Ieema Journal Dec 2016 by IEEMA

R. N. I. No. MAHENG/2009/29760 Published and Posted on 1st of every month at Mumbai Patrika Channel Sorting Office, Mumbai 400 001. License to post without prepayment WPP Licence No. MR/Tech/WPP-199/West/2016 Postal Regd. No. MCW/120/2015-2017

the leading electrical & electronics monthly

VOLUME 8 ISSUE NO. 4 DECEMBER 2016 PGS. 112

ISSN 0970-2946 Rs. 100/-

Energy Efficiency Measures for Thermal Power Stations IEEMA JOURNAL VOLUME 8 • NO. 4 • DECEMBER 2016 www.ieema.org

Power Quality for Smart Grid Face 2 Face Strong political will needed to execute proper planning in the power sector : Mr Pawan Kumar Jain

Special Report “E3 - Energize, Empower East” Energy Convention

IEEMA Events IEEMA Smart Grid Interactive Session “Together towards a brighter tomorrow”

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International Conference on “Safe Protective Devices for Safe Installations”

From the Presidentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desk

Dear Friends, Power generation in the country recorded a growth of 6.5 per cent in AprilSeptember period this fiscal at 632.11 billion units (BU) compared to year ago. Electricity generation during the current year was more as compared to previous year. The power generation including from renewable sources during April to September, 2016 was about 632.11 BU as against 593.68 BU during the same period last year showing a growth of 6.5 per cent. The Power Ministry has proposed to Finance Ministry to augment the budgetary allocation to power sector from Rs 12,252.71 crore in budget estimate to Rs 13,130 crore in revised estimates for 2016-17 and Rs 22,767.39 crore in budget estimate for 2017-18. The countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s narrowing power deficit and increased coal production may not be indicators of the end of stress in the industry. There has been a negligible change in the power sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stressed capacity and debt. The primary reason for stressed assets in the power sector is weak demand. Demand has been weak due to muted industrial activity, resulting in ready capacity not finding long-term contracts, existing contracts running at low plant load factors and abysmally low spot power rates. Low asset utilisation is making it difficult for power producers to service debt. The debt situation will take time to resolve. One cannot undo the effects accumulated over the past five years with one year of better performance. The electrical industry supports the government decision of Demonetisation of 500 and 1000 notes. It is indeed a bold step which will result into elimination of black money from the country. IEEMA concluded two of events successfully in November i.e. E3 and Trafotech 2016. Both the events witnessed the presence huge number of utilities and Government officials across India.

Sanjeev Sardana

December 2016

Samvaad...

Dear Members, The electrical equipment industry seems to be getting good news these days. In an effort to encourage more wind turbines manufacturers to enter the Indian market, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has done away with a crucial committee which used to approve turbine models before these could be sold. Henceforth, turbine makers will need to only provide details of their products online to the MNRE to obtain the necessary certification to sell, and if the products satisfy the specifications, they will automatically be included in the ministry. It doesn’t end here Niti Aayog CEO has advocated for direct benefit transfer (DBT) scheme for the power distribution sector on the lines of the one that is on for cooking gas cylinders. If this scheme is implemented it will not only benefit the end consumers but bring down AT&C losses thus benefitting the overall T&D industry. Talking about the bold step of demonetization of 500 and 1000 notes, the electrical equipment is unfazed by this decision and also supports the decision of the government in order to stop the inflow of black money into the country. Another important issue which I would like to highlight is about the threat imposed to our grid by awarding electrical equipment contracts to countries whose relationship with us is a suspect. As the grid is getting smarter it is much more vulnerable to security threats like cyber-attack, malware, spyware as this can lead to foreign control over a sector which is critical to the country’s growth. Similar incidents have been reported in the recent past. IEEMA is committed to the cause of ensuring quality and security in the electrical equipment. As a responsible association we are very concerned about pilferage and theft of electricity. To eliminate this menace, we do not just require political will but also change in the mindset of consumers and distribution companies. We recently concluded some of important events like “E3 – Energize, Empower East” Energy Convention in Kolkata. The event was well appreciated by the industry leaders as it offered a unique platform for the industry players from every part of country to showcase their products and explore business opportunities with global reputed companies. While Trafotech workshop 2016 witnessed the presence of more than 220 Utility and Government officials participation across India surpassing all previous records of TRAFOTECH.

Sunil Misra

December 2016

APPOINTMENTS Mr Roy appointed (Technical-LWR), Mr SS S Chandra joins asDirectort CBDT Chairperson NPCIL

Sushil Chandra, IRS (1980), has taken over as Distinguished Singha hasTaxes(CBDT) been appointed Chairperson ofScientist CentralSBoard ofRoy Direct on as Director (Technical-LWR) of the Nuclear Power Tuesday. He has replaced Rani Singh Nair, who retired Corporation of India Limited. He will be holding the post this month-end. Chandra was member of investigation in till the date of his superannuation, or until further orders. CBDT since December, 2015.

Mr JhaMurthy appointed DirectorJoint (P &Secretary, M), MIDHANI Ms SK Indira appointed The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) has Cabinet Secretariat

approved the proposal of the Department of Defence Indira Murthy, as Joint Secretary, Production forCSS, appointment of Mr S KCabinet Jha to Secretariat, the post of by upgradation of a & Director levelinvice Rajneesh Director (Production Marketing) Mishra Dhatu Tingal, Nigam CSS. Murthy will hold the post for a period of of five twoyears. years Limited (MIDHANI), Hyderabad from the date of assumption of the charge of the post or Mr Muktibodh appointedis Director untilUC further orders, whichever earlier. (Technical),

NPCIL Mr S Ramaswamy appointed Chief Secretary, Distinguished Scientist UC Muktibodh has been Uttarakhand appointed as Director (Technical) of the Nuclear Power

Corporation of IndiaIAS Limited. Mr S Ramaswamy, (UK:86), has been appointed as Chief Secretary of Uttarakhand, he succeeds Shatrughan Mr Chinmoy Gangopadhyay selected as Director Singh who took voluntary retirement.

(Project), PFC MV Gowtama appointed as Chairman, Managing Chinmoy Gangopadhyay has been selected for the post Director Bharat Electronics of Directorof(Project) in the Power Finance Corporation

Limited by the took Publiccharge Enterprises Selection Board Mr M V(PFC) Gowtama as GM (Technology (PESB). Planning) at BEL’s Corporate Office in Bangalore on February 1, 2010. Later he served as GM (Milcom) / BEL-

Arno Harris joins Azure Power’s Board of Bengaluru and was Executive Director (Missile Systems) Directors / BEL-Bengaluru till his elevation as CMD, BEL. Azure Power, India’s leading solar power company, Mr SK Sinhatheappointed as Special IB announced appointment of ArnoDirector, Harris, Former Founder, CEO and Chairman of Recurrent Energy, The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet one has of North America’s solar project appointed Shri S. K.leading Sinha, utility-scale IPS (BH:83), Additional developers, as the an independent director. Director, IB to post of Special Director, IB w.e.f. the date of joining the post and upto 31.10.2019 i.e. the Govt. announces several Additional Secretarydate of superannuation or until further orders, whichever level appointments is earlier The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) Mr Ram Phal Pawar appointed Joint Secretary of has approved several Additional Secretary-level appointments, including that of Ms. Shalini Prasad as Natgrid Additional Secretary, Ministry of Power. Senior IPS officer Ram Phal Pawar has been appointed as Ms. Prasad, an Indianproposed Administrative Service (IAS) Joint Secretary, Natgrid– intelligence gathering officer of the 1985 batch (Uttar Pradesh cadre), presently mechanism–as part of mid-level bureaucratic reshuffle in her cadre, willgovernment. succeed Mr. Badri Narain Sharma, IAS effected by the (RJ:1985) on his appointment as Additional Secretary, Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance. Mr Karnal Singh appointed Enforcement

Directorate Chiefrelease said that Ms. Madhulika P An official press Sukul, IDAS (1982),Karnal presently in has her cadre, has been Senior IPS officer Singh been appointed appointed as Additional Secretary, Department of chief of Enforcement Directorate, the agency entrusted 18 26

Consumer Affairs, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food with probing money laundering cases.The Appointments and Public Distribution vice Mr. G. Gurucharan, IAS Committee of Cabinet has approved the appointment of (KN:1982) on his appointment as Secretary (Performance Singh as Director, Enforcement Directorate (ED) till August Management), Cabinet Secretariat. 31, 2017, i.e. the date of his superannuation, an order Mr. Rajani Ranjan Rashmi, IAS (MN:1983), Additional issued by Department of Personnel and Training said. Mr Secretary, Department of Commerce, Ministry of Singh, a 1984 batch IPS officer of Union territories cadre, Commerce and Industry has been appointed as is holding the additionalMinistry charge of chief since August Additional Secretary, of ED Environment, Forest last year. He is at present Director in the ED. IAS and Climate Change viceSpecial Mr. Hem Kumar Pande, (WB:1982) on his appointment as Secretary, Department Steve Elliott appointed WSP PB director of Official Language, Ministry of Home Affairs. WSP PB has appointed a power systems to Mr. Girish Chandra Murmu, IAS (GJ:1985), director Additional manage its portfolio of energy generation contracts in the Secretary, Department of Expenditure, Ministry of UK and abroad. Steve Elliott willasjoin the company from Finance has been appointed Additional Secretary, Department of Financial Ministry of Finance Mott MacDonald, where Services, he was programme director vice Ms. Snehlata Shrivastava, (MP:1982) on of global power systems. He willIASlead WSP PB’s her appointment as Secretary, of Justice, 25-strong power systems team,Department based in Manchester, Ministry Law andaiming Justice. with the of company to expand its power generation Ms. Amita Prasad, IASdemand (KN:1985), Secretary, business to meet growing acrossJoint Europe, Middle Ministry Water Resources, River Development and East and of Africa. Ganga Rejuvenation has been appointed as Additional Mr Ivor Sheppard director Horizon Secretary, Ministry ofappointed Environment, Forest and Climate Change vice Mr. Susheel Kumar, IAS (UP:1982) on nuclear power his appointment as Secretary (Border Management), Horizon of Nuclear Power, the firm behind new nuclear Ministry Home Affairs. projects at Wylfa Newydd and Oldbury, has appointed Mr. Nikhilesh Jha, IAS (MN:1984), Additional Secretary, a new commercial director. Ivor Sheppard, who has Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and worked in Qatar with CH2M on the country’s World Cup Ganga Rejuvenation appointed Additional 2020 programme andhas in been the United Arabas Emirates as Secretary andwith Financial Adviser, Department of Food and bid manager Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation, Public Ministry of He Consumer Affairs, Food joined Distribution, Horizon in September. was also previously and Public Distribution vice Mr. Prabhas Kumar Jha, IAS a director at Turner & Townsend, covering Heathrow (UP:1982) his3,appointment Secretary, Ministry of Terminals 5on and the London as 2012 Olympics, and the Parliamentary Affairs. Shard, according to his LinkedIn profile. Mr. U P Singh, IAS (OR:1985), Additional Secretary, CFO Arun appointed as Whole imeAdditional Ministry of Kumar Petroleum and Natural Gas Tas Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development Director of Vedanta Board and Ganga Rejuvenation vice Mr. Nikhilesh Jha. Vedanta Limited informed the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) that the Board of Directors in their meeting on 22 November 2016 approved the appointment of Chief Bureau Energy Efficiency Financialof Officer, Arun Kumar G R as a Whole-Time Director of the company and Bhumika Sood as Company Secretary Post: Secretary and Key Management Personnel (KMP) with effect from Bureau of Energy 2016. Efficiency is a statutory 22nd November, “The(BEE) appointments reflectbody the under the Ministry of Power has invited applications from focus of Vedanta towards empowering our professionals the officers of Central or State Governments holding a post and developing in-house talent. We adhere to global best not below the rank of Deputy Secretary to the Government practices in people management with effectively giving of India in the parent cadre for the post of Secretary in opportunities to learn, lead and evolve as a professional,” Bureau of Energy Efficiency on deputation basis said Tom Albanese, CEO, Vedanta Limited.

VACANCIES

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verage capacity utilisation for thermal power stations on an all-India basis has remained subdued at 59.2 per cent during the six months between April and september 2016 as against 62.4 per cent in last year. Average capacity utilisation for thermal power stations decline continuously due to factors like paying capacity constraints of state-owned distribution utilities, higher generation from the hydro and renewable segment, lack of energy efficient operating practices, prolong of renovation and modernisation and a sizeable increase in thermal power generation capacity over the last few years. A decline in thermal efficiency leads to a higher cost of electricity generation due to more fuel usage and will also result in much higher carbon footprints. Therefore, it is very important to stress on the performance of thermal power plants.

usage and the economic effort involved. The Government, in March 2007 notified units in nine industrial sectors as Designated Consumers (DCs), thermal power station one of them. The PAT scheme establishes plant-specific targets rather than a sectoral target, with the average reduction target being 4.8% that is to be achieved by the end of the PAT first phase. The central government notified 144 of state and central sector thermal power stations to adhere efficiency standards under the National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE). Of the total capacity, state sector power stations accounts for 45 percent share and central sector 38 percent. Under NMEEE perform, achieve and trade scheme, these thermal power stations will be expected to achieve target efficiency levels, determined with respect to their baseline levels. The main purpose of PAT scheme is to develop market-based energy efficiency mechanism. This scheme could help to accelerate ongoing initiatives in this regard. At the same time energy efficiency through renovation and modernization works of old power stations.

Central government has taken several initiatives for improving the performance of thermal power stations. Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) is one of them energy efficiency measure. PAT is a market based mechanism to enhance cost effectiveness of improvements in energy efficiency in energy intensive The central government notified 144 of state and central large industries and facilities, sector thermal power stations to adhere efficiency through certification on standards under the National Mission on Enhanced energy savings that could Energy Efficiency (NMEEE). Of the total capacity, state be traded. Targets for sector power stations accounts for 45 percent share improvements in energy and central sector 38 percent. Under NMEEE perform, efficiency are set under achieve and trade scheme, these thermal power section 14 of the Energy stations will be expected to achieve target efficiency Conservation Act, 2001 in levels, determined with respect to their baseline levels. a manner that reflects fuel

The PAT scheme is a demand side policy initiative that also aims to create a market for energy efficiency in India. It is the biggest national programme driving energy efficiency in the industrial sector. The scheme is being implemented by the Buero of Energy Efficiency. PAT scheme enhance the

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energy efficiency of energy intensive industries through the trading of energy saving certificates (ESCerts). Within each sector, all industrial units with an energy consumption of more than the minimum specified threshold are notified as designated consumers. These are mandated to achieve a reduction in their specific energy consumption during a given period. The first three-year PAT cycle was completed in March, 2015 and second PAT cycle started from April, 2016.

PAT Mechanism The Perform Achieve Trade is an innovative, marketbased trading scheme announced by the Central Government under its National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) in National Action Plan on Climate Change. It aims to improve energy efficiency in industries by trading in energy efficiency certificates in energy-intensive sectors. The 2010 amendment to the Energy Conservation Act provides a legal mandate to PAT scheme. Participation in the scheme is mandatory for Designated Consumers under the Energy Conservation Act . It is being administered by the BEE that sets mandatory, specific targets for energy consumption for larger, energy-intensive facilities. The PAT Scheme is being implemented in three phases- the first phase runs from 2012-2015 covering 478 facilities from eight energy-intensive sectors. This accounts for roughly 60% of India’s total primary energy consumption.. The scheme imposes mandatory specific energy consumption targets on the covered facilities with less energy efficient facilities having a greater reduction target than the more energy efficient ones. A facility’s baseline is determined by its historic specific energy consumption between 2007-2010. Industries making greater reductions than their targets, the “ESCerts” or “energy saving certificates” which can be traded by the industries that are having trouble meeting their targets, or banked for future use. The approach is as follows:

hh The scheme is being designed and implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), and a newly established company Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL) will administer the trading. The PAT scheme is evolved in order to incentivise industry to achieve better energy efficiency target in a cost-effective manner. Identified industries are required to improve their specific energy consumption within specified period or face penalty provisions under the mandate of the government. At the same time it provides incentive to efficient industries to trade their additional certified energy savings (that beyond the assigned target) can be with other designated consumers who could use these certificates to comply with their SEC reduction targets.

Energy Savings Certificates (Escerts) Designated consumers will be given Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) targets to meet over a period of three years. If they succeed in meeting the threshold for the energy saving, they will have no obligation to buy ESCerts from others through the PAT mechanism. Those who have surpassed the target (i.e. achieved additional savings above the benchmark) will qualify for earning Energy Saving Certificates (ESCerts), which could be traded with DCs falling short of their targets. The trading of ESCerts started from January, 2016. These certificates will be sold through the Indian Energy Exchange and Power Exchange India Limited. Meanwhile, the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission is the regulator for developing the ESCerts market. Key features of the Energy Saving Certificates are as follows: hh Energy Savings Certificates (ESCerts) issued to units where energy-efficiency improvements is in excess of targets. hh EScerts can be traded and used for compliance purposes

hh Specification and setting of specific energy consumption (SEC) norm for each designated consumer in the baseline year and in the target year; hh Verification of the SEC of each designated consumer in the baseline year and in the target year by an accredited verification agency i.e. energy auditors; hh Designate or appoint an Energy Manager who will be incharge of submission of annual energy consumption returns of the Designated Agencies and BEE hh Issuance of Energy Savings Certificates (ESCerts) to those designated consumers who exceed their target specific energy consumption reduction; hh Trading of ESCerts with designated consumers who are unable to meet their target specific energy consumption reduction after three years; EScerts can be traded and used for compliance purposes. hh Checking of compliance, and reconciliation of ESCerts at the end of the 3-year period. In case of non-compliance, a financial penalty is due and linked to quantum of non-compliance.

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hh Trading can be carried out bilaterally or on special platforms created on the power exchanges hh ESCerts will be maintained in the DEMAT form and each ESCert will be equivalent to 1 Metric Tonne of Oil Equivalent (MTOE) hh It is expected that the traded power will be sometimes between 7 to 10 percent of the total energy saving target.

National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency

Each power station has a specific net heat rate target to be achieved vis-à-vis the established baseline level. The targets are dependent on various factors such as the quality of fuel, plant load factors, and operation and maintenance practices. The methodology for setting the target takes into account the deviation of the average net station heat rate from the design net heat rate. One fourth of the designated TPS’s have baseline heat rate values of less than 2300 kCal/kWh. The designated power stations must get their compliance levels to energy consumption norms verified by accredited energy auditors. As per the PAT scheme, the plants are expected to implement the practices recommended by the auditors as well as adopt the best practices in the industry.

NMEEE is an integrated approach for climate change mitigation through energy efficiency measures. It is the key driver for efficiency initiatives across various energy intensive sectors. The most important feature under the NMEEE is the PAT mechanism, which seeks to establish Energy Efficient R&M a market for energy savings. Tradable energy saving It is crucial for operators to adopt the best possible certificates (ESCerts) are issued to units that achieve technologies and undertake continuous operational additional savings above improvements to increase their targets, which can energy savings in thermal be traded with units that About 60 percent of the country’s total generation is power stations. The falls short of their energy based on thermal units with ratings of 200 MW - 500 efficiency of thermal power saving targets. The central MW. Particularly with regard to the 200/210/250 MW stations can also be restored government approved ratings, there is an opportunity of energy efficiency by under taken energy implementation of NMEEE potential of 8-10 percent. In this context, pilot projects efficient R&M measures. framework in June 2010. The are under way to establish the feasibility of energy Some operational measures mission has commenced efficiency through Renovation and Modernisation. in this regard include implementation from April, These are facilitated through external funding reducing leakages in air, 2011 under the flagship agencies. steam, water and flue gases of the ‘Perform Achieve flow. Energy efficient R&M and Trade (PAT)’ initiative. also includes upgrading In March’ 2012 the government notified designated turbines, replacing blades and seals, carrying out preconsumers across different sectors for implementing beneficiation of coal, deploying waste heat recovery energy saving norms. This included 144 thermal power systems, condensing heat exchangers, installing stations aggregating over 100,000 MW. The identified exhaust hood system guides to direct the flow of steam TPSs are required to achieve specific energy targets. and cut losses, and setting up adjustable speed drives For determining this, the net heat rate was taken as for large motors. About 60 percent of the country’s total efficiency parameter, which was calculated on the basis generation is based on thermal units with ratings of 200 of the plants auxiliary consumption. National Mission MW - 500 MW. Particularly with regard to the 200/210/250 on Enhanced Energy Efficiency primarily mandates MW ratings, there is an opportunity of energy efficiency following objectives; potential of 8-10 percent. In this context, pilot projects are hh Perform Achieve and Trade - A market based mechanism to enhance cost effectiveness of improvements in energy efficiency in energyintensive large industries and facilities, through certification of energy savings that could be traded. hh Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency Accelerating the shift to energy efficient appliances in designated sectors through innovative measures to make the products more affordable. hh Energy Efficiency Financing Platform - Creation of mechanisms that would help finance demand side management programmes in all sectors by capturing future energy savings. hh Framework for Energy Efficient Economic Development - Developing fiscal instruments to promote energy efficiency market-based approaches to unlock energy efficiency opportunities.

under way to establish the feasibility of energy efficiency through Renovation and Modernisation. These are facilitated through external funding agencies.

