up such projects. Third, the grid is not robust enough to absorb a large amount of rooftop solar. As a result, most grid connected systems disconnected in the event of grid failure. Peak power is always more expensive than off-peak power, which discourages utilities from buying it back from consumers. Rooftop plants operate for only 500 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1000 hours per year. This increases the cost of power. 7KHUH DUH KRZHYHU VLJQLĂ&#x20AC;FDQW LQIUDVWUXFWXUDO development and capacity building issues which need to be addressed before planning a large-scale implementation of the smart metering projects. There is a need for a feasibility study of all categories consumers to understand the technical and managerial issues and need to develop a plan to address those issues before deployment of smart meters.â&#x20AC;? $QRWKHU VLJQLĂ&#x20AC;FDQW LVVXH LQ VPDUW PHWHULQJ LV WKH TXDOLW\ of HT and LT infrastructure. Though there are some improvements in urban power distribution system due to implementation of APDRP/R-APDER projects, where there are substantial infrastructure developments in metering. Given to uncertain demand of net meters, it is not in interest of the discom to maintain a stock of high-costing net meters at its end. However, making supplying VXIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQWO\ QHW PHWHUV DYDLODEOH LQ D WLPHO\ PDQQHU LV a challenge. Lack of consumer awareness on Smart Grid FRQFHSWV VXFK DV KRZ WKH\ ZLOO EH EHQHĂ&#x20AC;WHG WKURXJK Smart metering. ,QVXIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQW UHJXODWRU\ IRFXV DQG SROLF\ RQ VPDUW PHWHULQJ DQG ODFN RI V\VWHP PRGLĂ&#x20AC;FDWLRQ WR HQDEOH WKH EHQHĂ&#x20AC;WV RI H[LVWLQJ LQWHOOHFWXDO PHWHU The adoption of prepaid meters is the delay in the supply in meters which defeats the purpose of providing temporary connections swiftly. Despite the challenges associated with smart meters, a QXPEHU RI XWLOLWLHV KDYH DFKLHYHG VLJQLĂ&#x20AC;FDQW SURJUHVV LQ the adoption of new metering technologies.
Way Forward Unless the above issues are addressed properly, largescale investment for smart metering will be an additional EXUGHQ ZLWKRXW UHDOL]LQJ WKH EHQHĂ&#x20AC;WV RI UHYHQXH enhancement. The policy makers and regulators have to implement a robust incentive model framework to attract more and more private investments assuring the rate of return. Also there is need for bringing in metering as a service, wherein a technology provider extends the metering facility to the utility and the latter makes payments for the services availed of. This would relief the utility of the cost and risks involved in the implementation of new
July 2017
Opinion
metering technology. Once the new technology has been successfully operated in its distribution area, the utility can deploy the technology on its own. The implementation of projects on a turnkey basis by meter manufacturers will help overcome issues of interoperability and compatibility between communication technology and metering infrastructure. Besides, in order to keep pace with emerging technologies in a cost effective manner, it is required to develop universal meters which could be upgraded to new technology merely by updating the software. For covering all the consumers to provide smart meters LQ QH[W Ă&#x20AC;YH \HDUV WKH PDVVLYH LQYHVWPHQW UHTXLUHG for distribution companies those are suffering poor Ă&#x20AC;QDQFLDO FRQGLWLRQ ,Q RUGHU WR RYHUFRPH WKLV SUREOHP Ă&#x20AC;QDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQ OLNH 3)& DQG RWKHU QDWLRQDOL]HG banks would buy smart meters and communication devices from empanelled manufacturers and lease them to discoms against a monthly rent for a particular period. Implementation agencies should also be appointed which would be responsible for the overall implementation and maintenance of AMI. Development of domestic capacity to produce meter components can go a long way in reducing per meter
July 2017
costs for the country. Quality meters at competitive prices, consumer awareness, deployment of new technology and adequate maintenance of metering infrastructure should be the key focus areas for utilities.
Conclusion It is expected that implementation of smart meters will touch every aspect of the power sector value chain and will bring value to the entire country but there are certainly barriers to smart meter implementation. 6RPH RI WKH SRWHQWLDO VWHSV IRUZDUG VKRXOG LQFOXGH Ă&#x20AC;UVW developing a robust policy and regulatory framework; developing an institutional structure to ensure effective implementation in a way which brings together all stakeholders and ensure appropriate allocation of UHVSRQVLELOLW\ LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH ULJKW PHWHU VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;FDWLRQV and building technological capacity and expertise since smart meters manufactured in the country rely heavily on imported components. Ć&#x201C; Ashok Upadhyay
BE (Electrical), M Tech. Hon. (Ind. Engg.) M. Phil (Renewable Energy), PHD Scholar Dy. Director (Generation) M.P. Electricity Regulatory Commission Bhopal (M.P.)
