IEEMA Journal - August 2015 by IEEMA

the leading electrical & electronics monthly

VOLUME 6  ISSUE NO. 12  AUGUST 2015  PGS. 130

Cover Story Smart Grid Special Feature Renewable Energy TechSpace Regulatory initiatives for development of renewable energy projects

ISSN 0970-2946

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Rs. 50/-

Thought Leader of the Month 21 Mr Prakash Chandraker VP, Energy BU, Schneider Electric

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From the President’s Desk

Dear Friends, Increasing efficiencies in energy generation and its transmission and distribution (T&D) has been a major challenge for the India’s power sector which reports nearly 30 percent losses in T&D, primarily due to theft and other leakages. The problem is compounded by the increasing demand for electric power in a growing economy with over 10 percent shortage during the day and 12 percent during peak hours. Even incremental changes in transmission and distribution patterns will lead significant increase in availability of precious power. Indian power system is facing high AT&C Losses, poor distribution network, wide demand – supply gap of energy, poor asset management etc. Smart grid technology will bring solutions to all of the mentioned problems and sustainability by way of demand side management, demand response, outage management, reduction in AT&C losses and improved customer satisfaction. Large investment is expected for Smart Grid Applications in distribution in 12th and 13th Plan, which will provide huge business prospects in coming years. Also in this issue of IEEMA Journal we have covered some in-depth articles on Renewable Energy. With increased focus on solar power, India could become one of the largest renewable energy producers in the world matching China’s target of 100 GW capacity by 2020. India has raised its 2022 solar energy target to 100GW from 20GW as part of Narendra Modi-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government’s efforts to lower dependence on coal-fuelled electricity. The country needs to invest about $200 billion to meet this target and to set up around 60,000MW of wind power capacity by 2022. These ambitious targets set by the Government have also given rise to a need for more research activities. Even the industry has to gear up to support projects related to sustainable development and Smart Cities in India. IEEMA is working closely working with the Government and is trying to create a road map for the electrical industry over the next decade. We need to closely monitor on how we can become competitive, make our technology rich and whilst meeting domestic demand also fulfill the needs of the global market.

Vishnu Agarwal

August 2015

“Samvaad...

Dear Members,

Over the last few months, the Government has taken a number of important steps to realize India’s sustainable growth potential. There has been a focus on improving Governance; Enhancing ease of doing business and creating a conducive environment for Investment for both international and domestic players. Several initiatives have been taken by the government to kick start economic growth and to create employment opportunities along with growth for Power and other sectors. Significant among such interlinked initiatives are Digital India, Make in India, Skill India, Smart Cities and the Swach Bharat Mission. These initiatives have far reaching implications and are key for Developed India. To achieve Digital India we need the basics of Make in India to be well placed. Through Digital India, Government is focusing on leveraging the power of technology in many of its endeavors and to improve governance, delivery of services to citizens and ease of doing business. The increasing role of technology as an innovative force for change can have a transformational and positive impact on the betterment of human lives. To achieve the above objectives, ease of doing business will act as a catalyst. As we stand at a cross road of infrastructure, industrial and social development, the expectations both internally and globally have become very high. While at a tipping point we require that collective will and push from all of us to realize the Vision of India in 2020 as dreamt by Dr Abdul Kalam whom we lost just last week. The present government has led the diplomacy from the front from the day they got on the saddle. They have managed to get India in a dominant role in many social – economic & political blocks. This has helped change the perception towards our country and increase in expectations from India by the entire world. We have started to have talks on equal terms with the developed nations and super powers of the world. These countries have also started to look at us with more respect. This makes it imperative to put our house in order and get on with the next phase of reforms with earnest. Immediately there is a sense of urgency for the Land Bill, GST and the Procurement Bill. We at IEEMA, have always partnered with the Government for pursuing the agenda for growth, adapting as the economy evolved and new opportunities presented themselves. We shall continue to build on India’s strength in leveraging technology for making India a manufacturing hub. Also we will continue to focus on meeting the diverse needs of our members and create sustainable value for them.

Sunil Misra

August 2015

Contents

the leading electrical & electronics monthly

Volume 7 Issue No. 12 August 2015 CIN U99999MH970GAP014629 Official Organ of Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association Member: Audit Bureau of Circulation & The Indian Newspaper Society

From the President’s Desk 9

Samvaad … 21

Thought leader of the month Mr. Prakash Chandraker, VP, Energy BU, Schneider Electric India speaks to IEEMA Journal on India being a crucial and strategic market for Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited and also the opportunities they see in ELECRAMA 2016.

Image courtesy: www.phoenix.in

Cover Story The rising aspirations of electricity consumers for uninterrupted supply at low prices coupled with an increase in the proportion of newer and highly unpredictable renewable generation infeeds are causing severe stress to the utility managers. The changes in all areas of the energy grids, from generation to transmission to distribution, affect the structure and operation of power grids, which can only be managed efficiently with the applications of energy automation.

Techspace Future trends of communication by applying IEC 61850 in Substation Automation Systems - Mr Samir Mistri, Mr Ankur Singh and Mr Sumit Tiwari, Larsen and Toubro Limited

In Focus Smart Grid Pilots in India

Appointments This new space in the IEEMA Journal will incorporate recent important appointments in the power and related sectors.

The power system in India is growing very fast and has roughly doubled in the last decade - Mr Atul Bali, DGM-LD&C, POWERGRID Corporation of India LTD

August 2015

Contents

126 11

113

International News - Deutsche Bank sees 240 pc more solar growth in India by 2020

Shocks & Sparks A visit to the war memorial in Moscow on a wedding day

- China to build two nuclear power plants in Iran

116

National News - Maharashtra offers sops for power generation from six RE sources - India to export 500 Mw power to Bangladesh through SAARC Grid soon: POSOCO

120

Corporate News - ABB to supply two HVDC converter stations to NSN link

Editorial Board Advisory Committee Founder Chairman Mr R G Keswani

Chairman Mr Vishnu Agarwal

Members Mr Babu Babel Mr Sunil Misra Mr Sri Chandra Mr Mustafa Wajid

Sub Editor Ms Shalini Singh

Advertisements Incharge Ms Vidya Chikhale

Circulation Incharge Ms Chitra Tamhankar

Statistics & Data Incharge Mr Ninad Ranade

Regd Office - Mumbai 501, Kakad Chambers, 132, Dr A Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018. Phones: +91(0) 22 24930532 / 6528 Fax: +91(0) 22 2493 2705 Email: mumbai@ieema.org Corporate Office - New Delhi Rishyamook Building, First floor, 85 A, Panchkuian Road, New Delhi 110001. Phones: +91 (0) 11-23363013, 14, 16 Fax: +91 (0) 11-23363015 Email: delhi@ieema.org Branch Office - Bengaluru 204, Swiss Complex, 33, Race Course Road, Bengaluru 560 001. Phones: +91 (0) 80 2220 1316 / 1318 Fax: +91 (0) 80 220 1317 Email: bangalore@ieema.org Branch Office - Kolkata 503 A, Oswal Chambers, 2, Church Lane, Kolkata 700 001. Phones: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326 Fax: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326 Email: kolkata@ieema.org Website: www.ieema.in

Letters to Editor Dear Editor, I have been reading IEEMA journal since ages and always find the articles very informative. Congratulations to you on being able to bring about a new topic every time. Let me also confess that every time I get hold of an IEEMA journal, it is not the articles on electrical industry that I have a look first. It’s usually the motivational quotes and the humorous inserts from Mr. Keswani that I read first. I request you to include more topics / articles on non - industrial subjects. This will add flavor to our journal and could also improve the circulation. It could be a proper balance of both industry related topics and topics on various subjects which could add value to our professional as well as personal life. All the best. Vinay Rao Director Sales – India Metalor Technologies SA (Electrotechnics)

Articles: Technical data presented and views expressed by authors of articles are their own and IEEMA does not assume any responsibility for the same. IEEMA Journal owns copyright for original articles published in IEEMA Journal. Representatives: Guwahati (Assam) - Nilankha Chaliha Email: nilankha.chaliha@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9706389965 Raipur (Chhattisgarh) - Rakesh Ojha Email: rakesh.ojha@ieema.org Mobile:+91 9826855666 Lucknow (U.P. and Uttarakhand) Ajuj Kumar Chaturvedi Email: anuj.chaturvedi@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9839603195 Chandigarh (Punjab & Haryana) Bharti Bisht Email: bharti.bisht@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9888208880 Jaipur (Rajasthan) Devesh Vyas Email: devesh.vyas@ieema.org Mobile: +91 8955093854 Bhubaneshwar (Odisha) Smruti Ranjan Samantaray Email: smrutiranjan.samantaray@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9437189920 Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) Jesse A Inaparthi Email: jesse.inaparthi@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9949235153 Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) Mohammad Irfan Parray Email: irfan.parray@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9858455509

IEEMA Members Helpline No. 022-66605754

Edited, Printed and published by Mr Sunil Kumar Misra on behalf of Indian Electricaland Electronics Manufacturers’ Association, and Printed at India Printing Works, India Printing House, 42, G. D. Ambekar Road, Wadala, Mumbai 400 031 and Published at 501, Kakad Chambers,132, Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018.

August 2015

Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric

The smart grid market worldwide is forecast to witness a CAGR of 26.6 per cent, reaching $125 billion by 2017. Where do you want place India in the growth trajectory? It goes without saying that Schneider Electric India (SEI) would wish to place the country at the top of this growth trajectory. On a more practical level, however, it should be noted that India has only begun to shift towards Smart Grids in recent years, while some nations enjoy a head start of more than a decade. Notwithstanding this, with a proactive government now in power at the Centre, SEI is confident India can catch up with the leaders, if it so desires, given the ambitious targets it has set on housing for all by 2022, the building of 100 Smart Cities, nationwide infrastructure development and ensuring energy security and 24x7 power for all citizens by boosting the mix of power from clean energy sources. In all these domains, Smart Girds will need to play a crucial role if these ambitious targets are to be achieved within the mandated years.

A New Generation Silicone Power Player...

ELECRAMA-2016

How do you compare India’s growth with other growing economies? India’s growth story does not need to be accredited by us. It is a well known fact that India is poised to become the largest growing Asian economy. Recently our government has set its eyes on 8% growth rate, and we feel that if the current agendas and visions fall in place, we will be able to achieve that.

China has attracted a lot of foreign investment because of the ease of doing business. What improvements can India do? India is already moving along those lines. Its digital makeover plan and Make in India concept are two very strong triggers that can change the way businesses are conducted here. And the surge in interest as well as sentiments is already showing that. The Government has been hitting the right notes, they only need to back these with the right kind of policy measures. India’s growth story is a lucrative one and global players will be more than happy to be part of it.  - Shalini Singh

Almost four decades in the switchgear field with top of the line products...ASIATIC is engineered to provide high end protection and distribution solutions. Pursuing its commitment on quality, ASIATIC has a developed wide range of Silicone Rubber MV Products like:  11-36 kV Surge Arrestors  11-36 kV Expulsion fuse cutouts  11-36 kV Air break/Load Break Switches  11-36 kV Composite Insulators  25 kV Composite Insulators for Indian Railways Advantages of Silicone Rubber Products over Conventional Porcelain: 1. Unbreakable 2. Light weight 3. Resistant to UV rays & chemicals 4. Excellent resistance to aging under extreme climatic conditions 5. Hydrophobic 6. Non combustible with self extinguishing properties. ASIATIC has brought under its roof most modern moulding facilities of Silicone rubber Insulators on state of the art machines from DESMA – Germany. Complete testing Environment as per IEC/IS/RDSO requirements leverages us as ” Trusted & Uninterrupted Power Solution Provider”

Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric

A New Generation Silicone Power Player...

ASIATIC ELECTRICAL & SWITCHGEAR P. LTD.

PACE/AESPL/IEEMA/002/04-15

ELECRAMA-2016

ASIATIC ELECTRICAL & SWITCHGEAR P. LTD.

CIN : U31108DL2006PTC152517

A 58, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi - 110 028, India. Tel.: +91-11-25796330, 25796617, Fax: +91-11-25799816, 45082346 E-mail: asiatic@asiatic-india.com, Website: www.asiatic-india.com

(FORMERLY ASIATIC ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES)

Tested Power...Trusted Solution

PACE/AESPL/IEEMA/002/04-15

Tested Power...Trusted Solution

August 2015

21 We have already created India as a manufacturing base, not only catering to the domestic market but also overseas one. Schneider Electric Ltd three manufacturing plants provide integrated solutions which cater to the Indian market. India is a crucial and strategic market for Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited. So we will, going forward, continue to strengthen our position here.

Schneider aims to be a key shareholder in the Make in India campaign. Please share the details on how Schneider wants to achieve this target. The second aspect is integration of platforms to cut down on tedium and improve timeliness of operational processes. The Government’s Digital India vision and the aggressive initiative to reduce paperwork through implementation of E-biz platforms in the Government bodies will be a tremendous motivator for India Inc. It is a well-grounded expectation that this initiative will create a convenient eco-system for business operations in India. We are seeing works being done on important structural reforms – measures are being taken to rein in inflation and it is already under control; focus is being put on economic growth by removing bottlenecks which will be a significant boost; the new FDI norms will shore up foreign investments in India. All these will soon take effect in making the environment conducive to business operations and boosting sentiments.

August 2015

India is already moving along those lines. Its digital makeover plan and Make in India concept are two very strong triggers that can change the way businesses are conducted here. There are two aspects to this. The first one is the policy measures which shape the business environment. The industries are already hopeful of the Government’s intent of removing the policy paralysis that has been weighing down on businesses.

What is your opinion on ease of doing business in India? Elecrama is a big forum where the industry gets together to shape the future. There is a big expectation that, with Smart City being a big agenda, focus will be on grid integration and grid management. These two in conjunction can bring about tremendous change in the way electricity is generated or consumed in India and can go a long way in resolving India’s problem of power shortage.

Schneider has been an active participant of ELECRAMA. What opportunities do you see in the upcoming ELECRAMA 2016 with the theme being WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM?

speaks to IEEMA Journal on India being a crucial and strategic market for Schneider Electric and also the opportunities they see in ELECRAMA 2016

‘‘

Schneider has been an active participant of ELECRAMA. What opportunities do you see in the upcoming ELECRAMA 2016 with the theme being WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM?

We have already created India as a manufacturing base, not only catering to the domestic market but also overseas one. Schneider Electric Ltd three manufacturing plants provide integrated solutions which cater to the Indian market. India is a crucial and strategic market for Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited. So we will, going forward, continue to strengthen our position here.

speaks to IEEMA Journal on India being a crucial and strategic market for Schneider Electric and also the opportunities they see in ELECRAMA 2016

- Mr Prakash Chandraker VP, Energy BU, Schneider Electric

‘‘

Elecrama is a big forum where the industry gets together to shape the future.

- Mr Prakash Chandraker VP, Energy BU, Schneider Electric

Elecrama is a big forum where the industry gets together to shape the future.

Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric

ELECRAMA-2016

Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric

ELECRAMA-2016

Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric

A New Generation Silicone Power Player...

Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric

ELECRAMA-2016

The smart grid market worldwide is forecast to witness a CAGR of 26.6 per cent, reaching $125 billion by 2017. Where do you want place India in the growth trajectory?

It goes without saying that Schneider Electric India (SEI) would wish to place the country at the top of this growth trajectory.

Recently our government has set its eyes on 8% growth rate, and we feel that if the current agendas and visions fall in place, we will be able to achieve that.

On a more practical level, however, it should be noted that India has only begun to shift towards Smart Grids in recent years, while some nations enjoy a head start of more than a decade.

China has attracted a lot of foreign investment because of the ease of doing business. What improvements can India do?

Notwithstanding this, with a proactive government now in power at the Centre, SEI is confident India can catch up with the leaders, if it so desires, given the ambitious targets it has set on housing for all by 2022, the building of 100 Smart Cities, nationwide infrastructure development and ensuring energy security and 24x7 power for all citizens by boosting the mix of power from clean energy sources.

India is already moving along those lines. Its digital makeover plan and Make in India concept are two very strong triggers that can change the way businesses are conducted here. And the surge in interest as well as sentiments is already showing that. The Government has been hitting the right notes, they only need to back these with the right kind of policy measures. India’s growth story is a lucrative one and global players will be more than happy to be part of it. 

In all these domains, Smart Girds will need to play a crucial role if these ambitious targets are to be achieved within the mandated years.

- Shalini Singh

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ASIATIC ELECTRICAL & SWITCHGEAR P. LTD. (FORMERLY ASIATIC ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES)

A 58, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi - 110 028, India. Tel.: +91-11-25796330, 25796617, Fax: +91-11-25799816, 45082346 E-mail: asiatic@asiatic-india.com, Website: www.asiatic-india.com CIN : U31108DL2006PTC152517

Tested Power...Trusted Solution 24

August 2015

Schneider has been an active participant of ELECRAMA. What opportunities do you see in the upcoming ELECRAMA 2016 with the theme being WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM?

August 2015

Schneider has been an active participant of ELECRAMA. What opportunities do you see in the upcoming ELECRAMA 2016 with the theme being WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM?

speaks to IEEMA Journal on India being a crucial and strategic market for Schneider Electric and also the opportunities they see in ELECRAMA 2016

- Mr Prakash Chandraker VP, Energy BU, Schneider Electric

‘‘

Elecrama is a big forum where the industry gets together to shape the future.

Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric

August 2015

PACE/AESPL/IEEMA/002/04-15

Elecrama is a big forum where the industry gets together to shape the future.

ELECRAMA-2016

Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric

ELECRAMA-2016

WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM

YOUR ACCESS TO THE WORLD OF ELECTRICITY

WHAT TO EXPECT AT ELECRAMA 2016?

VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf

IEEMA is organising the 12th Edition of the exhibition, ‘ELECRAMA-2016’ at Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (BIEC), Bangalore, from 13th to 17th February 2016. The theme of the exhibition is “World Electricity Forum” with emphasis on new innovations, technological advancements and stimulating discussions of the opportunities for future international collaborations. ELECRAMA, organised by IEEMA – the voice of the Indian Electrical Industry, since its inception has followed a single minded pursuit of being relevant to the Industry and the needs of its constituencies. ELECRAMA is the single biggest forum capturing this rich diversity

VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf

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August 2015

of globally relevant challenges and solutions in the electricity ecosystem. Today, the ELECRAMA brand serves into the business needs of the utilities, government, EPC consultants, contractors, electrical equipment manufacturers, generation companies from across the world, facing unique challenges to power the world. Moving ahead, ELECRAMA will encompass segments beyond electricity, significantly impacting businesses across oil & gas, steel, textiles, renewables and cement industries. A host of new features have been planned this time around, such as, online space booking to enhance your event experience quotient and simplify access to participation.

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PROUD PARTNER OF:

Owing to its vast diversity, ELECRAMA has something for each and every stakeholder of the electrical ecosystem - from supply chain, product development, investment, technology partnership, networking and knowledge sharing. The last edition of this exhibition (ELECRAMA-2014) proved yet again to be an unparalleled showcase of products and technology and more

ELECRAMA-2016

VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf

19/06/15

WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM

12:36 pm

VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf

than delivered on its promise of being the greatest electrical equipment industry spectacle in the world. Spread over six halls, having a gross area in excess of 70,000 sqm, ELECRAMA-2014 hosted 805 exhibitors from India and 165 from 25 countries and provided globally comparable event experience and ambience at Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leading worldclass BIEC exhibition centre in Bangalore. The exhibition received an overwhelming response and attracted record number of visitors i.e. close to 1,00,000 from the global electrical industry fraternity, including key decision and

VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf

19/06/15

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policy makers, regulators, officials of power utilities, representatives of funding agencies, technical specialists and consultants, electrical equipment buyers, engineering project contractors and members of the academic community from India and abroad.

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August 2015

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CoverStory

he rising aspirations of electricity consumers for uninterrupted supply at low prices coupled with an increase in the proportion of newer and highly unpredictable renewable generation infeeds are causing severe stress to the utility managers. The changes in all areas of the energy grids, from generation to transmission to distribution, affect the structure and operation of power grids, which can only be managed efficiently with the applications of energy automation. The optimized capacity utilization of power grid assets takes the highest priority for the owners irrespective of whether they are public or private owned utility companies, municipal utilities and industry. Maximum reliability and availability of supply are crucial and the achieved through properly designed energy automation systems. In addition to stabilizing power grids, intelligent energy automation also help to optimize energy consumption and costs.

To remain competitive from a cost perspective over the long term the need is for a system with optimized total costs over the entire useful life, from the initial investment through the operation and maintenance. There may be changes during the lifecycle of the energy automation system that are not known today.

Smart Grid

This future demand on the system can be addressed today by scalable systems that are easy to expand, updated and retrofitted and follow industry standards. To benefit from technological advances at the same time as remaining flexible, it is necessary to work with standardized communication platforms based on open interfaces. For system integration without any problems, the right system architecture (redundancies, communication, system functions) and all interfaces have to be clearly defined and optimized.

Solutions for Substation Automation and Protection Today, network operators and energy suppliers are confronted with steadily mounting challenges. Through energy efficiency and emission reduction requirements, legislators and regulatory agencies are exerting more and more influence on operating parameters. In addition, intelligent networks are emerging that require entirely new approaches to energy automation. The exploding number of distributed renewable energy generators

leading to multi-directional power flows, coupled with demand response will replace load-oriented power generation in the foreseeable future. But intelligent applications can be used to full advantage only if standardized and secure communication and interfaces are in place. With appropriate solutions, these challenges can be transformed into opportunities and competitive advantages. Intelligent products and solutions are an important pre-requisite in the establishment of intelligent electricity networks with automated functions, distributed applications, and interlinked communication for the monitoring and optimization of network components. These intelligent networks meet societal and regulatory demands for highly efficient, environmentally sustainable grid infrastructures. They also allow the optimization of work processes, enable more efficient operation management, and ensure a higher degree of supply security.

Solutions for Distribution Automation Distribution automation is the automation of all controllable equipment and functions in the

August 2015

CoverStory

Smart Grid

distribution power system. Main tasks are the operation and maintenance of distribution system facilities to improve the quality of service, reduce the operating costs and increase the efficient use of energy and fast adaption to the changing energy environment. Distribution automation also includes newer applications such as fault detection, fault location analysis, voltage control, and power quality measurements.

Medium - and Lowvoltage automation A major requirement on electricity supply systems is the high supply reliability for the customer which is mainly dependent on the condition of the distribution network. Supply reliability is influenced by various technical and organizational factors and typically quantified by criteria such as SAIDI(Interruption Duration) and SAIFI(Interruption Frequency). In general all over the world as also we see every day in our country, customer expectations on supply reliability are steadily increasing. In some cases, explicit power quality criteria are even included in negotiated contracts between customers and utilities. Moreover, in liberalized markets, regulators typically require the utilities to report on the reliability performance, or define explicit performance targets that are even penalized in case of violations in several countries. In fact during the peak summer and winter in India, when the customers need continuous & reliable power supply to live in basic comfort, the distribution network is already operating under the maximum stress and prone to faults. At such times, the utility managers are under pressure to ensure quick restoration of the supply as long outages have often led to law and order problems. Recently we also have seen the Government of Delhi demanding the regulator to levy penalties for the Distribution utilities in case of outages over an hour. We should not be surprised to see more such instances from the other parts of the country.

August 2015

Mr Vikram Gandotra, Chairman, IEEMA Smart Grid Division shares his views on the role of Smart Grids in India What are the drivers for Smart Grids and how do you see the progress of Smart Grids in India ? Continuous growth in power demand, rising aspirations of the consumers, the urgent need to provide power to one fourth of our citizens, quantum growth in the unpredictable renewable generation, high AT&C losses are some of the powerful drivers which are pushing the Indian power sector to look for solutions through the Smart Grid solutions. Smart Grids is the set of new technologies which has the potential to radically improve the operations of the Power Utilities. It is not one product or technology nor is it applicable for any one specific area of operations. There are solutions which are available today which can benefit the Transmission Utilities, Distribution Utilities and even the consumers. These technologies leverage the developments both in OT(Operational Technology) as well as IC T (Information Communication Technology). The technologies help the Utilities to understand the state of their network in real-time and allow their managers to take preventive actions to ensure high availability of quality power to the consumers. Some of the tools available on the Smart Grid palette are Smart Metering/MDMS/ AMI, SCADA/EMS/DMS, Self Healing/ Distribution Automation, Condition Monitoring, Smart Protection systems, ADR, Building Management Systems, etc. Of course one must understand that the technology introduction must be accompanied by initiatives to strengthen the other critical ingredients in the recipe, i.e. processes ( governance) and people ( trained and motivated staff) in order to achieve the desired results. One cannot forget the wish of the most important person i.e. the consumer who today wants empowerment to decide his consumption pattern and bill, hence the utilities need to invest in newer technologies to make this happen. If we look at our Transmission networks we find that they are generally robust (especially of the Central utility â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Powergrid) and well managed. One of the reasons is the regular & planned introduction of solutions such as System planning software tools, SCADA/ EMS, and now Phasor Measurement Units/ WAMS. In the Distribution networks we see a much varied landscape. On the one hand we have islands of excellence in Distribution networks such as in the metros like Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, etc where the newer technologies have been introduced in a planned and systematic manner by the utilities thereby providing the benefits of high quality power service to the citizens, while at the other end of the scale we have several towns where the quality of service is much below the acceptable level. The good news for the citizens in the latter set of towns is that through the various initiatives of Govt. of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ministry of Power such as IPDS and earlier R-APDRP there is a focus to improve the state of the networks. Through these initiatives there has been a systematic investment in not only the conventional grid elements like Transformers, RMUs, cables, etc but also the vital ICT elements like

CoverStory

GIS, Meters, Communication, SCADA and DMS. The benefits of these investments ultimately result in improved service to the consumers and are gradually being appreciated by the utilities. There are 14 pilot projects supported by the Government of India, which are at different stages in the various states, which once implemented will guide all the stakeholders on the future course of these technologies. One critical aspect that still needs acceptable answers is to develop and run sustainable business models for these investments. The Smart Grid solutions of DMS/OMS in the second level of towns must be planned and implemented at the earliest as only about 72 towns were covered in the first phase under R-APDRP. Also there is a need to promote smart Microgrids to provide reliable supply to consumers in remote areas, islands, industrial and residential townships by using Microgrid Management systems. Government of India has recognized the need for specialized institutions for facilitating this progress through launch of National Smart Grid Mission which is a welcome step.

What are the unique regulatory frameworks and industry structures in place in the leading Indian states? One of the most important elements which will contribute to the success or failure in the transformation of any grid into Smart Grid is the concurrent change in the regulatory framework. The regulations must be amended wherever needed to promote the flexible consumption of electricity through introduction of TOD tariffs for the smallest feasible connected consumer. Also the provision for permitting the utility to disconnect a consumer in case of him stealing power or not paying for consumed power needs to be looked into. The regulators are also promoting the introduction of decentralized renewable power into the distribution networks through mandated provisions and definition of tariffs. Some states such as Maharashtra are working proactively and looking at these topics well in time where some others need to act speedily to catch up.

Smart Grid

Given this background, the power quality performance of distribution networks is coming more and more into the focus of system operators. Cost-effective measures and concepts for system development and operation are necessary. Performance targets demanded by customers and regulators are becoming a key factor for economic system operation. Understanding the correlations between the respective measures and their detailed and quantitative impact on the systems reliability performance is therefore becoming more and more important. Benefits of medium and low-voltage automation: hh

Improvement of distribution operations and maintenance

Increase reliability

Faster disturbance and fault location

Asset monitoring for ageing infrastructure and avoidance of asset overload

Increase of distribution power quality to be in line with given voltage range, and avoidance of power quality issues for medium-sized industry

Integrate medium-sized distributed generation and small decentralized generation

Clear view about power flow

Active load balancing and rearrangement in distribution network for operational issues

What are the difficulties Indian ecosystems has as compared to ecosystem of developed nations? Every country has its own set of challenges and drivers. In fact every developed country also has different conditions, e.g. Germany wanted to go for large scale renewable power while Japan is interested in reducing dependence on Nuclear after Fukushima disaster and US wants to manage its ageing infrastructure while allowing the customers to participate in Demand Response market. Also the structure of utilities and regulatory framework is different in every country. Also as one travels across the world, one can see the effect of the local social values in creating the problems for utilities. For example in North Europe commercial loss or theft is not an issue while in many other countries such as Brazil and even south Europe this is a major issue. Consumers in general want to pay minimum or if possible nothing for the consumption of electricity across the globe. If the society allows people to feel entitled and get away without paying for the power consumed the people will get used to such a state and oppose any move to make them pay the fair cost of what they have consumed. In India not only do we come across unusually high commercial loss we also face the problems of theft of assets itself.

How much money can be saved by reducing losses? As per CEA reports for FY 12-13 the total All India generation was 912,056 MU and average AT&C loss was 25.3 % which translates to Rs 1,15,000 crore (at the average rate of generation of Rs 5.01). Smart Metering is a recognized solution for controlling the Commercial Loss. Certain technical losses are controllable as they depend on the grid structure of HT and LT

power

supply analysis

Monitoring, remote control, and self-healing application In cable networks, mainly RTUs and short-circuit detectors are used for the automation of ring-main units. For overhead line networks, IEDs and protection relays ensure control and monitoring of reclosers and sectionalizers. Self-healing automation can provide secure and reliable operation of overhead lines and cable networks and can be used

August 2015

CoverStory

Smart Grid

for all types of primary equipment: circuit-breakers, reclosers, disconnectors, sectionalizers and load breakers. Principle of self-healing (Fault Location, Isolation and Service Restoration – FLISR) hh

Fault location: Analysis and detection of permanent faults, broken jumpers, loss of substation source and lockout due to miscoordinated protective devices Fault isolation: The distribution network is broken into feeder section zones that can be isolated or energized from one or more sources using fault-interrupting or switching devices (i.e., circuit-breaker, recloser, etc.). Evaluation is done to check if any healthy zones are de-energized. Service restoration: Automatic restoring of healthy zones using alternative sources (if available). Change of settings groups to better coordinate the protective devices in the new network topology. Restoration of upstream zones that were de-energized due to miscoordination of the protective devices Return to initial conditions: at Operator request after checking healthiness of the tobe-restored network.