Energy efficient operating practices Adoption of Operation and Maintenance best practices ensure efficiency in coal based thermal power projects and improve plant load factor to meet the country’s growing energy requirements. With time, the complexity of power plant operations has been increasing continuously. Plants face difficulties like rigorous demands from load dispatch centers, frequent outages, prolonged periods of low load operations, improper rates, and operations beyond design limits. These issues arise due to increasing penetration of highly intermittent renewable sources of energy results lower efficiency of the thermal power projects. The plant operators must have a focused O&M strategy and should also target critical areas in order to maximize performance.

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Generating companies should take steps to improve the ability of TPP’s to measure, monitor and analyse system processes to identify opportunities for efficiency improvements or maintenance needs. This can serve to avoid degradation and future inefficiencies. Waste heat optimization and enhanced fuel handling by increasing coal fineness are other strategies that can followed to achieve energy savings in thermal power stations. Some non-capex measures that can be adopted by operators to enhance energy efficiency include reducing flue gas exit temperature, using heat to pre-heat the boiler, improving shoot blowing equipment, optimizing the use of equipment like compressors and circulating water pumps, and instrumentation calibration.

Bottleneck and Challenge’s During the initial stage of PAT first cycle implementation, data collection was a big challenge due to the lack of energy accounting infrastructure as most DC’s did not have clear procedure. The other difficulties pertained to the shortage of energy management professionals with expert domain knowledge. It was also hard to find accredited auditors to carryout monitoring and verification. The other key challenge’s of PAT scheme are as follows: hh PAT is a unique mechanism for institutionalizing energy efficiency. PAT has been rolled out from April 2011 and is targeted at savings 9.78 million metric tonnes of oil equivalent which amounts to an avoided capacity of 5623 MW over a period of three years. hh Many operators have more than one unit for the energy consumption. BEE has not yet provided guidelines for the exact boundary setting for the units. The Energy efficiency improvement targets as “unit specific or at entity level, clear methodologies are needed for the same. hh There is a great heterogeneity within each sector. Target Setting Energy Consumption Norms under the PAT mechanism may not be feasible with a single standard at sector level. hh Designated Consumers (DCs) account for 25% of the national gross domestic product (GDP) and about 45% of commercial energy use in India. PAT mechanism

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will drive incorporation of energy efficiency measures in these high energy intensive sectors. hh In old plants, greater efforts are needed to bring back units to their rated capacity. Also phasing out of inefficient units to keep pace with the latest technologies. hh Energy efficiency renovation and modernsation need to be mandated for the plants performing below their target. It should be financially supported by the world bank and other government financial institutions. hh The government nominated agencies is required to provide assistance for the finalization of detailed project report and other related works. hh Practices such as the wide adoption of technologies deployed in the best performing plants, challenging the best performing plants to seek additional efficiency and PLF improvement and retiring poor performing plants where improvements are not technically or economically feasible need to be followed for ensuring better performance of the power plants.

Conclusion Efficient operation of the thermal unit is also very critical due to cost and reliability factors. Most of power station owners are reluctant to invest and implementing energy efficiency measures. This primarily because these measures require high initial investment and they yield limited savings in the short term. Some utilities may not have adequate financial resources for the initial investment. Therefore, it is necessary for the enforcement authorities to demonstrate profitable and technically feasible energy efficiency projects, and devise innovative incentive/financing mechanisms. Generators are required to dedicated to evolving improvement and sustaining energy conservation through improving plant utilisation, benchmarking specific energy consumption with the best norms, monitoring energy consumption to identify areas for improvements, improving utilization of auxiliaries for optimization of energy consumption, promoting energy awareness and encouraging employee participation for energy conservation. ▪ - IEEMA Research Group

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( From L to R) Mr. Sunil Misra-DG IEEMA, Mr. Rajesh Pandey-MD WBSEDCL & WBSETCL, Mr. Matlub Ahmad-President FBCCI, Mr. Sobhandeb Chattopadhyay-Hon’ble Minister in Charge, Dept of Power & Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Government of West Bengal, Mr. Harish Agarwal-VP IEEMA, Mr. Vishal Kapoor- Director, Ministry of Power, Mr. Bharat Bhushan-ED, Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd., Mr. R. K. Shah-Chairman ERC unveiling the PwC report

ENERGIZE, EMPOWER EAST ENERGY CONVENTION Eastern India’s largest electrical expo for power and electrical sector “E3”

astern India’s largest electrical expo for power and electrical sector “E3” held at Milan Mela Ground, Kolkata from November 18-20, 2016 was inaugurated by Hon’ble Minister-in-Charge of Dept. of Power & Non-Conventional Energy Sources, West Bengal Shri Sobhandeb Chattopadhyay in esteemed presence of Mr. Abdul Matlub Ahmad, President, FBCCI, Bangladesh & Dr. Rajesh Pandey, CMD WBSETCL and DCL along with eminent dignitaries from Power and electrical sector across the Country.

Organized by IEEMA, Partnered with Govt. of West Bengal “E3 – Energize, Empower East ” Energy Convention is the largest electrical expos in Eastern India. E3 offered a unique platform for the industry players from every part of country to showcase their products and explore business opportunities with global reputed companies. The event aimed at offering biggest business networking opportunities for electrical manufacturers, innovators, technology providers, start-ups and partners. It featured some unique Summit & Innovation Lecture Series on Sustainable Energy, International Marketing in Power Sector, Innovation, Leadership. The three day Convention witnessed the congregation of thought leaders and industry experts of Power and Energy sector. The E3 convention focused primarily on distribution, MSME, consumer electronics and overall global advancements in the energy sector.

Mr. Bharat Bhushan-ED, Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd.

The eastern region contributes 12% to the total generation capacity. The key energy sources used for generating electricity are coal, lignite, petroleum and natural gas, renewable sources, etc. Nearly 80% of the country’s coal reserves are located in the eastern states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal, with the highest reserve of around 81 billion tonne in Jharkhand. The eastern region

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Mr. Sobhandeb Chattopadhyay-Hon’ble Minister in Charge, Dept of Power & Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Government of West Bengal lighting the inaugural lamp

also has a good potential of power generation from wind, small hydro, biomass and solar sources. In the recent past, policymakers have initiated multiple steps towards improving the power sector output and benefit consumers. During the inauguration, Shree Sobhandeb Chattopadhyay, Hon’ble Minister-in-Charge of Dept. of Power & Non-Conventional Energy Sources, West Bengal said – “I am glad to know that IEEMA – Indian Electrical and Electronics Manufacturers’ Association is organizing E3, a three day exposition from 18th – 20th November, 2016 in Kolkata, the Cultural Capital and womb of Modern India is the right place to host such events. Present day Bengal, with its abundant talent pool and conducive environment for conducting business will encourage this sort of forward looking events. I wish every success to this event.”

expanded to Bangladesh and ready to expand further. We urge all manufacturers to invest in West Bengal. There is a huge opportunity for the manufacturers of power sector. E3–Energize Empower East, a biennial platform attracted over large number of footfalls in terms of buyers, sellers, solution providers, entrepreneurs, policymakers and general public. The expo featured multiple unique discussion sessions and Innovation Lecture Series on Sustainable Energy, International Marketing in Power Sector, Innovation, and Leadership.

Mr Chattopadhyay further added, “Six years back west Bengal was facing severe load shading but now the situation has changed drastically. Now we are providing 24*7 powers to all. In the power sector we have even

Speaking on this occasion Mr. Abdul Matlub Ahmad, President, FBCCI, Bangladesh, said, “Thanks for transforming the city as an international centre for business. Bangladesh targets for 20000 MW power in next two years with the help of Govt of India. With the help of IEEMA we will look for new opportunity in the power sector. This will be initiated during Bangladesh PM’s next visit to India”.

Mr. Rajesh Pandey-MD WBSEDCL & WBSETCL

Mr. Matlub Ahmad-President FBCCI

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Mr. Vishal Kapoor- Director, Ministry of Power,

Mr. Sunil Misra-DG IEEMA,

“E3” offers a unique platform for companies across India and abroad to meet, network and explore business opportunities in the power and electrical sector. E3 is designed to be a definitive electrics marketplace and will provide the widest range of transmission towers, switchgears, cables, conductors and fiber optic wires, transmission line technologies, control and automation, transformers, among many other products focusing the sectors like Electrical Transmission & Distribution (T&D), Micro Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME), Sustainable Energy, Global Outreach, Consumer Electricals.

largest energy convention in Eastern India set for threedays of exhibition and two-days of seminar on various topics including Sustainable Energy, International Marketing, Innovation and Leadership. Eminent speakers from across the country shall be deliberating on various topics. There has been an honest effort on the part of the E3 Core Committee including IEEMA Secretariat to make E3 event a very vibrant and successful event and lot of collective thought process and energy has been put in by the Core Committee to make E3 event a grand success and to ensure maximum mileage to all the stakeholders out of this event. The focus of E3 event is to highlight the potential and capabilities of Eastern & North-Eastern States including neighboring countries. I think we are heading towards a very exciting time ahead and I wish all the Exhibitors all the best.” – Mr. R K Shah, Chairman, IEEMA ERC.

The event was organized by IEEMA along with event partner Biswa Bangla & Dept. of Power & Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Govt. of West Bengal. E3 has been sponsored by multiple Sponsors and Partners from industry stalwarts like EMC Ltd , Skipper Limited, Supreme, Havells , Utkarsh, Laser Power, Cabcon, Kritika etc. International companies like Energypac, Megger, AMAT, Omicron are displaying their technologies and solutions which will be a great take away for Indian Consumers. “I am very thankful to the Government of West Bengal for extending their support as partner to this event.E3 is the

“Through this event, the effort of IEEMA is to showcase the manufacturing and services strengths of Eastern Region which not only services India’s T&D needs, but also the demand from neighboring South Asian countries’ Power sector.”– Mr. Sharan Bansal, Executive Committee Member, Vice Chairman IEEMA ERC

Industry leaders at the E3 inauguration session

December 2016

IEEMAEvent

IEEMA Smart Grid Division convened an interactive session on 4th November 2016 at Hotel Pride, New Delhi, The objective of the session was to bring the stakeholders of Smart Grid ecosystem on single platform to create conducive environment for smart grid Development in India, to engage all the stakeholders with regards to Smart Grid initiatives and to synchronize IT, Communication and Electrical industry across the value chain to explore the synergy further. The dignitaries present in the session were Ms. Ritu Maheshwari, IAS, CEO RECTPCL , Shri R.K Verma Chief Engineer , CEA, Shri Prabhu Narain Singh , Director –National Smart Grid Mission, Shri Atul bali, NSGM, Shri Sunil Misra Director General IEEMA, Shri Vikram Gandotra, Chairman Smart Grid division, Shri Sunil Singhvi Vice Chairman ,Smart Grid Division Representatives from Govt. Organisations, Power Grid, CEA,BIS including IEEMA Smart Grid Division Members. The participation of luminaries was approx. 100 with over 50 different organisations from IT, Communication and Electrical Industry. Mr. Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA welcomed the dignitaries present for the interactive session. Mr. Vikram Gandotra, Chairman, IEEMA Smart Grid division gave a brief presentation on IEEMA Smart Grid Division and challenges being faced by industry on various fronts e.g policies , Standards etc. He apprised the participants saying that IEEMA covers the multitude of all the areas of the Electrical Grid due to vast membership base and they are instrumental in contributing to the development of the Indian Electrical Ecosystem comprising Policy Makers, Regulators, BIS, Utilities, Test Houses, from over six decades. He further informed the

participants that IEEMA Smart Grid division are in dialog with all the stakeholders for creating sustainable Smart Grids in India and in a longer run to build trust with stakeholders with transparent operations. IEEMA Smart Grid Division projects the collective voice of the industry for improvement of grids through deployment of Smart Grid technology in India. Mr. Atul Bali from NSGM made presentation on “Smart Grid- Status, Challenges and way ahead “ he briefed the members about the NSGM and its functionality, he informed that NSGM - Project Management Unit (NPMU) is Single point contact for GoI’s views on Smart Grid. In

From left to right : Shri Sunil Misra , DG, IEEMA, Shri Vikram Gandotra, Chairman Smart Grid div, Shri P.N Singh, IAS, Director –NSGM-PMU, Ms. Ritu Maheshwari , IAS , CEORECTPCL, Shri R.K Verma, CE, CEA, Shri Sunil Singhvi, Vice Chairman Smart Grid Div, Shri Sanjay Banga , VP-TPDDL

December 2016

IEEMAEvent

Mr. Vikram Gandotra , Chairman Smart Grid Division Delivering his presentation

Shri Atul Bali, NSGM giving his presentation on Smart Grid, Status challenges and way ahead

his presentation Mr. Bali briefed the dignitaries about the Indian power Scenario eg total install capacity , peak demand met etc , he touched various issues during his presentation like Renewable action plan, initiatives for RE Integration, He also briefed about the UJALA Scheme which is a Govt. of India initiative to improve Energy Efficiency ,He also informed the updated status of Smart Grid Pilot Projects and expected outcome after successful completion of pilot projects.

Director –NSGM-PMU, Shri R.K Verma, Chief Engineer , CEA, Shri Vikram Gandotra, Chairman Smart Grid div, Shri Sunil Singhvi, Vice Chairman Smart Grid Div, Shri Sanjay Banga , VP-TPDDL.

The session proceeded with panel discussion the theme of the discussion was “ Future of Smart Grid Implementation in India” The panellist were Ms. Ritu Maheshwari, IAS, CEO, RECTPCL, Shri P.N Singh, IAS,

MOU between IEEMA and NSGM-PMU: In the end of the session IEEMA and NSGM-PMU signed MOU to work together for in training and development of utility officials involved in development of Smart Grid, R&D activities, Joint Studies and surveys etc The Session ended with a vote of thanks from Mr. Sunil Singhvi, Vice Chairman, Smart Grid d

MOU between IEEMA and NSGM-PMU

DG IEEMA , Director NSGM Signing MOU

December 2016

IEEMAEvent

Mr. S.D.Dubey, Chairperson CEA, delivering the vote of thanks during the inaugural session. On dais: from R to L : Mr. Sanjeev Ranjan Managing Director, International Copper Association India, Mr. Jean Francois, IEC SC 23E/WG2 Convenor, Mr. Rajkumar Panicker, Vice Chairman LV Switchgear division, Mr. Amitabha Sarkar, Schneider Electric, Mr. Huzefa Poonawala, Hager India

International Conference on SAFE PROTECTIVE DEVICES FOR SAFE INSTALLATIONS Members IEC 23 E working groups (WG1 and WG2) were in India for their meeting which were hosted by IEEMA LV Switchgear division from 14th to 18th November 2016. Leveraging the presence of experts from Germany, China, Netherlands, Italy, France Austria etc, IEEMA organised a conference on “ Safe protective devices for Safe installation” on 18th November 2016 at New Delhi, endorsed by IEC and supported by ICA(International Copper Association, India) Mr. Amitabha Sarkar, Technical Convenor to the Conference delivered the welcome address along with the objective of the Conference. Mr. Sarkar mentioned that IEC SC 23E WG1 & WG2 meetings are being held for the first time in India and IEEMA agreed to host the event. IEC working group meetings are held in countries around the world & experts from many organisations from many countries come together to discuss & formulate new or amended standards. 25 experts have come for WG1 & WG2 meetings, and about 15 young Indian engineers got the opportunity to attend & witness the deliberations.Taking advantage of the presence

of so many overseas experts, IEEMA LV switchgear division agreed to arrange one day conference “ Safe Protective Devices for Safe Installations “ on 18th Nov. in New Delhi. Mr. Jean Francois, Convenor to IEC SC 23E/ WG2 in his special address mentioned that working group meetings were exciting during last four days and Indian participants who participated as observers shared many valuable inputs those were important in Indian context. He emphasized that this conference will surely add value in sharing knowledge both ways.

Technical Session in progress On Dais R to L: Mr. Jean Francois Rey, IEC SC23E/WG2 Convenor, D Beck, Hager (French expert in IEC/SC23E/WG2),Session Chairman Mr. C.K.Varma, Chief Engineer CPWD , Ms. Hélène Menou (Legrand, IEC SC23E WG1 & WG2 expert), Mr. Huzefa Poonawala, Hager

December 2016

IEEMAEvent

Mr. Amitabha Sarkar, Technical Convenor of Conference , welcoming the audience by delivering his welcome address and objective of the Conference

Paper presented by Mr. G Cassinelli (Bticino, Secretary of IEC/SC 23E)

Mr. Sanjeev Ranjan, Managing Director, International Copper Association , India in his special address highlighted the interest and drive of ICA to promote safety in all aspects. He mentioned that ICA is working jointly with BIS and CEA to spread the message of safety through various programmes arranged on National Electric code. Participating in various CEA’s meetings for revising CEA 2010 - “Measures relating to Safety and Electric supply “ . The conference was inaugurated by Mr. S.D.Dubey, Chairperson CEA. In his inaugural address he mentioned that how safety is important in every aspect of life. He mentioned that safety is being ignored and CEA has always been pursuing the safety through various platforms .The safety measures which were first formulated in 2010 are now being revised in 2016 with first amendment in 2015. The inaugural session ended with a vote of thanks by Mr.Rajkumar Panicker , Vice Chairman LV Switchgear Division. He highlighted the importance of such conferences and the benefits to the industry and briefed on the activities of IEEMA LV Switchgear industry. The sessions started with presentations from Indian speakers Mr. Upendra Kumar & Mr. Gautom Roy from CEA They presented the detail on the amendments

Mr. Goutam Roy, Chief Electrical Inspector (Power System wing) delivering his address on Amendments in Safety Regulations

made in the CEA regulations 2010 “ Measures relating to Safety and Electric Supply Regulations, 2010 which were very informative. The next presentation was made by Mr Amitabha Sarkar on BIS activities under ET07(Low Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear Sectional Committee ) and ET20 (Electrical Installations Sectional Committee) . He briefed that ET07 is a mirror committee of IEC TC 121, SC 121A, 121B & 23E and India is “P” member of these IEC TCs/SCs & have Indian representation. He highlighted the present status of Indian standards under ET07 on MCB, RCD and SPD. He stated that ET20 is a also mirror committee of IEC TC 64 & TC 18 and this committee has recently become “P” member of TC 64. He shared the Status of Codes and Indian Standards on Electrical Safety . He indicated that Electrical safety is a very serious issue in India which leads to Loss of life and property. He highlighted that all these Indian Regulation, Codes and Standards address the above issues. The sessions were followed by presentations from eight experts from IEC working group. More than 80 delegates from CEA, Government bodies, industries attended the whole day conference. The Conference concluded with a good question and answer session amongst speakers and participants

DG IEEMA , Director NSGM Signing MOU

December 2016

Technology

DIGITALISATION AND POWER GRIDS IOT, Wearables, Digital Twins, SAAS, PAAS, M2M, Data Analytics, Cloud, Augmented Reality, DoS, Cyber Security - what do these terms have to do with our Power grids ?

igitalisation as a term is found often in our media and it is regarded to include the use of digital electronic technology (hardware and software/ firmware) in the traditional courses of business and even our personal life. As the use of such technology progresses it brings revolutionizing changes to the processes of business and our personal chores. There are new business processes, new paradigms and new consumer expectations. Instant gratification, extended connectivity to people and processes with availability of real time information is now taken as granted. Traditional businesses like power utilities are also being affected as their consumers would like to have access to information which was hitherto considered as internal to the utility. For example, energy consumption records such as their historical records or comparison with peer groups, neighbours, etc, recording and updates on the outage of supply are some of the new expectations. Of course the customers expect a more quality digital experience with the utility when they consider their day to day interactions for billing, payments and future scenarios of selling solar energy back into the grid or the use of electric vehicle as a tool for grid storage. Progressive utilities realize the potential of social media such as facebook, twitter, etc. in increasing the confidence of the customers and have chalked out plans for using these tools to their benefit. The new age consumers connect well with utilities which understand and speak their language.

connectivity, etc. With the availability of new software tools where many situations can be simulated the engineers are able to plan and design the utilityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s power distribution network with a high reliability model and lower the technical losses. By providing the monitoring and control equipment in the field like Smart Meters, Remote Terminal Units, Fault Sensor Indicators, etc the utility is able to get its extended eyes and arm deep into its network. This brings the benefit of early responses to unwanted situations with quick positive reactions. Examples have shown across the world and also in India the significant improvements in the reliability factors such as SAIDI and SAIFI which have been brought over through use of SCADA/DMS systems with adequate real time field data from the network captured through RTUs and sensors. Now the next level is to take this forward to build intelligent self-healing networks for Medium Voltage grid. Progressive utilities are also exploring the cost-benefit equations for extending the system to Low Voltage network. With the increase in computing and communication technology it is not far when the advantages of such technology is derived from the Low Voltage networks. Also when the utilities face the issue of keeping their operating costs in control, they need solutions such for asset management which can provide information on the need for predictive maintenance against the current routine maintenance.