85
InternationalNews
INTERNATIONALNEWS Florida Power & Light continues solar power expansion
Construction is underway on Florida Power & Light Co.’s next eight solar power plants. The new plants, which will comprise a total of more than 2.5 million solar panels and nearly 600 MW of capacity combined, are all on track to begin powering FPL customers by early 2018. The company plans to build all of the new universal solar capacity cost-effectively – meaning that these investments will result in net savings for FPL customers over and above the cost of construction. FPL estimates the eight new plants will generate millions of dollars in net lifetime savings for its customers. “FPL is living proof that it’s possible to generate cleaner energy and deliver outstanding service while keeping customers’ electric bills among the lowest in the nation,” said Eric Silagy, FPL’s president and CEO. “We are proud to be advancing affordable clean energy infrastructure in Florida in close partnership with respected environmental advocates, community leaders and our customers. Together, we are bringing the EHQHÀWV RI VRODU HQHUJ\ WR PRUH )ORULGLDQV IDVWHU DQG more affordably than ever before.” Each of the eight new solar plants will be capable of generating 74.5 MW of zero-emissions energy when the sun is shining. Power from the plants will feed FPL’s energy grid, contributing electricity equivalent to the consumption of an estimated 120,000 homes. Today, about 500 people are working on construction across the eight solar sites. FPL expects the construction workforce will grow to about 1,500 during peak activity this summer.
Tesla in talks with India for lower import duty The US-based electric car major Tesla is in discussion with the government seeking relief on import duties till a local factory is built here, according to the company’s CEO Elon Musk. Earlier this year, Mr Musk had stated that he was hoping for Tesla to enter India this summer with its products, which has so far not materialised. “In discussion with the government of India requesting temporary relief on import penalties/restrictions until a local factory is built,” Mr Musk said in a tweet.
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At present, India imposes 60 per cent customs duty on import of completely-built electric cars priced less than $40,000. If the electric car is assembled in India, the customs duty on the completely knocked down units is 10 per cent. If the value of the imported car is more than $40,000 the customs duty is 100 per cent. Replying to Mr Musk’s tweet, Paytm founder Vijay Shekhar asked if there was an option to import some right hand drive Model X in India and indicated that, if so he would pay full duties.
Russia’s Rosatom may acquire wind power projects in India Attracted by the opportunities in India’s green energy space, Rosatom State Atomic Energy Corp. is planning to enter the country’s renewable energy sector. To start with, the Moscow-based Rosatom, through its unit JSC OTEK, may acquire wind energy projects in India. Rosatom, which has a partnership with state-run Nuclear Power Corp. of India Ltd (NPCIL) for the Kudankulam nuclear plant in Tamil Nadu, is also planning to set up small hydropower projects in the country. “They are looking at how to go about their India plans which includes acquiring wind power assets,” said a person aware of Rosatom’s strategy, requesting DQRQ\PLW\ 7KLV GHYHORSPHQW DVVXPHV VLJQLÀFDQFH JLYHQ Russia’s attempts to build better economic ties with India at a time when Moscow is facing Western sanctions.
Russia looking to expand civil nuclear partnership with India to desalination sector Russia is looking to expand its civil nuclear partnership with India beyond power generation and may even offer technology for desalination of water if Delhi makes such a request, according to Andrey V Nikipelov, CEO of Atomenergomash, a subsidiary of Atomenergoprom, state owned holding company which owns nuclear enterprises of Russia. “Desalination is a new business whose market is increasing. Kazakhstan has one such desalination facility built by Russia. We are now developing integrated nuclear projects that also includes component of desalination. While currently we have no such plans in India if Delhi makes such a request we will consider it,” Nikipelov told a select group of Indian media persons on the side lines of Atomexpo (world’s biggest civil nuclear energy exposition).
July 2017
InternationalNews
Renewsys launches 5-busbar cell production in Telangana Solar equipment manufacturer Renewsys India, part of international conglomerate Enpee Group, has launched production of 5-busbar (BB) solar PV cells at a Hyderabad facility in Telangana. 7KH Ă&#x20AC;UP FODLPV LW LV WKH Ă&#x20AC;UVW ,QGLDQ FRPSDQ\ WR SURGXFH 5BB cells domestically. The products are part of Renewsysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESERV range of multicrystalline cells, which are manufactured using European PV cell equipment. Commercial production of modules containing these cells will start from July onwards. Increasing the number of busbars in a cell lowers the series resistance and thus increases the current, allowing for greater module performance.
India seeks Qatar investment, gas deal to revive power plants ,QGLD VDLG LW ZRXOG VLJQ IXWXUH ORQJ WHUP OLTXHĂ&#x20AC;HG QDWXUDO gas (LNG) purchase deals with Qatar if only Doha agrees to acquire stakes in the South Asian nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s power plants, oil minister Dharmendra Pradhan said. India is the latest major LNG buyer to seek concessions from Qatar, the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s biggest LNG exporter, in order to re-sign long-term supply contracts. Amid a global glut of LNG and a slump in prices, other buyers have sought PRUH Ă H[LEOH FRQWUDFWV LQFOXGLQJ FODXVHV WKDW ZRXOG allow them to resell gas they do not consume. <HVWHUGD\ ZH KDYH JLYHQ D Ă&#x20AC;UP SURSRVDO WR 4DWDU ,I WKH\ want to have a long-term off-take assurance, there is a window. They can deal with our stranded power plants, from end to end they can give some solution,â&#x20AC;? Pradhan told Reuters. India is suffering from natural gas shortages that have required power plants with capacity of as much as 25,000 megawatts to shut down or run as lower rates. Qatarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s RasGas is Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s biggest LNG supplier.