Distribution automation architectures can be classified as hh

Semi-decentralized: Automation logic is implemented at the primary substation level

Decentralized: It is implemented at RMU / feeder level

Centralized: It is implemented in the control center

networks and quality of the conductors, transformers, joints, etc. Smart Grid technologies help to identify these technical losses and also suggest ideal network configurations to optimize these losses. Another commercial advantage which is realized by some utilities is the short payback period of investing in Smart Grid solutions like SCADA/ DMS/OMS which help the utility to quickly identify and restore fault outages and re-supply the power to its valuable consumers ( every minute of outage is revenue loss), besides its accompanying improvement in customer satisfaction and positive very perception. Of course it is important to realize that the technology initiative must be coupled with other appropriate initiatives to develop capable and motivated employees with strong processes in place.

What is the size of the Smart Grid Market ? If we look at the investments in Smart Grid products and solutions in comparison to the investment in conventional electrical equipment, currently it would be a single digit percent but this will grow at a high rate in the coming years and I expect this to reach double digits in the next 4-5 years.

What role do you see for IEEMA in Smart Grids and Smart Cities ? IEEMA is in a unique position as it has the collective strength of its members who cover the entire landscape of the utility power grids – the delivery side and consumption side. The utilities, industries, commercial and home electrification areas being their playground, IEEMA members have together a pool of invaluable knowledge and experience especially for Indian conditions. IEEMA’s special position is further strengthened with the several new areas such as Smart Metering, Self- healing, Renewable power generation, Demand Control, Storage, etc which is the expertise of its member companies. IEEMA members have learnt a lot from the experiences of previous Smart initiatives such as R-APDRP and Smart Grid pilot projects and the IEEMA SG division wishes to share these experiences with all the stakeholders in order to make Indian grids transformation into Smart Grids a sustainable one. Also when we talk of Smart Cities, one cannot visualize them without transformation of grids into Smart Grids for which IEEMA members bring on the table their combined knowledge & experience. The experience in India with its typical issues is also a very valuable contribution of IEEMA members as Smart Cities will be planned both as Brownfield and Greenfield projects. IEEMA members offer not just conventional electrical systems like transformers and switchgears but also in associated newer areas like AMI, Automation, Renewable generation, etc and thus IEEMA will play a vital role in the journey of building Smart Cities in India.

Semi-decentralized Automation Architecture The regional controller based substation automation system

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CoverStory

ensures local self-healing automation and also provides additional supervisory information. It is located in the primary substation as a link between the central SCADA systems and the intelligent field devices. Protection relays monitor and protect distribution feeders or other equipment like transformers in the primary substation. Disconnectors and switches at the ring-main units can be controlled and monitored via a customized distribution automation box including FRTUs and FPI or FCM. Standard ANSI protection functions in the protection relay handle critical fault situations by tripping circuitbreakers at the in-feed point. The distribution automation devices send the status of the distribution network to the regional controller for analysis and for taking further actions. The regional controller is set up to: hh

Detect fault location using fault indications from the field

Manage standardized switching sequences for fault isolation

Handle further actions for reconfiguration and service restoration

The semi - decentralized Distribution Automation architecture requires a good communication link like GPRS/Radio Mesh network but not necessarily an extremely high speed like FO, between the primary sub-station and secondary field equipment. As the restoration time is quite short (typically below 30 seconds) it can be recommended for most of the secondary networks.

Decentralized Automation Architecture The system is designed to work using independent automated devices. The self-healing logic resides in individual feeder automation controllers located in the feeder level. Each feeder section contains a feeder automation controller with a powerful programmable logic controller (PLC) that can be easily configured by the utility to operate the switching devices in response to

Smart Grid

A typical workflow in managing the outages in the distribution grid

local or network conditions. Because the relays communicate with each other in a peer-to-peer fashion, the system operates autonomously with no need for a master controller. Modern communication systems primarily use the open IEC 61850 standard to support this decentralized application. IEC 61850 provides the required logic and flexibility for the realization of the self-healing functionality. Peerto-peer functionality via IEC 61850 Generic Object Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) messages not only provides binary data, but also analog values. Each feeder automation controller unit contains extensive programmable logic, which is designed with the FASE (Feeder Automation Sequence Editor) engineering tool to realize the automation functionalities. The IEDs then handle the self-healing functionality, attempting to clear and isolate the faults in order to initiate the service restoration logic. The Decentralized Distribution Automation architecture requires a very good communication link of extremely high speed like FO, in order to support peer to peer IEC 61850 messaging between the secondary field equipment. As the restoration time is extremely short (typically below 1 second) it can be recommended for critical establishments like hospitals.

Centralized Automation Architecture In distribution networks, the telemetry is relatively limited; the fault rate is high as also the frequency of

changes in the network. To meet these requirements, the Control Centre system provides powerful functions with which the operator can operate the distribution network effectively and efficiently. Different possibilities of communication media and architecture exist between remote sub-stations or RMU locations and the centralized control centre.

Key DMS Functionality hh

Fault Management & System Restoration (FMSR)

Loss Minimization & Load Balancing

Outage Management

Power Flow

Voltage Var Control

Fault Management Fault management is a set of applications used for locating system incidents and providing fault (or planned outage) isolation and service restoration in distribution networks. The main Fault Management functionality consists of:

August 2015

CoverStory

Smart Grid

Fault location: Locating the faulty section or area of the network as closely as possible

more performance indices and select the best one for service restoration.

Fault isolation: Isolating the planned outage or the faulty section or area of the network

Outage Management System

Service restoration: Restoring power to de-energized nonfaulty areas of the network Fault isolation and immediate restoration: Isolating faulty areas and immediately restoring power to deenergized areas of the nonfaulty or isolated network hh

Restore to normal or prefault state: Restoring selected number of switches to their normal state or pre-fault state.

Fault location, as a part of the Fault Management application, helps to locate permanent faults. Fault location is performed by using remotely controlled and manually updated information (communicated by the field crews) from, for example, protection devices and fault indicators. Fault Management localizes the faulty section as closely as possible, based on available real-time data from SCADA and/ or field crews. Measurements from impedance fault relays can be utilized to locate the faulty section more accurately. The isolation function is performed to determine a set of switching operations to isolate an area of the network. It can be initiated by the location of the faulty segment or area, or by selecting sections directly on the user interface. The purpose is to isolate sections or areas of the network specified by the isolation request to minimize the outage effect on the network. Service restoration provides a possible choice of switching procedures to restore service. For each switching procedure suggested by the restoration tool, performance indices are calculated based on the network conditions. The user can select the way of ranking of suggested switching procedures according to one or

August 2015

OMS is a collection of functions, tools and procedures that an operator/dispatcher uses to manage the detection, location, isolation, correction and restoration of faults that occur in the power supply system. OMS is also used to facilitate the preparation and resolution of outages that are planned for the network. These processes are used to expedite the execution of the tasks associated with the handling of outages that affect the network and provide support to operators at all stages of the outage lifecycle, starting from events such as the reception of a trouble call or a SCADA indication of an outage and extending until power is restored to all customers. This process is used to solve the outage regardless of whether the outage is at the level of a single distribution transformer providing power to one or a few energy consumers, or at the level of a primary substation providing power to many energy consumers. All operations, authorizations and comments that occur in these processes are documented and collected in outage records. This information is made available to external sites for further statistical analysis and processing. OMS provides the automatic processing of an outage record used to monitor changes in the network and has an internal interface to Crew Management (CM), Switching Procedure Management (SPM), and Trouble Call Management (TCM). Data communication to external applications is enabled through Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) adapters.

by corporate websites, and is able to relate those calls to a service point and associated transformer. While doing this, trouble calls are grouped and associated to a predicted outage event based on configurable rules and heuristics. OMS provides the operator with customer-related information about the outage; the customerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s data and outage information is always logged. The user has the opportunity to manually push a grouped outage upstream or downstream forcing it to group respectively to a common device or disperse into multiple predicted outages.

Storm Mode During certain peak conditions (e.g., extreme weather conditions), the OMS must provide the capability to handle the large number of trouble calls from customers or via smart meters, and guide and support the operator to focus on most important events. By activating the Storm Mode, the Prediction Engine changes the rule settings appropriately, for example: hh

Suppress those MDM messages and deactivate them from the Prediction Engine calculations that are related to already known outages

Filtering for more severe outages by increasing the threshold for notified trouble calls or AMI signals that are required to move a predicted outage location upstream

Suppress local service outages from appearing on the geospatial worldmaps

Queue up trouble calls for a defined period of time before using them for prediction.

Prediction Engine

Crew Management (CM) & Trouble Call Management (TCM)

Another very useful feature is the Prediction Engine. It evaluates trouble information from all available sources, e.g., generated manually or by external applications such as Customer Information System (CIS), Interactive Voice Response (IVR) or

This system provides convenient access to the information necessary to track, contact and assigns work schedules (outage records) to the field crews of a utility. The information consists of data such as crew name, work assignments and locations.

CoverStory

Smart Grid

Integeration of OT & ICT

Integration of OT (Operational Technology) and IT (Information Technology) Modern utilites extensively deploy Operational Technology solutions like SCADA, DMS, OMS, MDMS,etc as also IT solutions like ERP, Asset Management, etc. These solutions are not only different in design and architecture but work on different hardware and software platforms(OS) and from different vendors. A mamoth task is to integerate these systems so that they can exchange data between each other as and when it may be needed

to for smooth integerated operation of all the systems.There are various approaches which are being used from simple system to system discrete exchange of information to solutions like Enterprise Service Bus. The global standardisation body IEC has realised the need for standardisation in this area of exchange of information between the various OT and IT systems and has come out with a detailed framework defined in a series of standards like IEC 61968 and IEC 61970 to harmonise the efforts of the system developers in the interest of the power utility.

Substation Automation Modern station automation solutions enable the remote monitoring and control of all assets based on a consistent communication platform that integrates all elements from bay level all the way to the control center. By acquiring and transmitting all relevant data and information, a substation automation and telecontrol technology is the key to stable grid operation. New applications, such as online monitoring, can easily be integrated in existing IT architectures making it possible to have all equipment optimally automated throughout its entire life cycle.

August 2015

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Smart Grid

During the last years, the influences on the business of the power supply companies have changed a lot. The approach to power grid operation has changed from a static quasistable to a dynamic operational management of the electric power grid. Enhanced requirements regarding the economy of lifetime for all assets in the grid are also gaining importance. There is significant pressure on the grid operator to increase the reliability of supply to the consumers. As a result, the significance of automation systems has increased a lot, and the requirements for control, protection and remote control have undergone several changes of paradigm:

Flexible and tailor-made solutions for the diverse applications Acquisition of all kinds of data, calculation and automation functions, as well as versatile communication can be combined in a very flexible way to form specific solutions. The classical interface to the primary equipment is centralized with many parallel cables sorted by a marshalling rack. In such an environment, central protection panels and centralized RTUs are standard. Even in such configurations, the user can benefit from full automation and communication capabilities. This means that classical RTU solution, interfaces to other IEDs are included and HMIs for station operation and supervision can be added as an option. Also, the protection relays are connected to the RTU, so that data from the relays are available both at the station operation terminal and in the higher-level control centers. RTUs can be equipped with different combinations of communication, both serial and Ethernet (TCP / IP). Most common protocols are the IEC family of standards, e.g., IEC 60870-5-101 / 103 / 104 IEC 61850, IEC 62056-21. In new substations, the amount of cabling can be reduced by decentralizing the automation system. Both protection relays

August 2015

and bay controllers are situated as near as possible to the primary switchgear. Small medium-voltage substation: Typically it consists of 4 to 16 MV feeders and is unmanned. In most cases, combined bay control and protection devices are located directly in the low-voltage compartments of the switchgear panels. A station operation terminal is not required if the substation is remote-controlled, and in case of local service / maintenance they are easy to control at the front side of the switchgear panels. The devices are as flexible as the configurations: Bay controllers, protection relays, station control units, station operation units and RTUs can be configured from small to very large data volume sizes and communication protocols and physical interfaces can be provided.

project phases of an automation system, from collection of the substation data to deployment of all needed functions, and finally to reporting and archiving are useful for economic operation. The long lifetime of the involved futureproof products extend the time period between investments into automation systems. The automation systems are maintenance free and easy to expand at a later date. The powerful services for remote maintenance (diagnosis, settings, updates, test, etc.) provide a very economic way to keep any substation up-to-date and running. hh

• Same look and feel of all HMI on different levels. • Vertical and horizontal interoperability of the involved products.

Secure and reliable operation management Human machine interfaces (HMI) for every control level and support the operators with reliable information and secure, easy-to-use control features and could be as follows:hh

• Plug and play for spare parts by simple exchange of flash cards. hh

At feeder level:

• Access points for remote terminals connected to the station operation units • Portable touch panels with wireless access in defined areas hh

At substation level: • Single or redundant HMI • Distributed server / client architectures with multiple and / or remote terminals • Interface to office automation

Cost-effective investment and economic operation The efficient tools cater for fast and easy engineering and support all

Optimisation of engineering effort by • Seamless data management, only single data input for whole project.

• Conventional panels with pushbuttons and instruments for refurbishment • Electronic front panels combined with bay control units

Simple handling of the solutions is provided by:

• Easy up and downloads, even from remote. • Integrated test tools. hh

Optimisation of service expenses during lifetime by • Integrated self-supervision in all components • Powerful diagnosis in clear text • Remote access for diagnosis, settings, test, expansions, etc.

Reduction of complexity by seamless communication • Worldwide standard IEC 61850 makes future expansion vendor independent. • Future-proof and open changes for new requirements.  Mr Vikram Gandotra

TechSpace

substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission and distribution system. Substation automation systems (SAS) consist of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and the communication networks between them, for implementing control, protection and monitoring tasks in power system. The smart substation means more reliable and efficient protection, monitoring, control, operation, and maintenance of the equipment and apparatus installed within the substations, as well as rapidly respond to system faults and provide increased operator safety.

Fig.I substation bus and conventional wiring to the process

Smart Grid

Substation automation systems are mainly emphasis on the protection, monitoring and control of all electric process within an electric substation, and both the system architecture and its organizational structure make the system reliable, flexible, modular and simple to expand. Now a dayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mainly numerical relay comes in the picture. Communication plays a vital role to communicate between the relay to achieve the definition of smart substation. Integrity of this system depends on integrity and interoperability of its components, especially in the case of applying various IEDs from different manufacturer of substation automation system and it is possible by flexible and common protocol in various manufacturers IEDs. For this purpose and in order to interoperability between different manufacturers IEDs, international standard IEC 61850 has been prepared. In this paper, focusing on how IEC 61850 play a critical role, to build the concept of communication protocols in SAS by using GOOSE functionality and Substation

Configuration Language (SCL), also provide the benefits of using IEC 61850 protocol in SAS. This paper also addresses the term Interoperability between two IEDs according to IEC 61850, means the capability of two or more intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) from one or several vendors to exchange information and to use it in the performance of their functions and for correct co-operation and how wireless technology contributes a challenging role in fast isolation and restoration of fault in distribution network using IEC 61850.

Architecture of substation automation systems The introduction of the new technologies will lead to a more decentralized architecture of the substation automation system and will enable a significant reduction of copper wiring in the substation.

Architecture Overview The introduction of numerical relays and communication technology some years ago has led to system

August 2015

TechSpace

Smart Grid

Figure-II IEC61850-8 station bus and IEC61850-9 links to non-conventional instrument transformers

Figure IV. One single, station wide Figure III Hierarchical communication networks with IEC61850-8 as station bus and a process bus communication network using both IEC618508 and IEC61850-9 using both IEC 61850-8 and IEC61850-9

architectures similar to what is shown in Figure 1. The same architecture can also be used with IEC61850.

Details

Non-conventional instrument transformers will in a first step be connected through serial pointto-point connections according to IEC61850-9 to the relays. This results in the architecture as shown in Figure II. The next step, where the drives of the switchgear are equipped with a communication interface may result in the architecture as shown in Figure 3. A bus-like communication between the bay level functions and the process close equipment will further reduce copper wiring and will simplify the connection topology. Since IEC61850 uses the same communication technology for the station bus and the process bus, the final system architecture may be as shown in Figure 4. This will allow a seamless data access within the substation. Also architectures based on a ring topology are possible.

Process close Architecture

Figure V. Merging unit connected to single phase instrument transformers

August 2015

At the process level there is a merging unit (MU) connecting the voltage and current transformers to the protection and control devices. The main task of the merging unit is to merge current and voltage data from the three phases. The interface between the instrument transformers and the MU is technology specific; the output is standardized according to IEC61850-9. The instrument transformers connected to the MU can be conventional CTs and VTs, nonconventional CTs and VTs or a mix of both. The sampled analog values from the MU should be time coherent. This can be achieved either by synchronous sampling of all analogue values throughout the whole substation or by having each sample time tagged. In the latter case a local or global common time reference is necessary in the system. There are different process close architectures depending on which signals of the switchgear are connected with conventional wires

Figure VI. Conventionally connected switchgear

and which are connected via an IEC61850 network. Figure 6 shows a conventional connection of all analog and binary data. On bay level, there are three devices: A bay controller, a distance protection as main protection (Relay A) and a time overcurrent protection (LN PTOC) as backup protection (Relay B). There are a large number of copper wires between the switchgear and protection and control equipment. It can be 200 to 500 wires that need individual assembling and testing according to system drawings for each bay. There is a large amount of manual work involved in this assembling and testing and also in assuring the consistency of the related drawings. The first step, where nonconventional instrument transformers are connected to the protection and control equipment via the MU is shown in Figure 7. The connection from sensor to MU is a proprietary serial link. The connection from MU to the protection and control equipment is standardized according to

Figure VII. Non-conventional instrument transformers

TechSpace

Smart Grid

Figure VIII. Non-conventional instrument transformers and CB monitoring

Figure IX Non-conventional instrument transformers and intelligent CB drive (IED: Intelligent Electronic Device)

Figure X. Example for function integration at process and bay level

IEC61850-9. The IEC6850-9 connection can be either several point-to-point links or a network with a switch.

devices required in a system. This reduction of devices can contribute to increase the system reliability.

reasonable cost for all functions of the substation.

In a next step, in addition to the nonconventional sensor, a monitoring unit (modeled with the LN SCBR) for the monitoring of the circuit breaker drive is introduced, see Figure 8. The monitoring unit has a proprietary connection to sensor electronics on the circuit breaker. From the monitoring unit there are conventional connections to the existing protection and control equipment for alarms and operational capability signaling and also an IEC61850-8 connection to the station level for detailed monitoring data. All trip commands and positioning signals between circuit breaker and protection and control equipment are still connected conventionally with wires. The fully intelligent switchgear in Figure 9 has nonconventional instrument transformers and a breaker including the breaker monitoring LN SCBR. The monitoring device and the merging unit are connected to the protection and control equipment with a process bus using both IEC618508 and IEC61850-9. The process bus is used for the complete information exchange between process level and bay level. There are no conventional wire connections between the switchgear and equipment on bay level anymore.

Function Integration Function integration is a way to reduce the number of physical

The traditional function allocation today is that all protection, control and monitoring functionality is allocated to the bay and/or station levels. At the bay level protection, control and sometimes monitoring functions are implemented in separate physical devices. Some functionality has been integrated and reduced the number of physical devices required on the bay level already today. One example is the disturbance recorder integrated in the protection device, another is the protection and control integrated in one physical device. With the introduction of the nonconventional sensors and actuators, electronic devices are introduced also below the bay level. In a first step this increases the total number of electronic devices. However, it offers an additional opportunity of function integration. Figure 10 gives an example of function integration. It is the same functional setup as in Figure 9 but the protection functions are integrated in the merging unit. The new process close technology and the new standard IEC61850 offer several benefits for the design of a substation. The number of copper wires will be significantly reduced. The number of non-supervised functions will be reduced to almost zero. This reduces the time until an error will be detected and increases the availability of the system. With the introduction of the new technology, a true redundancy is possible at

IEC 61850 introduce a strict operation between application and communication by modelling the functional (application level) structuring the form of logical nodes and logical devices and then map this to a seven layer communication stack, which allow different physical media and configurations. This, together with a set of communication services which fulfil all needs from high speed real time data transmission up to event logging and monitoring, allow to implement same protocol on low cost communication equipment as well as on more costly high performance communication equipment. It further allows choosing a function distribution leading to minimal cost regarding cabling and reliably. REFERENCES 1. Klaus-Peter Brand, Peter Rietmann, Tetsuji Maeda, Wolfgang Wimmer, “Requirementsof interoperable distributed functions and architectures in IEC 61850-based SASystems” CIGRE 2006 2. Rudolf Baumann, Klaus-Peter Brand, “The standard IEC 61850 – A simple butcomprehensive solution for today’s power system requirements” ABB witzerland Ltd. 3. Gerrit Dogger, “IEC 61850 Overview and Application for SCADA Systems,” SouthEastern Apparatus School 2007



Samir Mistry, samir.mistry@lntebg.com Ankur Singh, ankur.singh@lntebg.com Sumit Tiwari, sumit.tiwari@lntebg.com EDDC-EAIC, Larsen and Toubro Limited

August 2015

InFocus

The power system in India is growing very fast and has roughly doubled in the last decade. With nearly 267 GW of installed capacity (as of March 2015), the Indian power system is now the third largest in the world. A power system of this size growing @ 8-10% per year with an increased share of renewable energy requires smarter systems to manage it efficiently with stability and reliability.

Smart Grid and Benefits Smart Grid is an Electrical Grid with Automation, Communication and IT systems that can monitor power flows from points of generation to points of consumption (even down to appliances level) and control the power flow or curtail the load to match generation in real time or near real time. Smart Grid implementation can bring multiple benefits to the Utility, Customers as well as the Regulator which include: Reduction of T&D losses Peak load management, improved

Quality of Service and reliability

Reduction in power purchase

cost

Better asset management Increased grid visibility and self-

healing grids

Renewable integration and better

access to electricity

Smart Grid

Increased options such as Time

of Use tariff, Demand Response programs, Net Metering etc

Satisfied customers and financially

sound utilities etc.

Smart Grid Developments in India Acknowledging the growth in the power sector and realizing the importance of Smart Grids, Ministry of Power, GoI had taken early steps in establishing India Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF), an inter-ministerial group to serve as Government’s focal point for Smart Grid activities and India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF), a PPP initiative for accelerated development involving academia and industries. In August 2012, MoP along with ISGTF had shortlisted 14 Smart Grid Pilot Projects across different geographical locations in the country for testing the Smart Grid functionalities. A Smart City Pilot Project was also sanctioned by MoP in July 2014 for creating a Smart City model which could be adopted in the near future for developing Smart Cities as envisaged by the Govt. of India. Smart Grid Vision and Roadmap for India was also released in Aug 2013 for paving a path for future deployment and implementation of Smart Grid in India. National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM) has been established with an initial outlay of Rs.980 Crores, which shall act as the focal point for coordinating

all the activities being undertaken for development of Smart Grid in India across the different Ministries of GoI and shall enable integration of all such initiatives that are underway in isolation in various Ministries towards creation of Smart Grid Infrastructure.

Smart Grid Pilot Projects in India 14 Smart Grid Pilot Projects and 1 Smart City Pilot Project have been sanctioned by MoP, GoI with an estimated budget of Rs 400 Crores approx. out of which 50% would be the share of the MoP while balance need to be funded by Utility(ies). The major smart grid functionalities being adopted in these pilot projects are as follows: 1. Advanced (AMI)

Meter

Infrastructure

2. Peak Load Management (PLM) 3. Power (PQM)

Quality

Measurement

4. Outage (OMS)

Management

System

5. Distributed Generation (DG) 6. Micro Grids (MG)

The relevant details and present status of these pilot projects are as under: 1. APDCL, Assam: This pilot project is being implemented at Guwahati distribution region with coverage of nearly 15,000 consumers.AMI,

August 2015

InFocus

Smart Grid

PLM, OMS and DG functionalities are being tested with envisaged benefits like reduction in AT&C losses , increased availability and better quality of power etc. Total sanctioned project cost is about Rs.29.94 Cr. APDCL had awarded the contract of System Integrator to M/s Phoenix IT Solutions Ltd in March 2015. 2. CESC, Mysore: This project is being implemented at Additional City Area Division covering nearly 21,824. AMI, PLM, OMS, DG and MG are being tested with envisaged benefits like reduction in AT&C losses, peak load consumption and cost of billing etc. Total sanctioned project cost is Rs.32.59 Crores. CESC had awarded the contract to M/s Enzen Global Solutions Ltd. in April 2014. Project is under adavnced stage of implementation with control centre in place and testing of smart meters in process.. 3. CSPDCL, Chhattisgarh: This project is being implemented at Siltara and DDU Nagar of Raipur with 1,987 consumers. AMI and PLM are being tested with envisaged benefits of reduction in AT&C losses, peak load and cost of billing. Total sanctioned cost of the project is Rs.5.55 Crores. The project is likely to be awarded very soon. 4. HPSEBL, Himachal Pradesh: This project is being implemented at Kala Amb industrial area covering nearly 1,251 consumers. AMI, PLM, OMS and PQM are being tested to attain the envisaged benefits of reduction in outages, penalties and peak load shifting etc. Total cost of the project is Rs.19.45 Crores.HPSEBL has awarded the contract to M/s Alstom in February 2015 and project is under implementation. 5. JVVNL, Rajasthan: This project is sanctioned for Sanganer Sub Division with a consumer base of nearly 34,752. AMI, PLM and OMS functionalities will be tested to attain the benefits of reduction in AT&C losses, peak load consumption, DT failures and increased energy sales etc. Total project cost is Rs.33.38 Crores. JVVNL had prepared the

August 2015

DPR for implementation and NIT documents are under finalization. 6. KSEB, Kerala: This project is being implemented in selected geographical locations over the Kerala State with a base of nearly 25,078consumers. AMI will be implemented for achieving benefits like reduction in AT&C losses, and implementation of ToD tariff etc. Total sanctioned project cost is Rs.27.58 Crores.. The bidding is in process for award of the pilot.. 7. MSEDCL, Maharashtra: This project is being implemented at Baramati town with a consumer base of nearly 25,629. AMI and OMS are being adopted for benefits like reduction in AT&C losses, outages and improvement in reliability etc. Total sanctioned cost of the project is Rs.28.21 Crores. 8. PED, Puducherry: This project is being implemented at Division 1 of Puducherry covering a consumer base of nearly 34000 consumers. AMI will be implemented for achieving benefits of reduction in AT&C losses etc. Total sanctioned project cost is Rs.46.11 Crores.. 9. PSPCL, Punjab: This project is being implemented at Tech-II Sub Division of SAS Nagar with a consumer base of nearly 2,737 consumers.AMI and PLM are being tested for reducing AT&C losses and peak load consumption etc. Total sanctioned cost of the project is Rs.10.11 Crores. PSPCL had awarded the contract to M/s Kalkitech and the project is under implementation.. 10. TSECL, Tripura: The project will be implemented at Electrical Division No.1 of Agartala town for nearly 42,676 consumers. AMI and PLM are being adopted for implementation for reduction in AT&C losses and peak load consumption etc.. Total cost of the project is Rs.24.08 Crores. The project is likely to be awarded shortly. 11. TSSPDCL, Telangana: The project will be implemented at Jeedimetla industrial area for nearly 11,904 consumers. AMI, PLM, OMS and PQM are being adopted for reduction in AT&C losses and

reduction in purchase costs of power etc. Total sanctioned cost of the project is Rs.41.82 Crores. Tendering is in process for the project. 12.UHBVN, Haryana: The project is being implemented at Panipat City Sub Division for nearly 31,914 consumers. AMI, PLM, OMS are being tested for reduction in AT&C losses and peak load etc. Total sanctioned project cost is Rs.35.94 Crores. This project is funded and being implemented by M/s NEDO, Japan.Feasibility study for the implementation is completed by M/s Fuji Electric Co. under M/s NEDO supervision. 13. UGVCL, Gujarat: The project will be implemented at Naroda and Deesa circles for nearly 39,422 consumers. AMI, PLM and OMS are being tested for reductions in AT&C losses, DT failures, meter reading costs and billing costs, outages and savings in peak power purchase costs etc. The total sanctioned project cost is Rs.82.70 Crores. UGVCL had successfully completed Proof of Concept (PoC) in October 2014.The project is likely to awarded shortly. 14. WBSEDCL, West Bengal: This project is being implemented at Siluguri Town for nearly 5,725 consumers. AMI and PLM are being tested for reduction in AT&C losses and peak load consumption etc.. Total sanctioned project cost is Rs.7.03 Crores.The project has been awarded to M/s Chemtrols in June 2015. 15. IIT Kanpur: The Smart City pilot project at IIT Kanpur campus aims to develop a Smart City prototype and R&D platform for smart distribution systems and demonstrates the future capabilities of a Smart City. Advanced Metering Infrastructure, Smart City Control Center, Smart Homes, Advanced IT Infrastructure and Renewable Integration are adopted for implementation. Total sanctioned cost of the project is Rs.12.5 Crores. ď Ž Mr Atul Bali DGM-LD&C, POWERGRID Corporation of India LTD

Opinion - LV Network

Massive deployment of Smart meters, which combine precise measurement technologies with telecommunication in a cost effective solution due to scale economies.

Increasing introduction of smart loads that could be controlled.

Energy efficiency policies that are starting to be taken into account by consumers.

These aspects made main stakeholders work together towards the LV grid evolution, so that it can be operated according to the business needs of the different electricity distribution companies. Upgrading the whole distribution network by adding new elements that meet the new requirements is not a cost-effective solution. Therefore updating the existing infrastructure seems the most suitable alternative. In the next sections we will define the system architecture for LV distribution grid supervision. Firstly, it is important to identify the relevant LV elements which need to be monitored and then evolve the requirements for supervision elements within the system. Finally, a system architecture that is able to cover these functionalities is proposed.

Smart Grid

• Energy profiles – hourly. • Profile with the medium values of current and voltage. • Profile with the maximum values of current and voltage. hh

- Quality of service measurements, such as THD (Total Harmonic Distortion), flicker or network harmonics.

Detection of several network issues. For instance, over current, over voltage, fuse blown out detection. Even high impedance faults in Medium Voltage network can be detected based on measurements taken from the LV grid (secondary of the power transformer). Three phase system unbalances could also be detected.

This information allows distribution companies to improve their LV network operation, enabling: hh

LV Elements to be Monitored This section analyses the LV elements to be monitored. This proposal combines supervision both at the Secondary Substation and at intermediate LV grid points.