Another expectation is of the employees of the utility â&#x20AC;&#x201C; availability of real time tools such as ADMS, MDMS, web

With billions of devices consuming electric energy already connected on the internet and the number only

December 2016

Technology

likely to multiply several times, there are both challenges and opportunities that will unfold for the grid managers in the coming years. For example this IoT will demand new solutions for security of personal data and of the public network while at the same time will create opportunities for testing newer ideas/ applications by a huge population in a very short time. Wearables can help the utilities staff in future to carry out their tasks such as routine or fault maintenance in a safer and more efficient manner. For example if a technician is approaching a live part of the equipment, he may be warned and guided to be cautious. Digital Twins are referred to a digitalized models of the physical assets that are available to be used for various uses, e.g. data from sensors on real world can be used on the ‘Digital Twin’ to represent their near real time behavior. Future grids will see the use of more and more products and solutions which have been developed using the Digital Twins processes. Software as a Service (SaaS) is the use of licensed software by a user on a ‘on-demand’ subscription basis over the internet, obviating the need to invest in dedicated hardware and the tasks of installation and maintenance of the software during the lifecycle. This helps small users avoid the costs and efforts to purchase and maintain the software applications. Similarly Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a type of cloud computing services that provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications without the

December 2016

complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching an app. Utilities, especially smaller ones, have started adopting SaaS for their enterprise and operational softwares and also looking at PaaS for developing their future applications. Cyber security is a very important area with more and more customer and operational data being available with the utility. There have been instances when unfriendly countries have waged ‘Denial of Service’ cyber attacks on the power utilities through malware/ worms which have caused losses of billions of dollars and outages for several hundred thousand consumers. Adequate attention and safeguards need to be taken by the utilities and their solution providers to ensure that the safety of assets and reliable service is ensured. Data as often said, will be the new Oil. The task of the businesses will be not only to gather the large amount of data but to make good use of it through strong Data Analytic tools. The wealth of the data will be through connecting the dots and coming out with valuable results. Concluding, I will say that a Utility must openly embrace the new relevant and useful technologies in order to meet the new challenges and capitalize the emerging opportunities. This will help in meeting the rising customers expectations in the dynamic business environment. ▪ - Vikram Gandotra

GM (Mkt. & Strategy Siemens, Ltd.

InFocus

he challenge before the government has been to create a reliable and sustained power generation and distribution mechanism in the country such that adequate, affordable and consistent electricity supply can be made available to all the citizens which would ensure a healthy and continued growth in all the sectors. Financially strained discoms fail to supply adequate power at affordable rates, which hampers the quality of life and overall economic growth and development. Distribution segment continues to remain the weakest link in the power sector. Poor financial health of the distribution companies has been affecting the performance of the entire power sector. One of the critical factors for the present state of discoms is the high level of distribution losses. A decade after notification of the Electricity Act, 2003, which focuses on conducive development of electricity industry, promoting competition, protecting interest of consumers, ensuring supply of electricity to all areas, reduction of losses and rationalization of electricity tariff, the Indian power sector has undergone a major transformation. Extended access, added generating capacity, competitive power markets and a national transmission network are few of the major strides undertaken. Thus schemes which aim at 100% village electrification, 24X7 power supply and clean energy etc cannot be turned into reality without financially strengthening the Discoms first. The Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana (UDAY) launched by the central government in November’ 2015, is perceived as the most comprehensive reform initiative ever taken to improve the operational and financial efficiency of the discoms. The scheme aims to bring down aggregate technical and commercial losses to 15 percent, eliminating the gap between the cost of supply and revenue realized and to make the distribution utilities profitable by FY 2018-19. As per the scheme, the state

governments are required to take over 75 percent of their respective discoms debt (50 percent of the debt in the first year and 25 percent in the second year). States can issued bonds in the market or directly to the banks or financial institutions holding the discom debt. The UDAY bonds offer lower interest rates than those of loans given to the discoms, but also carry a lower risk. Various banks both private and public sector have shown keen interest in buying the UDAY bonds being offered by the state government. These bonds bring as an attractive longterm investment opportunity by mutual funds and the Employees Provident Fund Organisation. Even the chronically inefficient states have hugely narrowed the gap between cost and revenue, reduced unmetered supply and are planning large bond issues. India’s power distribution system is showing concrete signs of revival and lower operational losses as chronically inefficient states have significantly narrowed the gap between cost and revenue, reduced unmetered supply. Out of the 16 states part of the Centre’s distribution utility revival scheme - Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojna at least eight have a lower gap between their average cost of electricity supply and average cost of realisation. UDAY seeks to empower loss making Discoms to break even in two-three years by helping the Discoms in improving their operational efficiencies (compulsory smart metering, up-gradation of transformers, popularising LED bulbs), reducing the cost of power (increased supply of cheaper domestic coal, liberal coal swaps from inefficient to efficient plants, supply of washed and crushed coal, faster completion of transmission lines), minimising their interest cost (states to take over 75% of Discom debt as on 30th September 2015 over two years -- 50% of Discom debt to be taken over by states in 2015-16 and 25% in

December 2016

InFocus

2016-17; Discom debt not taken over by the state to be converted by the banks into loans with interest rate not more than the bankâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s base rate plus 0.1%; and states to fund at least 50% of the future losses of Discoms) and enforcing financial discipline on them through their alignment with state finances. The scheme is operationalised through a tri-partite agreement between the union ministry of power, the state government and the Discom. Though, adopting UDAY is optional for states, 16 states have already adopted it. At least eight -- Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh have shown a decline in their distribution losses. For instance, in Uttar Pradesh, the gap, between the cost of electricity generation and supply and the revenue earned out of selling it declined by over 65%, i.e. from Rs 1.17 per unit as on March last year to Re 0.41 per unit for this year (ending March 2016). The interest burden of Uttar Pradesh power distribution companies nearly halved to Rs 820 crore during April-June this year against Rs 1,742 crore in the corresponding quarter last fiscal. Likewise, the commercial losses in Jharkhand after joining UDAY declined to 31.8% during the first quarter of the current fiscal year from the earlier 41%. The average power generation cost in the country came down by 13% to Rs 2.77 per unit during the quarter ending June 2016 from Rs 3.19 per unit during April-June of 2015. Uttar Pradesh distribution companies are set to launch state-government guarantee-backed bond issue worth Rs 5,000 crore starting to meet operational requirements. Rajasthan distribution utilities are also likely to raise working capital funds through bond issues in the next few days. The difference between cost of supply of electricity in Haryana reduced by half to Rs 0.23 per unit in March from Rs 0.65 per unit a year ago, said the official quoted above. Discoms of Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand have reduced the shortfall in revenue, but distribution companies of Punjab and Karnataka reported an increase in their losses. Twelve of the 16 states showed reduction in aggregate commercial and technical electricity losses. Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh are some of the states that showed decline in distribution losses. Preliminary data being compiled by the Union power ministry to launch a mobile application for monitoring implementation of UDAY also shows that 13 of the 16 states have filed tariff revision petitions for 2016-17 with their respective state electricity regulatory commissions. The Union Power Ministryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s website and mobile app to monitor progress of UDAY will have data fed by state power distribution companies on 14 operational and financial parameters. The application will also rate the state power distribution system on the progress made by them against commitments made during signing of UDAY agreements. As per provisional data available with the power ministry, Haryana, Gujarat, Bihar, Punjab and Rajasthan, have fulfilled 30-45% of the commitments

December 2016

made under UDAY. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand need improvement with below 30% progress while Jammu & Kashmir lags far behind delivering just 15% of the promises made under UDAY. The 14 parameters on which state distribution companies implementing UDAY are being measured include reduction in technical and commercial losses, reduction in gap between per unit cost of power supply and realisation, household electrification, urban and rural feeder metering, smart metering, profit and loss accounts and the distribution of LED lights.

Purpose of UDAY Scheme The distribution segment has been the weakest link in the power value chain with mounting financial and operational losses. Although successive governments have tried to address this issue through bailout packages, the situation has not changed much over the past decade. As of Marchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 2015, the state discoms are estimated to have accumulated losses of Rs. 3.8 trillion. This has not only affected the entire power sector but has also affect the banking sector. Taking congnisance of these facts, the central government launched the UDAY scheme which aimed at a financial turnaround of discoms. The scheme is being promoted as a permanent sustainable solution to the issues facing the distribution segment. The immediate impact of UDAY is likely to be reduction in interest cost on debt from 14-15 percent to 8-9 percent for discoms. This will enable discoms to secure more working capital for day-to-day business operations. Further, the provisions for spreading the financial burden on states over the period of three years will allow the state governments to manage the interest payment on the debt within their available fiscal space in the initial few years. UDAY envisages empowering discoms to achieve breakeven in the next few years by improving operational efficiency, reducing the cost of power, lowering interest cost and enforcing financial discipline through alignment with state finances. The reduction in the cost of power would be achieved through measures such as increased supply of cheaper domestic coal, coal linkage rationalization, coal swapping, supply of washed and crushed coal and faster completion of transmission lines. Various operational efficiency improvements measures like mandatory smart metering, up-gradation of transformers and meters as well as initiatives like switching to energy efficient LED bulbs, agricultural pumps, fans and air conditioners are expected to reduce the average aggregate technical and commercial losses from around 22 percent to 15 percent. Beside regular tariff revisions, including fuel price adjustment, would help bridge the gap between the average revenue realized and the average cost of supply. Under UDAY, NTPC has been providing support for improving operational efficiency of State generating

InFocus

companies, thereby leading to reduction in cost of generation. NTPC has taken steps such as minimizing usage of costly imported coal and bilateral MoU coal, enhancement of usage of notified price coals to its stations under FSA, swapping of coal linkage, shifting of FSA coal from Non-pit head to pit-head stations for cheaper power generation. With above measures, NTPC has been able to reduce its average power generation cost by approximately 32 paisa per unit in FY17 as compared to to same period last year. Also the new policy for flexible utilization of domestic coal shall further optimize coal reallocation with one FSA at country level. As per Ministry of Power sources, the average power generation cost in the country has come down by 13% to ` 2.77 per unit in the three month period ending June from ` 3.19 per unit during April – June of 2015.

Improvement after UDAY Scheme With the joining of Madhya Pradesh and Punducherry, total 16 States/UT and 34 DISCOM’s have now associated with UDAY club. The States of Maharashtra, Telangana, Assam and Kerla have already given the in principle approval and are likely to join UDAY scheme soon. UDAY has already addressed 62% of Discom’s existing debt at the end of FY 2014-15. Bonds to the tune of Rs. 1.68 Lakh crore, consisting almost 76% of the debt of UDAY states have been issued and successfully subscribed. The ensuring lowering of interest costs have led to saving of approximately Rs. 2,236 crores till June, 2016 for the states under UDAY scheme and ensures operational sustainability of participating DISCOM’s. Central government requested the States to support their Discoms through adequate guarantees for issue of Discoms bonds to raise resources to meet their operational funding requirements. Presently some

of the discoms have found it difficult to raise Bonds on the strength of their balance sheet. Some of the key improvements envisages by the Ministry of Power after UDAY scheme are as given below:

Aggregate Technical and Commercial loss reduction Aggregate Technical and Commercial loss reflect the billing and collection efficiency of the discoms. It is key parameter to improve the financial health of the discoms. UDAY envisages a target of reducing the losses to 15 % by March, 2019 from pre-Uday level of about 26%. Data from some of the States indicate that most of the States have made commendable efforts to reduce AT&C Losses, through they have to go a long way. State power distribution companies have sharply reduced commercial losses and interest costs, giving a promising start to UDAY scheme that aims to set electricity distribution, the biggest bottleneck in the sector. Twelve States have reduced aggregate commercial and technical losses. The state-wise details of the AT&C loss during FY 201516 are as given below:

Aggregate Technical and Commercial Loss in FY16 (%) State

AT&C Loss

Manipur

49.6

Jharkhand

47.0

Bihar

44.0

Uttar Pradesh

33.8

Haryana

32.5

Rajasthan

29.3

Chhattisgarh

27.8

Goa

21.6

Uttarakhand

18.8

Karnataka

18.7

Punjab

17.6

Gujarat

16.1

Andhra Pradesh

10.6

Feeders and Distribution Transformers metering Monitoring of 11 KV Urban and Rural Feeders parameters is essential not only for effective supply maintenance but also for reduction of AT&C Losses. Out of almost 78,000 Urban and Rural feeders of UDAY States (11 states out of 16 states) around 73,500 feeders have been metered. Thus almost 95% feeder metering work is complete in UDAY States. The State like Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh and Karnatak have completed 100% Urban and Rural feeders meterisation. The target date for all Distribution Transformers (DT’s) in

December 2016

InFocus

rural and urban areas are to be metered by 30th June’ 2017. Out of 762376 nos. urban DT’s, a total of 347927 nos. DT’s around 46% have been metered and out of 2322653 nos. Rural DT’s, 745936 nos. around 32% have been metered in 11 UDAY States

Feeder Segregation Feeder Segregation scheme envisages segregation of feeders for electricity supply to irrigation load those from domestic/commercial supply. It would ensure 24x7 Power Supply in rural areas as well as assured hours of supply to farmers for agriculture. Few States like Gujarat have already carried out the feeder segregation program to the benefit of rural population. Rest of the States / Discoms have been sanctioned funds under DDUGJY program of Ministry of Power. Performance so far has been very impressive with almost 17,711 feeders already been segregated out of around 36,981 feeders of 12 UDAY States, achieving almost 48% of the targets. The target for completion of work under UDAY is given as 31st March, 2018.

Smart Meters UDAY states are committed to implement smart meters for targeted and faster reduction of AT&C losses. CEA has already issued commercial specifications and roll out strategy of smart meters on 31st August, 2016 to all states. Ministry of Power has requested Forum of Regulators to sensitizes State regulators to provisions of National Tariff Policy and UDAY in relation to smart meters. UDAY States have shown greater commitment to improve their financial position. Tariff revision orders for the year FY 2016-17 have been issued in 14 out of the 16 States/ UT’s. However, the tariff petitions for FY 2016-17 have been filed with the regulators by the States of Jammu & Kashmir and Jharkhand. Strong monitoring is needed to achievement of operational and financial targets envisaged under UDAY. At least eight of the sixteen states have significantly narrowed gap between average cost of supply and average revenue realization.

Other Developments The central government has accorded an extension of the timeline by one year for the states to participate in the scheme and for the state governments to take over the outstanding debt of the discoms. Further, with a view to increase the ambit of the scheme, the government is considering incorporating private power distribution companies in it. However, private discoms may not be offered any financial bailout, but would stand to benefit in terms of operational efficiency. Tamil Nadu, a key absentee from the scheme, has demanding special concessions to join it. The outstanding debt of the state discoms is highest across the states.

Challenge’s of UDAY Scheme However, distribution companies of Punjab and Karnataka have reported an increase in their losses

even after joining UDAY. This shows the weakness in UDAY which assumes that states will have similar results by improving their operations. Various state specific dynamics have apparently been not taken into account in its design. Perhaps that explains why states like West Bengal and Tamil Nadu have not yet signed up for UDAY. The West Bengal government has objection to conditions like regular revision of power tariff and cutting the transmission and distribution losses as it feels regular revision of power tariff would unnecessarily burden the people of the state and cutting the transmission and distribution losses would mean billing even the poorest consumers down to the last paisa for every unit of supplied power. The government is also concerned about an additional debt burden on the state exchequer. Reserve Bank of India directives on regulatory treatment of 25% balance discoms debt poses a challenge in lowering the cost of debt. Monitoring of UDAY through an exhaustive list of parameters poses a challenge of collection and processing of information due to legacy issues. Reduction in cost of power is a major component of UDAY. While NTPC has taken successive initiatives to lower the cost of generation, recent decisions such as coal price hike, imposition of clean energy Cess and railway freight increase calls for appropriate risk allocation for supply of coal amongst coal India, Railways and power plants. Provision of adequate working capital by banks to Discoms is also linked to the regulatory treatment of discoms debt by RBI. Power Ministry web-site and app for monitoring the progress of UDAY need to be updated regularly.

Conclusion UDAY is a positive move for the power sector. However, the scheme acceptance and its implementation by state governments will be critical for its success. UDAY would improve the efficiency of state discoms and give a chance to start a fresh with clean balance sheet. An improvement in discom finances would help supply adequate power at affordable rates, thereby improving the quality of life and overall economic growth. The UDAY Scheme has attracted many states and received a fairly good response. Further, the inclusion of the private sector well indeed makes the scheme the most comprehensive initiatives to reform the power distribution segment till date. However, the real outcomes are yet to come in. Also, with timelines already getting extended the scheme could witness a delay in the achievement of the desired objectives. ▪ Ashok Upadhyay BE (Electrical), M Tech. Hon. (Ind. Engg.) M. Phil (Renewable Energy), PHD Scholar Dy. Director (Generation) M.P. Electricity Regulatory Commission Bhopal (M.P.)

December 2016

Opinion

he distribution network today has become vulnerable and is increasingly governed by bi-directional power flows and fluctuating voltages determined by customer load & generation. Left with an ageing infrastructure, the conventional distribution network needs an upgrade and the smart grid phenomenon seems to be the way forward. Effective implementation of the smart grid involves advanced distribution network automation integrating the power network with ICT technologies and electronic devices. Such automation and digitally driven protection system demands adequate power quality to guarantee the necessary compatibility between all equipment connected to the smart grid and functioning thereof. The new technology associated with smart grid offers the opportunity to improve the quality and reliability as experienced by the customers. However, an issue of voltage quality regulation, especially in integrated, multifunction and multi-communication platform like smart grid is considerably high. If appropriate and immediate attention is not given, it may lead to financial losses, equipment damage, etc. The smart grid will be at the heart of tomorrow’s connected world underlining the ‘Quality’ of life for each one of us, hence conscious planning and implementation of the smart grid with attention to good power quality environment is the only way forward. Today, the electricity distribution industry is grappling with an unprecedented array of challenges, ranging from a supply-demand gap to rising costs. The distribution network today has become vulnerable and is increasingly governed by bi-directional power flows and fluctuating voltages determined by customer load & generation. Left with an ageing infrastructure, the conventional distribution network needs an upgrade and the smart grid phenomenon seems to be the way forward. While the understanding of smart grid is different for different stakeholders, like five blind men deciphering

an elephant in the room, however the fact is that we are in the midst of a revolution that can transform our conventional grid into an efficient and intelligent one. For most utilities, smart grid is about installing smart meters and establishing an outage management system, whereas for consumers and industries, the smarter grid would be of little value unless marked with highly reliable supply and resulting in optimized monthly electricity bills. Effective implementation of the smart grid involves advanced distribution network automation integrating the power network with ICT technologies and electronic devices. Such automation demands adequate power quality to guarantee the necessary compatibility between all equipment connected to the smart grid. Power quality, therefore, is an important issue for the successful and efficient operation of existing as well as future grids. In addition, the use of sophisticated equipment (particularly DC) by consumers is also putting an additional responsibility on the network operator to maintain quality of supply as per the set standards. Thus, this article attempts to discuss the importance of addressing the quality of supply requirements while implementing smart grid projects and leveraging these projects as an opportunity to improve and efficiently manage power quality.