Sterling and Wilson bags key role in the construction of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest solar plant in Abu Dhabi Engineering company Sterling and Wilson has bagged a key role in the construction of a solar PV plant in Sweihan, Emirates of Abu Dhabi which will be the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest single location solar PV plant. The company which is a subsidiary of the Mumbai-based conglomerate Shapoorji Pallonji Group will be engaged in turnkey engineering procurement and construction along with operation and maintenance of the plant which is going to be larger in capacity than the current 850 MWp single location plant in China. The plant is jointly being developed by Marubeni, a Japanese integrated trading and investment giant, along with Jinko, a global player in the solar industry and Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority (ADWEA). The consortium has successfully bid a tariff of $2.42 cents per kilowatt hour, marking the lowest cost ever for solar power.
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â&#x20AC;&#x153;We are fully geared and very excited to be a part of this important milestone in the global solar market.The strongest contributor to this tariff is the capital expense GULYHQ E\ ORZHU HTXLSPHQW FRVW DQG D KLJKO\ HIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQW system design. Our unique design offerings and stateof-the-art robotics optimise the yield and performance of the plant,â&#x20AC;? Bikesh Ogra, president, renewable energy at Sterling and Wilson, said.
US keen on tapping Punjabâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s solar power sector Owing to the development of Punjabâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy sector, a delegation led by former US ambassador Teresita C Schaffer expressed their interest in extending cooperation to the Government, particularly with regards to the solar energy faction. In lieu of this, the delegation called on Punjab Chief Minister Shehbaz Sharif, reports the Express Tribune. Speaking on the occasion, Schaffer said Punjab had worked hard on energy projects and commended efforts for enhancing the energy resources. â&#x20AC;&#x153;I know that due to your efforts investment has been enhanced in the energy sector,â&#x20AC;? said Schaffer, while lauding the Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s initiatives towards empowering the energy sector. Meanwhile, Chief Minister Sharif revealed that a solar energy park had been set up in Bahawalpur, which contributes approximately 400 MW of solar energy to the national grid, adding that more such projects are underway. Sharif also acknowledged the cooperation extended in the solar energy sector.
Rajasthan invites Japanese firms in solar energy sector Rajasthan Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje invited Japanese companies to invest in solar energy sector in the state. In her meeting with a delegation of Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) here, she said solar energy is the power of the future and Rajasthan is the ideal destination for investment in Solar Energy. ´5DMDVWKDQ KDV EHQHĂ&#x20AC;WWHG IURP WKH VSHFLDO UHODWLRQVKLS between India and Japan. Japan and Rajasthan have been working together for more than a decade and this partnership will keep going stronger,â&#x20AC;? said Raje, DFFRUGLQJ WR DQ RIĂ&#x20AC;FLDO VWDWHPHQW JETRO, she said, has been playing pivotal role in this partnership. The Japanese zone, set up in Neemrana in Alwar district during her last regime, has become a role model and other states also emulating it. She assured that Rajasthan Government was committed to provide all possible cooperation and support to JETRO and Japanese investors. JETROâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Chief Director General, India, Kazuya Nakajo and other members of the delegation praised the steps taken by Rajasthan government to create an investor friendly atmosphere and promote ease of doing business in the state.
July 2017
NationalNews
NATIONALNEWS Renewable Energy will reach 49 percent in India by 2040: Report
Indian Oil Corp set to foray into energy storage business
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July 2017
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access to clean, cheap and reliable sources of energy. Lakshmanan said the new renewable policy target is for installed capacity of 2,969 MW solar, 244 MW biomass DQG 0: VPDOO K\GURSRZHU LQ WKH QH[W Ă&#x20AC;YH \HDUV so as to meet the growing demand of power in an HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ VXVWDLQDEOH PDQQHU
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Centre close to resolving some bad power loans: Goyal 7KH &HQWUH LV FORVH WR UHVROYLQJ EDG ORDQV PDGH LQ WKH power industry for companies that owe money and are QRW DYRLGLQJ UHSD\PHQW RQ SXUSRVH 3RZHU 0LQLVWHU 3L\XVK *R\DO WROG UHSRUWHUV %DG ORDQV LQ WKH SRZHU sector continue to weigh on Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s banks, and the JRYHUQPHQW KDV EHHQ ORRNLQJ IRU ZD\V WR KHOS HDVH WKH SDLQ IRU FRPSDQLHV VWUXJJOLQJ WR VHUYLFH WKHLU GHEWV 0U *R\DO VSHDNLQJ WR UHSRUWHUV LQ 1HZ 'HOKL GLG QRW LPPHGLDWHO\ HODERUDWH RQ KRZ LW ZRXOG UHVROYH WKH EDG loans.