LV supervision at the Secondary Substation Secondary Substations are the first elements to be monitored inside the LV grid. Both the secondary of the power transformer and the LV feeders can be supervised. This list summarizes the supervision needs identified within a Secondary Substation: hh

Instantaneous measurements of V, I, P, Q and power factor per phase.

Phase and feeder identification for the different clients connected to the LV grid.

Energy accounting with the aim of identifying losses (both technical and non-technical). Load level control per phases and feeders, so load unbalances can be detected. Preventive supervision of the network. This way status information can be obtained before clients call making complaints.

and the end customer infrastructure. Supervision at other intermediate points is focused on controlling the voltage levels in LV lines with high penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER). Sensors scattered over LV grid will allow voltage control operation. Sensors can send periodically through radio or power-line the voltage measurements taken at the installation point. The controller in the Secondary Substation collects the voltage measurements of the elements scattered in the LV domain. This information can be used in order to act upon the tap changer of the power transformer and therefore adjust the voltage level.

System Architecture In this section, the system architecture needed to cover the functionalities described above is analysed. Firstly one supervision architecture example developed for GRID4EU FP7 project is described. Then, the evolution needed at the corporate information systems of the distribution companies will be detailed.

GRID4EU supervision architecture example This section describes the architecture example of a LV supervision system development and validated within GRID4EU FP7 project.

Supervision at intermediate LV grid points

This control system is based on measurements from the Secondary Substation. Note that other architectures could also integrate measurements of intermediate points in the LV network. Elements to be monitored inside the Secondary Substation are highlighted in Figure 1 below; the picture was taken from a real field setup during the project.

In addition to monitoring inside the Secondary Substations, some European countries found the need of supervising also intermediate points within the LV grid. Note that new generation smart meters that are being deployed already monitor the LV grid until the boundary between the distribution operator

We will focus on the solution to be installed at the Secondary Substation. It could be based on a modular device –evolution of the Smart Metering Data Concentrator or Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) - that manages the three phase LV feeder supervision elements through a field bus (RS485).The same device

Asset management could be implemented integrating each point into the smart grid. Utilities could manage the lifecycle of their assets.

August 2015

Opinion - LV Network

Smart Grid

Secondary Substation should be adapted to include the new network elements to be monitored. Also, new interfaces need to be defined to support LV supervision events and alarms. These events are for example, fuse blown out detection, or high impedance fault detection in Medium Voltage based on measurements taken from the LV grid. Figure 1- LV elements to be monitored inside the Secondary Substation

could integrate the supervision of the power transformer secondary. For GRID4EU FP7 project, LV feeder supervision elements were installed into a kit connected to the output of the three-pole basis of the LV panel, it contained three current sensors and a connector for transmitting signals (Voltage and currents) to the feeder supervisor. Note that due to the size of the LV grids, the solutions must be easy to deploy. All the available information will be transmitted through IP communications to the centralized information systems of the distribution company. This LV supervision system example is based on cellular communications â&#x20AC;&#x201C; GPRS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; as these are the mainly adopted systems for distribution grids supervision solutions. There is plenty of information to be sent with different types of events and measurements. Electronic equipments related to LV supervision produce an enormous amount of data. This has a direct impact on the corporate information systems, which need to be adapted so they can manage all this new information available. This evolution needed at the information systems level is an important requirement for LV supervision integration. Information systems architectures will be detailed in the following section, understanding some of the options available depending on the operation structure of each distribution company.

August 2015

Evolution needed at the information systems end Different options for supervision integration

Other distribution companies associate LV network supervision with remote control elements. As a result, functionality evolution is done at the Remote Terminal Units (RTU) already available in Secondary Substations. These devices deployed for Medium Voltage supervision and control would be evolved to integrate measurements from the LV grid supervision points to be monitored.

There are different information system approaches depending on the destination of the LV supervision information. There are mainly two approaches related to the operation structure of each distribution company: 1.

Support LV supervision as an extension of the smart meter remote management systems. Distribution companies taking this option manage LV grid monitoring elements in a similar way they do with the deployed smart meters. Nevertheless some changes are needed at the existing system architecture. Data Concentrators manage LV clients

that per

Support LV network operation with an independent SCADA system.

In this option, operation systems are kept separated from the existing information systems deployed for smart meters. Regardless of the approach selected, information systems need to be adapted for this new LV grid operation. Systems should be able to manage real time measurements taken from different points of the LV network.

Figure 2 - Modular architecture for the information system

Opinion - LV Network

Proposal for the system evolution: Modular approach In this section, a modular approach for the information systems evolution needed is described. This approach ensures flexibility and scalability, making integration and future evolution easier. This proposal is based on a “message oriented” system. See Figure 2 with the architecture example below. LV network has several information sources to be processed in parallel for different applications. Therefore different modules are defined, one independent module per functionality (quality of service, fraud, billing or network operation). These modules are subscribed only to the information types they need. Depending on the application, time and conditions required the data processing could be deferred or in real time (event correlation), although typically a combination of both is needed. This proposal covers a scalable and modular architecture, based on messages exchange between modules. Specific modules can be added/ removed when needed, adapting the system to the requirements of each distribution company. Integration between the different modules is also ensured, so those modules could even be developed and maintained by different companies. As an example, different communication protocols can be supported for the in-field devices front end. Protocols for data exchange between the Head End System and the devices scattered in the field may be different depending on the application, for example each module can offer: hh

Communication based on Web Services.

Communication based on DLMS (Device Language Message Specification) Know-how of specific communications protocols and devices in the field is important to optimize the data readings. This is even more important for communications over LV

Smart Grid

grid, where data bandwidth is usually limited. Certain modules, such as DLMS client, could be developed Figure 3 - LV network supervision module integration and integrated can benefit from the progress by specific companies with made during the development and knowledge of these protocols deployment of the existing smart and devices. meters. This makes the embracing of these systems much easier, as there Along the same lines, advanced LV is electronic equipment available supervision functionality analysed that brings telecommunication in this paper could be integrated as systems, advanced signal an independent module as shown in processing, metering, control and Figure 3. information storage together, at a very competitive price. Additionally, Main Challenges for Grid it is important to keep on researching Information Systems new protection algorithms optimized Massive adoption of these systems for low power generation systems will depend on multiple factors. being deployed along the LV grid. Adaptive algorithms are needed, Firstly, regulator’s task should be so they can adjust to the different highlighted. It has a direct influence load and network generation levels on the economic justification of these and therefore improve the faults systems. There are two main factors detection mechanisms. that would support the supervision systems deployment: hh

The activation sources of generation.

of “micro” distributed

Quality of service and distribution grid operational improvements

Furthermore, the adoption depends on the availability of solutions that combine technology, cost and integration in the existing LV grid. Technology is a key element. At this moment, LV supervision systems

Additionally, an essential aspect will be how the sensors are integrated in the LV panels. The availability of solutions that are easy to install in the existing Secondary Substations will ensure the viability of these LV supervision systems.Figure 4shows a LV panel with the installation of sensors per feeder that these systems require. Finally, distribution grids systems evolution takes us to open interoperable standard based systems. European

Figure 4 LV supervision sensors installed in a LV panel

August 2015

Opinion-LV Network

Smart Grid

distribution companies are interested in LV grid supervision, so they can monitor different network points with the aim of predicting their status. The problem here is that only smart meters are standardized. This is an important challenge that will be detailed in the section below.

Standardisation required for Interoperability Standardization frameworks for LV supervision elements are required in order to ensure interoperability. Note that standard based systems can end being proprietary if the data model is not well defined, therefore protocols need to cover not only syntactic but also semantic interoperability. This is applicable to DLMS, where we should define a proper data model so it can really be open. In order to be interoperable, the following LV supervision elements should share the data model. hh

Elements at the Secondary Substation (feeder supervision).

Supervision elements at intermediate points of the LV grid

Other elements such as photovoltaic inverters, sensors with communication integrated, smart breakers at Secondary Substations

the right choice! ADVERTISEMENT TARIFF W.E.F. 1ST APRIL 2014 Publication Date 1st working day of the month of the issue

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The integration of these elements in the existing infrastructure would enable an important evolution in network planning. The combination of the information taken from LV supervision and the interaction with a mesh network of smart elements in the grid would make smart solutions at LV possible.

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Conclusion

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LV network supervision solutions are a cost-effective alternative to increase the distribution grid capacity due to better control and monitoring of the LV grid. Smart meters deployed in the LV line offer information for grid operation in addition to billing information. Therefore, several other applications such as LV network supervision can be integrated on top of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). This evolution forces a redefinition of the operation structure and evolution of the information systems. It is important to highlight the importance of adapting the information systems to deal with the enormous amount of data that can be obtained from LV distribution grids. The ability to combine this information with data coming from other sources (such as geographical information, meteorological predictions or distributed energy generation predictions) will provide the distribution companies the necessary knowledge to successfully operate the network in a reliable, secure and economical manner. ď Ž Mr Aitor Arzuaga and Mr Venkata Vaddamanu Crompton Greaves

August 2015

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January 2014

Perspective

mart Grids are the new watchword. The notion of smartness comes from intelligence being embedded into the electrical network. This smartness generally is expected to enhance value for the end consumer through enhanced and convenient availability of electricity.

The need and necessity for Smart Grid in India is well established. Given that India is energy and electricity deficient, it is in fact all the more relevant to be smart about the usage of energy and electricity to deliver low cost electricity. As India moves toward increased globalization and as the present government rises to the challenges and opportunities of the 21st Century, Smart Grids are taking center stage in the process of delivering safe, convenient and affordable power to all citizens. However, till date India does not have a Smart Grid standard to which all Smart Grid projects, tenders or execution may take place. India does not need to reinvent the wheel. The standardization communities in EC and IEEE have developed standards on Smart Grid related technologies and implementations and are available at IEC website (http://smartgridstandardsmap. com/) and the IEEE (http://smartgrid. ieee.org/standards).

Smart Grid

It may suffice that India may adopt these standards. However, Indian industry needs to watch evolution of Smart Grid standards. We need to be smart about picking the standards we believe are relevant and appropriate to Indian needs and requirements, and not simply copy and accept all standards. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has played an important role in the country in developing and implementing standards in India. BIS is a full member of the IEC and also represented on its Board (20152017). BIS, through the LITD 10 Group, is equipped to liaise with the industry, all stakeholders, IEC and IEEE to adopt the most appropriate Smart Grid standards in India. Given the rapid pace of change and adoption, BIS is also gearing up to constantly scan and review for relevant standards for adoption in India. The BIS is working actively to develop relevant standards for Smart Grids. Toward this, BIS is reviewing all possible standards in this area worldwide and adopting for India the ones which are relevant and resonate with Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Smart Grid vision. These standards are likely to be published within 2015 and are likely to include standards for;

Power Control Systems Security Equipment,

â&#x20AC;&#x201C;

Power Systems Communications â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Interoperability - Guidelines

Communication Model (CIM) for Exchange in the Electrical Utilities; specifications

Communication Information Model (CIM) for Information Exchange in the context of Electrical Utilities; companion specifications; CIM extensions for ABT based Regulated Markets and Load Shedding and Restoration Mechanism

Communication Information Model (CIM) for Information Exchange in the context of Electrical Utilities; Application Use Cases for System Operation

Information Information context of companion

In metering technology, the emphasis has been on developing interoperability standards which are integral to Smart Grids. However, without standards for equipment or interoperability, India is likely to face a situation where we may have islands of smart-grids, but not communicating with each other. This in itself will defeat the very purpose of smart-grids. In this scenario

August 2015

Perspective

Smart Grid

development of standards and standardization around Smart Grids becomes critical.

the right choice!

Globally a lot of work is happening on Smart Grid standards. It is need of the hour that in India we adopt globally harmonized Smart Grid standards. In the absence of standards it would be almost impossible to scale up Smart Grid activity. Imagine if Smart Grid projects would operate in separate islands or pockets and not be interconnected to make a homogenous national Smart Grid. That can happen only through adopting contemporary, globally harmonized and locally relevant Smart Grid standards to which all projects, tenders and execution may adhere to.

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While it is pertinent to note that Smart Grid and now smart cities are becoming the new holy grail of urbanization, let us also pause and think where we are, and where we want to be. When any developed economy talks of Smart Grids it, inherently assumes that the power infrastructure, availability of fuels and governance infrastructure is in place. However, when a developing economy like India talks of smart girds and smart cities, the same assumption do not hold true. In India we are woefully deficient on power infrastructure, fuels for energy and in most cases we have a governance deficit. In such cases Smart Grids become even more relevant in India. Another aspect of the same is the fact that different cities of India are at different levels of urban infrastructure and hence any standards for Smart Grids must enable flexibility of choosing the start and end of Smart Grid projects so that every city may compete against its own goals and benchmarks. And hence every city may aspire to be a smarter city, and not just smart city. Another growing trend in the power and electricity domain is the emergence of transversal (also commonly known as horizontal) technologies rather than vertical silo based products or projects. For example, Smart Grids itself are a transversal domain, creating ideally a seamless connect between generation, transmission, distribution and consumption. Thus for any Smart Grid project to truly be smart one has to address all aspects of standardization which may impact the Smart Grid. In the 21st century, Smart Grids are a fundamental enabler. Any nation which is serious about its development and leadership in the 21st century, must ensure availability of 24/7 reasonably-priced electricity to all its citizens. Smart Grids are an essential vehicle to enable this. By now it must be evident to you that we cannot think of smart cities without smarty grids and hence if we really want to fulfill the national vision of smart cities, we need to begin by addressing Smart Grids which enable electricity access to every individual, in every home, in every village, in every district, in every state of our country. ď Ž Mr Vimal Mahendru President, Legrand Group

August 2015

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January 2014

IndustrySpeak - Microgrid

istributed generation located close to demand delivers electricity with minimal losses. With the use of renewable distributed generation, the dependency on fossil fuels can be minimized. If, in addition, distributed generation and consumption in a certain area are integrated into one system, reliability of the power supply may be increased significantly.

A microgrid is a regionally limited energy system of distributed energy resources, consumers and optionally storage. It optimizes one or many of the following: Power quality and reliability, sustainability and economic benefits and it may continuously run in off-grid or on-grid mode, as well as in dual mode by changing the grid connection status. IIn grid-connected mode, the microgrid operator can take economic decisions â&#x20AC;&#x201C; such as to sell or buy energy depending on on-site generation capability, its cost, and the current prices on the energy market. In case of a utility power system outage, the point-of-common-coupling breaker will automatically open, and own generators will continue to supply power to loads within the microgrid. The idea of microgrids is not new, especially in the Indian context

Smart Grid

when large section of our population is either not connected to a reliable grid or even not connected to a grid at all. Hence the consumers have had to install generators running on fossil fuels to improve the availability of power supply. The fossil fuels generated decentralized power although more expensive than grid supplied power is still used as it power supply reliability gets more important. Manufacturing and commercial activity comes to a standstill in absence of power. So not only large industries and commercial complexes but also residential townships have been operating as microgrids. At the starting level are the individual residential units where (a large percentage in power deficit regions) which have independent battery inverter sets or generators which kick in whenever power supply goes off. So what is the reason for the new interest in Microgrids in the Indian context ? It is the increasing popularity of newer sources of decentralized generation, storage and ability to fine tune the consumption (instead of just switching it completely off). A modern microgrid system will include renewable and fossil-fueled generation, energy storage facilities, and load control. And this new

system will be scalable, which means that growing load may require the installation of additional generators without any negative effect on the stable and reliable operation of the existing microgrid. Typical distributed energy resources for microgrids are wind and solarpowered generators and biogas and biomass systems. A microgrid energy manager (MEM) as shown in figure 1 is a monitoring and control software, which usually includes functions like SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), energy management, generator and load management, system reconfiguration and black start after a fault, system efficiency monitoring, carbon dioxide contribution analysis, system health monitoring and other functions. The microgrid energy manager generally has a communication link to all major generators and loads within the system. In addition, it may receive precise weather forecast data from a professional weather service for all locations of renewable power generators inside the microgrid. Merging this information with the physical characteristics of the generators, the microgrid energy manager can predict the available amount of renewable power generation for the near future. This

August 2015

IndustrySpeak - Microgrid

information helps plan the utilization rate of the fossil-fueled generators within the microgrid. In grid connected mode, distributed generators and battery systems within the microgrid will synchronize the frequency and magnitude of the voltage at the own terminals to the grid voltage and will optimize the energy supply, as required by the energy manager. Grid voltage and frequency stability is maintained by large rotating generators connected to the utility grid. In islanded mode, however, steady state and dynamic power balance between load, generation, and electrical energy storage, such as batteries, inside the micro-grid system must be achieved without any dependency on a central component or on a communication infrastructure. The implementation of this feature is possible with intelligent local controllers for generators, battery systems, and load management units in a decentralized and autonomous infrastructure, for example using the classical “frequency droop control”, “voltage droop control” and “frequency dependent load control” principles. In summary, the microgrid energy manager with its variety of functions described above helps operate a microgrid in a very efficient way, while local controllers of distributed generators, batteries and loads ensure stable voltage and frequency within the microgrid, in grid connected as well as islanded mode. Microgrids can be considered the building blocks of a Smart Grid or an alternative path to the “super grid.” The most important feature of a microgrid is its ability to separate and isolate itself from a utility’s distribution system during power system disturbances and blackouts. This is referred to as “islanding.”

Utility grid shortcomings and microgrid value propositions Power quality challenges The term “power quality” refers to the quality of the supply voltage

August 2015

Smart Grid

in a certain area, which strongly depends on the characteristics of the loads and the transmission and distribution grid infrastructure in this area. Long distribution lines with asymmetric loads, for example, may lead to significant low voltage quality, eventually resulting in effects such as low and unbalanced voltage, voltage harmonics, and flicker in certain load locations. This is a common phenomenon in the semi-rural or rural areas of our Distribution utilities. Power quality challenges are mainly caused by a lack of investment in the grid. In our country, demand for electricity is growing so fast that the construction of generation plants as well as transmission and distribution lines finds it a big challenge to keep pace. This situation leads to power outages in certain areas when demand exceeds actual generation, or the thermal limits of the power system equipment endanger the integrity of the power systems. Deregulation and tough competition forces utilities in some other countries to economize on investments – a situation that ultimately leads to low power supply quality. A microgrid with an option to disconnect from the utility grid in case of power quality problems may benefit the loads inside its borders significantly. Depending on the field of application (military, industrial, commercial, or residential, for instance), power quality requirements of the loads inside the microgrid may be different. In highly sensitive industrial areas with semiconductor or chemical manufacturing facilities, for example, reliable power at a high power quality level is required. This may be achieved with the installation of reliable fossil-fueled generators within the microgrid.

Natural disasters impact on T&D grid We have seen several instances both in India and abroad in the recent times when the grid power has been disturbed for several weeks due to impact of natural disasters. Due

to the fact that a microgrid does not depend on the power supply of the utility grid, the immediate construction of microgrids appears feasible in some areas, especially those that have been repeatedly struck by natural disasters, . On the other hand, a microgrid can be planned and assembled in a comparatively short time. It could turn out to be more beneficial to decide for the immediate construction of a microgrid instead of waiting for the reparation and reinstallation of the common transmission and distribution infrastructure after a natural disaster.

Vulnerability to power system disturbances, terrorist attacks, and human errors and related reliability and security requirements Power systems face hundreds of disturbances every day, mainly caused by natural incidents such as lightning and arc flashes on rainy days. The majority of disturbances are usually eliminated by protection devices that only separate the affected power system component for a limited period of time – for example a transmission line segment until an arc has disappeared. If a power system meets certain reliability and security requirements, nearly none of these disturbances will lead to significant power outages. Reliability of a power system refers to the probability of its satisfactory operation over the long run. It denotes the ability to supply adequate electric service on a nearly continuous basis, with few interruptions over an extended time period. Security of a power system refers to the degree of risk in its ability to survive imminent disturbances (contingencies) without interruption of customer service. It relates to robustness of the system to imminent disturbances and, hence, depends on the system operating condition as well as the contingent probability of disturbances.

IndustrySpeak - Microgrid

The definitions above have been published in “Definition and Classification of Power System Stability,” by IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force on Stability Terms and Definitions in 2004. In every country of the world, today’s customers expect a reliable and secure power supply. However, an interconnected power system with long transmission and distribution lines will always be prone to some disturbances. Unfortunately, there are always some exceptional situations, in which a single disturbance causes cascading outages, eventually leading to blackouts. It is generally expensive and requires a rather long time scale to increase the reliability and security of a large power system. As mentioned above, a power system is subject to several disturbances every day, and it can cope with these disturbances without any power supply interruption on the customer’s side. In addition to natural disturbances, there are intentionally or unintentionally – man-made disturbances. This includes physical damage to power system components such as transmission towers or transformers, which may lead to large outages. In today’s digital world, cyber attacks such as intentionally wrong remote switching operations can also cause damage if sensitive communication channels do not meet cyber security requirements. Irrespective of its nature and source, any power system disturbance can trigger a cascading outage. This happens, for instance, when protection and automation devices in close proximity to the disturbance do not react appropriately to an exceptional situation, which can be the case with inadequately parameterized or faulty devices. By contrast, a power system consisting of several microgrids is virtually not affected by large outages due to the fact that each microgrid can disconnect from the rest of the system in case of a disturbance. A microgrid is located in a geographically limited area. Its generation and load, as well as load balance, are controlled by reliable

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electronic components, and it can disconnect from the utility grid and run in “island” mode if required.

Growing demand, grid extensions, and social resistance Everybody wants a reliable power supply. The demand for electrical power is growing in India and people expect appropriate enhancements of the power system, such as new power plants and new transmission and distribution lines. However, reality shows that everyone opposes the construction of a power plant or a power line in their own neighborhood. This “not in my backyard” attitude makes investments difficult, so building permissions may take ten years, or even longer. In an area with microgrid structures, a growing demand for electrical energy can be satisfied by the installation of new distributed generators, preferably based on pollution-free generation from renewable sources. This way, microgrids can help defer investments in transmission and distribution systems and solve related social problems such as demonstrations against the installation of transmission lines close to residential areas.

Transmission and distribution losses Average transmission and distribution losses of a power system amount to 23 % of total generation (CEA report 2012-13). This solution of Mirogrids is attractive for locations where the grid is difficult to reach. Many times due to very long lengths of the feeders to remote locations it is seen that the line losses are unusually high. For such locations if the generation capacity of a microgrid covers most of its own demand, and generation costs are within an acceptable range, energy import from the utility grid will only be necessary in exceptional situations.

Microgrid market segments As per current trends, there are five major microgrid market segments:

Institutional and campus microgrids Institutional and campus microgrids consist of a certain number of buildings in a limited geographical area. The requirements on the quality of power supply may differ, depending on the type of the institution. A moderate degree of power supply reliability will suit most government or college buildings, while research institutes may require a power supply that provides better supply quality. Usually, all buildings and participants in this type of microgrid belong to a single organization, and there is a single decision maker. This structure makes fast decisions possible, and in case of obvious benefits, the real estate owner can initiate necessary action.

Commercial and industrial microgrids In case of single ownership, this microgrid type is similar to the one described above. The matter becomes more complex if a microgrid is to be established in an existing commercial or industrial area and comprises several participants. When a “commercialindustrial park” is a greenfield project with premium and normal power supply capability, the investor can decide for a microgrid structure to meet all customers’ expectations.

Military microgrids Although this is the smallest microgrid market segment, it is being developed with high effort, because there are tangible, quantifiable customer benefits. Distributed generators based on renewables are being used to secure power supply and reduce fuel costs.

Community and utility microgrids “Community and utility” microgrids will mainly comprise private endcustomers in predominantly residential areas, but sometimes commercial and industrial customers in that area as well. They may include urban areas, neighborhoods, and rural feeders.

August 2015

IndustrySpeak - Microgrid

Such microgrids can provide power to urban or rural communities that are connected to the larger utility grid. There can be a wide variety of renewable or fossil-fueled distributed energy resources within this type of microgrid. Widespread commercial acceptance of this class of microgrids will strongly depend on national and international standards and regulations. Due to the high number of participants, decisions will be lengthy as compared to other microgrid structures.

Island and remote “off-grid” microgrids An island microgrid is usually very similar to a community or utility microgrid. The main difference is that in most cases there will be no connection to the utility grid. In very few cases there may be a cable connection to the utility grid on the mainland if the distance from the island to the mainland makes this feasible. On the other hand, the decision making process may be very short, depending on the actual power supply infrastructure on the island. “Off-grid” microgrids for geographically remote communities and developing countries focus on distributed and diverse power sources. As regions in the developing world continue to expand their electricity infrastructure, many remote microgrids are being designed to eventually interconnect to a larger grid system. Other remote microgrids are built to remain autonomous in order to maintain energy independence. The growth of remote microgrids will depend on factors such as

August 2015

Smart Grid

comparison of the reliability and cost of the grid power versus the localized generated power.

the combination of secure power supply with high energy efficiency and the utilization of renewable generation.

Microgrid

Off-grid and island microgrid

Microgrids may be very different depending on market segment, size, and location. Some microgrid examples are discussed below.

An “off-grid” microgrid as shown in Figure 4.3 is usually built in areas that are far distant from any transmission and distribution infrastructure and, therefore, have no connection to the utility grid. Due to this, such a Microgrid must have black start capability.

Institutional/campus microgrids This example shows an institutional/ campus microgrid, which is continuously operated in island mode. Connection to the utility grid is a backup option. The biogas and CHP units are necessary for continuous energy supply, and also for heat for cold winter days. However, fluctuating energy of renewable resources like wind and solar systems can be stored, for example with an electrolysis system.

Industrial microgrid Main reasons for the installation of an industrial microgrid are power supply security and its reliability. There are many manufacturing processes in which an interruption of the power supply may cause high revenue losses and long start-up times. Typical examples are chip manufacturing, the chemical inTypical examples are chip manufacturing, the chemical industry, and the paper and foodstuff industries, for instance. Today, some industrial sites are installing uninterruptable power supplies if their utilization is economically justified. Microgrid structures may bring additional advantages, for example

Utility microgrid A utility microgrid may include a distribution feeder, a complete medium voltage distribution substation (Figure 4.4) or even several distribution substations in a large area. In the latter case, the energy flow from various generators within the Microgrid to the loads and the energy exchange between different segments may become difficult to handle. Thus, the microgrid operation may require the installation of a distribution SCADA and a distribution management system (DMS), including distribution state estimation and power flow calculation. Additional operation, control, and automation systems such as an outage management system (OMS) and distribution substation and feeder automation may be required to keep the outage time short in case of a disturbance within the microgrid.

Expected microgrid features Microgrid components such as renewable or fossil-fueled generators, point-of-commoncoupling breaker & its control, loads, energy storage systems, and others

IndustrySpeak - Microgrid

must meet several requirements to enable seamless operation. Appropriate microgrid standards will be laid down, others will be revised. To support these activities, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has identified some important top-level microgrid features that should be considered in all research, development, prototyping, and standardization projects: Autonomy: Microgrids include generation, storage, and loads, and can operate autonomously in grid- connected and islanded mode. In the first case, a microgrid can independently optimize its own power production and consumption under the consideration of system economics such as buy or sell decisions. In both operation modes, the system can minimize CO 2 emissions by maximizing renewable energy consumption and minimizing fossil- based generation. In islanded mode the system is capable of balancing generation and load and can keep system voltage and frequency in defined limits with adequate controls. Stability: control of

Independent local generators, batteries,

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and loads of microgrids are based on frequency droops and voltage levels at the terminal of each device. This means that a microgrid can operate in a stable manner during nominal operating conditions and during transient events, no matter whether the larger grid is up or down. (Additional research is required, however, to achieve a high level of stability, for example to eliminate unnecessary reactive power exchange between rotating or inverter-based generators.) Compatibility: Microgrids are completely compatible with the existing utility grid. They may be considered as functional units that support the growth of the existing system in an economical and environmentally friendly way. Flexibility: The expansion and growth rate of microgrids does not need to follow any precise forecasts. The lead times of corresponding components (fossil-fueled and renewable generators, storage systems, and others) are short, and a microgrid can grow incrementally. Microgrids are also technologyneutral and able to cope with a diverse mixture of renewable and

fossil-fueled generators. Scalability: Microgrids can simply grow through the additional installation of generators, storage, and loads. Such an extension usually requires an incremental new planning of the microgrid and can be performed in a parallel and modular manner in order to scale up to higher power production and consumption levels. Efficiency: Centralized as well as distributed microgrid supervisory controller structures can optimize the utilization of generators, manage charging and discharging energy storage units, and manage consumption. In this way energy management goals can be profoundly optimized, for example in economic as well as environmental respects. Economics: According to market research studies, economics of heat recovery and its application by CHP systems is very important to the evaluation of microgrids. In addition, the utilization of renewable energy resources will help reduce fuel costs and CO 2 emissions. Peer-to-peer model: Microgrids can support a true peer-to-peer model for operation, control, and energy trade. In addition, interactive energy transactions with the centralized utility grid are also possible with this model. The proposed concept does not dictate the size, scale, and number of peers and the growth rate of the microgrid. This means that no central entity, such as a central computer with appropriate software and communication capability to all microgrid components, will be required. ď Ž Mr Vikram Gandotra Chairman, IEEMA Smart Grid Division

August 2015

GuestArticle -Wide - Wide Area Analytics

hough the power corridors interconnecting the different operating areas (OPA) are at present being monitored and analysed by SCADA and energy management (EMS) tools, and are constrained with respect to the static or operational limits of each of the network components. SCADA / EMS are unable to capture dynamic condition in the grid that may be prevalent as the system moves toward instability. Inter-regional tie corridors are important to balance the nonuniform load and generation patterns between OPAs, share reserve for emergency response and help in promoting competition electricity market. Oscillations created due to the disturbance in part of the network are to be monitored continuously before the propagation of the same leads to a cascading outages.