How Quality of Supply (QoS) Affects Smart Grid Implementation Effective realization of smart grid requires advanced distribution network automation, which includes Substation automation, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), outage management system, distribution management functions like voltage control or reactive power (VAR) control, harmonics detection and analysis, etc.

December 2016

Opinion

Such automation involves the use of power electronic devices and converters, which are highly sensitive to both voltage quality as well as harmonic distortion. The use of power electronic interfaced, often to achieve energy efficiency objectives, loads has considerably increased with the proliferation of personal computers, TV sets, adjustable speed motor drives for pumps or air conditioning appliances, etc. When these loads are connected to the grid, harmonics produced by these nonlinear loads are injected back into the supply systems. These currents interact adversely with a wide range of power system equipment thereby causing additional losses, overheating and overloading. Harmonics, one of the fastest growing PQ issues, are caused by the non-linearity of customer loads. Harmonics is a form of disturbance in electrical network, which influences and affects the operations of assets like transformers, feeders, etc. These harmonics also cause interference with telecommunication lines and errors in power metering, malfunction of data processing equipment, nuisance tripping of protective devices, etc. The smart grids equipment like communication devices, routers, relays, switches, capacitors, smart-meters, servers, sensors, etc. are very much vulnerable to harmonics and voltage, and hence maintaining the quality of supply plays an important role in implementation of smart grid.

Country USA

European Union

Smart Grid Initiatives in India and Developed Nations Worldwide, national governments are encouraging smart grid initiatives as a cost effective way to modernize their power distribution infrastructure. India ranks third among the top ten countries in smart grid investments and has announced substantial smart meter rollout projects with a plan for more than 130 million smart meters by 2020 with an investment of $1billion. However, the existing policy and regulatory framework are typically designed to deal with the existing network. With the move towards the smart grid, these policies must evolve in order to encourage incentives for investments. Policy makers need to take some immediate action in certain critical areas like standards and regulations for its effective implementation. The Government of India (GoI) has appointed India Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF) and India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) with the prime objective of accelerating development of smart grid technologies in the Indian power sector by bringing together all the key stakeholders and enabling technologies. Along with policies on smart grid, it is essential and important to focus on improvement in quality of supply. Government and various state regulatory bodies in India measures reliability supply indices such as SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI and monitor the interruptions on a regular basis, however there are no or only few occasions where Regulator has incentivized or penalized discoms for non-compliance on these parameters. Even reporting of such reliability indices are of doubtful integrity at times. Utilities that consider installing smart meters need to also focus more holistically on the overall quality of supply of smart grids than merely installing smart meters. The table below shows the Smart Grid initiatives by some of the developed nations, thereby helping them improve quality of supply.

Smart Grid Initiatives in Developing Countries USA has more than 130 ongoing smart grids projects, spread across 44 states and 2 territories. It has made significant investments for upgrading the grids and distribution automation. A fund of $11 billion has been set aside for the creation of smart grids. Also, the Smart Grid Investment Grant program (SGIG) had provided close to $3 billion for smart metering, $1 billion for electricity systems, and roughly a half billion dollars each for electric transmission and customer systems. More than 10.8 million smart meters have been installed which is 8% of total meters and 287 networked phasor measurement units (PMUs) are in place to check PQ. United States’ electric utilities plan to install 60 million smart meters by 2020. European Union has around 459 ongoing smart grid projects in 28 member states and has a budget of around €3.15 billion spread across 578 sites. Around 200 million smart meters in Europe (72 % of EU customers) are expected to be deployed by 2020 with an estimated investment of €35 billion. Germany has taken a lead in Europe for implementing smart grid projects. It has taken an E-Energy – The Internet of Energy initiative and has mandated all buildings to be equipped with Smart Meters from 2010 and Demand Response program from 2011. It has estimated to invest €40 Billion in Smart Grid by 2020.

Japan

Japan has initiated 4 smart grid pilot projects with an investment of 12.6 billion Yen (USD 157 million). Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) has announced a plan of installing 17 million smart meters in households by 2018 and 27 million meters by 2023.

China

China has estimated an investment of $100.8 billion for smart grid implementation. It is currently focusing on the creation of a large capacity interconnected transmission backbone to transfer bulk power and to accommodate fast growing electricity demand. It has set to rollout 360 million smart m eters by 2030 and is investing heavily in more efficient distribution transformers.

South Korea

South Korea plans to spend $24 billion over the next two decades on around 10 Smart Grids projects to make electricity distribution more efficient. It plans to install total 24 million smart meters by 2020.

Table 1. Smart Grid initiatives of Developed Nations

(For more information, refer bullet # 1 & 4 in References section below)

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Opinion

Conclusion The new technology associated with smart grid offers the opportunity to improve the quality and reliability as experienced by the customers. This new energy infrastructure shall be greener, dynamic, flexible, reliable, secure, and resilient. However, an issue of voltage quality regulation, especially in integrated, multi-function and multi-communication platform like smart grid is considerably high. Improving power quality for implementation of smart grids will require new developments from all stakeholders involved. If appropriate and immediate attention is not given, it may lead to financial losses, equipment damage, etc. The smart grid will be at the heart of tomorrow’s connected world underlining the ‘Quality’ of life for each one of us, hence conscious planning and implementation of the smart grid with attention to good power quality environment is the only way forward. In fact, total power quality will enhance the benefits of the users as well as nation in a great way by reducing the loading of the Grid with unwanted PQ issues. REFERENCES 1 Smart Grid - Indian Power Sector 2 Power Quality Requirements for the Smart Grid - Aleksandar

Janjic, Zoran Stajic, Ivan Radovic, International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing, May 2011 3 Power Quality Aspects of Smart Grids - Math H.J. Bollen, Jin Zhong, Francisc Zavoda, Jan Meyer, Alex McEachern, and Felipe Córcoles López, International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, Spain, 2010 4 Smart Grid Projects in Europe: lessons learned and current developments - Vincenzo Giordano, Flavia Gangale, Gianluca Fulli (JRC-IE) Manuel Sánchez Jiménez (DG ENER), JRC Reference Reports 5 Smart Grid Bulletin, April 2014 6 Important Challenges Facing Smart Grid Implementation In India, July 10, 2014 7 India’s $10B Roadmap for Smart Grid Transformation – Jeff St. John, October 23, 2013

Manas Kundu

- APQI India (www.apqi.org ) Coordinator He leads the APQI India platform. He has been working with various stakeholders like industries, regulators in the area of Power Quality to promote education and awareness and facilitate policy changes.

Kunjan Bagdia

APQI NSN Partner, pManifold Business Solutions He works as Consultant – Utilities at pManifold with 6+ years’ experience in Research, Consulting and Stakeholder Engagement.

For queries, get in touch at: Ms. Meenakshi: +91-9599181122 sales@gridcables.com www.gridcables.com

December 2016

GuestArticle

overnment of India has an ambitious plan to transform the existing and new cities into “SMART CITY” with very objective to make cities “Livable”, “Reliable”, “Safe”, and “Comfortable” for citizens. Smart Grid is an inherent and integral part of the Smart City Program. Smart Grid in Smart City ensures Reliable, Safe and Quality Power 24/7 to its citizens at reasonable rates. However Distribution Grids are subject to frequent failure that can cause planned and unplanned power interruptions for utility customers. Major faults and outages on power distribution system have a significant economic and social impact. Despite advances by utility industry to protect and harden electrical grid, unplanned outages and faults critically jeopardize the “Availability” & “Reliability” of power supply. Therefore Power Distribution Utilities are challenged to improve their SAIDI for end customer satisfaction to commensurate with Smart City Standards. The SAIDI, (System Average Interruption Duration Index) is the average outage duration for each customer served, includes both planned and unplanned minutes off supply. Presently, the Indian electricity system faces a number of challenges: hh

Poor Reliability & Availability Scheduled / Unscheduled outages

Shortage of power

Power Theft

Poor access to electricity in rural areas

Huge losses in the grid

Inefficient power consumption

Grid discipline due to large Renewable penetration

A smart grid is the solution to address all these challenges and this is the reason that Government has proposed billion dollar investment to upgrade the present electricity system through various schemes like Integrated Power Development System (IPDS), Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDGJY), National

Solar Mission, National Smart Grid Mission With such a huge investment, One of the major problems faced by hundreds of Large and Small cities of India is the “UNSCHEDULED OUTAGES” due to various reasons like Poor Network, Quality / Age of Network, Social aspect etc. This is the reason, for Indian Distribution Utilities, average System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) is more than 45 minutes. Though many cities are deploying Distribution Management System (DMS) under R-APDRP scheme, however “Decentralized Self Healing Grid Solution” would complement in reducing the Outage Duration and improving SAIDI. Outage Management through the “fault location, isolation & service restoration” is at the present performed manually. Self Healing is an “automated fault location, isolation and service restoration”. It includes the identification of a fault, the event localization, the isolating of the faulty section and reconfiguration of the grid to reenergize faulty sections as fast as possible without any manual intervention or SCADA System. There are two types of Distribution Network, Under Ground and Overhead Network. Whereas Metro / Big cities have Underground Network, Medium and Small Cities have Overhead Distribution Network. The Self Healing Solution addresses both Overhead & Underground Network. The self healing algorithm is based on the same principles as with manual switching, executed by PLC (“Programmable Logic Controller”) engines embedded within RTU / switch controllers presented hereafter on a Distribution grid is a fault location isolation and restoration, system for underground distribution grid using full decentralized controllers and GPRS (“General Packet Radio Service”) peer-to-peer communications. The switch controllers communicate with their neighbors (and also to the SCADA system, for information & monitoring only) via GPRS. The communication topology between the controllers mirrors the electrical grid topology which makes it easier to introduce new controllers in the future. Therefore, the solution is scalable with a few

December 2016

GuestArticle

operations in case of modification or extension of the grid since every RTU only has to know its neighbor. Working sequence following a short circuit event respect the following steps: hh

A short circuit appears on the MV loop, and then circuit breaker located in the primary HV/MV substation trips. The loop portion located between primary substation up to the normal open point is de-energized

Every RTU sends a message to the RTU downstream to know is their FPI (“Fault Passage Indicator”) saw the short circuit, up to the last RTU who hasn’t seen the current passage.

Then the switch within this MV/LV substation opens and normally open switch is closing.

The Switch located upstream of fault is then opening in order to isolate the faulty network

At the end, the Circuit-breaker located in the primary substation can close again, therefore Re- energizing the healthy part of the loop.

Other key features of the scheme are hh

Safe: the scheme is automatically disabled when any unit is put in local mode

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Robust: if a switch fails to open to isolate a fault, then the system will try the next switch

Fault-tolerant: handles measurements

missing

fault

detector

Proof of Concept & Field Test of Self Healing at Tata Power at Mumbai Tata Power, Mumbai has successfully adopted the Decentralized Self Healing Grid Technology (SHG) at its 11 KV Distribution Network in Kandivali area which is first of its kind in India implemented by M/S Schneider Electric. As stated by Tata Power “The purpose of deploying SHG Technology is to help automate process of restoration of supply to keep interruptions to bare minimum. SHG Technology comprised of Sensors, Automated controls and Software. As claimed, the average restoration time with SHG is less than minute compared to 15 minutes that is usually seen with conventional restoration technologies. Self healing is thus a way to reduce SAIDI System Average Interruption Duration Index and therefore improve customer satisfaction. Beyond reconfiguration time performance obtained, the solution is a cost effective solution. ▪ Sandeep Pathak

Smart Grid Expert and Smart Grid Architect at Schneider Electric.

InDepthâ&#x20AC;&#x2030;

nergy is a major contributor in climate change, accounting for around 60 percent of the total global greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing the carbon intensity of energy, the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix is expected to increase substantially. However, increased renewable energy based generation has its own challenges. The biggest challenge is the intermittent nature of renewable generation, which leads to integration issues with the grid. Variable renewable energy is often perceived as incompatible with base load needs and a secure electricity grid because of its inherent uncertainty in availability. Higher penetrations of variable renewable energy require increased flexibility from the power system to manage the variability and uncertainty of the generation. Variable renewable energy is not necessarily generated where load. Adding new variable renewable energy may increase both transmission bottlenecks and the need for new transmission lines to remote areas. The amount of generation from renewable energy-based sources has increased considerable over the years. It is expected to increase further in the coming years in line with the sustainable development goals that aim to provide access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy for all by 2030. The share of renewable energy in Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s installed capacity increasing continuously. At present India has a total installed power capacity of 305 GW with renewable capacity comprises 45 GW. The Indian Government is pushing one of the most ambitions renewable energy programme anywhere in the world, to ramp up renewable energy and fight climate change simultaneously. India has already undertaken to reduce emissions and adapt to climate change including the ambitious target of building 175 GW from all renewable energy sources by 2022 out of which 160 GW of solar and wind power. The

integration of this planned RE generation capacity with the national grid requires expansion and modernization of the interstate and intrastate distribution as well as transmission grid. This is mainly due to the geographical distance between generation center and load centre as well as due to the intermittent availability of renewable energy sources and the necessary means of grid stabilization. A bigger problem is how to handle a higher share of solar or wind in terms of its impact on managing the grid stability. These problems primarily revolve around the need to deal with large scale integration of renewable energy into the grid and include the complexities of backing down long term thermal power, the development of energy storage projects, deviations in scheduling, contractual obligations of long terms contracts and the inability of financially stressed utilities to buy expensive renewable power. Backing down long term thermal power projects firm must run power accommodating infirm power is unsustainable both technically and financially, and will be a big challenge for system operators to deal with, beside attracting penalties for under supply in existing long terms power purchase contracts. The availability of solar and wind energy is largely determined by the weather conditions, and therefore, characterized by strong variability. As a result, power generation from these sources cannot easily be matched to the electricity demand, such as power generated from conventional plants. Integration of large amount of fluctuating renewable energy in the grid is a serious technical challenge for grid managers to ensure smooth operations of the grid. In India the balancing of renewable energy is left completely to the capability of states producing the energy from renewable sources. This is ineffective as the complete available balancing capacity of a region can never been activated, if necessary.

December 2016

InDepth

High penetrations of variable RE may require expanded transmission capacity to accommodate diverse RE locations and locations far from load, to enlarge balancing areas, to reduce nodes of transmission congestion, and to fully access flexible resources (generation, storage, and demand response). Installing this transmission, however, is a challenge; over land use changes, environmental damage, decreased property values, or health concerns. Further, who should pay for transmission investments and how these costs are allocated among ratepayers, stockholders, and others— can be an issue in some cases. Negotiating the balance between new transmission projects and the potential conflicts that arise often requires political leadership. Because the presence of wind and sunlight are both temporally and spatially outside human control, integrating wind and solar generation resources into the electricity grid involves managing other controllable operations that may affect many other parts of the grid, including conventional generation. These operations and activities occur along a multitude of time scales, from seconds to years, and include new dispatch strategies for rampable generation resources, load management, provision of ancillary services for frequency and voltage control, expansion of transmission capacity, utilization of energy storage technologies, and linking of grid operator dispatch planning with weather and resource forecasting. Solar energy is the most abundant and widely available source of energy. Solar PV panels are easy to install and are noise free. Moreover, their cost has already declined significantly with advances in technology. Wind has enormous potential with low associated operational cost and is ideal for remote locations, same as solar PV. A major drawback with respect to solar and wind energy is their intermittence and unpredictability, which make them less reliable. Moreover, wind speeds can be too low to support a wind turbine, making it a locationspecific resource. While solar energy is available almost everywhere, The essential insight to integration of variable RE is that its variability imposes the need for greater flexibility on the rest of the grid, from other (controllable) generators to transmission capacity to loads. Thus RE integration create challenges for both a plant operator and a system operator perspective..

Issues In Renewable Energy Integration: The uncertainty and variability of renewable energy generation can pose serious challenges for grid operations. Greater flexibility in the system may be needed to accommodate the supply side variability. The instance, in cases where renewable energy generation increases when load level fall for vice versa, additional actions are needed to balance the system The system should have sufficient resources to accommodate significant ramp-ups/downs in order to maintain balance. When wind and solar generation is available during the low load levels, conventional generation plants may need to back down to their minimum generation levels. Utilising all of the renewable energy would require conventional power plants to meet only the net load (demand

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minus renewable energy) which would require them to operate at a low out-put level. During periods when the net loads changes very rapidly, the grid operator must ensure rapid ramping up/down of generation. Moreover frequent turn-offs of conventional power plants can lead to equipment damage and decreased efficiency from thermal stress because of changes in output. Also such generation typically turns out to be expensive since the generation plants is used only for a short time. Further, most renewable energy sources are location specific and the energy thus generated may need to be transported over considerable distances. There are various stumbling blocks in India (including Tamil Nadu) that need to be ironed out if grid integration of renewable energy is to happen smoothly. The biggest constraint is the limited ability of operators to back down coal generation due to a variety of technical and economic reasons. Further, hydro power capacity available for balancing is not significantly enough. Hydro capacity is suited to be run in tandem with renewable power as these projects can be delinked from the grid or plugged back in a short notice. Transmission-level solar power plants provide real-time generation data to power system operators; whereas distributed solar power plants do not. That makes it difficult for a system operator to know whether an increase in net load is because of increasing demand or decreasing solar generation. Further, transmission-level solar power can be designed to maintain synchronization during faults of limited duration. However, current standards require distribution-level solar to quickly disconnect during these events. The result is that it may be more difficult to avoid or recover from some system disturbances. Severe fuel shortage is a big constraint for gas based power plants, which otherwise have the capability to respond to sudden variations in the output of solar and wind power plants. The variability of renewable energy sources has led to concerns regarding the reliability of an electric grid that derives a large fraction of its energy from these sources as well as the cost of reliably integrating large amount of variable generation into the electric grid. Because the wind doesn’t always blow and the sun doesn’t always shine at any given location, these have been increased need of precautionary measures for future energy system that use large amounts of variable renewable sources.

Challenge’s of Renewable Energy Integration Challenges to grid Operators The wind and solar energy are very extensively with season. If there is a high penetration of renewable energy, especially in solar, their will be a major backing down of thermal power during the day. It will also have to ramp up very quickly when the sun goes down, giving rise to a risk of curtailment unless systems are backed up properly in terms of storage or have enough flexibility to draw energy from where it is available. This is because the thermal power systems cannot ramp up so quickly. This will give rise to commercial and maintenance challenges.

InDepth

Generation must be co-located with the resource itself, and often these locations are far from the places where the power will ultimately be used. New transmission capacity is often required to connect wind and solar resources to the rest of the grid. Transmission costs are especially important for offshore wind resources, and such lines often necessitate the use of special technologies not found in land-based transmission lines.

Impacts to Fossil-Fueled Generators

Wind and solar generation both experience intermittency, a combination of non-controllable variability and partial unpredictability, and depend on resources that are location-dependent. These aspects create distinct challenges for generation owners and grid operators in integrating wind and solar generation. Variability of wind and solar resources refers to the fact that their output is not constant. Even if operators could predict the output of wind and solar plants perfectly, that output would still be variable, and pose specific challenges to the grid operator. Grid operators must deal with fluctuations in frequency and voltage on the transmission system that, if left unchecked, would damage the system as well as equipment on it. To do so, operators may order generators to inject power (active or reactive) into the grid not for sale to consumers, but in order to balance the actual and forecasted generation of power, which is necessary to maintain frequency and voltage on the grid.