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Bihar eyes investment in renewable energy 7KH VWDWH JRYHUQPHQW RXWOLQHG YDVW VFRSH IRU RSHQLQJ RI VRODU HQHUJ\ JHQHUDWLRQ SODQWV LQ %LKDU DQG UROOHG RXW VOHZ RI LQFHQWLYHV WKDW ZRXOG EH JLYHQ WR SURPRWHUV DV HQXQFLDWHG LQ LWV Âś3ROLF\ IRU 3URPRWLRQ RI %LKDU 1HZ DQG 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ 6RXUFHV 33%15(6 Ć&#x17D; Addressing a national symposium on renewal energy, FKULVWHQHG Âś5H 3RZHULQJ %LKDU (QHUJLVLQJ $FFHVV DQG 2SSRUWXQLWLHV¡ RUJDQLVHG E\ &HQWUH IRU (QYLURQPHQW DQG (QHUJ\ 'HYHORSPHQW &((' KHUH 5 /DNVKPDQDQ GLUHFWRU RI %LKDU 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ 'HYHORSPHQW DJHQF\ %5('$ WKH QRGDO DJHQF\ WR IDFLOLWDWH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH SURMHFWV VDLG WKH LQFHQWLYHV LQFOXGH UHLPEXUVHPHQW RI VWDPS GXW\ DQG UHJLVWUDWLRQ FRVWV UHLPEXUVHPHQW RI ODQG FRQYHUVLRQ IHH LQ ODQG XVH DQG LQWHUHVW VXEYHQWLRQ JUDQW RI PRQH\ IURP JRYHUQPHQW WR DOO HOLJLEOH XQLWV RQ WKH WHUP ORDQ DYDLOHG E\ WKH XQLW IURP D VFKHGXOHG QDWLRQDOLVHG EDQN RU Ă&#x20AC;QDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQ DSSURYHG E\ 5%, RU 6(%, $V PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH 33%15(6 LI WKH SURPRWHUV GR QRW DYDLO DQ\ WHUP ORDQ IRU WKH XQLW WKH\ ZRXOG QRW EH HOLJLEOH IRU LQWHUHVW VXEYHQWLRQ LQFHQWLYH 3DUWLFLSDQWV DW WKH V\PSRVLXP LQFOXGHG SURVSHFWLYH LQYHVWRUV SURPRWHUV UHVHDUFKHUV DQG UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI LQGXVWU\ ERGLHV &(2 RI &((' 5DPDSDWL .XPDU GZHOW at length on the solar energy scenario in the state. /DNVKPDQDQ VDLG %LKDU¡V VWUHVV RQ SURPRWLRQ RI UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ LV LQ V\QF ZLWK WKH &HQWUH¡V SROLF\ IUDPHZRUN DQG DFFRUGLQJO\ DQ\ SURMHFW SURSRVDO ZKHQ LPSOHPHQWHG ZRXOG JHW VXEVLG\ HDFK IURP WKH &HQWUH DQG WKH VWDWH JRYHUQPHQW RQ WKH SURMHFW FRVW ZLWK WKH UHPDLQLQJ FRVW WR EH ERUQH E\ WKH SURPRWHU
July 2017
CorporateNews
CORPORATENEWS Siemens India wins first cyber security contract for power plant automation 6LHPHQV ,QGLD KDV EDJJHG LWV ÀUVW RUGHU LQ F\EHU VHFXULW\ FDWHJRU\ IRU SRZHU SODQW DXWRPDWLRQ IURP &/3 ,QGLD 3ULYDWH /LPLWHG WKH 0XPEDL EDVHG ZKROO\ RZQHG VXEVLGLDU\ RI &/3 +ROGLQJV /LPLWHG ZKLFK LV RQH RI WKH ODUJHVW LQYHVWRU RZQHG SRZHU EXVLQHVVHV LQ $VLD 6LHPHQV ZLOO LPSOHPHQW D F\EHU VHFXULW\ VROXWLRQ IRU &/3 ,QGLD·V SRZHU SODQW DXWRPDWLRQ DW 3DJXWKDQ *XMDUDW 7KH F\EHU VHFXULW\ VROXWLRQ EHLQJ LPSOHPHQWHG E\ 6LHPHQV /LPLWHG ZLOO VXSSRUW &/3 ,QGLD·V HIIRUWV WR EROVWHU F\EHU VHFXULW\ DW LWV SRZHU SODQW E\ GHWHFWLQJ WKUHDWV DQG PLQLPLVLQJ WKH ULVN RI DGYDQFHG F\EHU DWWDFNV 7KH VROXWLRQ GHWHFWV DQDO\VHV DQG UDLVHV DODUPV RI WKH WKUHDWV WKDW PRYH ODWHUDOO\ IURP ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ ,7 WR 2SHUDWLRQDO 7HFKQRORJ\ 27 QHWZRUNV 7KH VROXWLRQ DOVR LQFOXGHV GHGLFDWHG HQGSRLQW SURWHFWLRQ WR SURKLELW H[HFXWLRQ RI PDOLFLRXV DSSOLFDWLRQV 3UDVKDQW -DLQ KHDG SRZHU JHQHUDWLRQ VHUYLFHV 6LHPHQV /WG VDLG ´,Q WRGD\·V GLJLWDOLVHG ZRUOG SRZHU SODQW DXWRPDWLRQ V\VWHPV UHTXLUH UREXVW DQG UHVLOLHQW GHOLYHU\ V\VWHPV *LYHQ WKH LQFUHDVLQJ IUHTXHQF\ RI F\EHU DWWDFNV LW LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW WR REWDLQ D SUHFLVH SLFWXUH RI WKH F\EHU VHFXULW\ OHYHO RI WKH SODQW DQG LWV DVVRFLDWHG LQVWUXPHQWDWLRQ DQG FRQWURO V\VWHPV 3URWHFWLYH PHDVXUHV FDQ WKHQ EH LPSOHPHQWHG WR UHPHG\ DQ\ GHÀFLHQFLHV GHWHFWHG µ :LWK WKH JURZLQJ FRPSOH[LW\ RI PRGHUQ HQHUJ\ DQG SRZHU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQ LQFUHDVLQJ QXPEHU RI SRZHU SODQW V\VWHPV DUH FRQQHFWHG WKURXJK ¶,QWHUQHW RI 7KLQJV· 7KLV FUHDWHV WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI QHZ VHFXULW\ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV GXH WR WKH VKHHU