In the following sections, functions of some of the Wide Area Analytics are discussed which is able to provide an early warning mechanism to alert the system operators about the increased risk in the system. Applications discussed include the following: hh

System Condition Monitoring (SCM) based on variations in voltage phase angle

System Disturbance Monitoring (SDM) to identify the location and type of disturbance as well as characterizing the disturbance

Islanding, Resynchronization and Blackstart (IRB) to alert operators to Islanding and centrally coordinate resynchronization of the islands

Oscillation monitoring based on damping and magnitude to identify poorly damped oscillations in the range 0.04Hz – 4Hz

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provides an accurate representation of angle differences and bottlenecks, which is readily scalable to a high penetration of measurements. Regional icons may be split into two colours representing the maximum and minimum angle values within that region. The region indicator with a grey outline indicates the region that contains the reference angle measurement. There are a number of reasons why angle is used to monitor system condition such as: hh

Angle difference indicates changes in network impedance e.g. line trip will cause increase in angle difference.

Ability to capture distribution of demand geographically – larger the demand the more negative the angle is.

Versatile proxy to determine when lines or buses are close to their thermal and/or voltage limits

Providing a wide-area overview of system stress is useful for operators to choose a course of action in a highly disturbed system state.

System Condition Monitoring (SCM) – Early Warning Analytics Figure 1 displays the angle condition view showing voltage phase angle variation across the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system. Voltage and current phasors are grouped within each icon where hexagon-shaped icons represent a geographical region. Diamond-shaped icons show Aggregate Measurement Groups (AMG’s), where phasor measurements at locations close by are grouped together. The minimum and maximum angles are presented as a double colour gradient, showing angles relative to a user selected reference angle location. This

Changes in colour across a corridor (observed as distinct colour

August 2015

GuestArticle - Wide Area Analytics

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difference between or within regions) indicate a stressed part of the network in order to take a decision to re-dispatch generation or reduce load to stabilize the system.

System Disturbance Monitoring (SDM) – First Respose Analytics System Disturbance Management detects sudden disturbances in the network. Such disturbances could be caused by the tripping of a major generator, loss of a major load, or a line trip. System Disturbance Management is configured to evaluate the rate of change over a period of time for the following types of signals: hh

Voltage angle

Frequency

Figure 2 System Disturbance Monitoring view showing disturbance locations, path, type of event and estimated generation/load loss

Time-aligned Rate of Change (RoC) of voltage angle indicates the location of disturbance in power systems. Rate of Change of Angle (ROCOA) is calculated for specified signals at selected PMU locations across the system. Setting a threshold on ROCOA allows detection of sudden disturbances in the network.

location within 15 minutes, then it is assumed to be related to the initial event and will be marked “2”. This will continue until there is no ROCOA event for a sustained period, at which point the SDM view will reset. Thus, the display presents a consecutive sequence of disturbances that indicates a high risk operating state.

The location closest to a disturbance in the network is highlighted by identifying the angle measurement (and associated PMU) where the ROCOA changes first. The icon at that location will turn red and will be marked with a number showing its place in the chain of events. In Figure 2, the initial disturbance occurred at the location marked “1”. If another disturbance is recorded at a different

Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) is useful to detect the type of disturbance whether it is due to load or generator loss. An decreasing or increasing trend in the positive direction is identified as generation loss or load loss respectively. The System Disturbance provides a geographical view of System

Figure 1 Angle Condition Monitoring view showing a colour gradient view of system voltage phase angles

August 2015

Disturbance Monitoring alerts and alarms in the WAMS. SDM helps the operators with identifying system disturbances, and presenting the location and timing of the disturbances. In particular, SDM shows complex disturbances in which there are multiple events with triggering points spread across the interconnection that may represent a significant risk of cascading failure.

Islanding, Resynchronization And Blackstart (IRB) –Analytics To Avoid Separation Islanding, Resynchronization, and Blackstart (IRB) provides a realtime tool for identifying islanding and providing information valuable in performing a successful resynchronization. It provides a real-time view of both angle and frequency across a network topology map. It also provides an alarm and visual indication of when and where islanding has occurred with a visualization of frequency deviation between areas. The animated arrows associated with each measurement group represent the phase angle and magnitude of the voltage phasors contained within the group. The direction of the arrows graphically represents the phasor angles with respect to the reference phasor. The length of

GuestArticle - Wide Area Analytics

Smart Grid

damping problems. OSM provides facilities for alerting operators to conditions of degraded stability, either because oscillations become poorly damped or the amplitude becomes large.

Figure 3 Islanding, Resynchronization and Blackstart showing locations deviating from mean frequency.

the arrows represents the voltage magnitude deviation with respect to the defined nominal voltage for the bus. The real-time animation of the direction of the phase angle arrows, together with the color segmentation of two or more segments of the WAMS (representing frequency deviation groupings) provide a stark visualization of islanding events. The IRB application can also provide valuable information for operators to prepare the system for resynchronization and to supervise the process of synchronizing the system and subsequent network strengthening. The clear visualization of islanding provided by the IRB application on a single graphical display would have instantly revealed system separation and provided operators with information on locations where to shed load/generation.

oscillations to be un-damped or negatively damped, in which case the oscillations are sustained, or grow in amplitude. When the power system is subjected to a small disturbance, there are three possible categories of response: positively damped, undamped, or negatively damped. To maintain the integrity of the power system it is important that all modes are positively damped at all times. To ensure that this is achieved even after unexpected events, it is prudent to aim to maintain a margin of stability. The system should not often reach conditions where it is close to the un-damped or negatively damped categories. Dynamic characteristics can be extracted continuously from ambient perturbations, and used for alarms, thus providing early warning of

Figure 4 shows the OSM view which provides system operators with real-time information on dominant modes of oscillation. This particular example shows that the 0.37Hz mode is in alarm (red) status. The map view indicates the locations where the mode is poorly damped and/or high amplitude. Mode phase is shown by the arrows at the locations. Locations in anti-phase indicate measured locations where generators â&#x20AC;&#x153;swingâ&#x20AC;? against one another at that particular mode frequency. To identify the locations of generators that contribute to modes of oscillation, Mode Power Path (MPP) analytics provides system operators with information that allows them to take informed responses to large and/or poorly damped oscillations. Without this analytics, operators could normally only take action on a poorly damped mode if it was well understood through off-line analysis and there were pre-defined guidelines. This analytics allows the operator to respond to dynamics threats without extensive analytical studies. It also helps analysts to identify specific generators for improving dynamic performance. Thus on a geographical display the operator is informed of:

Oscillatory Stability Management (OSM)â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Stability Based Analytics Interconnected power systems are made up of large spinning masses connected through an electrical network. When the system is disturbed, a complex pattern of oscillations is set up between the various components of the grid. Normally, oscillations will die away through the action of natural damping forces and active damping control. However, it is possible for

Figure 4 Oscillatory Stability Management showing frequency and damping of modes on the left, and locations and mode shape on map.

August 2015

GuestArticle - Wide Area Analytics

Regions contributing to an oscillation

Transmission corridors where power flow is influencing the mode

Contribution of plants.

Transmission Corridor Management and Congestion Relief Real time congestion management today is dependent on comparisons of actual corridor flows against Total Transmission Capacity (TTC). TTC is calculated offline in advance and is a reflection of the most restrictive component from among thermal limits, voltage limits or stability limits. Further the infinite number of operating contingencies along with ever changing grid complexities makes it difficult to come up with accurate TTCs. Instead in real time one can leverage the improved computations of path flows and

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path limits using PMU data and the modern analytics. Such real-time calculations of transfer capability will exceed the traditional Available Transfer Capability (ATC) in most cases, without compromising stability margins. This will lead to reduced congestion and more optimum system dispatch. The challenge in power transmission rests on smart management of the complex network flows in the interstate transmission grid. Non homogenous growth in load, pit head generation far removed from load centres, increasing trade in electricity is going to complicate these power flows more. This calls for continuous evaluation of the dynamic conditions of the grid, locating the areas under stress and identifying the remedial measures in real time. Modern wide area analytics are designed to achieve this end by providing means to

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the operator to intuitively focus on the root cause from a sequence of alarms. It also employs powerful computation techniques to generate associative complex alarms to pickup signatures of grid stress and manage network congestion. REFERENCES [1] I. Bandyo, H. Endow, “Advanced wide area monitoring system to secure transmission corridors during phases of high dynamic Activity,” Electricity distribution systems for a sustainable future, CIRED, Stockholm, paper 0682, June. 2013. [2] I. Bandyo, H. Endow, Robert Folkes, Patrick Mcnabb, Nathen Stearn” Advances in Wide Area Analytics in Grid Operations,” Towards carbon free society through smarter grids, Powertech conference, organized by IEEE PES, France, June. 2013. [3] Alstom Product literature.

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Mr Indranil Bandyo NMS, Alstom T&D India Limited

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InDepth - Smart Energy

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Today Renewable Energy is Driving Innovation in Energy Efficiency and Green Technologies thus paving the path to a carbon neutral society. However, there are a few challenges we need to address to seamlessly integrate it into the mainstream electricity infrastructure and leverage Renewable Energy, efficiently, effectively, comprehensively and in a sustainable manner. s Renewable Energy merely a means to fill up the gap left by conventional energy generation capacity or resources? Or it is a ‘clean energy’ being leveraged to reduce the carbon emissions… yes of course.. But there are some major fringe benefits of following the RE path for fulfilling our rising energy demands..

The initiatives in the RE utilization have driven a whole new wave of Innovation in different fields of technologies. In fact, it has contributed to the evolution of a new Renewable Fuel: “The Fifth Fuel” in a big way. DID YOU KNOW? There is a renewable-energy resource that is perfectly clean, remarkably cheap, surprisingly abundant and immediately available. It has potential to reduce the carbon emissions that threaten our planet, our dependency on oil imports that threaten our economy, and energy costs that threaten our wallets. It does not pollute, does not depend on weather, does not inflate prices and does not take a decade to build.

This miracle resource is better known across the world by the distinctively boring name of “Energy Efficiency”. It turns out that it is much less expensive, less destructive and less time-intensive to reduce demand through efficiency than to increase supply through new drilling or new power plants. Energy Efficiency is appropriately considered today as the 5th Fuel to serve our increasing energy requirement. Energy efficiency has today become the largest energy source. It is bigger than OIL, and much bigger than Wind, Solar, Hydroelectric Power & Bio-Fuels combined. The utilization of this “5th Fuel” is clean, possible and profitable, generating millions n billions of “Negawatts” tirelessly & endlessly. You would ask, why am I giving credit to the RE for driving Energy Efficiency movement & Innovations in a big way? Well, for one, initially the cost of RE generation was pretty high which led to finding ways to optimize and reduce the consumption without compromising the comforts, needs

and even “wants” of the consumers - “Necessity is the mother of Invention” … A case in point is “Solar Energy” - The PV Solar is still in the stage where the Generation Cost per Unit (KWh) is still much higher than the comfort level of the Eco-system, particularly at KW scale, where it can really help in evolution of truly Hybrid & Distributed Micro Grids. If you had Rs.1000 Crores to invest, would you invest it on the supply or the demand side? Keeping in mind that a penny saved is penny earned, but in power context, it is well know fact that a unit (of electricity i.e. KWh) saved is equivalent to 2.5 to 3 units generated. Energy use is a big challenge for ours, and the next Generations! “The same way of thinking that got us into trouble won’t get us out of it.” At the heart of the worldwide rollout of Smart Meters and the Smart Grid Network Infrastructure, lies the goal of Energy Efficiency from the Generation, Transmission and Distribution to the End Customer. The Key Economic & Social Driver

August 2015

InDepth - Smart Energy

for “SMART GRID” Initiatives Globally is nothing but “Energy Efficiency”. Governments worldwide are mandating improved Energy Efficiency, requiring an investment in the new Smart grid and Smart Energy Management Structure. The goal is to create a smart grid that will change the way power is deployed for sustainable energy around the world. It will transform the way we use Energy. Over 1 trillion KWh of energy are wasted annually through inefficient inverters and AC/DC adaptors. This is set to rise as the number of low power DC devices increase exponentially, e.g. the number of connected devices is expected to rise from 6bn to 50bn by 2020, as we use more computers, mobile devices and gadgets. Furthermore, lighting is going through a revolution, with new availability of efficient DC LED solutions. To power this through AC/DC adaptors is both wasteful and annoying, particularly as adaptors are bulky, mains sockets are in the wrong place or in short supply, and it prevents plugging them in directly to local renewable energy supplies, such as PV, Batteries, CHP and Fuel cells, which are all sources of DC. The current model is unsustainable, and that is why many groups have been working for several years to rethink the axiom of power and electricity consumption to develop Smart DC technology that works at variable voltages over a Smart DC Network, providing efficient power to household lighting, Smart Hubs, Smart DC sockets for computers, and smart power integration. It is estimated that this could help reduce electricity bills by up to a third, and significantly reduce grid peak demand through powering devices efficiently from off-grid or off-peak resources, and through smart control and advice. Systems should also be designed to ensure - ‘No home is left behind’, in adopting low cost renewable energy solutions, whether they are houses or flats in urban spaces. We could also develop solutions for hotels, student accommodation and small

August 2015

Smart Grid

offices. Need to develop a range of Home Energy solutions that provide smart energy monitoring, easy to install micro-generation and storage, and provide efficient power via smart DC Hubs, DC micro-nets which can re-use household wiring to power home lighting or provide smart DC sockets for appliances.

management. In fact at least 6 billion KW hours could be saved each year with a 10% improvement in data center energy efficiency.

Vision is to change the way we produce and consume electricity in homes. Specifically through focusing on the “Long-tail” of energy consumption - using advanced monitoring and control to reduce high load appliance use, and through using smart DC micronets to reduce the inefficiencies of trillions of DC/low power lighting and electronic devices being powered from the grid via AC/DC adaptors.

In fact the First ever, International Conference on LVDC is being organised in India in October 2015 by BIS & IEC with the theme: LVDC Redefining Electricity.

Smarter buildings for Smart Grid Integration: DC Micro-grids Can Help In Buildings. Micro-grids are for buildings not just ‘Smart’ grids. New DC Power Standards Are also helping in proliferation of DC as Industry standards are key. There are new standards for generating and distributing DC power in buildings. Hybrid AC/DC Buildings Are the 1st Step: We can begin to leverage Hybrid Power for Building Interiors Now! Low Voltage DC Is Key: LVDC technology can help make it happen as it offers Flexibility, Energy Savings and Sustainability/Reliability. Energy Efficient Designs: Ohm’s Law makes the difference. Energy Conversions impact Energy Efficiency of any Product, Appliance or System. With DC, Efficiency is >10-15% higher with solar, wind & on-site storage. For example, AC & solar sources can be connected to the same DC Loads. Hence, allowing maximized return on investments in alternative energy. Data Centers Next: All the Data Centers today are focused on energy efficiency. Data Centers are Huge energy user in buildings; Not just Google or Facebook, 99% are “small” (server rooms, closets, etc…2.5 million total) that contain majority of all servers (57%)@ from 2-32 servers per location. These Sites have very less internal expertise in power/space/heat

“DC power could fundamentally change the way power is distributed in commercial and even residential buildings…”

A few Challenges In INDIA, in the enthusiasm of rolling out one of the most Advanced & Robust Electricity Infrastructures to ensure the “ENERGY SECURITY”, numerous ambitious and grand initiatives have been undertaken; and more initiatives and Pilot Projects are being envisaged in the coming months and years… A whole lot of Medium Scale & Grid Scale Renewable Energy Generation Projects are being Deployed & Commissioned nationwide; but there is no co-ordination or intervention with such initiatives to enable these Generation Plants to seamlessly Integrate into the Nation-wide Smart Grid Infrastructure. Solar Energy & Wind Energy is going to play a major role in the Smart Grid Deployments. Both these industries & stakeholders need to understand the expectations on various aspects of the Smart Grid Standards, Architecture, Communication Interfaces & protocols for smooth Renewable Integration. The relevance of Communication Architecture, Protocols & Interfaces in Renewable Integration cannot be ignored anymore. The “NET METER” must also follow the standards & protocols being used by the Electricity Distribution Utilities, as well as by the Consumers for their Home or Building Energy Management System to be able to give relevant data to each stakeholder of the Electricity EcoSystem. In today’s scenario of Smart homes, Smart Buildings and Smart Grid, an Electricity Meter is needed to give relevant Data to all

InDepth - Smart Energy

the Three Stakeholders viz: the Utility, the Building Management System and the Home Automation cum Energy Management System; and if the Installed Meter/Net Meter can not cater to this need, Individual Meters shall need to be installed for the each stakeholder of the Energy Management Eco-system. With the proliferation of Distributed Energy Systems around the world, and some of these energy sources getting connected to the distribution network, the topic of ‘metering’ the energy exchange between the Grid and Consumer is assuming new proportions. Many regulators and distribution companies have issued policies on metering requirements of this exchange. India too has issued many guidelines on the subject, but they vary from state to state. Further, they do not address most of the concerns of the consumers, and even of the unified electricity infrastructure.

Grid Integration of Renewable Energy: Issues at a Glance The integration of large quantities of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power will require changes in how our transmission system operates. The issues that need serious considerations are: Variability of renewable energy sources; Highpenetration variable generation; Bidirectional Power Flow in Distribution Networks; Localized Voltage Stability Problem; Frequency response; Solar and wind forecasting; Grid Congestion, Weak Grids; System balancing; Energy storage; Transmission; Energy management systems; Cost, Reliability & Efficiency of Grid Interface Integration costs; Emissions.

Challenges in Renewable Integration Rooftop Solar Inverters 1KW – 5KW: Off-Line or Grid Interactive? What parameters to measure? What communication Protocols? Grid Synchronization! Islanding Control: with Consumer or with Utility? Does it really need a separate “NET METER”? Dynamic Profile Control!

Smart Grid

Net Metering: Tariff Disparity, Subsidy & Billing Computation; Defining Metering Points in the Network; Different Nature of Energy: AC & DC; Conversion Losses Computation; Energy Source Signature Tracking: Panel or Battery; Generation & Consumption Profiling; Lack of Policy & Regulatory Clarity; Lack of harmonization in Communication Standards and Data Interfaces. In case of “Grid-Interactive” Solar PV Systems, where anybody can Install the System and connect to the Grid for feeding the partial/surplus power generated by the System, there are namely Two major issues that need a very diligent study, analysis and solution: “NET METERING” & “GRID SYNCHRONIZATION”. “Net Metering”: is it merely the “IMPORT-EXPORT” Metering, as the name suggests? Absolutely NO. Net Metering really encompasses a lot more than merely measuring the energy imported from the GRID & exported to the GRID. When we contemplate the various aspects of ‘Renewable Integration’ in the true sense, the Simple Box being touted as NET METER transcends to a wholly different level. It is expected to measure, compute & generate a lot more data to derive the optimum benefit from the renewable energy generation system installed. The prevalent definition of Net Metering could still be argued as valid from the point of view of the Utility, but from consumers’ point of view, it really falls short of expectations/ needs. And, if a meter giving merely import – export data is installed under the name of “NET METER” then the consumers shall have to install multiple meters to give them the true picture of Renewable Integration and its benefits from the consumers’ perspective. The major driver of the consumers in installing Solar RE Systems is to bring their respective monthly Electricity Bill down, Subsidy by the Government works as a sweetener; and to top it all, if they get paid by the utility for the surplus electricity generated and fed to the Grid… it really makes a very good business case for the Electricity Consumers to be part of this Eco-system.

Now, let us understand what kind of Data do consumers need from such systems to manage the system most efficiently. It should give them comprehensive picture on the Electrical Energy Generated by the system every day, the exact share of electricity consumed from the Grid as well as Solar System, and, last but not the least, the energy exported to the Grid. Since, you can not Manage what you can not Measure; it becomes imperative for consumer to measure all these different generation & consumption figures to take a well calculated decision as to how much energy to use from the solar and how much & during which Time Slots to use energy from the grid; whether to export any energy at any particular day or time to the grid or rather store it in the Batteries for own consumption at the appropriate time… Thus, unless the “NET METER” can help the Consumers devise their respective ‘Energy Management Strategy’ and also enable them to dynamically alter it “on the Fly”; it would be absolutely under-utilized; and it is highly probable that in the absence of any clarity of the benefits of Installing the Solar PV Systems, the consumers get rather disillusioned with such Ideas and Schemes of the Government and the whole Initiative backfires or falls flat with all investments, resources & subsidies gone waste. “Grid Synchronization” also has implications of its own, which if not addressed immediately may also bring this Initiative to a grinding Halt. INVERTERS in India are mainly manufactured in MSME (Micro Small & Medium Enterprise) segment, and lion’s share of this is in the unorganized sector. This has a severe implication on the High End Features, Quality & Reliability of the Inverters manufactured by this segment. Consumers may buy inverters from such vendors, which may not be capable synchronizing with the grid; and hence defeating the very purpose of the Government’s such initiatives.  Mr Narang N. Kishor Mentor and Principal Design Architect Narnix Technolabs Pvt. Ltd.

August 2015

InDepth - Enernet

Smart Grid

n light of the recent disclosures on the US Government’s (NSA) clandestine efforts to glean intelligence by intercepting internet traffic with the tacit help of big companies like Google and Yahoo, makes it even more critical for Governments across the world to take urgent and appropriate steps to secure their National Critical Information Infrastructure (NCII). The NCII can no longer be protected using conventional methodologies. Likewise conventional design and business processes also need to be reviewed. One thing is clear; any sensitive and high value network connected to the Internet or even stand-alone, will be a target.

of IT & Communication Networks evolving to meet these rising needs of the Society. On one hand, we have the highly protected Networks for the ‘Critical Information Infrastructures’; on the other hand these very ‘highly protected networks’ need to give access to the consumers for Consumer Engagement and Participation in these Smart Infrastructures to meet the true drivers of setting them up. These large Smart Networks are actually highly complex ‘Systems of Systems’ and “Networks of Networks’, and thus create fresh challenges in the Security Paradigm and development of Protection Profiles.

Yet, with the all pervasive & all encompassing nature of the Computing and Communication Technologies today, they have invaded every aspect of our life and each strata of the Society: be it the Consumers, the Commerce, the Industry, the Governments or even the Infrastructure. The new paradigm of Smart Grid, Smart Home, Smart Building, Smart City further complicated by the ‘Internet of Things’ & Internet of ‘Everything’ bring a whole new set of challenges for the Security and Security Evaluation Methodologies for complex nature & architectures

It thus becomes a national imperative to delve into the security aspects and implications of the new paradigm of “Smart Infrastructure”, “Critical Information Infrastructure” and “Internet of Things” that the pervasive & ubiquitous computing has enabled, thus raising new challenges for the ‘IT & Communication Security’ Development & Evaluation Ecosystem. Hence, needing a new rigorous and vigorous effort in developing Protection Profiles as well as defining Security Targets. Its imperative to explore these uncharted waters to understand the

direct, as well as indirect implications of Network Security & Cyber Security in the ever-changing technological environment, and deliberate the comprehensive approach to address the challenges..

Background: ICT v/s Industrial Controls Two industries, which have developed entirely independently, are on a collision course in the smart grid. Over the last few decades, the personal computer has developed to become a common place for human interaction with data. The interface of humans to computers and data has spawned the need to protect one user’s data from other users’ data and, thus, the concept of IT security was born. On the other hand, an industry that has been just as long standing has developed to enable automation of unmanned electronic and electrical embedded systems which are usually referred to as industrial controls or industrial automation. This industry has also utilized computers but in different environments and for different uses. As automation and communication had become necessary between these computing devices, the main focus had been on availability

August 2015

InDepth - Enernet

Smart Grid

and real-time operation. The data transferred was mostly control bits or small amounts of configuration data. The protection of data was not as much of a concern as the availability of the systems and the ability to ensure who sent the data. These systems also needed accountability to ensure the validity of the data and that the data was delivered within the allowable operation times of the two systems. In terms of security, these types of systems had been developed to meet the need to communicate in a reliable, protected manner between trusted systems.

provide authenticated access for each user to their data. hh

IT systems are based around storage and access to user’s data, while embedded systems and control networks for the most part do not require so much data storage.

Control systems rely on a high accountability that control commands are authentic and the communicating systems are trusted, while IT systems rely on a trusted environmental perimeter and assume the machine’s physical boundary is an extension of the user and thus is uncompromised.

Exploiting simple control system operating software, and root secrets is often very trivial and becomes a target because of its perceived minimal size and easy access to root code through built in debug ports.

The Contrast It is easy to see why IT security and industrial control security are facing challenges when it comes to integration. These two Titans clash because at the lowest level the security considerations their entire design structures are based on, are at odds: hh

IT industry has been developed around the asynchronous behavior of humans, while industrial controls require a synchronous component to communications.

Bridging the Gap

Control systems’ primary concern for security is operational availability while providing highly accountable authentication of devices. The primary concern for IT systems is to separate, secure and

In many cases, security for industrial controls has not developed to nearly the same level as in the IT industry. Since the IT security industry is noticeably much more defined, many IT-related security leaders have brought mature solutions to

The two industries being contrasted are very large and have developed with such a degree of separation that often the terminology between the two is not the same.

market attempting to push the same solutions directly into industrial controls/embedded systems environments. While some of these have had success, in general they have missed the defining concepts they will need to address the gap between the security bases of the two industries. In order to create a robust encompassing security basis to cover both IT and Industrial Controls, the root cause must be addressed. The security basis for each type of network must be addressed by a method, which combines the base security needs of both types of networks.

Communication and its Importance Another major disconnect which has recently become apparent is: the technological trends in ‘Smart Homes’, ‘Smart Buildings’, ‘Smart Cities’ and ‘Smart Grid’ are being considered and pursued in isolation from each other with the ‘silo’ approach by the respective stake holders. In fact, they form a very tightly interwoven and homogenous confluence of similar technologies being applied in different domains for a common cause of making our planet earth ‘smart, green & secure’. The relationship between Smart Grids and Smart Cities needs to be understood in this context: “In a smart city, energy, water, transportation, public health & safety, and other key services are managed in concert to support smooth operation of critical infrastructure while providing for a clean, economic and safe environment in which to live, work and play”. Hence, the perspective in Infrastructure Design for any city has undergone a paradigm shift with advent of Convergence & Networking Technologies, Solutions for Information, Communication, Entertainment, Security & Surveillance; which are beginning to have a profound impact on the way we look at the Buildings’ Design (be it residential or commercial) and Town Planning. Such a systems level approach in design and standardization is

August 2015

InDepth - Enernet

Smart Grid

While we hear much about IoT and a bit about IoT security, the security aspect of the IoT ecosystem must be given some serious thought. Creating a secure public applications platform, which will facilitate the IoT ecosystem that consists of partners, carriers and application developers, is a must. Security & control of identified devices are key aspects in a universe teeming with privacy concerns, insufficient authorization, lack of transport encryption, insecure web interface and inadequate software protection.

likely to not only enable newer and better services, but also allow far greater synergies and costeffective deployments, reducing the lifecycle (total) cost of ownership of any Infrastructure, be it the grid, a home, a building or even a city, with attendant environmental benefits, including carbon reductions.

Perspective on Network Security A few essential Functional Requirements for distribution area network security: Availability and performance, Network access control, Network resource and end-point protection, Secure endto-end data transmission, Traffic segmentation across application boundaries, Secure network configuration, operation and management.

Need to secure mobile security infrastructure One key aspect that will be a defining feature of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s future is its focus on integrating technology for various aspects of governance. Mobile phones and technology will play a critical role in the digitization process. M2M (machine-to-machine) technologies will be vital to realize this vision of digital and smart cities, as well as enhancing the delivery of healthcare and education services of our citizens. The role of newer technologies, especially in telecom and smartphones, will be critical. The scope for mobile governance in

India, with its 931.95 million mobile subscribers, is vast. Initiatives in healthcare, education, automotive industry and entertainment have seen huge impacts with connected services coming to life. But it now needs a big push with smartphones playing an integral part, as data transfers in real time are essential. Data is the critical and fundamental bedrock of the IoT ecosystem - and is a highly valuable commodity today. We have already been witnessing a humongous growth in data generation due to social media platforms. As it gains traction, IoT will also lead to an immense data explosion. With the consequent digitization and popularity of smartphones, information access is but the swipe of a finger away. So what can be done with this immense amount of data these connected devices, systems and sensors collect? And how do we ensure appropriate usage and safeguards to protect it? While the available information from IoT opens up limitless possibilities and new capabilities - not to mention unprecedented economic opportunities - its misuse can unleash a potential maelstrom of challenges. A minor breach in data security can lead to an immense loss in terms of wealth, privacy and reputation.

With smartphones posing as a key component of IoT, there is a need to look at the complete lifecycle of the mobile security architecture - from design and implementing products and technologies to managing the architecture over time. A key element of security is encryption technology, which is critical to protecting the confidentiality and integrity of a digital transaction between two end points, such as a mobile device and a car or central house automation system. For instance, the end-to-end security solution of a security platform such as BlackBerry relies on multiple sources of entropy to create a dynamic and effective security environment that ensures encrypted data remains unreadable until it is decrypted at the end of its transmission. Randomly generated security keys are matched to every transmitted packet of data. That means that at the end of its journey, a 1-megabyte file will be composed of 500 individual packets (or transactions), each encrypted with a unique key. The importance of security for IoT infrastructure and platforms cannot be overemphasized. Rather than specific products or services, the next important developments in IoT should be overarching standards, policies, security frameworks and infrastructures. A stable secure technology platform with proven security standards will be imperative for IoT proliferation. This isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t only about the protection of

August 2015

InDepth - Enernet

Smart Grid

use of appropriate encryption for authentication and securing information at rest, and in transit. The Smart Grid IT Infrastructure should be scalable, so as to allow networks that comply with established standards, validated through a functional and security audit, to quickly integrate with the main grid network. There is no question that the Smart Grid is going to be a complex infrastructure and also consist of multiple smart grid domains. More interconnections also increase the surface area for Denial-of-Service attacks and introduction of malware / compromised hardware.

individuals and their privacy but about safeguarding India’s digital ecosystem and the economy therein.

Infrastructure Protection Information infrastructure technologies enable organizations to define, organize, share, integrate and govern data and content to create business value. Enterprises are facing a relentless level of attacks, forcing them to spend more on infrastructure protection, especially newer technologies such as those for targeted threats. But frustration with silos reigns, as the majority of technologies are not interconnected. The numbers and volumes of threatfacing technologies that defend our IT grow at a relentless pace. Driven by persistent threat and technology change, there has never been so much hype in enterprise security; however, there are more than enough technologies for enterprises to consider.