The presence of additional wind and solar power on electric grids can cause coal or natural gas–fired plants to turn on and off more often or to modify their output levels more frequently to accommodate changes in variable generation. This type of cycling of fossil-fueled generators can result in an increase in wear-and-tear on the units and a decrease in efficiency, particularly from thermal stresses on equipment because of changes in output. Costs of cycling vary by type of generator. Generally, coal-fired thermal units have the highest cycling costs, although combined-cycle units and many combustion turbines, unless specifically designed to provide flexibility, can have significant costs as well. Hydropower turbines, internal combustion engines, and specially designed combustion turbines have the lowest cycling costs. For coal plants in particular, the impacts can include increased damage to a boiler as a result of thermal stresses, decreased efficiency from running a plant at part load, increased fuel use from more starts, and difficulties in maintaining steam chemistry and NOX control equipment. Start-up costs are also influenced by how cold a unit is when it is being started.

Non-controllable variability:

Recommendations

Wind and solar output varies in a way that generation operators cannot control, because wind speeds and available sunlight may vary from moment to moment, affecting moment-to-moment power output. This fluctuation in power output results in the need for additional energy to balance supply and demand on the grid on an instantaneous basis, as well as ancillary services such as frequency regulation and voltage support.

Scheduling of Renewable Energy:

The availability of wind and sunlight is partially unpredictable. A wind turbine may only produce electricity when the wind is blowing, and solar PV systems require the presence of sunlight in order to operate. Unpredictability can be managed through improved weather and generation forecasting technologies, the maintenance of reserves that stand ready to provide additional power when Renewable Energy generation produces less energy than predicted, and the availability of dispatchable load to “soak up” excess power when RE generation produces more energy than predicted.

Renewable Energy sources like wind and solar are variable, uncertain and intermittent because of which ensuring Load-Generation balance difficult at any given point of time. Therefore, it is important to keep the schedule of the generation to as near to actual generation as possible by forecasting and scheduling their generation. For Intra State Transmission System, CERC mandated forecasting and scheduling with applicability of deviation charges. As per the amendment in Indian Electricity Grid Code, wind and solar generators connected to Intra State Transmission System are required to forecasting and furnished its schedule of generation. In case any change in generation is predicted, the schedule can be revised from fourth time block. The level of renewable energy generation in India in terms of energy is presently around 6 to 7 percent. While the capability of generators to forecast generation and provide timely schedule are key requirements. Apart from the wind and solar generators, the other implementing institutions need to be geared up with adequate infrastructure and trained manpower.

Location dependence

Energy Storage Projects

The best wind and solar resources are based in specific locations and, unlike coal, gas, oil or uranium, cannot be transported to a generation site that is grid optimal.

Energy storage options need to be explored. Energy storage not only provides means to absorbe higher penetration of variable wind and solar generation into

Partial unpredictability:

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InDepthâ&#x20AC;&#x2030;

the electricity system, it also helps in effective utilization of transmission and distribution assets and enables the thermal generation plants to operate efficiently. Energy Storage projects is one of the most effective solution to address the lack of scheduling of renewable sources. These projects are required to be given a special status as they provide a mechanism to convert infirm power to firm power within a short period and ensure scheduling of renewable power in inter and intra state transactions Energy storage systems are an alternative option for both grid-connected and off-grid renewable energy systems. It also helps in strengthen the intermittent power flow from renewable energy sources. It captures the excess energy generated from renewable energy sources during low demand times in order to dispatch it during high demand times. Storage also helps in mitigating rapid changes in generation from renewable energy sources, which could be due to wind speed variability affecting generation or lower solar generation due to clouds. In such cases the stored energy offset outages. Energy storage separates generation from demand and thereby increases both grid flexibility and performance. Storage can reduce outages, lower pollution from fossil fuels and eventually enable a complete reliance on renewable sources.

Development of Micro grid Microgrids provide ways to use renewable energy in an efficient way. Large scale renewable based plants pose higher challenges to the grid with a higher risk of creating an imbalance in the system. Microgrids with energy storage and automation and controller systems keep the system stable even with the variable nature of renewable energy. Renewable energy can also be made reliable by using hybrid systems where more than one source of energy is used, which can complement each other. Clustering of microgrids having different renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, biomass and small hydro also help in stabilizing the system. Microgrids not only enable the maximum integration of renewable energy, but also provides for greater flexibility and better demand management. Also, microgrids do not require any changes in the transmission network.

Wind Turbineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in a grid frequency regulation approach. It is well established that the power system frequency is an indication of the balance between generation and load consumption. The inertial response of induced generators is a key-factor to counteract the frequency deviations of the power grid in face of the load increase or generation outage. The mass of the electrical machine axis can be employed as a counter-weight to act against the rotor deviation by delaying its shifting effects and imposing a stabilizing tendency.

Active power control by pitch control of the wind turbines With the increase penetration of wind power plants energy matrix, active power control should be necessary and will be achieved by providing the wind turbines of control features to act in their power output in order to meet set-points commands sent from the system operator to contribute to the frequency regulation of the power grid. The so-called pitch control allows the rotor blades in modern wind turbines to turn around their longitudinal axis in order to module the primary energy input according to the scheduled generation with the effect of providing power curtailment or ramp control. Ashok Upadhyay Dy. Director (Generation) M.P. Electricity Regulatory Commission Bhopal (M.P.)

Frequency control by use of inertial response in wind turbines It is well recognized that the variability and unpredictability of wind power sources can negatively influence the power system reliability due to steep output exhibited by the renewable sources in contrast with the controllable and gradual output response of conventional generation sources. There is need to provide regulation in order to maintain the necessary balance between generation and load, which in turn regulates the grid frequency. Modern Wind Turbine control system is designed with the premise of harnessing the active power control features that make it possible employing

December 2016

InFocus

The energy management system (EMS) at utility control centers collects real-time measurements to monitor current grid conditions. The EMS is also a suite of analytics that synthesizes these measurements to provide the grid operator with information to identify current problems and potential future problems. With evolving grid influences, such as growth of variable renewable generation resources, distributed generation, microgrids, demand response (DR), and customer engagement programs, managing the grid is becoming more challenging. Concurrently, however, there are nascent new technologies and advances in grid management schemes that will improve the ability to manage the future grid operations. These technologies include new subsecond synchrophasor measurements and analytics, advances in high- performance computing, visualization platforms, digital relays, cloud computing, and so on. Advances in grid management schemes include adding more intelligence at the substation and distribution systems, as well as microgrids and wide-area monitoring systems. One key initiative is to develop a predict-and-mitigate paradigm enabling anticipatory vision and timely decisions to mitigate potential problems before they spread to the rest of the grid. The word ‘‘proactive’’ means ‘‘to act now in anticipation of future problems.’’ Proactive grid management opportunities and solutions are described in this paper.

ONSCIOUSNESS is the process of creating a model of the world using multiple feedback loops in various parameters, in order to accomplish a goal.[1]. If you pardon a crude analogy, this paper describes opportunities and solutions to enhance the consciousness of the electric power grid.

changing. The grid management challenge is to ensure that these changing power system operating conditions stay within safe limits at all times—including potential and probable future contingencies.

The modern power grid is one of the most complex engineering machines in existence. Millions of components comprise the electricity supply chain, from generation to the end consumer. All these components must work reliably,

The power grids in the U.S. and many other developed countries are old and growing antiquated in many cases. The equipment (lines, transformers, generators, circuit breakers, relays, and so on) is, on average, almost 50 years old and many are well beyond their manufacturer’s specified life.

24 hours a day, seven days a week, to power our homes and businesses. Grid conditions are continually changing. Changes in electricity demand necessitate instantaneous changes in electricity production. Consequently, voltages, currents, and megawatt (MW) and megavar (MVar) power flows are constantly

Furthermore, the grid is typically spread across large and sparse geographical regions; these remote uninhabited locations are more vulnerable to potential physical attacks. Hence, successful management of the future grid will require additional intelligent technology and tools to support the grid operator.

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InFocus

The largest blackout in the history of the North American power grid occurred on August 14, 2003. The subsequent investigation identified four root causes for this historic collapse: 1) inadequate system understanding; 2) inadequate situational awareness; 3) inadequate tree trimming; and 4) inadequate reliability coordinator diagnostic support. Visibility of the early signs of the grid approaching a vulnerable state requires analytics to recognize the condition, as well as a wide-area view of the grid. The 2003 event report gave a sudden new prominence to the term ‘‘situational awareness.’’ In August 2012, India suffered two massive blackouts on two consecutive days, affecting billions of people. Unfortunately, given the complexity of the grid, we will continue to have blackouts in the future. Grid operators do not just want to know, ‘‘We have a problem!’’ Operators want to know how to fix the problem! Today, we are also seeing a rapid growth of new external influences, which add to the complexity of grid management. These include: 1) variable renewable energy resources VOLUME 2, NO. 2, JUNE 2015 2332-7707 © 2015 IEEE. Translations and content mining are permitted for academic research only. Personal use is also permitted, but republication/ redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards publications/rights/index.html for more information. 43 (wind, solar, and so on); 2) distributed generation (DG); 3) demand response (DR) programs; 4) microgrids and nanogrids; and 5) electricity markets. This paper presents the challenges of future grid management and offers some promising solutions to enhance our ability to be more proactive—to be able to anticipate future grid conditions and to quickly postulate decisions, which can be readily implemented to ensure continual grid security. Enabling technologies, such as high-performance computer processors, synchrophasor measurements, and advanced visualization platforms, are discussed.

(compared with failures on the distribution system)— hence the main focus is transmission system security.

Grid Management Today The modern energy management system (EMS) based on digital computers was developed in the 1960s to maintain the integrity and security of the power grid. Over the past five decades, EMS capabilities have continued to evolve. Today, most utilities have an EMS that focuses on real-time management of the transmission grid. The EMS receives measurements from the grid every 2–4 s. These measurements do not have time tags and have unknown variable latencies; they are also noisy and not necessarily accurate. The EMS applications were originally designed to handle these imperfect measurement characteristics. The EMS applications use these measurements to keep a pulse on the vital signs of the state of the grid by monitoring states, such as system frequency, voltages and angles at different substations, active and reactive flows on lines and transformers, and so on. These states are updated periodically and presented to the grid operator to facilitate decision making. Today’s grid management paradigm is basically reactive. It is like driving an automobile down a road and making steering decisions by only looking at the dashboard. The driver who makes decisions to ensure the automobile stays on the road is like the grid operator who makes decisions to ensure the grid is secure, so that customers’ lights stay on. Driving by dashboard becomes particularly challenging when the road ahead is not necessarily straight and flat. With today’s influences and trends, the road ahead is changing at a more rapid pace—it will have many more twists and turns, and hills and valleys. These influences and challenges are described in Section III.

Influences and Challenges Fig. 1 shows some of today’s influences on the grid that provide emerging challenges to the grid operator. Some of these are described as follows.

Current Status Power Grid Today The electricity supply chain consists of: 1) generation; 2) transmission; 3) distribution; and 4) customer loads. The entire supply chain needs to be reliable, secure, and resilient in order to ensure customer demand is met 24/7. The generation system is fairly self-managed and produces power that is transmitted across a transmission system at high voltages. The voltages are reduced at the customer locations, and the distribution system carries the power to the end-user or customer loads. A failure on the transmission system affects a disproportionately larger number of customers

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FIGURE 1. Today, the grid is being influenced by a new industry and business drivers.

Electricity Markets Electricity markets have provided additional incentives to operate the grid closer to its operational limits, in order to

InFocus

maximize transmission capacity, so as to supply the most economical power to customers. CHALLENGE: This means that market decisions may operate the grid in a way that an experienced grid operator has not seen before. Therefore, tribal knowledge goes by the wayside, and the operator needs to be more alert, and also needs more advanced grid management and visualization tools.

Growth of Renewable and Distributed Generation Resources With recent renewable energy regulations and mandates, renewable energy resources are being more aggressively deployed at various disparate locations on the grid. They are not necessarily close to load centers, but at locations that are optimal for the renewable energy resource—for example, where wind is more plentiful. CHALLENGE: These resources cannot be controlled by the grid operator and are not easily predictable or reliable. They do not provide rotational inertia to provide grid resiliency to ride through disturbances. They may introduce new harmonics, which affect power quality. They may be located far from load centers, and may need long transmission systems—akin to a long extension cord.

CHALLENGE: Training programs will need to be accelerated to attract, train, and retain the next generation of utility grid management experts.

Emerging Grid Management Solutions In addition to the mature EMS, new grid management solutions are being deployed. These include the following.

Distribution Management Systems The distribution management system (DMS) addresses solutions for the lower voltage distribution network. The DMS provides advanced monitoring, analytic, and visualization capabilities to manage the distribution system. These systems provide power from the transmission grid to the end customer. DMS provides positive reinforcement support to the transmission system, since if the distribution system is more effectively monitored and managed, it naturally helps to improve the management of the transmission system. The DMS also acts as a mitigating buffer between the customer and the transmission system problems.

These are customer incentive programs that curtail demand at the grid level and the consumer level based on grid operating

In North America, these tend to be unbalanced across the three phases of electricity supply, unlike the transmission system, which is closer to being more well-balanced. They consist of a suite of three-phase monitoring capabilities and analytics presented on a geographical view of the grid. Analytics include fault location, fault isolation, and intelligent switching schemes to quickly restore power to affected customers. Additional analytics continue to be developed to augment DMS capabilities.

conditions—such as peak load or high electricity price in the region.

Outage Management System

Demand Response and Customer Engagement Programs

CHALLENGE: When these programs are invoked (and reinstated), they cause a sudden unplanned spike in demand that needs to be managed.

Power Electronic Loads Because of their efficiency and cost effectiveness, an increasing number of new power electronics-based loads are being deployed. CHALLENGE: In the past, load characteristics were such that when frequency or voltage dipped demand also automatically reduced, which helped during a grid emergency. The new load characteristics are typically constant power, meaning that as voltage and frequency dips, they continue to draw the same amount of power—this means that they do not provide any support during emergencies.

Aging of the Work Force Many utilities around the world are facing the problem of a large number of their work force becoming eligible for retirement in the next 5–10 years. As these experts retire, years of on-the-job grid management expertise and tribal knowledge will be lost—although some of this tribal knowledge may not be as relevant in evolving the future grid environment.

Outage management systems are being implemented, which can be used during emergencies to identify affected customers and restore power much more quickly. These are being integrated with DMS as well; they are called integrated DMS or advanced DMS.

Generation Management Systems Generation management systems (GMSs) provide solutions for the unique requirements for generation fleet management, CO2-free generation, and energy efficiency. These are being enhanced to handle renewable energy resources, which are less predictable than conventional generation, and which also are not typically controllable from a central site.

Substation Automation Solutions Advanced monitoring, intelligence, and automation are being added at substations. This allows local system conditions to be monitored and managed more effectively. In addition, when problems are detected, local control can be deployed to mitigate their propagation and impact on the rest of the grid. Substation analytics also provide real-time monitoring of dynamic line ratings, so operational limits on lines and transformers can adapt in real time to safely ensure maximum utilization of existing grid assets.

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Intelligent data filtering and validation occurs at the substation, before data is sent to the EMS. This provides the EMS with more clean, coherent, correlated, and validated data, which in turn improves the performance of EMS analytics, system-wide optimization, and operator decision making.

Demand Response Programs DR allows utilities to provide incentives to their electricity customers to encourage them to reduce their consumption during periods of peak demand or to shift their use to another time when supply is more plentiful or more economical. DR allows utilities to manage the grid reliability by more effectively smoothing demand peaks and efficiently balancing real-time supply and demand. DR systems connect the electric utility back office to the consumer by managing the full life cycle of the retail DR process including: 1) program creation; 2) resource registration; 3) program enrollment; 4) event notification; 5) performance measurement and verification; and 6) settlement calculations. Many utilities are deploying advanced DR schemes that curtail blocks of customer load when grid conditions warrant. The primary intent is to avoid incurring high local market prices and to support peak load shaving.

Distributed Energy Resource Management Systems Distributed energy resources (DERs) are small, closer to the load, generation (including variable renewables), storage devices, DR, and electric vehicle charging at all voltage levels throughout the distribution network. With the growth of DG in distribution systems, new management programs are being implemented to manage and optimize a portfolio of DERs.

Microgrids and Nanogrids There is a growing trend for regional entities to work toward being more self-sufficient and less reliant on the transmission grid. This means that they primarily use local generation and storage to serve customer load in their region. The grid is used more as a lifeline during emergencies. These microgrids could operate as zero net energy systems (ZNESs) or as predictable net energy systems (PNESs) to the grid. This means the grid operator would have an energy schedule for the microgrid, which could be factored in for managing the grid at the central utility level. Smaller scale microgrids, called nanogrids, are also emerging. These could be a house or office. Its criteria is that it: 1) is all at the same voltage; 2) has a local load and possibly local storage; and 3) has a link to the utility grid.

Wide-Area Monitoring Systems With the growth of phasor measurement units (PMUs) being deployed across grids, wide-area monitoring systems (WAMSs) are increasingly being implemented

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to collect data from PMUs and to monitor transmission system conditions over larger geographical areas than before. The objective is fast detection of locations of sudden disturbances and grid instabilities. Many of these WAMS deployments show information on a geographical information system (GIS) background— GIS provides a geographical map overview. This visualization is a significant departure from traditional EMS displays.

Technology Trends and Opportunities Today, there are some technology trends that benefit grid management. Some are hard trends, and some are soft trends [2]. Hard trends are those which will almost certainly happen and are difficult to influence. Soft trends are those that can be influenced—by regulations, industry, and humans, as well as other concurrent trends. Technology solution trends that help enhance grid management are described here; these include the following.

High-Performance Computers Over the past decade, computer processor speeds have continued to significantly increase. Moore’s law states that ‘‘computing processing power doubles every 18 months.’’ Barring a slowdown in the 1970s, this has basically been consistent ever since [2]. Doubling every 18 months, think about what that means! In fact, ‘‘a research team at Intel agreed that there is no end in sight to the continuous impact of Moore’s law, because we keep innovating’’[2]. Concurrently, processor prices have been declining. The improved price/performance benefits have enabled companies to deploy an increasing number of highperformance computers at control centers and to solve problems at unprecedented speeds. OPPORTUNITY: Control centers can perform more complex and more computationally intensive tasks much faster and more affordably than ever before. A major utility in the Midwest U.S. currently runs an 30 000+ bus state estimator every 30 s with a suite of distributed processors—20 years ago, a 3000 bus model was considered a huge computational challenge. Capabilities will only get faster in the future.

Distributed Parallel Processors Distributed parallel processors are now being utilized at control centers to speedup the solution process of certain computationally intensive functions, such as contingency analysis and dynamic stability analysis. OPPORTUNITY: This allows us to process many more contingency scenarios simultaneously. This provides valuable information about potential imminent threats to the grid. The same major utility in the Midwest U.S. runs many thousands of potential what-if contingency scenarios every 90 s. This provides an invaluable look ahead to identify potential future risks. This vastly aids the grid operators’ mental processing.

InFocus

Synchrophasor Measurements

Advanced Protection and Control Relays

Synchrophasor PMUs are being increasingly deployed across transmission power grids worldwide. With each PMU capturing 12–16 measurements up to 60 times each second with precise time tags, operators will be armed with a degree of grid visibility that is unprecedented in the history of grid management. PMUs produce subsecond high-resolution grid measurements, which augment the traditional every 2–4 s supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) measurements. Today, synchrophasor technology covers all genera- tions of substations, from conventional to full digital.

Advances in modern digital relays provide for more reliable grid operation. These digital relays are more reliable under a wide range of operating and weather conditions. Some modern relays can also be upgraded with a global positioning system to provide synchronized substation measurements.

OPPORTUNITY: For the first time in history, grid operators will be provided with a time-synchronized view of grid conditions. This changes the way we can monitor grid conditions dramatically, akin to a high-definition microscopic picture, with much greater resolution and at a faster rate.