QXPEHU RI FRQQHFWHG V\VWHPV DQG WKH ORZ OHYHOV RI VHFXULW\ FXUUHQWO\ DYDLODEOH LQ VLPSOH GHYLFHV ´'LJLWDOLVDWLRQ RI ZKLFK F\EHU VHFXULW\ LV D NH\ FRPSRQHQW ZLOO KDYH D KXJH UROH WR SOD\ LQ ,QGLD·V GHPDQG IRU UHOLDEOH HIÀFLHQW DQG FOHDQ SRZHU JURZLQJ E\ LQFUHDVLQJ DPRXQW RI XUEDQLVDWLRQ DQG LQGXVWULDOLVDWLRQ :H ORRN IRUZDUG WR FROODERUDWLQJ ZLWK RXU FXVWRPHUV LQ WKHLU GLJLWDOLVDWLRQ HQGHDYRXUV µ DGGHG -DLQ $V DQ HVWDEOLVKHG JOREDO OHDGHU LQ WKH DGYDQFHPHQW RI GLJLWDOLVDWLRQ DFURVV D ZLGH YDULHW\ RI LQGXVWULHV 6LHPHQV KDV GHYHORSHG FRPSUHKHQVLYH F\EHU VHFXULW\ VROXWLRQV IRU FULWLFDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SRZHU DQG LQGXVWULDO FRQWURO V\VWHPV 7KHVH VROXWLRQV FRQIRUP WR WKH ODWHVW LQWHUQDWLRQDO
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July 2017
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ERDANews
exclusively for providing value added services to its HVWHHPHG FXVWRPHUV PRUH HIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQWO\ Details of unique existing facilities at ERDA as well as many new state-of-the-art facilities currently being setup or planned in the current year, are presented below:
Unique Existing Facilities X
X X
X
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ERDA Reorganizes into a Growth Oriented Business Model Introduction ERDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s technical operations are conducted out of its +HDG 2IĂ&#x20AC;FH 0DLQ /DERUDWRU\ &RPSOH[ ORFDWHG LQ Makarpura, Vadodara & Regional Laboratories at ERDA (West) - Rabale, Navi Mumbai; ERDA (North) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Gurgaon DQG (5'$ 6RXWK 5DMDKPXQGU\ $OO WKHVH ODERUDWRULHV DUH 1$%/ DFFUHGLWHG ,Q RUGHU WR PHHW WKH H[SHFWDWLRQV from Power Utilities and Manufacturing Industries, ERDA has re-organized its operations under Three Business Verticals namely â&#x20AC;&#x153;Testing and Evaluationâ&#x20AC;?, ´)LHOG 6HUYLFHVÂľ DQG ´5 ' ([SHUW 6HUYLFHVÂľ (5'$ has also setup â&#x20AC;&#x153;Customer Relationship Management (CRM)â&#x20AC;? and â&#x20AC;&#x153;Business Development (BD)â&#x20AC;? centers
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Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Largest Online Short Circuit Laboratory 570 V, 120 kA, upto 33 kV, 4 MVA Transformers Asiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Largest IP Test Facility â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 40 T Payload Capacity Semi Anechoic EMI/EMC Chamber â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 10m with 3 T Payload Turn Table Mirror Type â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Câ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Goniophotometer for Evaluation of LED based Lighting Systems & all types of Luminaires BIS Approved Facility for Evaluation of Smart Meters DV SHU ,6 '/06 3URWRFRO 9HULĂ&#x20AC;FDWLRQ DV SHU IS:16444 & IS:15959 Fully Automated Test Facility for Evaluation of Transformers as per IS:1180 Facility for Evaluation of Solar Pumps upto 10 HP rating and Solar Inverters as per IS/IEC: 61683 (Solar Pump Testing Facility is Equipped with a Solar PV Array Simulator)
New Facilities in Advanced Stage of Establishment X
X
Partial Discharge Test Laboratory for upto 245 kV Class Products Solar Roof Top Power Station of 500 kWp for Energy Conservation
July 2017
ERDANews
Facilities Planned in Year 2017-18: X
X
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High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) Conductor Evaluation Laboratory Communication Protocol Laboratory as per IEC:61850 & DLMS/COSEM for Energy Meters & Relays CRGO Evaluation Laboratory at ERDA (North), Gurgaon
Forthcoming Training Programs Workshop Calendar - 2017 Sr. No.