Challenges in Smart Grid Security Pervasive digitization of the grid (without designing security into the products), Smart Meters, Digital Relays/Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), Proprietary and legacy Systems – lack of updates, Lack of clear patch management policy for power system equipment, Devices in remote (insecure) locations, Supply

August 2015

chain contamination (including AMC personnel), Different National / State / Local regulatory authorities, Extensive communication without properly enforced security policies could result in attacks/faults cascading from one part of the system to other, Rapidly emerging threats (days/weeks) versus power system lifecycle (decades), Lack of security awareness & expertise among utilities. The integrating Information Technology, so vital to the Smart Grid, will introduce traditional cyber weakness. In order to have appropriate protection, the new generation Smart Grid’s Information Infrastructure could deploy measures similar to that used in securing a cloud and implement security as a wrapper. The Smart Grid essentially deploys SCADA systems. There has been a perceptible shift towards running such smart applications on COTS non-embedded computing systems running on OS that are either open source or commercial in nature. Such systems traditionally run in client - server mode. These, in particular need to be protected. All best practices relevant to a large IT base network will have to be incorporated.

Integrate strong encryption systems for securing communications within the grid. Integration of a PKI solution for a role based access control and authentication mechanism. Hardening of systems, both client as well as server. There should be a clear role based security policy pushed to the client systems in a domain environment. This would include a policy for hardening network devices. There was a time, when it was perceived that networks air-gapped from the Internet were relatively safe. This is no longer true as current generation attack methodologies and malware like Stuxnet have proven. The exact deployment of security solutions and the proposed proactive monitoring (monitored from SOCs & NOCs) depends on the final design of the Smart Grid. Regulation of Interfaces: Standards for regulating the transfer of data or malware through various interfaces like USB or LAN etc. is critical. Employing the USB as a delivery vehicle for infiltrating computers and ex-filtering data is a very real risk.

Some of the issues that are critical for securing the Smart Grid are: -

Needless to say, the security of the Grid, both proactive as well as reactive will have to be built into the final design. All best practices like the concept of a layered approach to security will have to be adopted. 

Design the Smart Grid Information Infrastructure with security inbuilt. This should include the

Narang N. Kishor Mentor and Principal Design Architect Narnix Technolabs Pvt. Ltd.

SpecialFeature Special Feature--Solar SolarTracking Tracking

lobal warming has increased the demand and request for green energy produced by renewable sources such as solar power. Consequently, solar tracking is increasingly being applied as a sustainable power generating solution.

Solar Tracking System is a device for orienting a solar panel or concentrating a solar reflector or lens towards the sun. Concentrators, especially in solar cell applications, require a high degree of accuracy to ensure that the concentrated sunlight is directed precisely to the powered device. Precise tracking of the sun is achieved through systems with single or dual axis tracking. Sunlight has two components, the “direct beam” that carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the “diffuse sunlight” that carries the remainder - the diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day and increases proportionately on cloudy days. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sun to be visible to the panels as long as possible. The energy contributed by the direct beam drops off with the cosine of the angle between the incoming light and the panel. In addition, the reflectance (averaged across

August 2015

Renewable

all polarizations) is approximately constant for angles of incidence up to around 50°, beyond which reflectance degrades rapidly.

east and west can help recapture those losses. A tracker rotating in the east-west direction is known as a single-axis tracker.

The sun travels through 360 degrees east to west per day, but from the perspective of any fixed location the visible portion is 180 degrees during an average 1/2 day period (more in spring and summer; less, in fall and winter). Local horizon effects reduce this somewhat, making the effective motion about 150 degrees. A solar panel in a fixed orientation between the dawn and sunset extremes will see a motion of 75 degrees to either side, and thus, according to the table above, will lose 75% of the energy in the morning and evening. Rotating the panels to the

The sun also moves through 46 degrees north and south during a year. The same set of panels set at the midpoint between the two local extremes will thus see the sun move 23 degrees on either side, causing losses of 8.3% A tracker that accounts for both the daily and seasonal motions is known as a dualaxis tracker. Generally speaking, the losses due to seasonal angle changes is complicated by changes in the length of the day, increasing collection in the summer in northern or southern latitudes. This biases collection toward the summer, so

Single axis trackers

Special Feature - Solar Tracking

Renewable

if the panels are tilted closer to the average summer angles, the total yearly losses are reduced compared to a system tilted at the spring/fall solstice angle (which is the same as the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s latitude). Thus the primary benefit of a tracking system is to collect solar energy for the longest period of the day, and with the most accurate alignment as the Sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s position shifts with the seasons. The physics behind standard photovoltaic (PV) trackers works with all standard photovoltaic module technologies. These include all types of crystalline silicon panels (either mono-Si, or multi-Si) and all types of thin film panels (amorphous silicon, CdTe, CIGS, microcrystalline). Since Tracking always face the Sun Directly, it achieves more energy generation compared to Fixed Panels. Single axis trackers have one degree of freedom that acts as an axis of rotation. The axis of rotation of single axis trackers is typically aligned along a true North meridian. It is possible to align them in any cardinal direction with advanced tracking algorithms. There are several common implementations of single axis trackers. These include horizontal single axis trackers (HSAT), horizontal single axis tracker with tilted modules (HTSAT), vertical single axis trackers (VSAT), tilted single axis trackers (TSAT) and polar aligned single axis trackers (PSAT). The orientation of the module with respect to the tracker axis is important when modeling performance.

Panoramic view of 100KWp dual axis roof top mounted solar plant.

Horizontal Horizontal single axis tracker (HSAT)

The axis of the tube is on a northsouth line. Panels are mounted upon the tube, and the tube will rotate on its axis to track the apparent motion of the sun through the day.

The axis of rotation for horizontal single axis tracker is horizontal with respect to the ground. The posts at either end of the axis of rotation of a horizontal single axis tracker can be shared between trackers to lower the installation cost. Field layouts with horizontal single axis trackers are very flexible. The simple geometry means that keeping all of the axes of rotation parallel to one another is all that is required for appropriately positioning the trackers with respect to one another. Appropriate spacing can maximize the ratio of energy production to cost, this being dependent upon local terrain and shading conditions and the time-ofday value of the energy produced. Back tracking is one means of computing the disposition of panels. Horizontal trackers typically have the face of the module oriented parallel to the axis of rotation. As a module tracks, it sweeps a cylinder that is rotationally symmetric around the axis of rotation. In single axis horizontal trackers, a long horizontal tube is supported on bearings mounted upon pylons or frames.

Horizontal single axis tracker with tilted modules (HTSAT) In HSAT, the modules are mounted flat at 0 degrees, while in HTSAT, the modules are installed at a certain tilt. It works on same principle as HSAT, keeping the axis of tube horizontal in north-south line and rotates the solar modules east to west throughout the day. These trackers are usually suitable in high latitude locations but does not take as much land space as consumed by Vertical single axis tracker (VSAT). Therefore it brings the advantages of VSAT in a horizontal tracker and minimizes the overall cost of solar project.

Vertical Vertical single axis tracker (VSAT) The axis of rotation for vertical single axis trackers is vertical with respect to the ground. These trackers rotate from East to West over the course of the day. Such trackers are more

Plant capacity in kWp

Generation with Fixed panels in 1st year

Generation with single axis trackers in 1st year

Generation with Duel axis trackers in 1st year

1475

1770

1947

7375

8850

9735

14750

17700

19470

73750

88500

97350

100

147500

177000

194700

500

737500

885000

973500

1000

1475000

1770000

1947000

August 2015

Special Feature - Solar Tracking

Renewable

effective at high latitudes than are horizontal axis trackers. Field layouts must consider shading to avoid unnecessary energy losses and to optimize land utilization. Also optimization for dense packing is limited due to the nature of the shading over the course of a year. Vertical single axis trackers typically have the face of the module oriented at an angle with respect to the axis of rotation. As a module tracks, it sweeps a cone that is rotationally symmetric around the axis of rotation.

Tilted All trackers with axes of rotation between horizontal and vertical are considered tilted single axis trackers. Tracker tilt angles are often limited to reduce the wind profile and decrease the elevated end height. With backtracking, they can be packed without shading perpendicular to their axis of rotation at any density. However, the packing parallel to their axes of rotation is limited by the tilt angle and the latitude. Tilted single axis trackers typically have the face of the module oriented parallel to the axis of rotation. As a module tracks, it sweeps a cylinder that is rotationally symmetric around the axis of rotation.

Polar Polar aligned single axis trackers (PASAT) This method is scientifically well known as the standard method of mounting a telescope support structure. The tilted single axis is aligned to the polar star. It is

therefore called a polar aligned single axis tracker (PASAT). In this particular implementation of a tilted single axis tracker, the tilt angle is equal to the site latitude. This aligns the tracker axis of rotation with the earth’s axis of rotation.

Dual axis trackers Dual axis trackers have two degrees of freedom that act as axes of rotation. These axes are typically normal to one another. The axis that is fixed with respect to the ground can be considered a primary axis. The axis that is referenced to the primary axis can be considered a secondary axis. There are several common implementations of dual axis trackers. They are classified by the orientation of their primary axes with respect to the ground. Two common implementations are tip-tilt dual axis trackers (TTDAT) and azimuth-altitude dual axis trackers (AADAT). The orientation of the module with respect to the tracker axis is important when modeling performance. Dual axis

trackers typically have modules oriented parallel to the secondary axis of rotation. Dual axis trackers allow for optimum solar energy levels due to their ability to follow the sun vertically and horizontally. No matter where the sun is in the sky, dual axis trackers are able to angle themselves to be in direct contact with the sun.

Tip–tilt A tip–tilt dual axis tracker (TTDAT) is so-named because the panel array is mounted on the top of a pole. Normally the east-west movement is driven by rotating the array around the top of the pole. On top of the rotating bearing is a T- or H-shaped mechanism that provides vertical rotation of the panels and provides the main mounting points for the array. The posts at either end of the primary axis of rotation of a tip–tilt dual axis tracker can be shared between trackers to lower installation costs. Other such TTDAT trackers have a horizontal primary axis and a dependent orthogonal axis. The vertical azimuthal axis is fixed. This allows for great flexibility of the payload connection to the ground mounted equipment because there is no twisting of the cabling around the pole. Field layouts with tip–tilt dual axis trackers are very flexible. The simple geometry means that keeping the axes of rotation parallel to one another is all that is required for appropriately positioning the trackers with respect to one another.

August 2015

Special Feature - Solar Tracking

Renewable

Normally the trackers would have to be positioned at fairly low density in order to avoid one tracker casting a shadow on others when the sun is low in the sky. Tip-tilt trackers can make up for this by tilting closer to horizontal to minimize up-sun shading and therefore maximize the total power being collected. The axes of rotation of many tip– tilt dual axis trackers are typically aligned either along a true north meridian or an east west line of latitude. Given the unique capabilities of the Tip-Tilt configuration and the appropriated controller totally automatic tracking is possible for use on portable platforms. The orientation of the tracker is of no importance and can be placed as needed.

Azimuth-altitude An azimuth–altitude dual axis tracker (AADAT) has its primary axis (the azimuth axis) vertical to the ground. The secondary axis, often called elevation axis, is then typically normal to the primary axis. They are similar to tip-tilt systems in operation, but they differ in the way the array is rotated for daily tracking. Instead of rotating the array around the top of the pole, AADAT systems can use a large ring mounted on the ground with the array mounted on a series of rollers. The main advantage of this arrangement is the weight of the array is distributed over a portion of the ring, as opposed to the single loading point of the pole in the TTDAT. This allows AADAT to support much larger arrays. Unlike the TTDAT, however, the AADAT system cannot be placed closer

together than the diameter of the ring, which may reduce the system density, especially considering intertracker shading. Trackers should be able to track the virtual movement of the Sun in both axis and should follow Sun depending upon location of installation. The basic purpose to track is to increase the yield of the plant, increase the energy density of the Plant. The system should be able to communicate with the servers and have remote access, should be able to withstand wind speeds upto 47m/s where in survival wind speed should be around 60m/s. The auxiliary power requirement of the trackers is minimal and the consumption of the tracker of 12200 Wp is around 0.2 kwh’s per day. Dual Axis tracked plant depending upon location enhance the generation upto 35% when compared with fixed tilt systems. Whereas single axis tracker enhance the generation upto 18%. The capital cost of tracker generally pays off within 2 years wth respective enhanced generation of the solar plant.

It is self-explanatory that tracked plants would have better ROI and IRR values as compared to fixed plants because of its enhanced generation Electrical unit which is invoiced or billed is Rs/KWH where Rs is the capital cost of the plant and kwh’s is the generation. One way is to reduce the numerator which is normally governed by the market forces, however tracker increases kwh’s means increasing denominator also will reduce this fraction Rs/Kwh’s. Since we are calculating generation cost the extra cost of tracker equipment is already considered in the capital cost of the plant. It is evident that the generation cost of the tracked plant is lower than the generation cost of the fixed plant. The higher generation of energy implies better revenues for the investors and lower pay back period. It is also evident as the movement of the modules is governed by Sun angles and the panels are moving hot air below the modules is also reduced increasing the efficiency of the plant. Even a small wind velocity of 1-2m/sec would remove all the heat below the plant as there is enough space between the modules and rows for escaping of the hot air. This also implies the modules on tracker would be cooler than fixed ones.  Mr Deepak Kelkar Director (Technical), Ravin Infraproject Pvt. Ltd.

August 2015

SpecialFeature - Photovoltaic

hotovoltaic has grown from a niche market small scale application to a mainstream electricity source across the world. One cannot look at the Indian domestic manufacturing industry in Isolation. By the end of 2014, cumulative photovoltaic capacity reached 178 gigawatts (GW), sufficient to supply one percent of global electricity demands.

Initially it was Japan and European countries which were leading the growth. But with declining cost due to improvements in technology and economies of scale deployment of solar is gaining ground in other countries as well.

photovoltaics for many years, and its total capacity amounted to 77 megawatts in 1996—more than any other country in the world at the time. Then, Japan stayed ahead as the world’s leader of produced solar electricity until 2005, when Germany took the lead. The country is currently approaching the 40,000 megawatt mark. China is expected to continue its rapid growth and to triple its PV capacity to 70,000 megawatts by 2017, becoming the world’s largest producer of photovoltaic power any time soon. In the following figure you can see how Indian solar market is forecasted to grow in the coming year.

Renewable

Summary 2015-projections Forecast by

PV installations

IEA1

38 GW

SPE

51 GW

54 GW

GTM

55 GW

BNEF

55 GW

IHS

57 GW

Average

55 GW

One of the interesting facts is as the products have matured and with technology gaining more ground, China has fast become a manufacturer for the world. China has built huge capacities for solar cells and modules with a lot of help from government’s ‘Golden Sun’ programs. If we look at the demand forecast available in the public domain, we are expecting installation to the tune of 55 GW on an average in 2015. Historically, the United States had been the leader of installed

August 2015

SpecialFeature - Photovoltaic

Renewable

PV Module Technology From a technology point of view, crystalline silicon-based Pv continued to dominate the market, while the share of thin film remained stable, thanks to Cadmium telluride (Cdte) and the boom of the japanese market for Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CI(G)S). The market growth experienced in 2013 and 2014 brought the utilisation rates of manufacturing capacities for solar components to more reasonable levels and reduced the pressure on prices. After the rapid price decline and the industry consolidation, 2014 saw several actors returning to profit, in a growing market. In Europe, the price undertaking for PV modules maintained the prices of some Chinese producers at higher than market levels, while other Asian manufacturers continued to offer cheaper prices. With the advances in conventional crystalline silicon (c-Si) technology in recent years, and the falling cost of the polysilicon since 2009, that followed after a period of severe of silicon feedstock, pressure increased on manufacturers of commercial thin-film PV technologies, including amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), leading to the bankruptcy of several, once highly-touted thin-film companies. The sector continues to face price competition from Chinese crystalline silicon cell and module manufacturers, and some companies together with their patents were sold below cost

In 2013 thin-film technologies accounted for about 9 percent of worldwide deployment, while 91 percent was held by crystalline silicon (mono-Si and multi-Si). With 5 percent of the overall market, CdTe holds more than half of the thin-film market, leaving 2 percent to each, CIGS and amorphous silicon Below figure shows how the technology landscape has changed since 1990 After years of dramatic cost reduction, innovation seems to play a central role again. Several manufacturers have announced orders for innovative equipment to upgrade their current production lines or to put new ones in place. In parallel, new module factories are opening within, or close to, emerging markets while some continued to close in Europe. The market

growth has brought production capacities closer to a sustainable utilisation rate and therefore, with profitable companies, a new cycle of investment can start in the Pv sector.

Indian Solar Opportunity The current government has laid out an ambitious target of 100 GW of solar by 2022. It is not an easy task considering the size of our country. We are an energy deficit country with 30% of population without electricity and electricity transmission losses more than 30%. Solar is the best suited technology for this endeavour. A year back the industry was looking at targeted installed capacity of 20 GW by 2020 and now we are looking at 100 GW by 2022. MNRE is pursuing the goals very aggressively and has a target of 40 GW from rooftop installation and rest

GLOBAL PV MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY IN 2013 a-Si CdTe 5%

Multi-Si 55%

August 2015

CIGS 2%

Mono-Si 36%

SpecialFeature - Photovoltaic

of 60 GW from Utility scale projects and Ultra Mega Power Projects. In India 3883 MW of solar grid connected projects have been commissioned till May 2015 as per data available on MNRE’s website. India is yet to become a manufacturing hub in solar industry. Indian module manufacturers are fragmented. Vertically integration has not yet happened and most of the manufacturers lack scale also few have manufacturing capacity of more than 200 MW. Only a few manufacturers have a cell manufacturing line at present. Most of the manufacturer are concentrating on module assembly. Investment in R&D has to step up. In India, the cell manufacturing capacity grew from 150MW in 2009 to 700MW in 2012, while the module manufacturing capacity grew from

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500MW in 2009 to 1,250MW in 2012. However, India has an overall wafer production of just 200MW. Indian manufacturers at the moment cannot produce modules without the import of wafers. This is the right time to invest in capacity building in solar, and in the recently concluded Re-Invest 2015 we had seen some major announcements of manufacturing collaborations. The big players will come to India once they see that the market has opened up. This sector has the potential to give our economy the push it requires and also give direct and indirect employment. DCR category is one initiative but to really develop Indian manufacturing, market has to stabilise. Once demand is generated and solar projects has to achieve grid parity and risk perception will also be minimised. There are some initiatives by the

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government to build confidence by showing its commitment. Make in India Campaign is a driving force which has urged the world to come setup manufacturing of world class products in India. That vision will only realise when companies see that there is a huge market which is available. If we want to repeat the China story in module manufacturing we need to think big and invest in the vision. We will have to make a level playing field for our local companies so that they can compete in the global market. A lot of trade barriers that are there in USA and Europe might be repealed and to counter such a scenario the local players will need governments support.  Mr Vipin Dy Manager Marketing Waree Energies Ltd

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SpecialFeature - Wires and Cables

ables and interconnections with low resistivity (resistance per m) & Voltage drop are necessary to avoid losses primarily and also defects, accidents. Though, normally Cables may be given less importance in a Solar PV System, but their effects could not be underestimated.

Renewable

direct sunlight & UV but only exposed to outdoor ambient temperature and other environmental conditions.

Current rating to withstand extreme currents in module / string / array with de-rating factors of up to 10

Safe Earth Grounding Here, Cables may be exposed or may be covered. They may be subject to variety of environmental conditions.

Conductor size meeting resistance requirement for given length of cable

Voltage drop meeting minimum DC power loss criteria (1-3%)

A large number of 4 & 6 sq. mm size Cables (approx. 12 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 15 Kms per MW) are required on DC side of a Solar PV System. These electrical connections are required in order to connect the modules of a PV plant to the Inverters, Junction boxes viz.,

Hence, the losses along the cables and at contact points can become appreciable if not properly selected in terms of size, design, conductor etc.

PV module to module in a series string & PV strings to array junction box / Inverter

Single core, colour coded

Dual wall insulated and cross linked, halogen free, low smoke, flame retardant

Here, Cables are exposed to direct sunlight, UV rays, outdoor ambient temperature and other environmental conditions. Array junction box to main junction box / Inverter & Main junction box to Inverter Here, Cables are normally routed through conduits / covered trays and are not exposed to direct sunlight. These conduits / covered trays could be installed either above ground or underground. Hence, here Cables are not exposed to

August 2015

DC cables are expected to meet the following parameters viz., flexible

and

High resistance to abrasion and temperature extremes

High resistance to extreme environmental conditions of UV, ozone, humidity, rain, snow, sand, salt etc.

Fine stranded, tin plated copper conductor, easy to handle, bend, route and strip

High dielectric withstanding voltage up to 1600V

10 25 years life span Similarly, equally large lengths of Cables are required on AC side of a Solar System. Solar PV Plants typically use Aluminium conductor Cables on AC side of the System. These are used to connect Power output from Inverters to transformers and eventually high voltage electrical substation viz., hh

Inverter to LT Transformer/Grid

LT Transformer to HT Transformer

HT Transformer to Plant Switch Yard

Plant Switch Yard to Sub-station

In a MW size solar PV plant, optimizing cable size and cable routing becomes important for system designer. As a result, selection of cables, cable sizes and their layouts are as important as selection of modules and inverters. Therefore, long-lasting, good

SpecialFeature - Wires and Cables

quality, Copper Conductor cables are looked forward to. The operating temperature of cable affects its current carrying capacity and hence, the local site conditions play very important role while selecting right size of cable. The system voltage is also an important factor while deciding the cable size as cable size can be reduced to carry the same power at higher voltage.

Standards DC Cables need to conform to the following Standards in Solar PV Plants: GLOBAL

NATIONAL

Renewable

Voltage Drop per unit length â&#x20AC;&#x201C; need to define acceptable voltage drop limits for Solar PV power plants of different sizes (small, medium and large). This could further be fine-tuned by fixing limits of voltage drop within various sections i.e., string cables, array cables and interconnections

vi. Power Loss per unit length - need to define acceptable power loss limits for Solar PV power plants of different sizes (small, medium and large). vii. Flexibility

Cross-linkable LSOH

Sun/UV Exposition Factor

UV stabilized PVC ST2

Layout Depth Factor

Layout Grouping Factor

Soil Temperature

Each has its own advantages & disadvantages in different applications

Thermal Conductivity

IS694

Ambient Temperature â&#x20AC;&#x201C; correction factor is applicable on rated currents of Cable

ii.

Rated Voltage

iii. Current Rating iv. Resistance per unit length

DC cables used in Solar Industry have following types of insulation and sheathing:

USA-UL4703

The important parameters to be looked (apart from others) into while selecting Cables are:

Cable Installation Practices

Conductor Temperature

Ambient Temperature

Parameters For Cable Selection

Acceptable current over-rating factor over & above safety and de-rating factors

UV stabilized HR 105 deg. C PVC

The standards applicable to design, selection and installation of PV cables are NEC, IEC60287, IEC60364, IS1255, VDE0298-4. The criterion for sizing and selection of cables is different from each other in these standards.

IEC60502 Part 1

TUV specification is for DC cables while IEC and IS specifications are generic (for DC and AC cables) and there is need for harmonization of the standard for PV cables.

Fixing of limits of voltage drop and power loss in string cables, array cables and interconnections etc.

XLPE

GermanyTUV-2Pfg1169

These standards take into account the prevailing environmental conditions in their respective countries.

The current rating of Cable would depend on

IS7098 Part 1

conductor

Ambient temperature correction for cable resistance and voltage drop corresponding to the conductor temperature

ix. Corrosion

TUV 2Pfg 1169 /08.2007

UK-BS EN 50618

for

viii. Bending Radius

Europe-PV1-F

Japan-JCS4517 IS1554 Part 1

rating factor temperature?

Outdoor cables have multiple ratings for wet and high temperature conditions and hence need to be properly selected for Solar PV Power Plant applications.

The outdoor DC cables also require protection from rodents.

Though color-coding is typically not followed but same would be of immense benefits in the longer run & hence needs to be ensured.

Available & permissible bending radius of the Cables needs to be looked into and strictly adhered to.

The DC cables should be laid and interconnected in such a manner so as to avoid Earth / short circuit faults. This will also protect Cables from arcing and potential fires. The DC string / array voltages can go up to 1200V or 1600V, hence DC arcing can cause catastrophic failures in Solar PV plants.

Following factors govern design of cable insulation, armouring and outer sheath are 1.

Ambient Temperature

Humidity, Rain and Water

Pollution, UV and Ozone

Resistance to Abrasion

Resistance to Heat and Flame

DC cable selection takes into consideration the following key parameters depending upon the areas or sections viz., 1.

For String Inverter

For Central Inverter

where Cables are to be laid 1

PV design safety factor of 1.25 (for peak radiation and temp variation)

Continuous rating safety factor of 1.25

Ambient

temperature

de-

August 2015

SpecialFeature - Wires and Cables

Safety factors both for dielectric withstand voltage and permissible power loss in cables should be harmonized / standardized.

Small size (500W-5kW) plants typically compromise with 2 or 3 core AC cable on DC side and needs correction. Both IEC and NEC specify de-rating factors and allowable current ratings and clear guidelines need to be established.

Cable sizing should be primarily based on technical parameters over and above optimal cost considerations and rather be evaluated based on Life Cycle Cost formulae.

secure connection so as to avoid possibility of arcing. Two types of PV module connectors are used by industry, MC4 and Tyco. c.

10. Current carrying capacity of Cables under high Ambient temperature conditions of around 40 - 50 deg. needs careful attention.

11. In order to reduce total cable length and number of interconnections thereby to achieve low DC loss and higher system reliability module interconnection methods like ‘Active trunk and drop cabling’ could be perused.

iii. Lock-on type terminals are used to connect DC cables directly onto busbars. These are ideal for Solar PV application as they avoid arcing. d.

The peripheral components / accessories associated with Cables are conduits, trays, connectors, terminals and fasteners. a.

Conduits and trays should be suitably rated so as to withstand high temperatures and wet conditions. These should have suitable protection from edges, sunlight and corrosion. Most commonly types of conduits used are of PVC & GI, which could be selected suitable for site conditions. Crimp Connectors required should have low contact resistance over a period of twenty to twenty five years. They should have long-term

August 2015

The screw and post terminals with springclamp are prone to loose connections, resistive losses and arcing.

ii. Plug type connectors require special tools and hence are not easy to use on field.

12. The safety of earthing conductor its size, type and termination also needs critical attention.

Cable Accessories

Terminals used in junction boxes are of the following types:

Array Junction Boxes and Main Junction Box used in Solar PV installations are rated for IP65 in order to protect them from moisture and dust ingress. These boxes are typically located under hot Solar PV Panels / Modules. Hence, these boxes are subjected to temperatures higher than ambient. Terminal glands are selected with IP65 degree of Protection.

Even 1% saving in Cable Power loss will amount to huge savings in the form of revenue that could be collected through sale of surplus Electricity.

Selection of Copper Conductor Aluminium Conductor on AC side:

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The Aluminium Conductor is normally selected for cables used on AC side of Solar PV Power Plants. Here, it has been observed that stakeholders opt for Aluminium Conductor in the Cables perhaps more driven by cost saving considerations. It can generate up to approx. 30% savings. However, cables of higher sizes are required with Aluminium conductor due to poor conductivity. Also higher torque is required for screw terminations which results in creating Loose connections over a period of time. Due to such loose connections the probability of arcing gets enhanced leading to fire related damages. The installations with Aluminium conductors are bigger in size. Hence, design and installation practices for Cables with Aluminium conductors in PV systems needs intense review. Copper Conductor on DC side: However, for Cables in Solar PV Power Plants especially on DC side, we need to take adequate care of all the technical parameters which predominantly suggest the selection of Copper as preferred Conductor. Here, the cable sizes are lesser and installations are not so bulky. Problem of arcing and loose connections is avoided. One must look into Life Cycle Costs which tend to prefer Copper Conductor in the Cables on DC side.  Virender Kumar Gupta Senior Consultant, International Copper Association India

SpecialFeature - Solar EPC Industry

n the current scenario of progressively increasing power demand and enhanced ecological consciousness, solar energy is obtaining prominence. The segment is becoming more lucrative and solar PV offers a long-term and profitable investment with comparatively low risk attached. In this context, while the solar industry is thriving and solar EPC firms’ support is remarkable, the challenges are increasing too.

a. Unclear land boundary and incomplete acquisitions.

There are several challenges & complex situations that EPC companies are facing Cost, Time & Quality Land & local issues

Cost, Time & Quality Cost plays a vital role in determining the IRR, LCOE for the investors and overall project commercial viability. It comprises Land survey, Leveling, Engineering, Designing, Supply of materials & equipment’s, Installation, & Commissioning of the project within plant boundary. Timely delivery of the EPC is another key aspect of the any project. Owing to the Power Purchase Agreement deadlines in India, it is very much essential to execute projects in ‘fast track mode’.It is always essential to have strong EPC risk mitigation measure in project planning.

Sourcing & logistics

Quality is another aspect for building healthiest plant for the operation of 25 years economically, safely & with utmost reliability.

Design Standards

Land & Local issues

Customer requirements & relation

Land is fundamental part of the freefield solar projects which involves huge acres of area. In this context non-agricultural and unused land availability at worthy irradiance geographic location is quite challenging. Few land related issues faced like:

Solar policies & initiatives Regulatory clearances

Grid substation & evacuation Guarantees and warrantees Contribution & competition

August 2015

Renewable

b. Access to skilled resources at site is needed. c. In some good irradiation geographic locations land availability is less, land cost is high and adjusting desired plant capacity becomes challenging. d. Unknown sub-soil conditions; may calls for increase in civil foundation cost. e. Local political influences and interventions for the project.

Solar Policies & Initiatives The critical challenges pertaining to the govt. policies, participation & initiative are: Unclear govt. solar policies : many states policies are not clear, have confrontation between SPDs in terms of policy decisions, obligation enforcement, energy prices, plant capacities, land acquisition, PPA signing & so on. Non-serious players are bidding for the project without positive plans & required preparations.