Advanced Visualization Platforms

Synchrophasor Analytics A new class of grid analytics is being introduced into the utility control room. Today, transmission control centers are deploying PMU measurement-based analytics that augment the traditional model-based EMS analytics. These analytics monitor system oscillations, identify poorly damped oscillations, disturbance locations (and disturbances external to one’s SCADA system), and islanding conditions, and provide for fast postevent analysis. OPPORTUNITY: This provides operators with new tools to monitor grid conditions with greater resolution and identify threats that cannot be detected by the EMS, so that more timely and informed decisions can be made more quickly and with greater confidence.

Smart Meters As part of the DOE stimulus grants in 2008, a number of utilities cofunded the deployment of a large number of smart digital meters outside homes. These meters provide information, such as home electricity usage, hourly or more frequently during the 24 h/day. These meters are capable of providing two-way communication back to the utility as well. These help facilitate better close to real-time communication and interactions between homes and utilities. In other words, it is a real-time link between the homes and the utilities. OPPORTUNITY: With the growth of smart meters at homes, a wealth of useful energy consumption data are being collected by utilities. Like PMU data, these are unprecedented volumes of 24 × 7 grid monitoring data that are becoming available. Many have called this big data. Advanced metering infrastructures (AMI) data assist in verifying outage areas and subsequent service restoration. Meter data management software solutions are being developed. This wealth of close to real time, residential use data provides opportunities to develop innovative analytics to implement optimal, timely energy savings programs, such as DR.

OPPORTUNITY: Many existing relays can be upgraded in the field to provide new synchronized measurements that could be used beneficially at substations and the EMS. Advanced visualization frameworks are being deployed to synthesize information from various data sources to analytics, providing operators valuable information from diverse sources, from across the grid. These are typically displayed on a geographical map of the region. EMS displays traditionally have not used geographical displays. OPPORTUNITY: This provides a more holistic and comprehensive view of grid conditions, which in turn provides for better grid situational awareness and actionable information, facilitating better operator decision making.

Modern Fast-Acting Grid Controls Today, there is a diverse variety of thyristor-based grid controllers available. Thyristor-based control devices are very fast, and respond within milliseconds. These include flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS): 1) shunt devices, such as static var compensators (SVC) and static synchronous compensators (STAT-COM); 2) series devices, such as thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSC) and static synchronous series compensators (SSSC); and 3) combined devices, such as unified power flow controllers (UPFC) and interline power flow controllers (IPFC). Today’s high voltage direct current (HVDC) technology is based on solid- state devices and can provide control support as well. OPPORTUNITY: These grid controllers provide subsecond response capabilities, which are invaluable to grid protection during emergencies that necessitate immediate control action.

Loud Computing According to Wikipedia, cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers.1 It relies on the sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale. Cloud computing focuses on maximizing the effectiveness of the shared resources and should maximize the use of computing power. OPPORTUNITY: With cloud computing, multiple users can access a single server to retrieve and update their data without purchasing licenses for different applications. It provides access to greater computational

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power and shared intelligence for a larger cross section of users who have shared objectives.

The following areas of proactive grid management solutions are presented:

Enterprise-Wide Dedicated Communication Networks

1) decision support systems (DSSs);

The advent of deterministic and QoS-controlled technologies for the wide-area transport of Ethernet is substantially enhancing dedicated communication networks. It is also drastically reducing the cost per bandwidth of secure and time-controlled information exchanges between electrical grid sites and processing and control platforms. Common information models and IED communication standards, on the other hand, render possible close interactions between previously isolated silos in one or multiple utilities. Some are being implemented and dedicated to handle data collection from the growing PMU deployments.

2) synchrophasor solutions;

OPPORTUNITY: Large amounts of data can be fluidly exchanged in a secure and prompt manner enabling new protection and control applications, remedial action schemes, grid analytics, asset monitoring, and maintenance support, as well as other network-wide situation-awareness applications.

3) symbiotic integration of synchrophasors acting controls.

with

fast

Decision Support Systems DSS is a control center function that builds on and augments traditional EMS grid analytics. Fig. 2 shows the additional intelligence and awareness that DSS provides. action closer to when the risk actually materializes. Fig. 3 shows the DSS look ahead analysis, and shows how preventive action at the appropriate time could avert a potential grid problem.

Energy Storage Development of affordable energy storage solutions continue to be an industry priority. With growth of electric vehicles, renewable energy plants, microgrids, and other external influences, the need for more affordable and reliable energy storage is more important than ever. It continues to be a major focus of research and development. Today, lithium- ion battery technology is promising, as seen with electric vehicles. However, many other storage solutions (such as flow batteries, compressed air, flywheels, hydrogen, and so on) are being researched and tested, and may suddenly bring new affordable products to market. OPPORTUNITY: Affordable energy storage is a game-changer, a panacea for grid management. It will have an immediate beneficial positive impact on virtually all the different grid management solutions described above. It is a cat- alyst that will enable and spur growth in various industry and grid sectors, such as electric vehicles, microgrids, nanogrids, regional grid management, renewables integration, EMS, DMS, distributed energy resource management systems, and so on.

Proactive Grid Management The word ‘‘proactive’’ means controlling a situation by making things happen, or by preparing for possible future problems or acting in anticipation of future problems. Proactive grid management is akin to driving an automobile down a road and making steering decisions by also looking through the windshield to see what the road ahead looks like. This improves the driver’s steering decisions to ensure that the automobile stays safely on the road.

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FIGURE 2. Basic EMS applications augmented by the proactive DSS function.

The original concept behind DSS was initiated after the 2003 U.S. blackout. The blackout report concluded that there was a lack of situational awareness. This lead to the development of advanced visualization solutions, which facilitated useful projections of future grid conditions. DSS exploits high-performance computers and multicore, parallel, and distributed processing. The current EMS state is used to initialize the dispatcher training simulator (DTS). The DTS then uses the known operation schedules (generation, interchange, and so on) and a load forecast to run scenarios for the next 15–30 min. With the high-performance processors and multiple parallel processors, numerous future scenarios can run faster than real-time to provide various possible operating projections. This provides visibility into what the immediate future might look like. An envelope of best case and worst case scenarios can be generated and displayed; these can be updated periodically as system conditions change. If a potential future risk is identified, the operator may decide to take a preventive action now, or may wait to take a corrective

InFocus

so we know the precise time of the measurement, unlike SCADA data. Using historical data from PMUs along with historical SCADA data makes the event recreation much more deterministic and much faster, since PMU data time tags can be used to improve correlation of SCADA data. NERC has asserted that postevent analyses that used to take months of effort, with SCADA data only, are now done in just weeks when we use SCADA and PMU data. Historical pre-event PMU and EMS data can also be analyzed to determine if there are any precursor signals or characteristics that typically precede such an event. These precursors can be synthesized over time to develop online trigger signatures for use in real time.

FIGURE 3. Implementation of look-ahead analytics at the control center.

Fig. 4 shows a DSS implementation at the control center. The state estimator (SE) and DTS are shown in the upper left; the DTS scenarios are run on the high-performance parallel DSS servers. Multiple DSS engineering work stations may be used by multiple concurrent users to define, create, monitor, analyze, compile, and manage the look ahead analyses. Information and results from the look ahead scenarios are then used to augment traditional EMS displays, as well as the mapboard.

Historical post-event data can also be analyzed with the EMS models to determine corrective actions that could have been implemented and to mitigate the impact of the event. The precursor triggers can be used to alert the operator in real time. The alert can then be used to quickly determine whether a preventive action is warranted or whether a predetermined corrective action should be implemented, if the event actually does occur.

Faster and Improved Monitoring of Grid Stress PMU voltage angle differences (ADs) between two different grid locations indicate the MW transfer and electrical distance (impedance) between the two locations. If the AD suddenly increases, it is an indication of increased grid stress, meaning that either the MW transfer has increased or the electrical network has weakened due to a line outage. The AD alert is a much faster indication (since it uses PMU subsecond data) than what SCADA provides today. It can span boundaries with neighbors and data from the neighbors PMUs. The AD alert is a much more holistic and comprehensive alert than just measuring MW flows against MW limits, since the alert also encapsulates the weakening of the grid network.

Monitoring Grid Oscillations FIGURE 4. Overview of a DSS at the control center.

Synchrophasor Solutions Some potential promising opportunities for proactive grid management using synchrophasor measurements are described as follows.

Baselining Archived Grid Data For Event Signatures With the rapid growth of PMUs, utilities are accumulating a wealth of synchrophasor data in their archives. This data, when combined with SCADA and EMS data archives, provide an unprecedented opportunity to more accurately analyze past events (and disturbances) and also to develop event signatures for online use. The benefit of PMU data is that they are subsecond measurements, and more importantly have time tags,

Oscillations occur continually in the grid. These are typically well damped and disappear over time. Occasionally, an oscillation becomes undamped and grows in magnitude over time. This could lead to a grid event that compromises grid integrity. Today, numerous solutions are available that use PMU data to quickly determine oscillation characteristics: frequency, magnitude, mode shape, and damping. Coherent groups of generators can also be identified. These solutions quickly alert the operator to oscillations that may cause problems and trigger operator action as needed.

Detecting Disturbances External to Oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Jurisdiction Disturbances within oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own EMS system are determined at the SCADA scan rate through sudden topology changes and analog measurement changes. Disturbances in neighboring systems are typically noticed as system frequency changes, indicating a sudden

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generation-load imbalance that has occurred somewhere in the interconnection. Today’s EMS does not tell the operator, the specific location of an external disturbance.

dynamic trends at the terminal, which is then used offline to calculate, validate, and improve the dynamic model parameters.

With the growth of PMUs utilities of an interconnection are sharing PMU data. For example, PMU data sharing agreements have been signed by the members of the Western U.S. interconnection and a process has been initiated for the large Eastern U.S. interconnection as well.

With greater trust in the accuracy of the line and generator dynamic model parameters, operational safety margins on congested corridors could be more confidently relaxed. This releases latent transmission capacity and increases transmission transfer capabilities.

PMU data across the interconnection are being used to triangulate and identify the specific location of the disturbance, at a rate much faster than SCADA; this could be a location within one’s own SCADA purview, or somewhere else in the interconnection.

Identify Islanding Situations in the Grid PMU data measure frequencies and voltage angles across the interconnection. These can be used to quickly identify when an island has been created, meaning a portion of the grid has disconnected from the rest of the interconnection. PMU data can subsequently be used to monitor and resynchronize the island with the grid: wait until island frequency stabilizes and comes close to the interconnection frequency, and when angles across the reclosing breaker come close to each other, PMU data can be used as a synchrocheck relay for the grid.

Symbiotic Integration of Synchrophasors with Fast Acting Controls Local Substation Control Substation automation solution implementations can be enhanced by coupling PMUs with fast-acting thyristorbased devices, such as SVCs or FACTs, to mitigate local problems before they propagate out of the substation to the rest of the grid. Fig. 5 shows the various fast-acting controls (x -axis) that are available and can respond at a subsecond rate when PMUs and PMU analytics detect grid problems (y-axis). Grid problems include those related to voltage, phase balancing, poorly damped oscillations, angular instability, and so on.

Substation State Estimation Substation automation analytics are being enhanced utilizing synchrophasor data, along with other available local station data, and a substation network model is used to improve the quality of real-time monitoring of conditions at the substation. Basic Kirchoff’s current and voltage laws are enforced; if these laws are violated, corrections are made, or anomalous data is flagged as ‘‘do not use—suspect.’’ With PMU data and substation configuration, operational limits can be monitored at a much faster rate, and could identify problems and risks more quickly. Benefits to the EMS include faster alerts to problems at the substation, and more importantly, clean, validated, and trust- worthy SCADA measurements, which in turn helps improve EMS state estimator performance, reliability, and accuracy.

Maximize Asset Utilization One key benefit of adding synchrophasor analytics at the EMS is the ability to validate and improve the model data used by the EMS analytics. Transmission line parameters can be precisely calculated in real time using PMUs at each end of the line. PMUs provide voltages, currents, and angles at both the ends of the line, in perfect time synchronism, which can be used to precisely and accurately calculate the line impedance using Ohm’s law. Generator dynamic model data can be validated and improved with a PMU at the generator terminal. During a disturbance, the PMU captures the voltage and angle

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FIGURE 5. Taxonomy of available fast-acting controls for mitigating different types of grid problems.

Renewable Energy Integration The variability problem of renewable energy resources could be mitigated partially with a control system, which includes PMUs, fast-acting controls, and local energy storage devices. Grid operators will be more favorably disposed to accept renewable energy growth if their behavior and impact on grid operations can be made more predictable.

Predictable Net Energy Systems Microgrids are built to be primarily self-sufficient, more resilient, and less reliant on the transmission grid. Customers in a microgrid are not fully dependent on the trans-mission grid, and only need the grid during emergencies. Nanogrids are individual customers who may or may not belong to a microgrid.

InFocus

FIGURE 6. Evolution toward a more proactive grid and automated management paradigm.

This is a radical shift from the transmission system being the life blood to now becoming just a life line. Microgrids can be considered PNESs. If they are fully self- sufficient, they would be ZNESs, meaning they do not rely on the grid for normal operation. They could also be partially reliant on the grid and could provide a net energy schedule to grid operators. This would improve the ability to manage the grid at the system level. They could also be net suppliers to the grid and could provide grid operators with a net energy supply schedule. As PNESs grow, the grid operator could be provided with future net energy schedules from each PNES, which in turn helps make normal system-level grid management more man- ageable. Conversely, during system emergencies, the PNES entities could conceivably provide support to the grid to manage the grid situation.

Future Grid Management Advances in technology and grid management schemes are modernizing operations and are transitioning us from an observe and control, reactive paradigm, toward a more integrated proactive paradigm.

FIGURE 7. Traditional grid management is evolving to handle the challenges of the future grid. The basic message is that control actions to mitigate grid problems will need to be orders of magnitude faster.

implementing wide-area control will be introduced. Fig. 7 is an overview and response times of how traditional grid management solutions are evolving. Fig. 8 shows the various sources of grid information that are available today. Data from these sources need to be synthesized into useful information for operator action.

Tfr1â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Device Protection Time frames of response (TFR) is on the left-hand side of Fig. 9. The response time is < 200 ms. These grid sentinels focus on automatic protection of power system devices in the field, device conditions are continually monitored, and when adverse conditions are detected, the device is immediately isolated from the grid to prevent damage. This has been in existence since the power grid was originally deployed, and continues to advance with digital relays and other advanced technologies. These are fast-acting, automatic, and protection relay types of control actions.

The next generation EMS builds on these advances by adding more intelligence to the EMS. This includes enhancing the EMS with advanced decision support tools and integration of fast synchronized measurement technologies. Fig. 6. shows analytics and intelligence for future utility grid management. The three areas are: 1) control room operations; 2) engineering analysis; and 3) wide-area control. Today, grid management intelligence is being added, and will continue to be added, to EMS control rooms and planning and engineering functions. Over time, as confidence in the new intelligence and analytics grows, strategies for

FIGURE 8. Advances in situational awareness.

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InFocus

FIGURE 9. TFR for different grid phenomena that need to be monitored and controlled in order to preserve grid integrity.

Tfr3—System-Wide Protection Control room solutions are shown on the right-hand side of Fig. 9. These include the mature EMS, the growing DMS, and the emerging WAMS and have time frames of response in the 15 s to hours range. These are system-wide monitoring and control solutions that provide awareness and some level of automated closed-loop control. These slower time frame automated controls include automatic generation control, which is an integral part of the EMS, which runs every 4–10 s. They also include on demand as needed functions, which are automatically invoked during emergencies, such as volt-Var controls, load shedding (for voltage and

frequency violations), and special protection schemes or remedial action schemes, which are uniquely customized for the utility’s grid network. During system emergencies, the human operator is also involved in directing and implementing mitigation measures. These are human in the loop types of actions.

Tfr2—Subsystem Protection—The Gap The middle of Fig. 9 shows the gap between device protection and system-wide protection; the grid phenomena in the range are not being addressed adequately today. These are phenomena in the 200 ms to 15 s time frame. As the ubiquitous signs in the London underground tube trains state, ‘‘mind the gap’’—that phrase is particularly apropo here, insofar as it relates to grid management.

FIGURE 10. Integrated suite of solutions for managing the future grid.

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Events in this region typically stay invisible and only become visible after they grow in severity and manifest themselves in the TFR1 or TFR3 regions—meaning only when they grow and become a risk to device safety or grid system security. Once they become visible, they typically have grown into a much bigger event, and are more difficult to manage. This is the control gap that needs attention to provide

InFocus

more comprehensive and holistic grid management. This would proactively nip the grid problem in the bud.

exchange real-time data between the ISO and the TOs and the different levels of an EMS hierarchy.

Fig. 7 shows that, for the transmission system, combining PMUs with FACTS is a suitable solution for handling the challenges of the future grid. Fig. 5 shows the types of fast- acting controls that are available and which ones are suited for handling specific grid dynamic problems.

DMSs also provide active management of the lower voltage distribution network. This is turn benefits the high-voltage transmission network, since problems originating in the low-voltage grid are being addressed locally.

Innovative and creative PMU synchrophasor-based automation solutions are very promising for addressing this control gap time frame. These solutions are primarily focused on substation and regional grid security, and focus on subsystem portions of the interconnection.

With the growth and proliferation of predictable net energy systems (PNESs), microgrids, DMSs, and their ilk, subsets of the interconnected grid are becoming more actively self-managed and more predictable. These could be treated as the lowest level of grid management hierarchy, relative to a parent EMS. For example, at India’s multilevel EMS, these would be at a level below the subLDC. As behaviors of larger portions and subsystems of the grid become more predictable and self-managed, overall grid management will naturally improve.

Since these phenomena occur in the subsecond time frame, they are much too fast for human operator oversight and hence necessitate fast automatic closedloop control actions. These solutions provide proactive grid management— or nipping a problem in the bud before it becomes a more severe threat. Fig. 10 shows how the future grid management will most likely look like. WAMS will be the source of the fast PMU subsecond measurements. These WAMS measurements can then be used to implement, drive, or augment other grid management solutions. The rates at which these PMU measurements are used are dependent on the nature of the analytics being performed: 1) EMS: at a 1 s rate; 2) Synchrophasor analytics: at subsecond rates; 3) Substation automation analytics: at subsecond rates; 4) New smart grid applications: any desired rate; 5) distribution system analytics: any desired rate; 6) GMSs, for renewables integration and dynamic model validation: subsecond rates;

Conclusion For decades, the power grid has been operated on an essentially reactive paradigm. Real-time measurements are received every few seconds, are analyzed, and then are displayed to the grid operator. The operator then makes a mental projection of immediate future grid conditions to assess potential risks. Based on the current EMS state and operator projections, decisions are postulated and implemented (as needed) to ensure integrity of the grid. With technology advances and evolving grid management schemes, we are poised to implement intelligent solutions for predict and mitigate paradigm. The fertile areas for development of practical solutions include: 1) DSSs; 2) synchrophasor solutions; and 3) integration of synchrophasors with fast thyristor-based controls. These solutions bear significant promise to help improve reliability, security, resiliency, capacity, and efficiency of future grid operations.

7) PNESs: any desired rate. As these solutions mature and gain acceptance, automated control schemes can then be implemented, first at substations, and later at centralized WAMS and EMS for wide-area control.