10M – Semi Anechoic Chamber for EMI/EMC Testing
Date
1
Testing& Evaluation of Transformer Raw Materials
21-22 July
2
Performance Evaluation of Low Voltage Switchgears
27-28 July
3
Condition Monitoring & Health Assessment of Power Transformers
10·11 August
4
Design Aspects and Performance Evaluation of Motors & Pumps
21-22 August
5
Quality Assurance of Wiring Accessories Switches, Plugs&Sockets
7·8 September
Transformer Testing Techniques
21·22 September
7
Evaluation of Solar Lighting and Solar Pumping System as SHU 015( 6SHFLÀFDWLRQ
5-6 October
8
9-10 November Industrial Energy Audits & PG Test Techniques
9
Industrial Energy Audits & PG Test Techniques
9-10 November
10
Condition Monitoring of Motors, Generators, Pumps & Turbines1
23-24 November
11
Uncertainty Measurement in Electrical Discipline
7-8 December
12
EMI / EMC Evaluation Techniques for Electrical and electronic Equipment and Machinery
18-19 December
6 Short Circuit Test upto 4 MVA, 33 kV Distribution Transformer
Programme title
26·27 October
Registration Fees ERDA Members 4500/- + ST Non-Members: 5000/- + ST Discount: 10% Discount will be offered to any organization sending 3 or more delegates for a given workshop and addition 5% discount if 10 or more delegates
Rajib Chattopadhyay
Type-C Goniophoto-meter Facility
July 2017
Head BD & CRM Phone (D): 0265-3021505, Mobile: 9978940954 E-mail: rajib.chattopadhyay@erda.org
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ProductShowcase
4 Rows of 4 Super Bright Red LED Displays, 3 Phase 3 Wire / 3 Phase 4 Wire System (User Selectable) Programmable CTR, PTR, Instrument Address, Password & MD Period are main features. It Displays Voltage, Current, Active Power, Reactive Power, Apparent Power, Frequency, Power Factor, Active Energy, Reactive Energy & Apparent Energy (Import / Export - 4 Quadrant operations) Energy Retention & Password Protected Energy Reset Facility, Max. Demand for KW or KVA with user Selectable Demand Interval (5-30 Minutes) are Key features of “MFM-96AF” TRMS. THD for Voltage & Current, Run Hours, On hours, Phase Angle & Phasor Angle Measurement, Auto / Manual Scroll Display are additional features.
DIGITAL CLAMP METER “MECO-G” has introduced a new 6000 Count Clamp Meter. Model R-2025THz which can measure up to 1000 AAC Trms. This instrument with very high accuracy incorporates latest state of – the- art micro controller technology. It has functions to measure Frequency (Hz), Temperature (0 C / 0 F) Capacitance (F), It can also measure DC Volts, AC Volts, resistance, diode, continuity, buzzer and Duty cycle . Data Hold functions is also available. It has a sharp LCD display with Back light. and auto power off. This is a unique clamp meter with so many functions in one instrument which are not available in any other clamp meter . The casing is attractive Yellow and Red colour
Meco Multifunction Power & Energy Monitor - Trms MODEL “MFM-96AF” “MECO” Multifunction Power & Energy Monitor, Model : “MFM-96AF” Microcontroller based with MODBUS RTU Protocol is indigenously designed, tooled and manufactured by the R & D Department of MECO and Competitively Priced. “MFM-96AF” TRMS is 23 Parameters on 46 pages,
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“MFM-96S” is Ideal to monitor & acquire Power Data from Generator, Remote Monitoring, Building Management System, PLC’s / SCADA application, Energy Audit, QC Testing, Power Management, etc. RS485 Port with MODBUS Protocol & Power Master Software to store parameters on the PC is optional.
FLIR DM90 – True RMS Multimeter with K type The FLIR DM90 is an affordable true RMS digital multimeter with a type-K thermocouple— an ideal tool for electricians, service technicians and HVAC professionals. Equipped with rich features, including LoZ, VFD mode, D Q G Ȟ $ F X U U H Q W measurement capability, the FLIR DM90 gives you trusted readings to troubleshoot and repair a wide range of electrical and electronic systems.
Key features: X
%XLOW LQ ZRUNOLJKW WR KHOS \RX DFFHVV GLIÀFXOW ORFDWLRQV with lighting issues.
X
Non-contact voltage detector.
X
Intuitive and simple-to-operate user interface.
X
Durable and drop tested to 3 m (9.8 ft.).
X
IP54 splash-proof rated.
X
18 functions, including DC voltage, AC voltage, DC current (including Ȟ$), AC current (including Ȟ$), resistance, type-K thermocouple contact temperature, capacitance, frequency, diode, continuity.