Regulatory Clearances In a solar EPC project, various clearances from CEIG, STU/DISCOM

SpecialFeature - Solar EPC Industry

a one window concept. The entire system is online and very convenient for the EPC Company or the project developers. MNRE has also appointed Charter Engineers, with due training to support the EPC players.

and MNRE/SECI/respective state nodal agencies have to be obtained. Difficulties caused due to the delays of clearances from CEIG, STU/ DISCOM and MNRE/SECI/respective state nodal agencies: Statutory bodies like MNRE & SECI are committed towards the development of solar energy. This gets reflected in their approach to the segment. Most of the approvals/clearances are nowadays

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For DISCOM approval, many states do not have proper policy in place and thus DISCOM becomes helpless to accommodate solar project developers and thus the EPC Company. However in states where the policy is available DISCOM does extend their full support. Regarding statutory approval bodies like CEIG & CEA, they are more focused on the conventional power segment which is there major operational area. They generally evaluate all solar projects on the same line where year old designs and laid down system and equipment’s are used. They are normally not accommodative

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to changes or new developments suggested by the EPC companies due to new technologies. Mo st of the EPC players operating in India are influenced directly or indirectly by foreign designs, which generally use space saving equipment and are more reliable, like RMU. However it has been observed that the statutory authorities do not easily align with these modern designs. This sometimes results in cost overrun and also delays in approvals. But, if an EPC company can produce a proper engineering design / drawing which is selfexplained and is equipped with all the safety measures as per Indian Standards and supported with all the test reports/information of the equipment’s, much time is not wasted for clearances.  Mr Kuldeep Jain Chief Operating Officer, EPC, Vikram Solar

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uring the nineties decade, many electric utilities throughout the world have forced to change their way of operation and business, from vertically integrated mechanism to open market system. India also has followed the global change in power sector by establishment of the Regulatory Commissions in 1998 under the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act 1998 to promote competition, efficiency and economy in the activities of the electricity industry. India has huge potential of varied and complementary sources of renewable energy. The country aims to strengthen its energy security and independence by developing these resources. These include stringent norms for the construction and operation of energy generation equipment and increasing reliance on more advanced generation technologies in the field of renewable. So there is a great need of renewable energy source in Indian power sector to meet future energy demand and remove GHG emission for environment protection.

In this connection Government of India has come out with Acts, Policies and Regulations to support renewable Energy. The Electricity Act 2003 (Eâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;-Act 2003) that was notified by the Ministry of Power in June 2003 with other policies National

August 2015

Electricity Policy and National Tariff Policy appears to be in the helm of affairs for the promotion of renewable energy at the state as well as to national level in India. The Eâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Act 2003 has assigned the responsibility of promoting Renewable Energy (RE) sources to various State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) in their respective states. As per the Act, SERCs are required to encourage investment in RE by providing suitable measures for connectivity with the grid and specify a percentage of the total consumption of electricity in the area of a distribution license to be procured from RE sources. The National Tariff Policy that was notified by the Ministry of Power in January 2006, in continuation with the EA-2003 and the National Electricity Policy also emphasizes the importance of setting renewable energy quotas and preferential tariffs for renewable energy procurement by the respective SERCs in their restructured states power sector. At present India is fifth largest country in the world in electricity generation, having presently aggregate capacity of 255 GWs out of which approximately 70% is from thermal, 16% from hydro, 2% from nuclear and the rest about 12% is from renewable energy sources

(renewable in this paper refer to small hydro, wind, cogeneration and biomass-based power generation, and solar technologies). Although Indian power sector has experienced a eight-time increased in its installed capacity a jump from 30,000 MW in 1981 to over 253389 MW by July 2014 but still there is a huge gap in generation and demand in India hence need to be establish more generation plants preferably to be come from renewable sources by governmental as well as various private participation. Contribution of renewable energy sources in the total portfolio of capacity as well as gross generation is still very low. As per the details available at CEA web site, the source-wise and sectorwise generation installed capacity of the country in MW is as given below: The Indian power sector is predominantly based on fossil fuels, with more than about three-fifths of the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s power generation capacity being dependent on vast indigenous reserves of coal. But in few last decades Indian government has taken several steps to reduce the use of fossil fuels-based energy while promoting renewable generation. As per the details available at CEA & MNRE web site, the source-wise renewable generation installed

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Renewable

All India Installed Capacity as on 31.12.2014: (MW) Sector

Thermal

Nuclear

Hydel

Renewable

Total

State

63468

0.00

27482

3803.67

94753.67

Private

60320

0.00

2694

27888.47

90902.47

Central

53954

4780

10622.76

0.00

69356.76

Total

177742

4780

40798.76

31692.14

255012

All India Sector-wise and Source-wise Status as on December, 2014: (%) Sr. No.

Sector

Thermal

Nuclear

Hydel

Renewable

Total

State

66.98

0.00

Private

66.36

0.00

29.00

4.01

37.16

2.96

30.68

35.65

Central

77.79

6.89

15.32

0.00

27.20

Total

69.70

1.87

16.00

12.43

capacity of the country is as on 31st December, 2014 is given below: All India Source wise Renewable capacity as on 31st December, 2014:

Source Small Hydro Power Projects Wind Energy Bio-mass Solar Energy Waste Energy Total

Capacity in MW 3803.68 21136.4 4013.55 2631.93 106.58 31692.14

% 12.00 66.69 12.66 8.30 0.34

It is observed that the central contribution in renewable installed capacity is nil. There is strong need to develop a national level public sector company by the central Government in line of NTPC and NHDC for the development of renewable energy in the country. The central government is also required to fix the plan wise target renewable based generation capacity like facial fuel. The Electricity Act, 2003 empower the electricity regulatory Commission’s to promotes renewable energy sector in the country through fiscal incentives. This paper attempts to review the various initiatives and measures undertaken by the electricity regulatory Commission’s for promotion of renewable energy. The aim of this paper is to analyzed the current renewable energy policy framework, especially investment or generation based price-driven and capacity-driven mechanisms, investment incentives for the development of renewable energy

projects, feed-in tariffs, tradable green energy certificates, and their effects upon the prospects of encouraging as well as expanding the development of renewable energy in Indian restructured power sector. The major regulatory initiatives and policies/contributors are:

Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO) The National Tariff Policy (NTP) 2006 requires the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) to fix a minimum percentage of Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) from such sources taking into account availability of such resources in the region and its impact on retail tariffs and procurement by distribution companies at preferential tariffs determined by the SERCs. NTP has further elaborated on the role of regulatory Commission; mechanism for promoting renewable energy and timeframe for implementation,

etc. The policy was amended in January 2011 to prescribe solarspecific RPO be increased from a minimum of 0.25 per cent in 2012 to 3 per cent by 2022. Further, the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) suggests increasing the share of renewable energy in the total energy mix at-least up to 15 percent by 2020. Section 86(1) (e) empower the SERC’s to specify, for purchase of electricity from such sources, a percentage of the total consumption of electricity in the area of distribution licensee. As on now 27 States have set Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO) targets varying from 0.0510.2%. 22 States failed to meet their RPO target in 2012. Despite the targets to produce 8% energy from renewable sources by 2013 set under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), the States fixed their own RPO target of 6% for 2013.and only 5.25% target was actually achieved. As a result of this, there was a deficit of 18.5 billian units in the generation of renewable power during the year. The States which out performed their targets were Meghalaya, Nagaland, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu which achieved 19.14% against 9%. Among the worst performing States are Delhi, Maharashtra, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Maharashtra and Rajasthan electricity regulators have enforced penal provision under section 142 of Electricity Act, 2003 on its utilities for shortfall of RPO target along with per unit enforcement charge as compensation. In a landmark judgment, the Rajasthan High court set a precedent by imposing penalty for non compliance of

August 2015

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Renewable

RPO Compensation/adjustment mechanism were introduce by the electricity regulator in Bihar and Chhattisgarh. A robust compliance mechanism, therefore, needs to be urgently put in place with penalties for non-compliance and incentives for over-achievement. Enforcement of RPO is also the key to ensure the success of Indian REC market, which allows companies to buy and sell certificates to meet their RPOs. While the Electricity Act, 2003, the policies framed under the Act, and also the NAPCC provide for a roadmap for increasing the share of renewable in the total generation capacity in the country, there are constraints in terms of availability of RE sources evenly across different parts of the country. This inhibits the State Commissions, especially in those states where the potential of RE sources is not that significant, from specifying higher renewable purchase obligation. For example, given the fact that Delhi does not have sufficient renewable energy potential, the State Commission of Delhi has specified RPO of 1% for the distribution licensees in the State. In India some states like Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu have very high potential of RE sources and the State Commissions have also specified higher RPO. In fact, in such states there are avenues for harnessing the potential even beyond the RPO level fixed by the State Commissions. However, the very high cost of generation from RE sources discourages local distribution licensees from purchasing electricity generated from RE sources beyond the RPO level mandated by the State Commission.

Renewable Energy Certification (REC) Contribution of renewable energy sources in the total portfolio of capacity as well as gross generation is still very low. As on 31st July, 2014, the renewable energy sources constituted only about 12 % of the total installed generation capacity in the country. In India some States does not have sufficient renewable energy potential and some of the

August 2015

States have very high potential of RE sources. It is in this context that the concept of Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) assumes significance. This concept seeks to address the mismatch between availability of RE sources and the requirement of the obligated entities to meet their renewable purchase obligation. Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) mechanism is a market based instrument to promote renewable energy and facilitate renewable purchase obligations (RPO). Cost of electricity generation from renewable energy sources is classified as cost of electricity generation equivalent to conventional energy sources and the cost for environmental attributes. In view of the disproportionate availability of renewable energy resources in various States and the fact that every State Electricity Regulatory Commission is mandated to promote renewable energy in its respective State, Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) scheme has been launched in India. The REC scheme allows another revenue model to an investor and enable obligated entities like distribution licensees to fulfill the shortfall in their targets by buying RECs from renewable energy project developers registered under REC scheme. The REC scheme is also likely to meet the objective identified in NAPCC which has set 5% of power purchase from renewable in the year 2009-10 and an increase of 1% each year to reach 15% by the year 2020. The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission has issued the Regulation on Renewable Energy Certificate on 14th January, 2010.

Under this arrangement, each State Electricity Regulatory Commission has to develop RPO framework for its respective State. Obligated entities (Distribution Companies, Open access users and Captive power consumers) who cannot fulfill their RPO, can purchase RECs to discharge their RPOs. The RECs are tradable instruments through Energy Exchange. Renewable Energy Certificate is basically means that 1 megawatthour (MWh) of electricity i.e. 1000 kWh or 1000 Units was generated from an eligible renewable energy resource. These certificates can be traded, and the owner of the REC who purchases the same can claim to have met the requirement of RPO. The owner thus gets remunerated for this power through sale of power at the rate of average procurement price of that utility benefitting from the injected power and the price of REC traded (environmental attributes). Instead of sale of energy to the Discomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s at pooled price of power purchase, the electrical component can also be used for captive purpose or sold to third party at a mutually negotiated rate provided no other concession available to an investor of renewable energy is drawn. The trading price of REC has to be between floor price and forbearance price. Currently the floor price declared by CERC is` 1500 per REC and Forbearance price is ` 3300 per REC. In India the trading of RECs is through Energy Exchange and the same is presently done on every last Wednesday of every month.

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Salient Features of the REC Framework: The renewable energy generators have four options for the utilization of the energy produce d by it; hh

Sell utility on preferential tariff fixed by the concerned State Electricity Regulatory Commissionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.

Use for their own or captive use.

Sale to third party on mutually agreed tariff.

Sell the electricity generation and environmental attributes associated with RE generation separately.

The environmental attributes can be exchanged in the form of REC. Price of electricity component would be equivalent to weighted average power purchase cost of the distribution company pertaining to previous year. Weighted average cost includes short-term power purchase cost but excludes renewable power purchase cost. The National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC) is the nodal agency to issue the REC to RE generators on verification from concern State Load Dispatch Centre (SLDC). The NLDC will also function as Repository of transactions of Certificate and will maintain & settle accounts in respect of Certificate. The value of REC will be equivalent to 1 MWh of electricity injected into the

Renewable

grid from renewable energy source. The REC will be exchanged only in the Power Exchanges approved by CERC within the band of a floor price and a forbearance (ceiling) price. The distribution companies, Open Access consumers, Captive Power Plants will have option of purchasing the REC to meet their Renewable Purchase Obligation. Pertinently, RPO is the obligation mandated by the SERCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s under the Act, to purchase minimum level of renewable energy out of the total consumption in the area of the distribution licensee. The National Load Dispatch Centre h as been designated as central level agency by the CERC for registration of Renewable Electricity Generators participating in the scheme. SERCs have to designate the State agency for their State.

Scheduling of wind power generation plants would have to be done from 15.7.2013 where the sum of generation capacity of such plants connected at the connection points (called Pooling stations) to the transmission or distribution system is 10 MW and above and connection point is 33 kV and above, for pooling stations commissioned after 3.05.2010.

For capacity and voltage level below this, as well as for old wind farms, it could be mutually decided between the Wind Generator and the transmission or distribution utility, if there is no existing contractual agreement to the contrary.

The schedule by wind power generating stations may be revised by giving advance notice to SLDC/RLDC. Such revisions by wind power generating stations shall be effective from 6th time block, the first being the time-block in which notice was given.

There may be one revision for each time slot of 3 hours starting from 00:00 hours of a particular day subject to maximum of 8 revisions during the day.

Indian Electricity Grid Code (scheduling of RE) The Indian grid is very unstable. Renewable Energy development has been adversely affected by lack of adequate evacuation and transmission facilities and its stability. It has been seen that even through the RE generator are available at times, grid is not available for evacuation and transmission of power. This result lowers Capacity Utilization Factor (CUFs). In order to minimized this situation, an amendment in Indian Electricity Grid Code has been introduced by CERC. As per the grid code, the wind and solar power projects are to give a scheduling and fore-casting of the generation from these projects. Indian Electricity Grid Code 2010 (IEGC) has incorporated special provisions of connection, operations, forecasting, scheduling and commercial settlement for wind and solar generating plants. With regard to the pooling station, amendment in IEGC provides that the

Pooling Station is the sub-station where pooling of generation of individual wind generators or solar generators is done for interfacing with the next higher voltage level. Where there is no separate pooling station for a wind / solar generator and the generating station is connected through common feeder and terminated at a sub-station of distribution company/STU/ CTU, the sub-station of distribution company/ STU/CTU shall be considered as the pooling station for such wind/solar generator. The main features of the amendment in Indian Electricity Grid Code are as follows:

The amendment in Indian Electricity Grid Code further provide that wind generators shall be responsible for forecasting their generation upto an accuracy of 70%. Therefore, if the actual generation is beyond +/-

August 2015

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Renewable

30% of the schedule, wind generator would have to bear the UI charges. For actual generation within +/- 30% of the schedule, no deviation would be payable/receivable by Generator, The host state, shall bear the deviation charges for this variation, i.e within +/- 30%. However, the deviation charges borne by the host State due to the wind generation, shall be shared among all the States of the country in the ratio of their peak demands in the previous month based on the data published by CEA, in the form of a regulatory charge known as the Renewable Regulatory Charge operated through the Renewable Regulatory Fund (RRF). In order to facilitate states, a RRF has been created to compensate the utilities to absorb the deviations from the forecasting. This system will help in solving the problems faced by utilities and distribution companies due to variable nature of wind energy.

peak demand in the previous month, in the form of regulatory charge known as Renewable Regulatory Charges operated through the Renewable Regulatory Fund (RRF). This provision is applicable on new wind generating plant with collective capacity of 10 MW and above connected at connection point of 33kV level and above, and who have not signed PPA with States or others as on date of coming into force of amendment of IEGC.

As per the Indian Electricity Grid Code, the wind generators are required to forecast their generation up to accuracy of 70%. Therefore, if the actual generation is beyond +/30% of the schedule, no deviation charges would be payable to/ receivable by the Generator, The host state, shall bear the deviation charges for this variation, i.e within +/- 30%. shared among all the States of the country in the ratio of their

August 2015

vi.

A maximum generation of 150% of the schedule shall be allowed in a time block for iunjection by pooling station from the grid security point of view. For any generation above 150% of the schedule, if grid security is not affected by the generation above 150%, the only charge payable to the Coordinating Agency for the concerned pooling station shall be the deviation charge applicable corresponding to 50- 50.02 Hz. In case of intra-State sale of wind energy, the transactions shall be between the wind generating station and the intra-State entity (Purchaser) at the contracted rate for actual generation.

Procedure for Scheduling and Settlement of accounts in case of Wind Farms are as follows: i.

All intra-State transactions shall be scheduled by concerned SLDC and all inter-State transactions shall be scheduled by concerned RLDC.

ii.

The combined schedules of all transactions of a Pooling Stations shall be compared with the actual net injection based on special energy meters (SEM) data for computing the deviations.

vii.

iii.

The Coordinating Agency shall be responsible for scheduling generation on behalf of the wind generators connected to concerned Pooling Station, upto a minimum accuracy of 70%. Therefore, if the actual generation is beyond +/- 30% of the schedule, deviation charges shall be payable to/ receivable by the Coordinating Agency for the concerned Pooling Station.

iv.

For actual generation within +/- 30% of the schedule, no deviation charges shall be payable to/receivable by the concerned Coordinating Agency. Deviation charges for schedules within this variation, i.e. within +/- 30% shall be applicable to the host State.

viii. The implication due to deviations of actual generation within +/- 30% of the scheduled generation shall be settled through the RRF. The implication due to deviations outside +/30% shall be settled directly between the host State and the Coordinating Agency for the concerned Pooling station in accordance with the energy accounts issued by the RPC and the reference rate specified by CERC from time to time.

The implication of these deviation charges shall be shared among all the States/ Union Territories of the country in the ratio of their peak demand met in the previous month

Renewable Regulatory Fund Mechanism (RRF) A Fund shall be operated by the National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) on a national level to be known as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Renewable Regulatory Fund (RRF) on the lines of Unscheduled Interchange Pool Account at the regional level. All payments on account of Renewable Regulatory Charges, levied under the Regulations, and interest, if any, received for late payment shall be credited to then RRF. The RRF shall be maintained and operated by the National Load Despatch Centre in accordance with provisions of the Grid Code.

based on the data published by Central Electricity Authority, in the form of a regulatory charge to be known as the Renewable Regulatory Charge operated through the Renewable Regulatory Fund (RRF).

ix.

In the case of inter-State sale of wind energy, the transactions shall be settled between the Coordinating Agency for the concerned Pooling station and the purchasing State at the contracted rate for actual generation upto 150% of the scheduled generation. The difference of actual generation from the schedule for the purchasing State shall be settled at the deviation charges of the Region of the purchasing State through the RRF.

TechSpace

Renewable

Scheduling and settlement of accounts in case of Solar Generators: i.

The schedule of Solar Pooling Stations shall be given by the Coordinating Agency based on availability of the generator, weather forecasting, solar insulation, seasonal and normal solar generation curve and shall be vetted by the concerned SLDC/RLDC in which the generator is located and incorporated in the intrastate/inter-State schedule.

ii.

If SLDC/RLDC is of the opinion that the schedule is not realistic, it may ask the concerned Coordinating Agency to modify the schedule.

iii.

In case of solar generation, no deviation charges shall be payable by/receivable to the Solar Generator/Coordinating Agency.

iv.

In the case of intra-State sale of solar energy, the purchaser shall pay the pooling station at the contracted rate for actual generation. In the case of interState sale of solar energy, the purchaser shall pay the Solar Generator at the contracted rate for actual generation.

The implication of deviation charges due to the deviation for purchasing State and host State shall be settled through the RRF.

Settlement of accounts for Wind and Solar Pooling Stations: i.

In case of sale of power to two or more States, the deviation of actual generation from the schedule shall be dealt with in proportion to the shares of the States in the generation of the Wind Farms/Solar Pooling Station.

ii.

In addition to the settlement of accounts for wind pooling stations and Solar pooling station above, the agency responsible for deviation settlement in the host State shall also receive compensation from the RRF for total or part

difference between the total scheduled generation and total actual generation of solar and wind generation collectively in the State as a whole at additional deviation charge, to the extent of net solar and wind farm under-generation below the frequency specified in the Regulation. iii.

This shall be as certified by the RPC, in whose Region the host State is located. The agency responsible for deviation charges settlement in the host State shall also receive from the RRF, the difference between the deviation rate and the deviation cap rate for underdrawal beyond the percentage/ MW prescribed in the deviation settlement Regulations, to the extent of under-drawal on account of net over-generation by solar and wind farms in the State as a whole.

iv.

The net leftover amounts in the RRF, whether positive or negative, shall be shared among all the States/UTs of the country in the ratio of their peak demands met in the previous month based on the data published by CEA in the form of a regulatory charge (whether positive or negative), to be known as the Renewable Regulatory Charge, operated through the Renewable Regulatory Fund on a monthly basis.

Feed-in tariffs Feed-in tariffs are a generic description of a policy that pays a price, a “tariff”, for the electricity generated by renewable sources of energy that is “fed” into or sold to the grid. They are sometimes called Renewable Tariffs, Advanced Renewable Tariffs, Renewable Energy Payments, and more generally, feed laws Renewable tariffs are the most successful policy mechanism for stimulating the rapid development of renewable energy. They are also transparent, comprehensible, and equitable: the door is open to everyone. The

terminology describing feed-in tariffs and the way they are viewed relative to electric utility regulation has changed over the years. The terminology has changed in part because of changes in how the tariffs are determined and whether there is only one tariff offered, or many. Feed-in tariffs vary in design from country to country. The policies should establish different tariffs for different technologies, usually related to the cost of generation, for example distinguishing between off-shore and onshore wind power. Some policies also differentiate tariffs by location and region, year of plant operation, and operational season of the year. Tariffs for a given plant may decline over time, but typically last for 15–20 years. Some policies provide a fixed tariff while others provide fixed premiums added to market- or cost-related tariffs. The development stage of feed in tariff is Advanced Renewable Tariffs (ARTs) in which Feed-in Tariffs (FITs) differentiated by technology, size, application, and sometimes resource intensity. There is one price or tariff paid for wind energy, another price for solar, and so on. Tariffs within each technology are also differentiated by project size or, in the case of wind energy, by the productivity of the resource. In Advanced Renewable Tariffs, the individual tariffs are determined by the cost of generating the electricity plus a reasonable profit for the producer. The market then functions to determine how much, where, and by who renewable will be developed. Tariffs for new projects are also subject to periodic review to determine if the program is sufficiently robust to produce the desired growth in renewable energy. Public policy makes a determination that a particular resource is desired, such as renewable source, then the tariff necessary to bring on the amount of the technology desired determined, and the rate posted and made available to all comers. In summarize form, modern policies of Advanced Renewable Tariffs require, Priority access to the grid, Priority purchase of generation from renewable resources, and

August 2015

TechSpace

Renewable

Differentiated tariffs based on the cost of generation plus a reasonable profit Differentiating tariffs breaks any remaining link between the rates paid for renewable energy and the cost of conventional generation which renewable resources offset. This is most obvious in the case of solar PV. As Feed in tariff is place specific as well as source specific so in each of the electricity regulatory commission adopt different tariff for different renewable sources in India. Reason for this difference is availability of source such as small hydro availability is Himalayas resign (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand etc.) and wind power available in state such as Tamilnadu hence, differential tariff is necessary for renewable power development.

Benefits of feed-in-tariff i.

Effectiveness in terms of capacity expansion and RES-E production growth.

ii.

High level of investment confidence to independent (riskaverse) producers of renewable electricity.

iii.

Energy generation cost competitiveness in the longer term.

iv.

Independence budgets.

Low and simple administration demands.

vi.

Encouragement of technological development and high quality.

from

state

ii.

iii.

Recommendations It may be concluded that renewable energy development is of great importance from the point of view of long term energy supply security, decentralization of energy supply particularly for the benefit of the rural population, environmental benefits and sustainability in power sector also. For renewable energy development in India, the renewable energy program has been in existence for more than three decades, but a market for renewable energy technologies still need to be exists. Based on the analysis of various regulatory initiatives polices, it is suggested that for faster

August 2015

and forestry clearance procedure for renewable energy projects based on best practices from different States. Public-private role in renewable energy development needs to be redefined.

development of renewable energy, following recommendations are: Guidelines on fixing differential “Renewable Purchase Obligation” regimes by States, announcement of longer term RPO trajectories, at least 10 years, and ensuring compliance by all Obligated Entities, through a suitable developed uniform compliance code. A robust compliance mechanism, therefore, needs to be urgently put in place with penalties for non-compliance and incentives for overachievement. Cash- strapped utilities could consider higher tariffs or cess on commercial/ industrial consumers to meet extra burden of meeting RPO target. Non of the State utilities compiling the RPO. Provision for penalty on RPO obligated entity should be made for non compliance of RPO. The “Renewable Energy Certificate” framework needs to be reviewed and made more effective and bankable through floor price projection for 10 years and resolving issues around applicability of APPC in different States. Guidance to developers, development of capability, and need to address and sort out issues relating to wind forecasting and scheduling towards operationalizing IEGC 2010. This would facilitate trading and bring higher revenues to generators, with early implementation of “Renewable Regulatory Fund”.

iv.

Thermal generators/developers should be mandated to install certain percentage of renewable capacity within the State by introducing suitable amendment in E. Act, 2003.

Development of infrastructure and mechanism/rules for intra and inter-State evacuation and transmission of renewable power with priority access to renewable energy projects.

vi.

Steam lining of land allotment

vii.

Priority sector lending status, easy availability and attractive terms of lending particularly by financial institutions and public sector banks.

viii. Upward revision of “Generation Based Incentive” to drive private investments. The government policies should encourage more private participation and industry collaboration in R&D for rapid commercialization of RETs and in market infrastructure development. ix.

Encouragement to new renewable energy technologies suited to Indian regimes.

Policies and incentives to catalyze repowering and exploitation of offshore wind resources.

xi.

Renewable energy strategy should form a part of energy sector regulatory framework. Incorporation of renewable energy strategy into development programmes will promote its decentralized applications.

For the development of Nonconventional energy sources, we need to look forward with some policy reform and institutional setups. The RPOs need to enforced strictly this will create market for renewable. However, the renewable sources potential rich States are at the verge of meeting their RPOs. Therefore, inter-state transmission has to be explored so that other states can do renewable energy projects like wind power projects in wind potential States. The existing transmission lines may not be adequate, so the grid infrastructure needs to be augmented. REFERENCES: 1) Ashok Upadhayay, Ganga Agnihotri, Gayatri Agnihotri “Wind Energy

TechSpace

Renewable

Challenges and Regulatory Perspective” in Wulfenia Journal, Austria, Vol 21, No. 6;Jun 2014 2) Randhir Singh, Y.R.Sood, N.P.Padhy, B. Venkatesh, “ Analysis of Renewable Promotional Policies and Their Current Status in Indian Restructured Power Sector”.- IEEE 3)

S.K.Soonee, Minaxi Garg, Satya Prakash, “Renewable Energy Certificate Mechanism in India”, 16th National Power Systems Conference, 15th - 17th December, 2010. Department of Electrical Engineering, Univ. College of Engg., Osmania University, Hyderabad, A.P.

4) Stanislaw M. Pietruszko Centre of Photovoltaics, Warsaw University of Technology Koszykowa, Poland “Feed-in Tariff: The most successful support programme” 5) Central Electricity Regulatory Commission Regulations on Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) issued on 14th January, 2010.

ly month onics & electr ctrical ding ele the lea

¬ O.. 10 NO EN ¬ ISSUE E4 ME LUM OLU VO

0-2946 ISSN 097

CERC Order dated 23rd August, 2011in the matter of Determination of Forbearance and Floor price for the REC framework. CERC order dated 16th January, 2013 related to Renewable Regulatory Fund (RRF) Mechanism under Indian Electricity Grid Code, Regulations, 2010.

8) Load generation balance report for FY2013-14 issued by CEA. [Online]. Available. 9) Government of India, “The Electricity Act, 2003,” The Gazette of India, Extraordinary, 2003, New Delhi, \ June 2003 10) Government of India, “Tariff policy” 6th January, 2006 [Online]. Available http://www.powermin.nic.in

13) Ministry of power [Online]. Available: www.powermin.nic.in. 14) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy source (MNRES) “Policy support for grid interactive renewable power” [Online]. Available: http:// mnre.nic.in 15) The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), “Power Sector to Focus on Role of Regulators and Utilities for Combating Climate Change” February 09, 2009, [Online]. Available - http:// www.businesswireindia.com 16) Singh, R.; Sood, Y.R. “Policies for promotion of renewable energy sources for restructured power sector” IEEE Third International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, 2008. DRPT 2008. 6-9 April 2008.

11) Government of India “National Electricity policy and plan”

Ashok Upadhyay Deputy Director (Generation) M P Electricity Regulatory Commission, Bhopal, India

12) Directory “Indian Wind power, 2013”, by Consolidated Energy Consultant.

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August 2015

IEEMAActivities

IEEMA Representations

IEEMA Activities

Representation has been done to Chairperson, Central Electricity Authority on dated 2.07.2015 regarding the CEA Regulations on Short Circuit Testing of Transformers. IEEMA through its representation had requested CEA to give due cognizance to alternative method of calculations and design reviews and had sought exclusive meeting to discuss the various important points involved in the regulation. Representation has been done to Joint Secretary, Ministry of Development of North East Region( M/o DONER) on dated 14.07.2015 regarding the inordinate delay in payment by Meghalaya Energy Corporation against supply of Equipment’s under Non- Lapsable Central Pool of Resources (NLCPR) Scheme. Representation has been done to Joint Secretary, Department of Heavy Industries under Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises on dated 21.07.2015 for clarification regarding the Electrical Transformer (Quality Control) Order 2015. Representation has been done to CMDs/ MDs of NTPC, OPTCL, PGCIL, GETCO, KPTCL and WBSETCL on the Latent Defect Clause in tender specifications for Power Transformers on dated 21.07.2015.

Government Interface On 17th July 2015, Mr. J.Pande (Sr. Director) and Mr. Uttam Kumar (Executive Officer) from IEEMA attended a meeting at BIS on the issues relating to “Certification of Distribution Transformers by BEE & BIS”. The meeting was chaired by Shri A.K.Sharma, Sc. F & Head, CMD-1 with representatives from BIS, BEE, CPRI and ITMA. IEEMA and ITMA were of the view that testing of each model for BEE star labelling would not only put the manufacturers to financial burden, but also involve additional cost towards transportation of such large number of samples to the laboratory. They requested that since IS 1180 (Part 1):2014 specifies the total loss requirements for compliance to Energy Efficiency Level-I, II & III, BIS

certification of the DTs to these requirements may be accepted by BEE. BIS requested the participants to come out with possible solution for the above said issue of two regulations (mandatory certification of ISI mark by BIS and the BEE star labelling) for the same product.