Decentralized Grid Management Solutions The EMS was initially designed as a single, centralized command and control system, for the utility. It was deemed the nerve center or brain of utility grid management. Over the past decades, large utilities have been moving toward more decentralized management. Examples include independent system operators (ISOs), which are comprised of many transmission owners (TOs). In addition, some large grids have implemented a hierarchy of EMS functions. For example, in India, the grid has four levels: 1) a national load dispatch center (entire country); 2) regional load dispatch centers (groups of states); 3) state load dispatch centers (each state); and 4) subload dispatch centers (sub-LDCs) (subsystems within a state). There are stipulated procedures and process to

REFERENCES [1] M. Kaku, ‘‘Consciousness—A physicist’s viewpoint,’’ in The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind, 1st ed. New York, NY, USA: DoubleDay, 2014. [2] D. Burrus, ‘‘Accelerator 1: Processing power,’’ in Flash Foresight: How to See the Invisible and Do the Impossible, 1st ed. New York, NY, USA: Harper Collins, 2011, pp. 63–66. [3] J. Giri, M. Parashar, J. Trehern, and V. Madani, ‘‘The situation room: Control center analytics for enhanced situational awareness,’’ IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 24–39, Sep./Oct. 2012. [4] J. Giri, ‘‘Benefits of synchrophasors in operation of the future grid,’’ presented at the Cigre U.S. Nat. Committee, 2012 Grid Future Symp., Kansas City, MO, USA, Oct. 2012. [5] J. Giri, D. Sun, and R. Avila-Rosales, ‘‘Wanted: A more intelligent grid,’’ IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 34–40, Jan./Feb. 2009. ▪

JAY GIRI

(Life Fellow, IEEE) Alstom Grid, Redmond, WA 98052 USA CORRESPONDING

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CaseStudy

he increasing generating costs are resulting in rise in power tariffs adding to the costs thereby affecting the profitability. There is a growing trend in the industry towards cost reductions as a means to increase its profitability. Three major costs elements in any sector are: 1. Raw material costs 2. Labour Costs, 3. Operational costs.

Manufacturers have no direct control over the raw material and labour costs. However, they can influence operational costs by controlling the energy costs which are a major component in operations. This can be done through energy conservation measures & effective energy management. Energy Conservation (EC) is gaining importance today and a lot of efforts are put for its implementation through the 3 main stake holders â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Regulators, Manufacturers / Suppliers and End Users.

Regulatory Measures Regulatory Measures like energy conservation act, government directives and regulations are in place to emphasize adoption of energy efficiency standards through incentives and penalties. There are different funding schemes in place for energy conservation measures in the industries to address the financial implications.

Manufacturers Manufacturers develop and supply energy efficient equipment, systems and technologies that can assure good paybacks from the investments in using the same. They also allocate resources in marketing activities for awareness creation, support adoption.

The consumers and end users (industries) The consumers and end users (industries) undertake energy conservation measures in their industries and areas of operations to accrue savings thereby reducing operational costs and increasing profits. The government incentives motivate them to undertake such initiatives. The industries proactively undertake measures to save energy voluntarily. They identify the potential areas for energy saving. Electrical motors are the most important type of electrical load in our industry. It is estimated that almost 35-40% of the global energy is consumed in motors. Of the total Electrical Energy consumed in Industry on an average 70% flows through Electric Motors. In other words electric motors are the work horses in the industries. Therefore, Electric Motors are the most important element of any Energy conservation program in an industry. One such measure undertaken in one of the continuous process industry is given below. Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers (RCF) for a Cooling Tower fan motor application An 110kW, 4-pole with was being used for cooling tower fan. Since actual load requirement was less the fan was modified and actual loading was less than 75 kW. Hence a 75kW motor was used. The comparative performance was as under for annual running of 8760 hours:

In case of down size to single speed 75kW motor Actual Units consumed after redesigning the motor to 75 kW at 94.5% eff (kWh)

695238kWh

Savings @ Rs.4 per unit (Rs.)

Rs. 106960

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CaseStudy

Time of operation per day

Voltage (V)

Frequency (f)

Power

6.00 AM to 8.00 PM

415

8.00 PM to 415 6.00 AM Actual Units consumed per annum (8760 hours)– kWh

(eff %)

Power factor (pf)

No. of hours of running (t)

demand

127

94.50%

0.87

90.40%

0.54

Efficiency

(kW)

Current (I)

kVA

486308

Units Saved

208930

Revenue saved @ Rs.4 p.u

835720

During night time the outside ambient temperature is low. Hence the motor is not needed to run at full speed. This was the observation at the field. Hence the motor was converted to a two-speed winding as below: 1. 75kW rating for 14 hours from 6.00 AM to 8.00 PM 2. 20 kW rating for 10 hours from 8:00 PM to 6.00 AM The accrued savings were as under with the 2 speed motor:

Final Result Instead of downsizing to single speed motor the innovative idea to use a double speed motor as per the application needs had a clear cut advantage of higher saving as well as kVA demand reduction. Hence M/s RCF converted 10 such motors at their Chembur plant. They also decided to replicate the same at their Thal plant. ▪

1800/-

1000/1800/2400/-

December 2016

2400/-

Rs.____________ / US $ 120 or payment advice to our Account No.11751 “Bank of India”, Worli Branch, Pankaj Mansion, Dr A.B.Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018 is enclosed

Techspace

n a thermal power plant, power distribution follows a unitized and a station concept. All the auxiliaries, which are required to run for the successful operation of the unit, are connected to unit buses. All auxiliaries that cater to services which are common to the station are connected to station buses. On interruption of supply to various buses, changeover from one supply to the other is resorted to, based on the functional requirement. This article covers types of changeover schemes and related philosophies. Principles behind fast transfer, inphase transfer and slow transfer are explained. Analytical expressions characterizing dynamic performance of induction motor performance during such changeover are given. Site measurements of run down characteristics of large induction motor are presented and compared with theoretical values. The article ends with remarks on features of reacceleration schemes.

System Description

the unit reaches approximately 30 % load, the supply to unit bus is switched over to unit transformer without interruption. This changeover is done manually with appropriate provisions to ensure synchronism between the station to unit tie breaker (Bkr B) and the incoming supply (Bkr A). In this changeover the two supplies are momentarily paralleled and thereafter the tie (Bkr B) is automatically tripped. This changeover is called “Manual Live changeover”. It is essentially a “make before break” scheme. Standard schemes for same are available.

Need for Fast Auto changeover in power plant auxiliary system In a power station, boiler takes longest time to start up, typically six to eight hours. Therefore, after a unit trip under certain conditions, practices have evolved in which the boilers are kept in operation to give an opportunity to the operation personnel to determine whether the unit can be brought back quickly or it will take a long time to

1A typical SLD of auxiliary system in conventional Power Plant (without Generator Circuit breaker (GCB)) is shown in Fig.1. The Unit Auxiliary Transformers (UAT) derive power from the generator terminals and deliver it to the unit buses (Buses 1 & 2). The Station transformers (ST) derive power from EHV buses and delivers to the station buses (Buses 3 to 6).

Manual Live Changeover During start up of a unit, there is no power at the generator terminals. During this time the unit bus is fed from the station transformer through the station bus and the respective station to unit ties. Post synchronization, when

Fig.1 SLD of Auxiliary System in Power Plant (Without GCB)

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Techspace

fix the problem. In case of the later, the boiler is then hand tripped. The faults in the unit are classified as Class A, Class B and Class C. hh

Class A trip involves a serious electrical fault like differential, stator earth fault etc and is considered to be the most onerous in terms of the shock on the unit. Since it involves electrical faults that can result in extensive damage to equipment, connections from both generator and EHV bus(Bkr E) are immediately switched off to limit the Fig.2 Bus Voltage and Frequency profile of 6.6kV Unit Bus damage at the fault point and also to isolate the healthy system. Hence the unit (turbine, of which are explained very succinctly in [2]. Most generator and boiler) has to be tripped. manufacturers offer FBT scheme with following features.

Class B primarily relates to mechanical problems. There is no electrical fault. This results in tripping of turbine followed by generator on reverse power.

Class C involves basically un-cleared system related problems in grid like under/over frequency, under/ over voltage, etc. This does not necessitate tripping of the unit. Only Bkr E is tripped. The unit operates on house load in ‘islanded mode’.

In Class B / C trip, it is desirable to keep the boiler operational. This is to enable the operations staff to bring back the unit quickly if the problem can be identified and fixed in a short time. Normally the system is provided with HP-LP bypass system through which the steam cycle is maintained. To sustain the steam cycle, it is important that the related auxiliaries should run without any interruption. Auto-changeover schemes ensure restoration of power supply to critical motors at the earliest for uninterrupted boiler operation. In passing, it may be mentioned that island operation of large thermal units only on house load (about 8%) after Class C trip has not been a success in most of the cases in actual practice due to boiler controllability issues in spite of providing HP-LP bypass and adequately sized condenser. Class C trip can be eliminated which has only doubtful practical utility.

Auto Changeover Scheme for Unit bus in plants without GCB Refer Fig.1, once the generator trip, unit bus lose its normal source of supply as EHV breaker is also tripped in this case. To maintain uninterrupted power supply to the auxiliaries (mainly motor loads) it is required to switchover to the healthy station source. This switchover has to be very fast otherwise the decaying bus voltage would cause all the connected auxiliaries to trip. Bus voltage and frequency profile for a unit bus after unit tripping as recorded at power plant site is shown in Fig.2. As explained above, it is important to maintain power supply to the auxiliaries in Class B and C trips. This is achieved by FBT (Fast Bus Transfer) scheme features

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Fast transfer: The transfer is effected within 10 cycles (as per ANSI C50.41-2000). Two alternatives are possible. Closed transition – This is implemented by triggering the closing of the ST tie breaker through the Class B and C trip initiating contacts. After ST breaker ‘closed’ signal is received, open command for UAT breaker is given. The permissive for the transition is usually obtained from synchro-check relay which compares voltage and angle of UAT bus with that of ST bus. The value addition by synchro-check in this application is a little suspect for following reasons. (a) Fast transfer is required under Class B / C trip. This does not involve any electrical fault on UAT bus. In this case, differential voltage between UAT bus and ST bus is expected to be well within limits permitting transfer. (b) Since the entire transfer sequence is executed in 5 to 6 cycles with modern high speed breakers, for compatibility, synchro check relay operation should be much faster in the region of 1 cycle. Most of the conventional check synchronizing relays are too slow to respond before which transfer has already taken place. Open transition – This comes in two flavours, simultaneous transfer and cascade transfer. In simultaneous transfer, tripping command for UAT breaker (A &C) and closing command of ST breaker (B & D) are initiated simultaneously. Typical tripping time is 3 to 4 cycles and closing time is 5 to 6 cycles. Thus the unit bus is without any external connection for a dead time of about 2 cycles. In cascade transfer, tripping command of UAT breaker is given and closing command for ST breaker is initiated after ensuring that UAT breaker is open. Here the unit bus is without any external supply for a dead time of about 8 cycles. The transfer is supervised by high speed check synchronizing relay which permits closing of SUT breaker. Check synchronizing relay permissive is issued after comparing UAT bus voltage and ST bus voltage. In majority of cases, fast transfer within 8 cycles is successful.

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The author’s company prefers close transition but open transition is also adopted in many utilities.

If it is successful at 11 kV and 3.3 kV - effect is as mentioned in (i) a) above.

In-phase transfer: The success of fast transfer depends on voltage decay characteristics of induction motors connected to the UAT bus and inter-motor dynamics. There is a possibility that within the initial time window of 8 cycles, the UAT bus voltage might have fallen below set value or angular difference might have exceeded set value. In this case fast transfer fails and this initiates inphase transfer. In this case, the relay calculates the best instance at which closing command of ST breaker is to be issued so that when ST breaker closes, ST bus voltage will be almost in phase with decaying UAT voltage. This is based on solution of analytical equations. Decaying UAT bus voltage phasor, target ST bus voltage phasor and closing time of ST breaker are modeled when solving the equation. In phase transfer is also supervised by check synchronizing relay. The in-phase transfer can be declared really successful only if the transfer is effected in the first instance when UAT bus voltage is almost in phase with ST bus voltage after failure of fast transfer. The typical window for in-phase transfer is 8 to 20 cycles.

If it successful at 11 KV and not at 3.3 kV, then the boiler trips as many vital auxiliaries are connected at 3.3. kV

If it is not successful at 11 kV and successful at 3.3 kV, then also the boiler trips, as important auxiliaries are connected at 11 kV.

Slow transfer – it could be based on voltage or time. If voltage based, change over is effected after the bus voltage has fallen below 30%. If the terminal voltage has fallen below 30%, induction motor is ‘electrically dead’ and can be reclosed to alternate supply without danger of excessive transient torques. In time based, time delay of say 2 sec is given before switching to alternate supply. Slow transfer is in effect the conventional auto-change over scheme employed at all buses and all voltage levels. The fast transfer (including in-phase transfer) is carried out at the highest voltage level of the auxiliary system. The downstream system automatically derives the benefit of the fast transfer. Where there are two MV levels like 11 and 3.3 KV (Fig 1), fast transfer is effected only at the 11kV level and not at both 11 KV and 3.3 KV levels. There is always an element of uncertainty in a fast transfer scheme, as there are too many variables which need to converge at a very short time. If this is done at two levels (simultaneously) the probability of failure increases. Let us illustrate following:

with

From the above it can be seen that the probability of unsuccessful fast transfer is more when we have changeover at two levels compared to when we have it at one (higher) level. In Class A tripping, even though the boiler is also tripped out, some auxiliaries must run for safe shutdown of the unit like ID fan and its related system, lube oil pumps, turbine auxiliary oil pump etc. There is no problem as such if the supply to these auxiliaries suffers a momentary interruption of couple of seconds. Critical auxiliaries are automatically / manually restarted once the power supply to the bus is restored by slow transfer and continued till the unit is safely shut down.

Auto Changeover Scheme for Unit bus for plants with GCB As per latest trends, generator circuit breaker (GCB) is provided between generator and its generator transformer. GCB is the synchronizing breaker. Refer Fig.3 for single line diagram. With provision of GCB, requirement of station transformer for startup power is not mandatory. The startup power for auxiliaries connected to Unit bus can be obtained by back charging GT. On tripping the GCB the generator gets isolated but the power supply to the Unit bus remains uninterrupted, which is a great advantage compared to the scheme without GCB. In plant with GCB the trip classification of unit protection (Generator, GT and UAT) is slightly modified. Class A trip is further divided into two types: Class A-1 trip and Class A-2 trip.

the

i) Fast transfer at 11 kV only. a)

If it is successful, then it is successful at all the downstream levels including 3.3 kV and 415V levels.

If it is not successful, then the boiler trips.

ii) Fast transfer at 11 kV and 3.3 kV level

Fig.3 SLD of Auxiliary System in Power Plant (With GCB)

December 2016

Techspace

Class A-1: This refers to faults in GT, UAT and bus duct upstream of GCB, shown as ‘U’ in Fig 4.

Class B or Class A-2 trip in practice. Thus fast transfer is not relevant for units with GCB. Slow change over and Manual live changeover are provided as in conventional plants.

Auto Changeover Scheme for other buses The power supply distribution system in a power plant is generally based on the logic of 2 x 100% redundancy. All load centres or buses are supplied with two feeders and related transformers as applicable. The bus configuration is generally two bus sections with a bus-coupler breaker normally open. Each incomer and the related transformer is connected to one bus section and rated to cater to the full load of both the bus sections. Auto changeover is provided in these buses to changeover to the healthy bus by closing the bus coupler, should there be any interruption in any of the incoming feeder.

Fig.4 Zones for Unit Protection

In this case, turbine is tripped, turbine valves are closed; GCB is tripped, EHV breaker (both Main and Tie breaker for one and half breaker scheme or Main and transfer breaker for two main and transfer bus system), UAT LV breakers and generator field breaker are tripped without intentional time delay, initiating simultaneously GCB and EHV breaker failure. The auxiliaries are not maintained as it may involve serious electrical fault. Power is restored to unit bus by slow transfer. Only the auxiliaries required for safe shutdown are restored. The action and effect are same as that for scheme without GCB except for one crucial difference. In case without GCB, the fault continues to be fed by generator even after field breaker is opened due to residual magnetism present. The generator residual voltage decay time constant is considerable during which time fault current (though decaying) is maintained. In Fig 18 of Ref [3], residual voltage decay time constant of 250MW generator as measured at site is 10.4 sec. In case with GCB, immediately after tripping of EHV breaker and GCB, current at the point of fault is zero. Class A-2: This refers to faults in generator or bus duct up to GCB, shown as ‘L’ in Fig 4. In this case, turbine is tripped, turbine valves closed; GCB and field breaker tripped without intentional time delay, initiating simultaneously GCB breaker failure. The auxiliaries are fed through unit transformer by back charging of GT. Thus in Class A-2 trip we are able to maintain uninterrupted power to the Unit bus naturally which was not possible in the scheme without GCB. Class B trip also leads to generator breaker (GCB) tripping. Therefore in a GCB scheme when a unit trips on generator or mechanical fault as in Class A-2 or Class B, power supply to unit bus is maintained without the need of fast transfer unlike the scheme without GCB where a fast transfer is required for similar contingency to maintain boiler auxiliaries. Also 90% of unit trips occur due to

December 2016

Unit bus is the only bus where the normal power supply can be interrupted due to a non- electrical reason (Class B) subsequent to generator trip. Power interruption to rest of the buses happens only due to electrical fault in the vicinity, (other than manually initiated interruption). This subtle nuance shall be well understood by design engineers. The effect of an electrical fault is manifested by a severe voltage dip. Let us take an example of any 3.3 KV bus. This bus will experience a voltage dip due to any of the faults listed below (Refer Fig 5):

Fig.5 Different Fault locations causing voltage dip

The incoming feeder and the equipment of the upstream bus (F1).

The upstream switchgear busbar (F2).

Fault in any outgoing feeder of the 11kV and 3.3 kV bus (F3).

Fault in the incomer connecting to the subject 3.3 KV bus (F4)..

The primary protection is expected to clear the fault that causes the voltage dip within at the most 200 msec. With coordination interval of 300 msec, auto-changeover to

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healthy bus is initiated after a minimum time delay of 500 msec. Auto-change over is initiated by time delayed under voltage signal giving enough time for high speed over current protection to operate first and clear the fault. The incomer breaker of the affected section has to be tripped first before the bus coupler is closed due to an auto-changeover. Other wise the upstream fault may be fed by the “changed over” healthy source causing it to trip also. It is always ‘break before make’ transfer. An electrical fault immediately causes the voltage to collapse. The above mentioned time duration for fault clearance and incomer tripping will cause all the motors connected to the affected bus to pull out. Under this condition if the bus coupler closes, all the motors will start up at the same time. The cumulative start up current of all the motors may cause the healthy incomer to trip on overcurrent. Thus, it is a standard practice to trip the connected motors except may be one or two very vital ones, before the auto-changeover is effected. The standard time adopted in power stations is voltage below 70% with 1.5 sec time delay to trip out the selected motors. The bus coupler is closed after 2 sec. The time and voltage settings can vary a bit from utility to utility and depending on the protection and relaying scheme. Therefore, “slow changeover” is adopted for all buses except for Unit bus. In this type of changeover the voltage of the outgoing is all the motors on the bus are tripped. Thus synchro-check between the outgoing and incoming supply is not required. It has been found that with the above change-over timing no unit tripping takes place as the auxiliaries are evenly distributed in both the buses. An automatic rundown brings the unit to partial load if required. Thereafter the unit is brought back to full load through automatic switching on the required auxiliaries through DCS. Induction motor voltage decay characteristics after supply disconnection As seen from above discussion, two types of changeover are adopted in power plants. One is fast transfer (including in-phase transfer) when the decaying bus voltage and incoming supply are in ‘reasonable’ synchronism. This ensures that transient motor torque is not excessive and well below the Pullout torque (typically 300%).

Fig.6 Equivalent Circuit for Induction Motor

XM = Magnetising reactance XS = Stator leakage reactance XR = Rotor leakage reactance XRR = Rotor self reactance = XR + XM S = Operating slip SF = Full load slip RR = Rotor resistance = SF RS = Stator resistance = 0 (very small, can be ignored) The per unit values for the parameters of equivalent circuit can be found from generally available name plate details. For example, Starting Current, IS = 600% = 6 pu No load Current, IO = 30% = 0.3 pu Full load slip, SF = 0.5% = 0.005 pu From the above, XS + XR = 1 / IS = 0.1666 pu XS = XR = 0.0833 pu XM = 1 / IO = 3.3333 pu XRR = XR + XM = 3.4166 pu RR = SF = 0.5% = 0.005 pu RS = 0

Analysis Assume that the motor is running at specified load. At time t = 0, the motor is tripped. The stator current instantly falls to zero. The rotor current circulates in the path shown in Fig 6 and will decay as per the open circuit time constant tO which is defined by: tO = LRR / RR

…… (1)

LRR = Rotor self inductance = XRR / (2pƒ)

Another is auto-changeover which can be termed as slow transfer where motors are tripped and dead bus is ensured before changeover. To understand logic behind slow transfer scheme, it is essential to understand induction motor dynamics under loss of supply conditions. To illustrate the concept, dynamics of a single motor under stator open circuit condition is given below.