July 2017
SMETalk
Impact of GST on SME The Indian economy has traditionally been very entrepreneurial, irrespective of the scale in which businesses are conducted. Given the seemingly low per capita income of India, Small and Medium scale enterprises (SME) play a very crucial role in trade and commerce in India. The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium enterprises (MSME) drives policy decisions for SME sector on a macro economic level. Furthermore, the SME sector plays an important economic role in nation building by creating quick and self reliant job opportunities for the public at large. Given the importance of this sector, any economic policy which affects the common man, usually has special provisions for this sector for the larger good of the country. Over the years this sector has received various tax EHQHĂ&#x20AC;WV XQGHU ERWK GLUHFW DQG LQGLUHFW WD[DWLRQ 8QGHU the indirect tax purview, SME enterprises enjoy an Excise tax exemption upto a turnover of INR 1.5 Crore and are additionally eligible for various other subsidies DQG EHQHĂ&#x20AC;WV SDVVHG RQ E\ ERWK &HQWUDO DQG 6WDWH government. With the advent of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India, many of these indirect tax SOPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s may require revision as GST will subsume almost all the prevalent indirect taxes in India, and along with the same most of the tax SOPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s available at present are likely to either discontinue or continue in a manner which is yet to be prescribed. Following are the key GST impact areas for the SME sector in India.
Positive Impact of GST Simplified taxation structure At present SME enterprises on average have to engage with several indirect tax authorities (i.e. Excise , service tax, VAT, Entry tax) in order to conduct their business. Irrespective of whether or not compliances have to be
July 2017
conducted for all of them, the effort of tracking all these $FWV LV D WDVN LQ LW VHOI 8QGHU WKH *67 UHJLPH RQH PD\ only have to engage with GST authorities for all indirect tax compliances in India, which will drastically increase ease of doing business in India. However, Customs duty taxation has not been subsumed under the GST, accordingly compliance under customs regulation will continue as is. Nonetheless we can expect greater information collaboration between GST Network (GSTN) and customs portal (ICEGATE) in the near future, which may reduce documentation requirement under areas such as import / export procedure, refunds for export etc.
Larger market reach The scope of supply of SMEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s is usually restricted within the home state as it its customer base is majorly the situated within the State. The restriction on availment of CST credit on interstate sales curtails their growth beyond the State borders. However, under the GST regime seamless availability of IGST credit will certainly open up the opportunities of large scale interstate trade for this sector.
Reduced Logistics Cost Logistics of goods from one state to another poses as a major challenge for organizations in India. State border check points which are assigned with the task of material scrutiny and location based tax compliance, has a negative impact on logistics as on an average around 60 percent of transit time of the trucks is spent on these check points, which affects the lead time and cost of the SURGXFWV DQG LWV GHOLYHU\ 8QGHU WKH *67 UHJLPH WKHUH may be a drastic reduction in compliance requirements on various state check points through prescribed electronic procedures which shall make the movement of goods more transparent from the perspective of law, thus reducing the need for state border check points. Such
99
SMETalk
EHQHĂ&#x20AC;W RI UHGXFHG WLPH DW VWDWH ERUGHU ZLOO XOWLPDWHO\ optimize transportation lead time leading to reduced logistics overheads on products in the long run.
Availability of input tax credit 8QGHU WKH FXUUHQW UHJLPH ODUJH QXPEHU RI PDQXIDFWXUHUV are exempt from levy of excise duty, as their turnover does not exceed INR 1.5 Crore over the years. However manufacturers under such scheme are also denied from claiming any input tax credit on inputs / services and FDSLWDO JRRGV 8QGHU WKH *67 UHJLPH HYHQ WKRXJK PDQ\ manufactures are likely to lose their excise exemption EHQHĂ&#x20AC;W WKH\ ZLOO EH DEOH WR FODLP WKHLU HDUOLHU XQDYDLOHG Input tax credit / Cenvat credit on goods held in stock as RQ WKH DSSRLQWHG GDWH L H Ă&#x20AC;UVW GD\ RI *67 7KH RSWLRQ WR transfer input tax credit will be available even if the invoice for such stock is not present with the manufacturer as on the appointed date. Further, under the GST regime input tax on purchase of capital goods will be available in the Ă&#x20AC;UVW \HDU LWVHOI XQOLNH WKH FXUUHQW UHJLPH ZKHUH DYDLOPHQW of 50% of the cenvat credit on capital goods is to be GHIHUUHG WR WKH VXEVHTXHQW Ă&#x20AC;QDQFLDO \HDU
Negative Impact of GST The burden of lower threshold limit 8QGHU WKH FXUUHQW UHJLPH PDQXIDFWXUHUV HQMR\ D KXJH WKUHVKROG EHQHĂ&#x20AC;W XQGHU ([FLVH OHJLVODWLRQ L H ,15 Crore). Although, many of the said manufacturers which have excise exemption usually have to comply with VAT legislation. The threshold under State VAT is as low as INR 10 Lakhs. Accordingly the GST threshold has been pegged at INR 20 Lakhs, which is well below the excise threshold but fairly above VAT level. The effective rate of tax under GST on goods, which has been neutralized to consider Excise, VAT and other applicable taxes as a whole, would usually be more than the VAT rate on comparative basis. Those manufacturer with turnover between 20 lakhs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; I.5 Crore will now have to face the brunt of higher effective tax rate on their products. This GHYLDWLRQ LQ WKUHVKROG OLPLW ZRXOG VLJQLĂ&#x20AC;FDQWO\ LPSDFW working capital of manufacturers, as he may require PRUH FDVK Ă RZ WR UXQ WKH EXVLQHVV
Tax on transaction with unregistered dealers There are many SMEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s which conduct their business on basis what at a level well below the threshold limit of INR 20 lakhs. Thus these entities would not be required to get registration under GST. As per the GST legislation any purchases made from unregistered person will EH OHYLDEOH WR WD[ RQ UHYHUVH FKDUJH EDVLV 8QGHU WKH current regime small manufacturers had man added advantage in costing due to non leviability of tax on their manufactured products. The applicability of reverse charge on purchases from unregistered persons will nullify the cost advantage.