Seventh Executive Council Meeting held at Bhopal The 7th meeting of the Executive Council was held on 22nd June 2015 at Bhopal. Members deliberated extensively on the state of industry and discussed on the issues that came out during that conversation. Members were informed about price preference policy of the government after which they also discussed about the Maira Committee report on price preference for the Indian industry. Members appreciated the preparatory planning of INTELECT 2017 which has been commenced almost two years in advance. The proposal of Institutional Membership was adopted. Council also discussed about need for opening a new Inverter/UPS divisions, creation of new revenue stream viz IEEMA business Advisory Services was deliberated in detail and the need for setting up alternate revenue streams with a long term view was accepted. Two activities viz; circulation of tender information and provide a transparent and neutral platform for handshaking between members and prospective investors / collaborators were considered as presently practical. There was a briefing on initial activities of the SME division and ways ahead by the Chairman, SME division .During the meeting, presentations were made by M/s. Deloitte on Brand India Engineering and Mr. T.S. Vishwanath, APJ-SLG Law Offices on Industry and Business Analytics.

Seminar on “Goods and Services Tax (GST)” IEEMA engaged SKP Group as a “Knowledge Partner” and organized a day seminar on “Goods and Services Tax” (GST) at Mayfair Banquets, Worli, Mumbai on Friday 24th July 2015. The objective of the seminar was to provide in depth knowledge on proposed Goods & Services Tax, its possible impact on business and how to adapt to the new tax regime. From SKP Group Mr. Pratik Shah, Partner & Mr. Jigar Doshi, Associate Director addressed the delegates and shared their insights on following GST topics –

} Current indirect tax structure } What is GST? } Why is it a ‘game-changer’?

Readers are requested to send their feedback about content of the Journal at editor@ieema.org August 2015

IEEMAActivities

The issues which were broadly discussed are as follows:

The drive for membership

} Membership outstanding of FY 1314 & 14-15

} Initiate new training programmes / workshop in the eastern region for the benefit of IEEMA members. } An open forum also took place between the utilities and the members present. Mr. Pratik Shah, Partner, SKP Group, Mr Rajendra Bhagat, Deputy Secretary, Finance Department, Government of Maharashtra and Mr. Jigar Doshi, Associate Director, SKP Group at the GST meet

} Decoding the GST Bill (122nd CAB, 100th Amendment Act)

} Likely impact of GST on business } Issues for the industry } Recent developments in GST The seminar was attended by the CEOs, CFOs, Finance heads and other senior executives involved in commercial, financial and tax matters representing their own organizations. It was a good mix of companies into manufacturing, trading and projects business viz. Adani Transmission, Apar, Bajaj Electricals Ltd., Chhabi Electricals Pvt. Ltd., EMI Transmission Ltd., Eros Elevators & Escalators Pvt Ltd. Mosdorfer India Pvt. Ltd., Ravin Cables Ltd., Shree NM Electricals Ltd., Siemens Ltd., Slimlites Electricals Sterlite Technologies, Terminal Technologies (I) Pvt. Ltd., The Motwane Mfg. Co. Pvt. Ltd., Vashi Electricals, Vedanta Ltd. Shri. Rajendra Bhagat, Additional Commissioner of Sales Tax, Maharashtra State, who is currently on deputation as Deputy Secretary, Finance Department, Government of Maharashtra gave a brief address on GST.

Second ERC Meeting held in Kolkata The second ERC meeting of FY 15-16 took place in Kolkata on 24th July’15 at Palladian Lounge. The meeting was well attended by 37 members and was also attended by some external agencies like Eastern Railways, DVC and Jindal Power & Steel. The meeting was chaired by Mr. R K Shah from EMC Ltd. This was the first meeting of the newly nominated vice chairman, Mr. Sharan Bansal, Director – Skipper Ltd. The meeting started with an introductory presentation about IEEMA by Mr. Subhajit Dasgupta – IEEMA Sec, which was followed by presentation on State of Industry. Mr. Subimal Sarmah from JSPL gave a very interactive presentation from “Product Line Offering from JSPL in Transmission Line Sector”.

} Members highly appreciated the presence of the utility members and their valuable inputs in this platform.

IEEMA SME Division Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represent over 90% of enterprises in most countries, worldwide. They are the driving force behind a large number of innovations and contribute to the growth of the national economy through employment creation, investments and exports. More than seventy five percent of IEEMA membership comprises of Small and Medium scale enterprises. While general concerns and interests are discussed on a regular basis during Division and Executive Council meetings, however it was felt that issues pertaining to the SME Sector escaped due attention in the absence of a division dedicated to look at the segment holistically. Creation of a SME Division was therefore approved by the Executive Council. The SME Division has commenced functioning under the Chairmanship of Mr. J.G. Kulkarni, Past President. Mr. Vinod Bhatia, Managing Director, Powercap Capacitors Pvt. Ltd. has been nominated as the Vice Chairman for the division. IEEMA has collated concern areas of its SME members by seeking feedback. Based on the feedback received, two division meetings have been held with the aim of analyzing ground situation and arrive at prioritization of action areas. It has been decided that the division will actively pursue practical and achievable resolution mechanism including representation at appropriate levels in the government. During the meetings it emerged that considerable value addition would happen if workshops on relevant subjects are conducted. The first such workshop on awareness building of govertment schemes has been scheduled in coordination with MSME Development Institute, Mumbai on 7th August 2015. The Worshop / Seminar on Finance, Cluster formation and Research & Devlopment also planned. In order to give members an exposure to clusters and their management, the next meeting would be scheduled at Nashik Engineering Cluster( NEC).

August 2015

PowerStatistics

Renewable Energy Capacity Renewable Enrgy Indicators 2015

Power Renewable power capacity (total, not including hydro Renewable power capacity (total, including hydro) Hydropower capacity (Total) Bio-power capacity Bio-power generation Geothermal power capacity Solar PV capacity Wind power capacity

Acc. 2004 2014 2015 Unit est GW 85 560 657 GW

800 1578 1712

GW GW TWh GW GW GW

715 1018 1055 <36 88 93 227 396 433 8.9 12.1 12.8 2.6 138 177 48 319 370

Renewable Power Capacities* in World, EU-28, BRICS and Top Seven Countries, 2014

* not including Hydro Power

Hydropower Capacity and Additions, Top Six Countries for Capacity Added, 2014

Geothermal Power Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries and rest of World, 2014

Solar PV Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2014

Solar PV Glo bal Capacity, 2004-2014

Wind Power Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2014

Wind Power Global Capacity, 2004-2014

Source : REN21

August 2015

PowerStatistics

Quarterly percentage growth of electrical equipment industry Programme/ Scheme wise Physical Progress in 2014-15 Sector FYCumulative 2014-15 Achievements Target Achievement (as on 31.03.2015) GRID-INTERACTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MW) Wind Power 2000 2312 23444 Small Hydro Power 250 251.61 4055.36 Biomass Power & 100 45 1410.2 Gasification Bagasse Cogeneration 300 360 3008.35 Waste to Power 20 8.5 115.08 Solar Power 1100 1112.07 3743.97 Total 3770 4089.18 35776.96

Wind Power

11%

Small Hydro Power

8% 4% 11%

Biomass Power & GasiďŹ cation Bagasse Cogeneration

66%

Waste to Power

Solar Power

Tentative State-wise break-up of Renewable Power target to be achieved by the year 2022 Solar Power Biomass Wind (MW) SHP (MW) (MW) Power (MW) Haryana 4142 25 209 Himachal Pradesh 776 1500 Jammu & Kashmir 1155 150 Punjab 4772 50 244 Rajasthan 5762 8600 Uttar Pradesh 10697 25 3499 Uttrakhand 900 700 197 Chandigarh 153 Northern Region 31120 8600 2450 4149 Goa 358 Gujarat 8020 8800 25 288 Chhattisgarh 1783 25 Madhya Pradesh 5675 6200 25 118 Maharashtra 11926 7600 50 2469 D. & N. Haveli 449 Daman & Diu 199 Western Region 28410 22600 125 2875 Andhra Pradesh 9834 8100 543 Telangana 2000 Karnataka 5697 6200 1500 1420 Kerala 1870 100 Tamil Nadu 8884 11900 75 649 Puducherry 246 Southern Region 26531 28200 1675 2612 Bihar 2493 25 244 Jharkhand 1995 10 Orissa 2377 West Bengal 5336 50 Sikkim 36 50 Eastern Region 12237 135 244 Assam 663 25 Manipur 105 Meghalaya 161 50 Nagaland 61 15 Tripura 105 Arunachal Pradesh 39 500 Mizoram 72 25 North Eastern Region 1205 615 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 27 Lakshadweep 4 Other ( New States) 600 120 All India 99533 60000 5000 10000 So that cumulative achievement is 1,75,000 MW

Source : MNRE

August 2015

IEEMADatabase

Rs/MT

BASIC PRICES AND INDEX NUMBERS as on 01.05.15

Unit IRON, STEEL & STEEL PRODUCTS

OTHER RAW MATERIALS

BLOOMS(SBL) 150mmX150mm

`/MT

29347.00

BILLETS(SBI) 100MM

`/MT

30378.00

CRNGO Electrical Steel Sheets M-45, C-6 (Ex-Rsp)

`/MT

54000.00

CRGO ELECTRICAL STEEL SHEETS a) For Transformers of rating up to 10MVA and voltage up to 33 KV

`/MT

b) For Transformers of rating above 10MVA or voltage above 33 KV

`/MT

as on 01.04.15

Unit

Epoxy Resin CT - 5900

`/Kg

400

Phenolic Moulding Powder

`/Kg

PVC Compound - Grade CW - 22

`/MT

127250.00

PVC Compound Grade HR - 11

`/MT

128250.00

`/KLitre

57757.00

Transformer Oil Base Stock (TOBS)

OTHER IEEMA INDEX NUMBERS

196524

IN-BUSDUCTS (Base June 2000=100) for the month September 2014

240550

NON-FERROUS METALS Electrolytic High Grade Zinc

`/MT

175000

Lead (99.97%)

`/MT

161100.00

Copper Wire Bars

`/MT

431729.00

Copper Wire Rods

`/MT

445440.00

Aluminium Ingots - EC Grade (IS 4026-1987)

`/MT

151378.00

Aluminuium Properzi Rods EC Grade (IS5484 1978)

`/MT

157572

Aluminium Busbar (IS 5082 1998)

`/MT

223.90

IN - BTR - CHRG (Base June 2000=100)

322.86

IN - WT (Base June 2000=100

222.15

IN-INSLR (Base: Jan 2003 = 100)

226.47

Wholesale price index number for ‘Ferrous Metals (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month September 2014 Wholesale price index number for’ Fuel & Power (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month September 2014

151.10

188.00

All India Average Consumer Price Index Number for Industrial Workers (Base 2001=100) September 2014

203800

254

# Estimated, NA: Not available 135000

PVC Compound - Grade HR - 11

130000

Rs./MT

125000 120000 115000 110000

The basic prices and indices are calculated on the basis of raw material prices, exclusive of excise/C.V. duty wherever manufactures are eligible to obtain MODVAT benefit. These basic prices and indices are for operation of IEEMA’s Price Variation Clauses for various products. Basic Price Variation Clauses, explanation of nomenclature can be obtained from IEEMA office. Every care has been taken to ensure correctness of reported prices and indices. However, no responsibility is assured for correctness. Authenticated prices and indices are separately circulated by IEEMA every month. We recommend using authenticated prices and indices only for claiming price variation.

August 2015

`05…

`03…

`04…

`01…

`02…

`11…

`12…

`10…

`09…

`08…

`06…

`07…

`04…

`05…

`02…

`03…

`12…

`01…

`10…

`11…

`09…

`07…

`08…

`06…

Jun 2013 - May 2015

IEEMADatabase

220000

L.T. Circuit Breakers 200000 180000

Nos.

160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 April 11 - April 15

Name of Product

Accounting Unit

Production

For the Month From May 14 to Highest Annual April 15

March 15

Production

Electric Motors* AC Motors - LT

000' KW

683

9721

11217

AC Motors - HT

000' KW

315

3255

4647

DC Motors

000' KW

359

618

000' KVA

923

10685

10676

Contactors

000' Nos.

526

8412

8527

Motor Starters

000' Nos.

134

1784

1909

Nos.

33710

530052

947878

000' Poles

10239

117129

116151

Circuit Breakers - LT

Nos.

112282

1807542

1825044

Circuit Breakers - HT

Nos.

4929

70765

72155

Custom-Build Products

Rs. Lakhs

21303

207089

265267

HRC Fuses & Overload Relays

000' Nos.

1112

14644

16875

36984

475846

464826

000' KVAR

3721

47747

53417

Distribution Transformers

000' KVA

2930

42876

43346

Power Transformers

000' KVA

9770

147907

178782

Current Transformers

000' Nos.

671

660

Voltage Transformers

Nos.

7778

106943

114488

000' Nos.

2015

27138

26390

000' MT

1017

1250

AC Generators Switchgears*

Switch Fuse & Fuse Switch Units Miniature Circuit Breakers

Power Cables* Power Capacitors - LT & HT* Transformers

Instrument Transformers

Energy Meters* Transmission Line Towers* * Weighted Production

August 2015

CPRINews

Reduced Testing Charges - Compulsory Product Certification of Distribution Transformers CPRI has been interacting with its Customers regularly and have been offering services based on therequirements of the Power Sector. A large number of manufacturers are utilizing CPRI services for testing of Distribution Transformers for BIS licensing. CPRI is pleased to inform that the Institute has recentlyreduced the test tariff by 60% for Testing of Outdoor type oil immersed Distribution Transformers upto and including 2500kVA, 33kV class(three phase) and upto 25kVA (single phase) for BIS licensing as per IS 1180(Part-1:2014). In addition to the above, 10% SSI discount which is already prevailing as per current CPRI tariff is also applicable for the above scope. Customers may contact CPRI, Bangalore and Bhopal for availing the reduced test charges for testing of Distribution Transformers only for BISlicensing as per IS 1180 (Part-1:2014).

Reduction and Elimination of PCBs Prioritizing the Power Sector in India Awareness Initiative & Environmental Pollution Control Measures in India by CPRI Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic chemicals used as insulating oils/dielectric in electrical equipment. Due to their hazardous, highly toxic and life threatening nature, their manufacture and use was stopped worldwide in late seventies. Manufactured and widely used (including in India) before eighties, PCBs were used as coolants and lubricants in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equipment because they do not burn easily and are good insulators. Awareness about the pollution and toxicity of PCBs contributed to its ban in 1979 and has resulted in an International Environmental Treaty, the ‘Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)’ of which India is a signatory. India has an inventory of nearly 10,000 tons of pure PCBs and PCBS contaminated oil in various industries spread across the country. Under the guidelines of MoEFCC and UNIDO, the project “Reduction and Elimination of PCBs, prioritizing the Power Sector in India” has been taken up and CPRI has been appointed as the national executing agency for this project.

concentrations at CPRI labs, compile accurate Inventory of PCB-containing equipment & materials in the country and Road Map for disposal: u Establishment of guidelines for PCB Management, Identification, Tracking & Record Keeping; Waste Collection, Packaging & Transportation; Interim Storage & Disposal. u Create Disposal Facilities: best available Dechlorination / incineration Technologies, u Support PCBs ownerorganizations towards Intermediate Storage and ultimate disposal in environmentally friendly manner etc. CPRI is involved in coordination of Final Disposal activities, monitoring the various facilities coming up under the project including Mobile Decontamination unit with the help of operating entity. CPRI would be targeting decontamination of around 6000 tonnes of PCB contaminated mineral oil and equipment associated throughout India in the coming months. Role of Electrical utilities/ other PCB-containing organizations: Interact with CPRI Collect information from O&M staff/ records regarding transformers installed prior to 1985 with nameplate details/locations of these transformers, details of the oil maintenance, i.e. topping up or replacement of the oil and submit oil samples (100 ml in clean, dry well capped plastic bottle).

Forthcoming CPRI Technical Programmes http://www.cpri.in/events.html

Sl No

CPRI is actively engaged in:

u Conducting PCBs Awareness& Owners Training Programs, collect oil samples, analyze PCB

Name of the Event Comprehensive Tutorial Programme on “Transformer oil, Polymeric Composite Materials as well as Reclamation and Reconditioning of Used Lubricating Oils” Workshop on Condition Monitoring Engineering and Asset Management of Power Plant and Substation Equipment Workshop on “Selected topics in Flexible Power Transmission & Protection” Short Term Course on “Power Cable Technology” Tutorial Program on “Testing & Evaluation of Power/ Distribution Transformers” Tutorial Program on Distribution transformer performance evaluation through testing & analysis

Dates

September 07-11, 2015

September 11, 2015

September 17-18, 2015 September 21-23, 2015

September 24 -25, 2015 October 8-9 2015

For details, contact: Ms Ayumi Fujino, UNIDO Representative and Regional Director, South Asia: Inaugural address, National conference on PCBs Awareness, New Delhi, 10th Oct 2014

August 2015

Shri Prabhakar Hegde,

Joint Director (Information and Publicity Division) CPRI, Bangalore. Tel: 080 23602329 Email: hegde@cpri.in

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ERDANews

SMART GRID

ERDA is currently working on following areas in Smart grid: Design, development and field evaluation of Smart Control System for domestic roof top PV applications with metering Presently there are very few indigenous manufacturers offering smart control system for roof top PV applications in the form of grid synchronized solar inverter. The efficiency of 5 kW inverter is in the range of 85 to 90%, hence there is wastage of useful energy generated from Renewable source such as Solar. Presently, these inverters are lacking bidirectional metering facility. This project aims at developing a smart control system for roof top PV applications in the form of grid synchronized solar inverter having following additional features: i. 5% increase in the efficiency of the existing product ii. Provision for bidirectional metering. Proposed technology will significantly enhance adaptation of rooftop solar PV system in domestic sector.

Design and Development of Pilot Microgrid System of 25kW at Rooftop of Technology Building of ERDA The Renewable Energy Group of the Technology Centre have developed and installed a 25 kWp micro grid at the roof top of the technology centre building. The facility comprises of one hundred mono – crystalline solar panels each of 250Wp rating, a VRLA battery of 100Ah capacity and a power conditioning unit of 30kVA capacity. This pilot micro grid is grid synchronized but provides priority to solar generation. In case solar generation is not sufficient to meet the load demand, then battery backup feeds electrical supply for a limited period. When the battery is also not able to cater to the load, then electrical supply is drawn from the grid In the event of the load being less than the generation, the battery will get charged. This micro grid has provision for feeding to grid in case of excess generation but presently this mode is disabled. There is provision to integrate diesel generation or any other generation mode such as wind into this system. This system is expected to reduce 30 tons of carbon di-oxide emissions per annum.

Design and development of 0.5kW /1.0 kWh Vanadium Redox Flow Battery To realize a carbon free society, the introduction of renewable energies, such as solar, or wind power, is increasingly being promoted these days worldwide. A major challenge presented by solar and wind power generators are their fluctuation in output. If they are introduced in large numbers to the power system, problems: such as voltage rises, frequency fluctuations and surplus of the generated power, are predicted to occur. As a solution to these problems, energy storage technologies are attracting attention. Various energy

August 2015

storage batteries are being developed and many application verification projects using such batteries are currently being promoted. Among the various large scale energy storage technologies, redox-flow batteries are very promising (redox word stands for reduction and oxidation).Redox flow batteries (RFBs) store energy in two tanks that are separated from the cell stack (which converts chemical energy to electrical energy, or vice versa). This design enables the two tanks to be sized according to different applications’ needs, allowing RFBs’ power and energy capacities to be more easily scaled up than traditional sealed batteries. A lab scale model of Vanadium RFB has been developed at ERDA. ERDA has started working on VRF battery and reached at prototype stage. In this study it is proposed to demonstrate this technology similar to elsewhere in the world and evaluate long term performance.

Power Quality Parameter Measurement and Wind Energy Integration Issues Due to intermittent characteristic of wind, generator start up can occur on numerous occasion during normal daily operation, necessitating huge quantum of reactive power support many a times in a day. In many situations, such generation is also connected to the weak (low short circuit) network which can’t sustain much reactive variation causing them to face voltage excursions. Also, during a large disturbance, the wind turbines are typically rapidly disconnected from the power network and reconnected when normal operation has been resumed. This is feasible, as long as wind power penetration remains low. However, penetration of wind power is increasing rapidly and is starting to influence overall power system behavior. Hence ERDA is working on a) Measurement of power quality parameters at wind farm locations b) EMTP simulation of wind farms and studying their impact on grid at Point of Common Coupling with respect to power system security and performance according to grid code and c) Suggesting power quality problem mitigation at these wind farms.

Forthcoming Training Programs Programme

Design Aspects & Performance Evaluation of Motors & Pumps

Date

6-7 August

Condition Monitoring and Health 26-27 August Assessment of Power Transformers Evaluation of T&D Hardware 10-11 September Foundation Course of Smart Grid [Jointly with India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF)]

7-9 October

High Voltage Evaluation Techniques

8-9 October

EMI/EMC Evaluation Techniques for Electronic Equipment & Machinery

16-17 October

Dr V Shrinet Dy. Director & Head (Quality, Library & Documentation) Phone: 0265-3048044, Mobile: 9978940931 E-mail: shrinet@erda.org; Website: erda@erda.org

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CountryProfile

talian Republic is a unitary parliamentary republic in Southern Europe. Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and due to its shape it is often referred to as “the Boot”. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the 4th most populous EU member state. Italy is a highly developed country and has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and the eighth-largest in the world. Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. It is also considered to be a major regional power.

Italy’s extremely rich cultural heritage has its origins in the country’s historical dense diversity. In the 1st century BC Italy is under the control of the Rome, and it will remain so for 6 centuries. In general, in all its following periods this most desirable of territories has been shared and fought over by numerous rival groups: Byzantins, the Lombards, the Franks of Charlemagne, Papal states, Arabian/ Muslim conquests in the southern regions, the Spanish, the economic empire of Venice, the AustriaHungaria domination in the north. The peninsula’s territories got incorporated in 1861, year from which Italy acted as a modern State in Europe, conquering its political

August 2015

space among the European powers, participating in the colonial disputes and entering the I World War in 1915. After the war, Italy tried to rise again entrust the new nationalist ideas of the Fascism, political movement lead by Benito Mussolini, which later on joined forces with the Nazi Germany during the II World War. Once the Allied freed Europe, in 1946 Italy proclaimed itself a Democratic Republic, based on one of the most advanced constitutional test in the contemporary era. Italy is one of the founding and leading members of the European Union, being its 4th economic power.

radio, T.V. stations, money, and stamps. It even has its own army, the historic Swiss Guard. hh

With almost 40 million visitors, Italy is the fourth most visited country in the world.

Italy is among the world’s leaders of the fashion industry. Italian designers such as Valentino led the world in creating stylish fashions. Additionally, Armani, Versace, Gucci, and Prada have become internationally recognized.

Automotive is one of Italy’s greatest productions: just to name some brands, Fiat, Lamborghini, Ferrari, Maserati, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler. Not to mention the two wheelers as Aprilia, Ducati, Piaggio.

Italy’s Furniture & Design excellence is renowned all over the world: not only, the sector is one of the economy’s driving forces with a surplus of over 10 billion USD, but also Italian furniture manufacturers are Europe’s leading investors in R&D

Food and wine is the third Italian industrial sector and Italy is the world’s 8th largest exporter of agri-food products.

Quick facts hh

Italy has the oldest continuouslyoperated university in the world: the University of Bologna. Funded in 1088, it was the first to use the term universitas for the corporations of students and masters which came to define the institution.

Italy has more masterpieces per square mile than any other country in the world.

Vatican City is an independent state within Italy. It’s the only nation in the world that can lock its own gates at night. It has its own phone company,

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CountryProfile

State of Economy Italy has been since the end of second World War one of the most dynamic Countries in Europe, achieving greats results both in industrial and agricultural sector. The Italian economic structure is similar to those of the most advanced European countries. Service industry covers 69% of the GDP, with trades and tourism as leading sectors. The 29% of the GDP of the country is produced by the secondary sector (including constructions), while the remaining 2% is covered by agricultural production. The most efficient and strongest industrial fields are the mechanic one and the textile and clothing ones, where “Made in Italy” experience combines with Italian engineering expertise. Tourism, retail and financial services represent a significant part of the market. While the presence of a vast majority of SMEs is a common feature of many European economies, a peculiarity of Italian industry is the presence of a large number of micro-firms. Only 3,400 firms are considered large companies, with more than 250 employees. Nevertheless, Italy can count on international affirmed companies and corporations which improve and develop Italian economy. Agro food, Engineering, textiles and clothing, industrial design and production of furniture and furnishings are the sectors the most relevant in term of turnover, employing most of the working population and supporting Italian exports in the world, therefore providing a significant contribution to the trade balance of the country. Italy’s key problem is the lack of economic growth since the late 1990s. The stagnating economy has left Italy behind in many dimensions of well-being, notably education and skills, jobs and earnings, and housing. Poor performance in some dimensions of well-being, such as weak education and skills, has itself also contributed to poor growth.

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The Colosseum in Rome, built in 70 – 80 CE is considered one of the greatest works of architecture and engineering

The low productivity growth in Italy is explained to a large extent by the credit crunch phenomenon, to the detriment of SMEs and start-ups, which find it difficult to access to public finance. The Government has launched an ambitious reform programme to overcome deep-seated structural problems that led to productivity stagnating since the end of the 1990s. Low productivity growth led to worsening cost competitiveness soon after joining the currency union, without improvement since then. This left Italy exposed to sudden changes in market perceptions when the global financial and the euro area crises struck.

Outlook of Power Sector Italy has few indigenous lowcost energy sources other than significant hydro-electric power in the north, so somewhat higher prices than neighbors can be

expected. However, high prices have also reflected inadequate infrastructure links with the rest of Europe, though connections have improved in recent years. The gas market shows how deregulation and links with the European market can bring down costs. Until 2012 spot wholesale prices for gas could be 20% or more higher than other European countries (GME, 2014). This gap has now completely closed following liberalization of the spot market and ownership unbundling, an illustration of how some measures can have rapid effects (Figure 7). Electricity prices remain well above other countries, however, although some liberalization has occurred. This is partly due to raw material costs and the impact of the dash for renewables, but better transmission infrastructure, further liberalization and effective regulation would reduce the gap, as in the case of gas.

In addition to reforms to increase productivity and output, important reforms are “The Indo-Italian Chamber of Commerce, throughout needed to reduce losses its almost 50 years of existence, has always played to living standards through a major role in helping trade relations between India pollution and other and Italy. In particular, in the promotion and execution environmental damage. of sector-focused projects, in providing qualified assistance to enterprises, as well as in organizing Today one of Italy’s institutional missions, seminars and conferences on strengths are the good significant topics. Therefore, we pursue our work export performance of with passion, in a constant belief in the growing its small and mediumopportunities and in the tremendous potential still sized manufacturing untapped offered by such two resourceful countries.” enterprises, in particular Sergio Sgambato, IICCI Secretary General

August 2015

the ones from the northeastern regions which

CountryProfile

had effective export strategies. In 2013 the Italian Government took action to foster entrepreneurship and improve access to finance, introducing new measures to reduce labour costs, support female and young entrepreneurship, ease cash flow constraints on SMEs by paying public administration debts, and allowing the payment of taxes to be rescheduled and their payment by instalment.

Anticipated Future Growth According to BMI research, it is expected that the country’s renewables and power transmission and distribution sectors will offer the greatest investment opportunities, despite a relatively uncertain regulatory outlook. The renewable energy sector and transmission and distribution assets present the best opportunities for growth in Italy’s power sector, as a result of the country’s commitment before the EU to reduce carbon emissions and strengthen power markets integration. During the 2015-2024 period, UE commission expects Italy’s overall power generation to increase at an annual average rate of 0.38%, reaching over 301TWh by the end of our forecast period. On the back of the recent fall in energy prices and the start of the European Central Bank (ECB)’s quantitative easing programme, its forecast for the Italian real GDP growth has been revised slightly upwards. As a result, it is expected that power consumption will expand at an average annual rate of 1.0% through to 2024.

August 2015

The profitability of the Italian thermal power sector might improve with the introduction of a capacity market, a mechanism ensuring minimal remuneration for struggling generators. The Italian government and regulators argue that the current prices do not allow sufficient market incentives for further structural investments, jeopardising the medium- and longterm systematic resilience of the industry. The way the market will function is currently being devised by the Italian regulatory authority for electricity, gas and water (AEEGSI). However, no specific deadline for its implementation has been communicated.

In October 2014, Enel announced plans to retire 23 thermal power plants, a cumulative capacity of 11GW. Enel’s CEO Francesco Starace announced capital diverted from maintenance of the retired plants will be invested in profitable business segments, which are very likely to include renewables.

In August 2014 the government unveiled its energy policy strategy (SbloccaEnergia). In October, the Renzi executive indicated re-gasification plants as strategic infrastructure investments, which will benefit from accelerated bureaucratic procedures. It also prioritised the development of Italy’s underexploited hydrocarbon resources.

Key facts hh

In February 2015 the government announced it had started selling a 5.7% stake in state-controlled utility Enel, a transaction that could earn it around EUR2.2bn. According to a statement from the treasury, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs, Mediobanca and UniCredit were offering Enel’s shares to Italian and foreign institutional investors. In January 2015 the Italian Regulatory Authority for Electricity and Gas (AEEGSI) published a working paper anticipating the introduction of regulations that will weigh on distributors’ investment returns. The proposals in the document will be debated until November and will constitute the basis of new regulations expected to come into force in 2016.

Setting up Representative Office In Italy Representative offices - which are not legal entities of a foreign company in Italy - are characterized by two factors: hh

a local presence to promote the company and its products/ services and to perform other non-business operations;

the local unit does not require a permanent representation (it does not represent the foreign company vis-à-vis third parties).

Local offices must be registered with the Economic and Administrative Index (REA, Repertorio Economico Amministrativo) at the Chamber of Commerce, along with the following documents: hh

if the company is incorporated in an EU country: a certificate indicating the company details and the legal representatives of the company issued by the foreign equivalent of the Register of Companies in Italy, and must be translated into Italian by a sworn translator.

if the company is incorporated in a non-EU country: a statement of the existence of the company issued by the

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CountryProfile

Italian Embassy in the country where the company has its registered office.