Dependability on vendors for input tax credit 8QGHU WKH *67 UHJLPH FUHGLW RQ LQSXWV LQSXW VHUYLFHV and capital shall be available only when the vendor adds such supply details in his GSTR-1 as outward supply. Accordingly, if the vendor forgets/or delays the recording
100
of his outward supply then the recipient could be denied his rightful input credit on purchase. Further in the worst case scenario, if the vendor is persistent on his denial to book outward supplies, the customers may have to book the same inward under purchases from unregistered dealer and again pay the tax on the same transaction under reverse charge basis.
Uncertainty around Area-based exemptions GST legislation does not provide for continuation of any Area Based Exemptions currently active under Excise, State VAT, etc. Given that Area Based Exemption have D GXDO VRFLR HFRQRPLF EHQHĂ&#x20AC;W LW LV OLNHO\ WKDW WKHVH exemptions may get grandfathered under GST, but with a different structure altogether. It is probable that these Exemptions may be continued through direct refund route as against upfront exemption from taxes at present. Further there is also no clarity regarding the manner of availing state tax subsidies under the GST regime.
Increased cost of services 8QGHU WKH FXUUHQW UHJLPH 6HUYLFH 7D[ LV OHYLHG DW and the general rate proposed for majority of the services under GST is 18%. Those SMEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s who have high service intakes may have to shell out at least 3% extra on procurement of services. Further if service has been procured from an unregistered service provider WKHQ UHFLSLHQW ZLOO KDYH WR Ă&#x20AC;UVW LGHQWLI\ WKH 6$& FRGH IRU the same and then pay for its tax on reverse charge at full 18%.
Conclusion If the SME sector is bifurcated into three major buckets i.e. Manufacturers, Traders and Service Providers, the manufacturers stand to gain the highest under GST as compared to the other two. The tax incidence on manufactured products is effectively around 20% (considering Excise 12.5%, VAT 6%, Entry Tax / Octroi 1%) which may come down to 18% under the GST regime without any cascation of taxes, leading to direct cost savings for manufacturing SMEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s . On a cautionary note, although GST has a lot of positives to offer, the level playing ground for both SMEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and larger organizations could pose as a threat for many SMEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in the long run. Accordingly it is expected from the government that they restructure schemes for SMEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (i.e. GST refund schemes in replacement of area based exemptions and State government grants etc.) as soon as possible so that the SMEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s can compete against the economies of scale of big companies. At present SMEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s are expected to actively engage themselves in the GST Transition process to ensure that they are able to capture, avail and transfer credits from the current regime to the GST regime smoothly. Ć&#x201C; Jigar Doshi
Partner, SKP Business Consulting LLP
Rebecca Pinto
Manager, SKP Business Consulting LLP
Ravi Soni
Executive, SKP Business Consulting LLP
July 2017
1800/-
1000/1800/2400/-
2400/-
Rs.____________ / US $ 120 or payment advice to our Account No.11751 “Bank of India”, Worli Branch, Pankaj Mansion, Dr A.B.Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018 is enclosed
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS APAR
34
HAVELLS
BCH
29
HINDUSTHAN URBAN
91
BLUE STAR
27
HPL
3
CARGILL
13
IED
85
CHINT ELECTRIC
61
L&T
COVER II, 8
C&S
9
MECO
21
DECCAN
23
MENNEKES
71
DYNAMIC CABLES
91
MITSUBISHI
15
EATON
19
OBO
102
ELDON CS
43
PREMIER
28
COVER III
PRIME MEIDEN
95
ELROMA 2017
5
RAVIN CABLES
59
EMPIRE
33
VITZROCELL
EPCOS
40
ERDA
36
ESSEN DEINKI
24
FLIR
4
GUPTA POWER
25
ELECRAMA 2018
July 2017
79, 81, 87, 89
COVER IV CORRIGENDUM
The June issue of IEEMA Journal mistakenly had PCI written on page no. 65, 71, in the index page while there was one advertisement from PRIME HI TECH ENGINEERING LTD and other was PRIME MEIDEN LIMITED, these are PRIME GROUP companies, not a part of PCI Limited. PCI Limited is also a company under PRIME GROUP. We regret for the mistake
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3
6
1
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Conducting Electricity. Routing Data. Controlling Energy. 1 2 3
Connection and fastening systems Transient and lightning protection systems Cable tray systems
www.oboindia.com
102
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Fire protection systems Cable routing systems
6 7
Device systems UnderďŹ&#x201A;oor systems
OBO Bettermann India Customer Service Tel.: +91 44 7103 3900 ¡ info@oboindia.com
July 2017
R. N. I. No. MAHENG/2009/29760 Published and Posted on 1st of every month at Mumbai Patrika Channel Sorting Office, Mumbai 400 001. License to post without prepayment WPP Licence No. MR/Tech/WPP-199/West/2017 Postal Regd. No. MCW/120/2015-2017
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