Tax issues If the representative office is used only for the following purposes: hh

storage, display or delivery of goods belonging to the foreign company;

purchasing goods or obtaining information for the foreign company;

conducting preliminary activities assisting the business activities of the foreign company;

it would not be considered a permanent establishment from a tax perspective. The Indo-Italian Chamber Commerce and Industry (IICCI

IICCI is an Association of Indian and

ly month onics & electr ctrical ding ele the lea

O.. 10 NO EN ¬ ISSUE E4 ME LUM OLU VO

0-2946 ISSN 097

Italian enterprises, professional and intermediate bodies. Our mission is to support the establishment and development of industrial and commercial collaborations between India and Italy, thus furthering the economic interests of the two countries. We strive to enhance the well-being of Indian and Italian people. We intend to do this by furthering the continuous growth of trade and investments between Italy and India.

Consulates General Calcutta: 3, Raja Santosh Road, lipore, 700027 tel +91 33 24792414/26 - fax +91 33 24793892 www.conscalcutta.esteri.it consolatogenerale.calcutta@esteri.it Mumbai: Kanchanjunga Building, 72 G. Deshmukh Road, 400 026 tel +91 22 23804071/3 - fax +91 22 23874072/4 www.consmumbai.esteri.it

Italian Diplomatic representation in India

Indian Diplomatic representation in Italy

Embassy of Italy to India

Embassy of India in Rome

Ambasciata d’Italia 50, Chandra Gupta Marg Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021 tel +91 11 26114355 tax +91 11 26873889 www.ambnewdelhi.esteri.it ambasciata.newdelhi@esteri.it

Viale XX Settembre, 5 - 00187 Roma tel 06 4884642 - fax 06 4819539 gen.email@indianembassy.it

Consulate General of India in Milan Via Larga, 16 - 20122 Milano tel 02 8057691 – fax 02 72002226 cgi.milan@consolatoindia.in

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August 2015

Seminars&Fairs

AUTOMATION 2015 will display the world’s latest technologies under one roof, which would include, Process Automation & Control Systems, Factory Automation, Industrial Automation, Electric Automation, Field Instrumentation & Smart Sensors, Robotics & Drives, Software Solutions, Bus Technologies, Wireless Technology, Building Automation, Hydraulics & Pneumatics, Automation in Renewable Energy, Safety & Security Systems. The exhibition provides Indian companies an exclusive opportunity to take a peek into the latest international technologies, locally. Automation 2015 is certainly a must-go-to event for all Industries. Automation- 2015 is approved by India Trade Promotion Organization

13th IndiaDoble Power Forum The 13th IndiaDoble Power Forum to be held between October 13-16, 2015 in Vadodara, Gujarat is regarded as one of the most valuable events for the region’s practicing engineers and executives in electric power utilities and industries, this forum allows participants to share experiences and exchange new ideas for the reliable and safe operation of high voltage equipment and power system protection. Participants will also have the opportunity to get acquainted with the latest techniques. The programme is divided into two specialized tracks: • Challenges & learnings in high voltage apparatus diagnostics & asset management. • Challenges & learnings in power system protection & substation automation. The annual IndiaDoble Power Forum is a premier industry event where the focus is on knowledge sharing by power utilities and power apparatus OEMs on the challenges & learnings in diagnostics, high voltage asset management and power system protection / automation.

AUTOMATION 2015 Automation Expo is hailed as comprehensive, successful and one of its kind international shows hosted by IED Communications Ltd., in the South East Asian Region. The 10th edition of ‘AUTOMATION 2015’ will be held from 24th to 27th August 2015 in Hall nos. 1 & 5 at the Bombay Convention & Exhibition Centre, Goregaon (E), Mumbai.

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The Fair has participants from India, Germany, Switzerland, USA, UK, Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Italy, France, Hungary, Sharjah (UAE), Netherlands etc.

India Nuclear Energy 2015 Energy is the driver of development and nuclear energy is an essential option to satisfy India’s (and the world’s) future energy needs. At present, India’s nuclear power capacity is over 5,780 MW. The country aims to produce 10,080 MW by 2017 using pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWR), plutonium fast breeder, thorium reactors and imported reactors, all of which pose no threat of radiation. The next objectives are to produce 27,480 MW by 2024 and 63,000 MW by 2052 using nuclear energy. In an endeavour to support and promote the growth and development of the civil nuclear energy sector, UBM India presents India Nuclear Energy 2015, an International Exhibition and Summit for the Civil Nuclear Energy Sector. Created to help companies tap the rich potential of the nuclear industry in India; India Nuclear Energy gives your organization the ideal platform to meet, interact and network with the entire civil nuclear energy fraternity of India. This two-day exhibition will be co-located with India Nuclear Energy Summit 2015 – a conference designed to address the latest developments, challenges and issues surrounding the civil nuclear energy sector. Now in its 7th year, India Nuclear Energy 2015 will be organized from the 15 – 16 October,2015 at the Nehru Centre, Worli, Mumbai.

August 2015

ProductShowcase

of the Non-Defence product manufactured in BEL, Bangalore Unit.

EFFR CABLES India’s leading electrical solutions manufacturer and one of the fastest growing company in the LDC(Light Duty Cables) segment - Anchor by Pa n a s o n i c , announced the launch of its new range of AdvancedEFFR - Extra Flexible Germfree cables.With this launch, Anchor aims at targeting domestic, residential and commercial sector with main focus on hospitals, schools and airports. These are India’s first advance FR –PVC (Flame retardantPolyvinyle chloride compound equipped) Extra Flexible Germfree Anti bacterial wires, insulated with advance formulated compound of special ingredients carrying extra fire-fighting properties, higher oxygen and temperature index than those of the normal PVC compounds.

Vacuum interrupters Navaratna PSU, Bharat Electronics Limited leading Defence Electronics Company under the Ministry of Defence manufactures a wide range of products both for Defence and civil. The Company has nine manufacturing units spread all over India including Bangalore and offices at New York and Singapore. Vacuum interrupters (VI) for medium voltage switchgear applications is one

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BEL is in Vacuum Product manufacturing since 1960. Vacuum technology is one of the core strength of BEL. The VI plant was set up in 1985 in technical collaboration with Siemens, Germany to manufacture Vacuum Interrupters from 7.2kV to 36kV and fault currents up to 40kA. We are the first company in India to bring vacuum Technology in switchgear application through reputed originators like BHEL, ABB etc. A state of the art facility was established for manufacture of Compact V.I.Tubes. The Compact V.I.Tubes of axial magnetic field design has low contact erosion and manufactured through single shot brazing technique in sophisticated high vacuum brazing furnaces under clean room controlled environment.

NCV Voltage Detector + IR Thermometer

FLIR has launched its volatge detector + IR Thermometer. The features of the product are X

Detects AC Voltage from 50 to 1000V

Built-in InfraRed Thermometer measures temperature from -20 to 445°F (-30 to 230°C) with 0.1° resolution

LCD displays temperature with selectable °F/°C internal switch

Fixed 0.95 emissivity covers 90% of surface applications

1:1 distance to target ratio

NCV probe with integrated indicator light

Tip fits into outlets or against wire insulation

Low battery indicator

Auto power off

Rugged double molded housing

Complete with pocket clip and three LR44 batteries

August 2015

INTERNATIONALNEWS Deutsche Bank sees 240 % more solar growth in India by 2020 Ongoing expansion of solar energy capacity in India has prompted Deutsche Bank, the Frankfurt, Germany, -based international lender, to revise its growth forecast for the segment in India to 34 gigawatts by 2020. It is a 240 percent increase on the previous projection of 14 gigawatts for the period. In its report ‘India 2020: Utilities & renewables’ published this week, the bank also notes that annual capacity addition in the sector could surpass that of coal power projects. By 2020, India’s investment in solar power could exceed that of funding for coal projects, the report says. The bank notes that the $35 billion already committed by global players will help the country develop its solar capacity. “Private sector interest is decisively moving towards solar from coal power, and we foresee numerous opportunities of fund-raising, yieldco structuring and M&A activity,” the report says Also, research has shown that solar energy development could reduce the dependence on coal by about 8 percent by 2020 during peak production between 9am and 6pm. In sum, the savings could amount to about $17 billion a year if solar capacity is continually improved. The prospects of solar power project development also stand to become brighter as the country implements renewable energy obligations and production of power using coal becomes dearer.

China to build two nuclear power plants in Iran China will build two new nuclear power plants (NPP) in Iran, the media reported quoting Ali Akbar Salehi, the head of the Atomic Energy organisation of Iran. “We will simultaneously launch construction of four new nuclear power plants in the country in the next two-three years. We plan to engage more than 20,000 workers and engineers in this large-scale construction,” Salehi said. Iran currently has stores amounting to around 90 tonnes of heavy water and around seven-eight tonnes

August 2015

of Uranium, he said. “In accordance with the joint action plan (on Iran’s nuclear programme), the future of stored uranium will be decided in the next four-five months,” Salehi said. The UN Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution in support of the agreement on Iran’s nuclear programme. All international sanctions will be lifted from Iran in 10 years if Tehran fulfills all conditions agreed with the P5+1 group of international mediators in Vienna. The resolution also envisages easing sanctions against Iran after the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) submits a report confirming Tehran’s compliance with the terms of the deal. The UN Security Council also reinforced the mechanism of restoring all restrictions in case Iran violates the terms of the agreement. China is actively promoting its third generation nuclear technology in nearly 20 countries, a media report said. “Hualong One” third generation nuclear power technology was jointly developed by nuclear power giants – China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) and China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN).

Gamesa to supply turbines to meet 250-MW capacity Spanish wind turbine maker Gamesa has won order to supply 125, 2-megawatt turbines to Indian power producer Orange Power. The companies haven’t disclosed the financial terms of the 250-megawatt project deal. According to a statement, the turbines are to be installed at three Orange Power project sites in east Andhra Pradesh and north Madhya Pradesh. Two of these projects are of 100-megawatt capacity each and the third is of 50 megawatts. The projects are due for commissioning by the end of third quarter of 2016Gamesa has been a key wind turbine supplier to various Indian projects over the past few months. It had in April signed supply agreements with six wind farms in India. Among the deals, the company entered turnkey arrangements with an independent power producer to build one 50 megawatt project and another 108 megawatt project.

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InternationalNews

The company also secured orders to supply turbines for addition of 36 megawatts capacity at four projects in India. In all, the company was to supply 97 of its G97, 2 megawatt turbines to the wind farms sited in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh under the agreement. Gamesa’s G97 S class turbines are suited for sites with low wind speed typical of India, the company states. BTM consult in a recent report covering 2014 said Gamesa ended the year as the leading original equipment manufacturer in India for the second consecutive year. It held a market share of 32 percent in 2014, compared with 21 percent in 2013. Its closest competitors in 2014 were Suzlon and Wind World India with 21 percent and 15 per cent respectively. Gamesa arrived in the Indian market as a technology provider and wind farm developer in 2009. The company now has more than 1,700 MW of installed capacity and provides services for 1,450 MW under operations and maintenance agreements. Besides, Gamesa has developed wind farms for more than 1,000 megawatt capacity.

Atlantic to develop 220-kW solar project in Ontario Atlantic Wind and Solar is developing a 220 kilowatt peak solar power plant in Ontario, Canada. According to a statement, Atlantic has received formal notice of commercial operation from Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO), the electricity market operator of Ontario, which was the final step ahead of the construction and grid-connection of the project. The project comprises a fixed array of 1,023 multicrystalline modules of 255W each. Also IESO has signed a 20-year power purchase agreement with Atlantic under which it will be purchasing output from the project at 71.3 cents per Kwh. Atlantic has been consistently expanding its portfolio in Ontario. In May the company launched a yieldco to exclusively handle output from the projects it developed. The yieldco named Power 1 is a wholly owned subsidiary established with the aim of providing reliable yield from ongoing power sales. The company had stated that financing of Power 1 was to be direct and without dilution of shareholders of Atlantic Wind and Solar. The statement also reported that the company’s management was in discussions with potential financiers and advisors for its formation. Atlantic also announced launch of a 160-kW solar project in Canada alongside the formation of the yieldco. The commercial rooftop installation that cost the company $1 million was expected to produce 3,300 megawatt hours over 20 years. And IESO was to purchase the power under the Feed-In-Tariff program of the province.

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Duke Energy consolidates base in North Carolina with 13-MW solar project Duke Energy has taken up yet another project in North Carolina, which also marks a first in the company’s portfolio. The renewable energy company is setting up a solar power project at a military base. The 13-megawatt project to be developed on marine corps base camp Lejeune in Onslow County will cover 100 acres. The project to be owned by Duke Energy Progress (DEP) is expected to go online this year. The project is expected to enable the base to meet renewable energy and energy security goals. Duke has handed the engineering, procurement and construction contract for the project to Charlotte-based Crowder Construction Services. And SolarWorld Americas will be delivering the 54,000-odd monocrystalline solar panels the project is expected to require. The Brilliance inverters produced by GE Power Conversion at its Pittsburgh facility will be used in combination with the solar arrays at the project, the company has stated. Besides the Camp Lejeune project, Duke Energy is already committed to a $500 million solar expansion plan in North Carolina. Currently, it is building three solar parks at Bladen, Duplin and Wilson counties. These projects with total capacity of 128 megawatts are to be operational by the end of the year. The company is also partnering with solar developers to purchase the electricity output from other solar facilities planned in the state.

SunPower to sell power to NV energy from 100-MW solar PV project in Boulder Solar photovoltaic solutions provider SunPower has signed a 20-year agreement with NV Energy for supply of clean energy. The agreement is subject to approval from Nevada’s Public Utilities Commission. SunPower is to provide electricity to the Nevadan utility from a 100-megawatt solar photovoltaic project which it now owns. The project named Boulder Solar is located in Eldorado Valley, Boulder City, Nevada. SunPower acquired Boulder Solar earlier this year from KOMIPO America, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Korea Midland Power. KOMIPO will continue to participate in the construction and operation of the project, which is to go into commercial operation in 2016. In due course, SunPower will be offering the project for sale to 8point3 Energy Partners, the yieldCo that the company formed jointly with First Solar. Output from Boulder Solar would be adequate to meet average power requirements of more than 15,000 households, according to Solar Energy Industries Association estimates, a statement said.

August 2015

NATIONALNEWS Maharashtra offers sops for power generation from six RE sources

MERC will give preferential tariff to solar and MSEDCL will give it priority for open access. MEDA will give land up to 4 hectare without auction.

The government of the Indian state Maharashtra is set to provide incentive for development of six renewable energy sources. Under the state’s new and renewable energy policy, the government is to provide sops for creation of 7.5 gigawatts of solar; 5 gigawatts of wind; 1 gigawatt of cogeneration using farm waste; 400 megawatts of small hydel; 300 megawatts of farm waste gasification; and 200 megawatts of inorganic industrial waste projects.

The policy identifies four modes of power sale from renewable sources: to MSEDCL and other distribution companies in the state to fulfill their renewable energy purchase obligation; captive use; direct third party sale; and selling power to the exchange through renewable energy certificate mechanism.

Currently Maharashtra is working toward achieving its target of 14.4 gigawatts of renewable energy development by 2020.

Wind farm in Kerala facing closure over permissions, tax issues

Some key features of the state’s new and renewable energy policy are as follows:

A wind project comprising 23 wind turbines in the south Indian state Kerala is facing headwinds over permissions and tax default with the local body.

Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC) will declare separate open access (OA) regulations and cross subsidy surcharge for renewable energy

The authorities of Sholayur panchayat in Attapadi, Palakkad district, plan to dismantle the turbines installed at Nallasingha Ooru as they “have come up without necessary permissions”.

If MSEDCL does not grant OA within time stipulated by MERC, the promoter will get deemed OA

A committee headed by the state’s chief secretary will conduct mid-term review of policy

Promoters that are party to power purchase agreements with MSEDCL and interested in selling power to other buyer can terminate the agreement

The report notes that the state vigilance had found discrepancies in land acquisition for the project. A portion of the land realtor Sarjan Realties had purchased for the project on behalf of Suzlon is apparently tribal land, a category that cannot be traded.

10-year waiver on electricity duty for captive use of renewable energy

No supervision charges for MSEDCL and Mahatransco to set up transmission infrastructure

`1 crore Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (MEDA) grant for transmission network development

Solar and wind projects eligible for industry status

Land used for energy generation will be deemed non-agricultural use

Wind and solar project development won’t require consent or no-objection certificates from Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

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According to M Murugan, the president of Sholayur panchayat, the local body was acting on orders from the directorate of panchayats which affirms that the installations were illegal. Earlier, the governing committee of the panchayat had issued orders to stop operation of the facility. It locked the main control room and the entry to the wind farm on Friday as the order went unheeded. The panchayat president has stated that the remaining control rooms would be locked today. The wind farm at Nallasingha Ooru, a tribal hamlet, has been in operation since since 2006. And the panchayat authorities say the operators have not paid tax to the local body since it began of operations. The panchayat served notices to the promoters on May 17, 2011, June 27, 2014 and May 25, 2015, citing the

August 2015

NationalNews

violations. The notices drew the promoters’ attention to the fact that the construction was not in accordance with provisions of the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act and the Kerala Building Rules which governed and controlled the construction activities in a panchayat. It also advised them to pay taxes due and fine accrued on default. Further, it warned that the project would be dismantled and expenses collected from the promoters under section 235 (w) of the Act. The notices went unheeded barring payment of a sum toward taxes soon after the notices were served. This has led the local body to initiate action, TNIE reports. The panchayat authorities and Suzlon had not responded to e-mails from greentechlead when this report was published.

JSW Energy Q1 net dips 14% to ` 277 cr JSW Energy reported 14 per cent fall in Q1 net profit to Rs 277 crore as against Rs 325 crore in the corresponding quarter of the previous year. The street had estimated Q1 profit at Rs 305 crore. The company’s total income declined by 17 per cent to Rs 2,107 crore against Rs 2,558 crore due to planned maintenance shutdown of its plants at Ratnagiri and Vijaynagar and weak demand. During the quarter the company achieved an average plant load factor of 75 per cent against 84%. The fuel cost reduced by 17% to Rs 974 crore due to fall in imported coal prices. However, these gains were offset by the lower generation and marginal decline in the realization which resulted in decline in EBIDTA to Rs 886 crore against Rs 948 crore, a six per cent fall. The merchant sales during the quarter were 1,990 million units, the sales under long term power purchase agreement were 2,490 million units. Shares of JSW Energy’s stock was closed at Rs 98.90, up 1.80 per cent. The company has commenced enabling works for the 240 MW projects in Himachal Pradesh and expects the award of EPC contracts to be completed by the second quarter of 2015-16. The cost incurred on the project upto June 30 is Rs 239 crore. During the quarter, Barmer ignite Mining Company has despatched 1.44 MT of lignite to ffeedd company’s power plant in Balmer. The tendering process for selection off mine development and operator for Kapurdi and Jalipa lignite mines by EIL has commenced and the evaluation of tenders is under process. The project cost incurred till June 30 is Rs 1,837 crore.

India to export 500 Mw power to Bangladesh through SAARC Grid soon: POSOCO India’s grid manager Power System Operation Corporation (POSOCO) is confident the country would

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begin to export an additional power to an extent of 500 megawatt (Mw) to Bangladesh as soon as the work on SAARC grid is accomplished in the next one year. “We could also draw considerably higher volumes of hydropower from nations such as Bhutan and Nepal,” said V K Agrawal, executive director, National Load Despatch Centre at POSOCO. He was speaking at the National Conference on ‘Power Transmission and Distribution’ of PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Indian government finalised a consensus over intercountry grid connecting the SAARC countries, which was pending for four years, in a meeting held with the representatives in the annual SAARC energy ministers meeting in Delhi in October 2014. Piyush Goyal, minister of state for coal, power and renewable energy had then said initial discussions would start for an integrated power transmission grid connecting India with its neighbouring nations, wherein excess production of power in one region can be used to meet deficit elsewhere “In view of the deepening and thickening bilateral relations between India and Bangladesh following conclusion of the recent summit level talks between the prime ministers of the two countries, a decision has been taken to supply additional 500 mW of gas-fed electricity to Bangladesh,” said Agrawal.

55 solar cities to be developed across 27 states in India: Piyush Goyal As many as 55 cities in 27 states and union territories are currently being developed as solar or green cities, Parliament was told. So far, 55 existing cities in 27 states/ UTs are being developed as solar cities in the country under ‘Development of Solar Cities programme’, Power and New and Renewable Energy Minister Piyush Goyal told the Lok Sabha in a written reply. The new and renewable energy ministry has been implementing the programme under which a total of 60 cities and towns are proposed to be supported for development as “solar or green cities”. Mahabubnagar in Andhra Pradesh, Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, Indore in Madhya Pradesh, Jaipur in Rajasthan and Leh in Jammu and Kashmir have only got inprinciple approval till date, said Goyal. The criteria set by the ministry for the identification of cities include a city having population between 50,000 to 50 lakh (with relaxation given to special category states including northeast states), initiatives and regulatory measures already taken along with a high level of commitment in promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy.

August 2015

CORPORATENEWS ABB LTD ABB to supply two HVDC converter stations to NSN link ABB has won order to supply high-voltage direct current (HVDC) converter stations meant for installation on the Norway–United Kingdom power link (NSN). The HVDC converter stations are to be set up at either end of the undersea link to be laid across North Sea. Statnett, the state-owned network operator of Norway, and National Grid, an international electricity and gas utility from the UK have awarded the $450-million contract to ABB. Recently ABB received the contract for the 1,400-megawatt NordLink project, which connects Norway and Germany. NSN will have the capacity to transmit 1,400 megawatts of power from Norway to Britain. The 730-km link will be the world’s longest subsea power interconnection and is expected to go into commercial operation in 2021, a statement reported. The link will serve the dual purpose of transmission as well as receiving power. UK will transmit its surplus power to Norway by the link when that country runs low on its hydro-power resources and will receive surplus power from Norway through the same link when it is running low on wind power. HVDC technology was developed about sixty years ago and since then ABB has received orders for 100 such projects. The projects represent a total installed capacity of more than 120,000 MW, which is about half the global installed base, ABB claims.

BHEL LTD BHEL commissions 500 MW second unit in Tamil Nadu State-run power equipment manufacturer Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) has commissioned the second 500 MW unit at the Tuticorin Thermal Power Station in Tamil Nadu. “Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL) has successfully commissioned the second 500 MW unit at Tuticorin

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Thermal Power Station (TPS),” the company said. The first unit of 500 MW was commissioned on March 10. The Tuticorin project is situated near the city’s Thoothukudi sea port. It has been set up by NLC Tamil Nadu Power Ltd (NTPL), a joint venture of Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC) and Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation (TANGEDCO), on the shores of the Bay of Bengal. Earlier stages of Tuticorin TPS comprise five units of 210 MW, all installed by BHEL in three phases between 1979 and 1992. With this, BHEL’s installed capacity has crossed 155 gigawatt and the company has joined the elite club of global manufacturers who have supplied equipment for more than 150 GW, it said. The company commissioned 8,230 MW in the power utility segment during the fiscal 2014-15, surpassing by 19 percent its capacity addition target of 6,914 MW set by the government, the statement added.

Honeywell Honeywell Survey of 2,000 Buildings in India Demonstrates need to Invest More in Smart Building Technologies A new survey of 2,000 buildings across India by Honeywell and research-specialist IMRB International shows that government, building owners and service providers need to invest more in smart building technologies to better serve India’s rapidly urbanizing population and help create sustainable cities and infrastructure. While the country’s airports and hotels are leading the way with smart building technologies, the survey found that in general the smartness of buildings in India is low. The survey marks the debut of the new Honeywell Smart Building ScoreTM, a first-of-its-kind global tool that evaluates buildings based on each facility’s use of technologies to make the building green, safe, and productive – three key aspects of smart buildings. The survey findings were accompanied by a white paper from Honeywell and Ernst and Young, “Smart Buildings Make

August 2015

CorporateNews

Smart Cities,” which details how targeted investment in smart buildings can be used to drive economic and environmental benefits, protect human life and building assets, and support India’s goal to develop 100 Smart Cities.

ASIATIC

BEL

BIS

EON Electric

BLUE STAR

EON Electric wins Rs.51 crore tenders for LED Streetlight projects

CPRI

CROMPTON

C&S

DYNAMIC CABLES

Eon Electric Limited (EEL) one of the leaders in manufacturing a wide range of energy-efficient LED Lighting products – has reached yet another milestone by securing contracts worth Rs.51 crore for Streetlights in Aligarh, UP and Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Elaborating, Mr V.P. Mahendru, Chairman – Eon Electric Limited, said, “It’s gratifying for EON Electric to have won the LED Street Lighting projects in the open bidding process of the Government-sponsored Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL) and for being associated with the Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan Governments to transform the region’s lighting and energy savings scenario. With the Government of India’s recent initiatives to conserve energy, through replacement of conventional Lights by LED Lights, the Industry specialists have projected, that the demand for LED Streetlights in India to be worth Rs.39,500 cr by 2020.”

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS

ELECRAMA-2016 EON

FRONT GATEFOLD 6

EPCOS

ERDA

ESSEN DEINKI

100

FINOLEX

111

FLIR

127

GOLIYA I

GREENTECH

115

HAVELLS

HPL

IEIS

123,124

Metalor

INDIAN OIL

Agreement between Metalor and Checon Shivalik

ISHRAE

JVS

Metalor and Checon Shivalik Contact Solutions Pvt. Ltd have signed a Marketing & Sales collaborative agreement to promote sale of Copper Graphite contacts to MCB manufacturers in India. Metalor Electrotechnics Business Group has a leading global position in manufacturing and selling materials, components and assemblies for electrical contacts that enters in the manufacturing of electrical switchgears. Checon Shivalik Contact Solutions Pvt. Ltd. is a joint venture company, engaged in the manufacturing of electrical contacts in India. Metalor has developed a special grade of Copper graphite based electrical contacts (CuC contacts), which could replace the Silver Graphite contacts used in MCB’s and wish to develop the sales of these contacts in India with the collaboration of Checon Shivalik. Due to the leading position of its group company Shivalik Bimetals, in the market of thermostatic bimetals in India, Checon Shivalik is well positioned to promote and sell these CuC contacts in India. This collaborative agreement is intended to provide MCB manufacturers in India the option of buying Metalor CuC contacts locally in India, through Checon Shivalik. Metalor will manufacture these contacts and Checon Shivalik will maintain stock of these CuC contacts in India, thereby reducing lead time for delivery. Entire R&D and technical support will be provided by Metalor and entire Sales & logistics support will be provided by Checon Shivalik to our Indian customers.

122

LAPP INDIA

117

L&T

COVER II

MECO

MEGGER

17, 128

MENNEKES

MITSUBISHI

NEPTUNE

FRONT GATEFOLD

OBO

119

OMICRON

PREMIER

PROLITE

QUALITY POWER RAVIN CABLES RISHABH

COVER IV 109 19

RMG

SCI

102

SHRIRAM AXIALL

121

SIEMENS

SWICON 2015

COVER III

TATA PROJECTS

125

UL INDIA

104

YAMUNA

August 2015

March 2015 2014 August

123 79

124 80

March August 2014 2015

Shocks & Sparks A visit to the War memorial in Moscow on the wedding day Recently I was in Moscow, Russia. Moscow city has many war memorials. Russia has won three great wars in its history, which are a source of pride to them. They have built war memorials and erected many statues of the generals who were responsible for the victories. The first war was between Peter the Great and Sweden. The second war was between Tsar Alexander and Napoleon of France. The third one was against Hitler in World War-2 in 1945. There is a huge park in Moscow, known as Peace Park. In the middle of this Peace Park there is a large monument. There is a pillar, and on the pillar the different battles fought by Russia have been mentioned along with dates and places. The park has beautiful fountains. In the summer, flowers of many colours bloom and the place is a feast for the eyes. In the night it is decorated with lights. Every Russian is proud of this park and it is a spot visited by all tourists. The day I went to the park was Sunday. It was drizzling and cold, though it was summer. I was standing under an umbrella and enjoying the beauty. Suddenly, my eyes fell on a young couple. It was apparent that they had just got married. The girl was in her midtwenties, slim and blond hair and blue eyes. She was very beautiful. The boy was almost the same age and very handsome. He was in a military uniform. The bride was wearing a white satin dress, decorated with pearls and pretty laces. It was very long so two young girls were standing behind her holding up the ends of the gown, so it should not be dirtied. One young boy was holding an

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umbrella over their heads so that they should not get drenched. The girl was holding a bouquet and the two were standing with their arms linked. It was a beautiful sight. I started wondering why they had come to this park in this rain soon after getting married. They could have surely gone to a merrier place. I watched as they walked together to the dias near the memorial, kept

the bouquet, bowed their heads in silence and slowly walked back. By now I was very curious to know what was going on. There was an old man standing with them. He looked at me, my sari and asked, ‘Are you Indian?’. I replied, ‘Yes, I am an Indian.’ Since we were chatting quite amicably now, I decided to use the opportunity to ask some questions. ‘How come you know English?’

of the season, after signing the register at the marriage office, married couple must visit the important national monuments near by. Every boy in this country has to serve in the military for a couple of years at least. Regardless of his position, he must wear his service uniform for the wedding.’ ‘Why is that?’ ‘This is a mark of gratitude. Our forefathers have given their lives in various wars Russia has fought. Some of them we won, and some we lost, but their sacrifice was always for the country. The newly married couple needs to remember they are living in a peaceful, independent Russia because of their ancestors’ sacrifices. They must ask for their blessings. Love for the country is more important than wedding celebrations. We elders insist on continuing with this tradition whether it be in Moscow, St.Petersburg or any other part of Russia. On the wedding day they have to visit the nearest war memorial.’ This set me wondering about what we teach our children. Do we Indians have the courtesy to remember our martyrs on the most important day of our lives? We are busy shopping for saris, buying jewellery and preparing elaborate menus and partying in discos. My eyes filled with tears at the thought and I wished we could learn a lesson from the Russians. Sudha Murthy

(Wife of Narayan Murthy, Infosys)

‘Oh I worked abroad’ ‘Will you tell me why that young couple visited the war memorial on their wedding day?’ ‘Oh, that is the custom in Russia. The wedding takes place normally on a Saturday or a Sunday. Irrespective

RG Keswani

August 2015