The internal flux (y) in the machine is proportional to rotor current.

Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor

y(t) = ƒ[IR(t)]

The conventional equivalent circuit of induction motor is shown in Fig 6. The nomenclature used is given below:

When the supply to motor is cut off, the machine also slows down with time. The rate of decay of machine speed

= 3.4166 / 314.17 = 0.0109 PU tO = 0.0109 / 0.005 = 2.18 sec IR(t) = IRO exp(-t / tO )

.. … (2)

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Techspace

w is inversely proportional to the inertia of the rotor. The voltage developed across the stator terminal (so called residual voltage) is given by: VO(t) = w(t) x ƒ [ΙR(t)]

..… (3)

characteristic with ‘normal’ inertia constant for motor & drive (J) was simulated. The simulation was repeated with inertia of the machine increased ten times (10J). The results are given in Fig 7.

In the worst case, we assume the motor has infinite inertia and thus ignore reduction in motor speed during coasting down period. The motor is deemed to be electrically dead or inert when the internal emf of the motor is less than 30%. In this case, full voltage can be applied to the stator without causing damage to the motor. If the internal voltage is in phase with supply voltage, DV = Differential voltage applied to motor = 1.0 - (0.3) = 0.7pu. DT = Peak electrical torque µ V2 = 0.49pu. Even if the internal emf is 180° out of phase with incoming supply, DV = Differential voltage applied to motor = 1.0 - (-0.3) = 1.3pu. DT = Peak electrical torque µ V2 = 1.69pu. This is less than typical Pullout torque of 300%. From Eqn (2), {IR(t) / IRO} = exp(-t / tO ) The time for rotor current to fall to 30% of initial value is given by 0.3 = exp(-t / 2.18 ) t = 2.6 sec The rotor current, internal flux and terminal voltage will fall below 30% within 2.6 seconds. The above is based on constant speed assumption. If the motor speed decay is also taken into account, the terminal voltage decay will be even faster (Eqn 3). Hence calculations based on decay of only rotor current (and hence the flux) will give pessimistic results compared to the results when speed decay is also factored in. Hence the mechanical inertia can be ignored safely in judging residual voltage decay. Also, the electrical time constant is of the order of 1 to 4 seconds. The mechanical time constant is very much higher. The motor is electrically dead much earlier than mechanically it is at rest. Site recorded values given in Fig.2 also substantiates the theory. Even a low inertia motor may take a minute for its speed to fall below 30% unless the breaking load torque is excessive. In case of LT motors, typical values are given below: Starting current = 700% No Load current = 70% Full load slip = 1% Open circuit time constant (tO) evaluated based on Eqn (1) is 0.5 sec. Terminal voltage decay is much faster typically less than one second for LT motors. More detailed information on induction motor dynamics is given in Ref [1]. As a test case, the residual voltage decay

December 2016

Fig.7 Speed and Voltage Decay Characteristics

It can be seen that voltage decay is almost the same in both cases whilst the speed decay is markedly different. For simplicity sake, one motor case is considered to illustrate the basic concepts. In actual practice, a number of motors are connected to a bus. During loss of supply, bus voltage decay is even faster due to exchange of energy among connected motors. The notion that voltage decay will take a very long time for high inertia motors is a myth. The type of load (fan or pump) corresponding to high or low inertia does not have significant bearing on electrical (voltage) decay characteristic. Field test A field test was carried out in one of the power plants of Author’s company to investigate voltage (internal emf) decay characteristics of large induction motor. The aim was to correlate experimental results with theoretical prediction. The time taken for internal emf to die down to, say 30%, represents the time required for motor to become electrically dead or inert. The motor then can then be safely switched to another supply without causing damage to motor. Set up and site results The Single Line Diagram of relevant portion of network is shown in Fig. 8. Since there is only one motor (BFP) on the bus 1SC, tripping of incomer breaker (Bkr I/C) results in cutting off supply to motor. The PT on Bus 1SC measures the decay of internal emf of the motor. The emf decay Fig.8 SLD for BFP motor bus

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Fig.9 EMF decay characteristics of BFP Motor

characteristics captured by meter is shown in Fig 9. Initial Voltage: 3.851 KV Time to reach 30% voltage (3.851 x 0.3 = 1.155 KV) = 3.3 sec Theoretical analysis The major parameters of BFP motor are given below: Rated Voltage: 6.6kV Rated output: 9MW Full load speed: 1495RPM Starting current: 600% No Load current: 30% Full load slip: 0.3333% Based on the above name plate data, following the approach described in Cl 8.2, Open circuit time constant of the motor tO = 3.263 sec

Time to reach 30% of initial value = 3.9 sec

The above reasonably matches with site measurements. Reacceleration Scheme After loss of supply to the bus, motors controlled by breakers are tripped by under voltage lock out relay. After slow transfer supply to affected bus is restored. Through DCS, commands are issued to close relevant motor breakers as per process / safe shut down requirements. By the time slow transfer is complete, motors are electrically dead. Hence closing of breakers does not need any synchro check facility. In some power plants, single phase PT is provided on every motor feeder on the line side to monitor residual voltage before closing the breaker. Provision of single phase PT is not required in case the breaker is reclosed after a couple of seconds. In case of contactor controlled motors, unless special care is taken, the normal contactors ‘naturally drop out’

within half a cycle after dip in bus voltage either due to electrical fault or loss of supply. In a reacceleration scheme, the control circuit of motor starter scheme is designed to have a ‘ride through’ during momentary power supply disconnection for critical drives. The motor contactor is held during momentary supply dip / disconnection so that the power supply is reapplied to the motor automatically without human intervention. This is achieved with two timers in the control circuit. One timer is an off delay timer which latches on the motor contactor and avoid dropping it off. The off delay timer is usually set based on the expected power supply restoration time. It is of the order of a few seconds in case of power plant auxiliary system where even with slow transfer supply is restored within 2 to 4 seconds. Another is on delay timer which decides the instant at which motor should start after resumption of power supply. This ensures that all the motors in the plant is not starting at the same time causing voltage dip on the supply bus. The priority of motor starting is decided by the process requirement. In modern numerical relays, reacceleration feature is provided. External timers are not required in schemes with numerical relays. The timers are achieved in reacceleration feature algorithm of the relay. “Restart time” parameter in relay defines the off delay timer setting. “Restart delay” parameter defines the on delay timer setting. In [4] features of reacceleration schemes as applicable to process plants are described in detail.

Conclusion Auxiliary system of power thermal power plant without GCB, (a) All UAT buses are equipped with fast transfer, inphase transfer and slow transfer schemes initiated by Class B trip (Class C trip can be eliminated due to

December 2016

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its doubtful utility in practice). (b) It is recommended to have fast transfer schemes only at the highest voltage level UAT buses. (c) Other buses are equipped with conventional autochange over scheme which is slow transfer. Auxiliary system of power thermal power plant with GCB, Fast transfer including in-phase transfer is not provided. (b) All buses are equipped with conventional autochange over scheme which is slow transfer. In case of fast transfer, the switch over to alternate source is effected within a few (2 to 8) cycles. This is to ensure that neither the terminal voltage of motor has fallen down substantially nor the phase angle shifted significantly from incoming supply. Out of phase synchronising that may result in excessive transient electrical torque is avoided. This is the corner stone of fast transfer schemes. When a bus with number of induction motors looses power supply, the bus voltage decays from initial value to zero depending on open circuit time constant of motor and inter- motor dynamics. The open circuit time constant is typically 1 to 4 sec depending on motor parameters. The motor is ‘electrically dead’ if its terminal voltage is less than 30%. Reapplication of voltage is permissible under this condition which will not result in large transient torque. The time take for motor terminal voltage to fall below 30% is of the order of a few seconds. The mechanical time constants are orders of magnitude higher. Hence the motor becomes ‘electrically dead’ even though its speed has not fallen down substantially (just inert rotating mass). When alternate supply is applied as soon as the motor is electrically dead, the motor has to accelerate, not from zero speed, but from significant speed (say 70%) to full load speed (typically 99%). This results in very short starting time. This is the basis for slow change over and reacceleration schemes. Analytical expression for estimating voltage decay time is given. This is verified with actual site measurements. Salient features of ‘Reacceleration Schemes’ are briefly explained. REFERENCES [1] “Induction motor performance during fast transfer”, K Rajamani and M V Hariharan, Proceedings of VI national Power System Conference, Bombay, June 1990. [2] “Motor Bus Transfer Applications Issues and Considerations”, Jon Gardell & Dale Fredrickson, J9 Working Group Report, IEEE Power System Relay Committee, May 2012. [3 “Evaluation of generator parameters by online testing”, K Rajamani and Bina Mitra, IEEMA Journal, February 2008, pp 68 – 82 [4] “Motor Reacceleration to Improve Process Uptime”, ubomir Sevov, et al, IEEE Trans Industrial Applications, Jan/ Feb 2016, pp 684 – 691

Dr. K Rajamani

Reliance Infrastructure Ltd, Mumbai

Bina Mitra

Larson & Toubro Ltd, Mumbai

December 2016

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he electric field distribution across insulated spacer under DC voltage condition is determined by the conductivity and permittivity of the insulation material. In the present study, field levels around HT conductor and on the insulated spacer are calculated for high voltage DC application to understand the behavior of insulator under trapped voltages generated during switching operations in GIS. For this purpose, extra high voltage (EHV) Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) model has been considered in the study. During initial period of voltage application the electric field distribution across insulated spacer and its surrounding zone are controlled by the ratio of the permittivity of the epoxy material and SF6 gas (capacitive distribution). Subsequently, the field distribution is controlled by the conductivity of the epoxy and SF6 gas (resistive distribution). The transition of electric field from capacitive to resistive field and related time constant is calculated for a particular configuration of spacer. The effect of conductivity of insulating material on field distribution is analyzed as part of the study. The variation of electric field along spacer surface at different time periods from the instant of DC voltage application is also discussed. The effect of irregularities on the spacer which is in the form of insulating depression on the Electric Field Enhancement (EFE) factor is analyzed as part of study. The effect of parameters like location and dimensions of irregularities, permittivity of spacer material, time duration of DC excitation etc. on the electric field distribution around depression of the spacer is also reported. Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) are being widely used in developed countries on account of environmental and operational advantages. These are replacing the

conventional yard substations in heavily polluted and climatically harsh industrialized environments, while in urban areas GIS is used to conserve space and to ensure reliable power supply. In GIS, high voltage conductors are contained in a sealed environment with SF6 gas acting as an insulating medium between the live parts and the earthed metal enclosure. The gas-insulated substation (GIS) comprise of metal-clad gas insulated modules of circuit breakers, disconnector switches, earthing switches, current transformers, potential transformers, bus duct, gas-to-air bushing, gas-to-cable termination etc. In GIS, Very Fast transient over voltages (VFTOs) are generated during switching operations. The switching operation may be of a disconnector switch or of a circuit breaker. For each making or breaking operation of these switches, voltage on the load side bus bar of the switch follows the source side voltage in step manner. The voltage which is left on the load side bus bar of the switch is known as trapped voltage. These voltages can remain on the high voltage bus bar for a long time (typically tens of hours) with little decay. Sometimes, these trapped voltages (that is DC voltage) may cause low energy flashovers on insulating surfaces in a GIS, even though the system is working in good condition[1],[2]. Moreover, the trapped voltage can cause severe transient over voltages during the first strike of the closing operation of a disconnector switch. The electrostatic field distribution across insulated spacer under DC voltage is determined by the conductivity and permittivity of the insulation material and not by the permittivity alone as in the case of AC applied voltage[3]. When DC voltage is applied to an insulated spacer, charge accumulation occurs due to

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conduction in spacer volume, spacer surface, movement of charge carriers due to field emission etc. Surface charges and space charges across the insulating system decide the time dependent electric field distribution [4],[5]. More clearly, the charge accumulation leads to field distortion and may affect the breakdown voltage of the system. Failures of insulators are also reported during the period of trapped voltage due to the accumulation of surface charge on insulated spacer generated by minor defects such as insulating depressions. The effect of these depressions may be too small to cause problems under normal working conditions [4]-[6]. In the present paper, the transient field distribution i.e., time varying field distribution across spacer surface has been calculated by considering an extra high voltage GIS model. The parameters which affect the time period for transition from capacitive to resistive field are analyzed. The field behavior at various locations on the spacer is also reported at different time periods from the instant of DC application.

Fig. 1: Gas Insulated Bus duct model under study.

Gas Insulated Bus duct Model Insulating spacers are the weakest insulating link and most critical part liable to be damaged in the gas insulation system. They gain charge from ionization in the gas and discharges from irregularities. Sometimes, dielectric performance of GIS is mainly influenced by spacer behavior under DC voltage. Hence, in the recent years, long-term reliability of the epoxy spacers is being emphasized by GIS manufacturers and utilities. When the voltage is applied to an insulated spacer, the field distribution across the epoxy spacer and its surrounding is controlled by the permittivity of the insulating medium (capacitive distribution). After some time, the field distribution is controlled by the conductivity of the epoxy and SF6 gas (resistive distribution) [3]-[6].The transition of electric field from capacitive to resistive and related time constant can be described by the following equation[1]: τ =ε0 εr ρ -------------- (1) Where, ε0 = 8.85× 10−12 F/m

Fig. 2: GIS Model developed in ELECTRO Software.

(FEM). Here, 1kV step input (DC voltage) has been applied to the conductor and the enclosure is kept at ground potential. Fig. 3 shows the transient field calculated on the conductor(10,-35). From Fig. 3, it is evident that the electric field is highest during initial period and decreases as time progresses. Depending on resistivity of insulating spacer material, the electric field becomes constant after tens of seconds The electric field level at the instant of excitation depends on permittivity of the material, geometry of HT conductor, spacer profile etc. The percentage reduction in transient field level with time depends on conductivity of spacer material along with spacer profile.

εr = Relativity permittivity of spacer material. τ = Time constant, sec. ρ=Resistivity of spacer material in ohm-m. A GIS model of 420 kV voltage class is considered in the present study to understand the effect of DC voltage on electric field distribution across the spacer. In this model, central HT conductor is placed in grounded enclosure using support insulator i.e. epoxy spacer and surrounded by compressed SF6 gas. Fig. 1 shows the GIS model considered for the study. The length of HT conductor is about 600 mm. Outer diameter of HT conductor and inner diameter of grounded enclosure are considered to be 70 mm and 520 mm respectively. The relative permittivity of epoxy material is considered to be 4. Fig. 2 shows the GIS model simulated in the ELECTRO, which is electric field design software. This software combines the advantages of both boundary element method (BEM) and Finite element method

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Fig. 3: Transient field on the HT conductor (10, -35).

Results and Discussions To understand the effect of spacer material properties on the field distribution around HT conductor under DC voltage application, different conductivities of the epoxy spacer has been considered and analyzed. The transition phase i.e., from capacitive field (Eo) to resistive

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field (Estat) and reduction in their levels with time are also investigated for various Table 1: Variation in E-field levels with respect to time at different conductivities of epoxy spacer. s, mho/m

t, sec

Eo, p.u.

5e-12 1e-12 1e-13 1e-14 1e-15 1e-20

7.08 35.4 354.2 3541.6 35416 3.54e+9

4.47e-3 4.58e-3 4.58e-3 4.58e-3 4.66e-3 5.23e-3

Estat, Field p.u. reduction, % 1.087e-3 76.0 1.089e-3 76.0 1.133e-3 75.0 2.32e-3* 49.3 4.34e-3* 6.80 5.22e-3* 0.19

* Steady state condition is not reached.

conductivities of the epoxy spacer and listed in Table 1. From the results, it is understood that initial electric field level is almost same except for the conductivity of 1e-20 mho/m. As expected with decrease of conductivity of the spacer material, time to reach resistive field increases. For conductivities in the order of 10-11 to 10-13, the resistive field is almost same and is about 24% to 25% of the capacitive field. As conductivity of spacer material increases, the time to reach resistive field increases and reduction in field level in 500 seconds from the instant of DC excitation is only 6.8% for conductivity of 10-15. Fig. 4 shows the transient field development for various conductivities of the spacer material. The field reduction with time is dependent on time constant Ď&#x201E; of the spacer material. The analysis shows that the conductivity of the epoxy in the range of 10-11 to 10-13 mho/m improves the electric field distribution across spacer and near the triple point junction i.e. the point of intersection of HT conductor, SF6 gas and epoxy material.

considered for the study (refer Fig. 6). From the analysis, it is clear that AC voltage distribution is constant for the entire time duration. However, DC field gets modified near HT conductor and across spacer surface as time progresses. Hence, it is very important to analyze electric field distribution across spacer geometry for long durations unlike in AC and lightning over voltages. From Fig. 7, it is evident that the resistive field level near conductor reduces significantly as time progresses and may be much less than the field level near the grounded enclosure (i.e., at a distance of 112.5 mm and 168.8 mm from HT conductor). The time required for transition from capacitive to resistive field also depends on observation point on the insulator. Beyond certain distance from HT conductor, it is found that the electric field level may not change as time progresses. It is also understood that field level decreases with distance beyond certain

Fig. 5: Electric Field levels at different time instants along the surface of the spacer.

Fig. 4: Transient Fields for various conductivities of spacer material

The electric field level is found to be function of time from the instant of excitation. This is established across the spacer at three time instants starting from 1 second to 300 seconds (refer Fig. 5). The change in E-field level near HT conductor is found to be considerable. This phenomenon of field behavior is again found to be dependent on observation point on insulator. The E-field distribution is calculated by considering different types of excitation i.e. AC, 50 Hz and DC field after 1 second of excitation and 100 seconds of excitation. Here, 1 kV, DC voltage and 1 kV, AC voltage have been

Fig. 6: Variation of Electric field levels across spacer for AC and DC fields.

point from conductor whether it is resistive or capacitive in nature. In order to understand, effect of conductor configuration on electric field distribution, the transient field has been calculated by considering a shield around spacer HT terminal. From this analysis, it is concluded that transition of capacitive to resistive field is again position dependent. Further, the highest capacitive field and highest resistive field are not at the same location on the spacer surface. Allowable electric field

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level for the optimized AC GIS design under impulse voltage conditions is considered to be about 20 kV/mm depending on operating gas pressure. This shall be established for DC voltage application by considering all possible non-uniform geometries of GIS and EFE factors.

Fig. 9: E-field levels around insulating depression of different diameters on spacer

Fig. 7: Variation of Transient field levels with time at various locations.

The presence of depressions on the insulating spacers is quite common because of the manufacturing defects or damage of surface due to low energy arcing phenomena or discharges. These depressions / cavities may be filled up with insulating gas and enhances the field along the spacer and can trigger breakdown of the insulation medium. The geometry of the insulating depression is constructed by creating an inward closed semi-sphere in the insulating spacer filled with SF6 gas. The geometrical model representing the insulating depression is shown in Fig. 8. The electric field enhancement (EFE) factor around the insulating depression of the spacer is analyzed. The electric field distribution has been calculated along the insulated spacer (distance in mm) and in particular around the depression. The electric field enhancement around depression of the insulating spacer is also calculated by considering different diameters of the depression varying from 0.25mm to 4 mm (see Fig. 9). It can be observed from the analysis

that as the diameter of the depression increases, electrical stress at that point increases considerably. The highest E-field levels around the insulating depression for various diameters are shown in Table 2. For an insulating depression of diameter 0.25mm and 4 mm, E-field enhancement is found to be 0.00354 p.u. and 0.0057 p.u. respectively. It is quite clear that the EFE factor due to insulating depression is time dependent. Here, an insulating depression of 1.0 mm diameter is considered at the midway of the spacer’s surface. The electrical field levels are analyzed at different time instants starting from 1 second to 500 seconds. The field level reduces as time progresses and becomes constant beyond 250 sec. This further confirms that transition of field takes place from capacitive field to resistive field as time progresses. Interestingly, it is observed that the field enhancement depends on the function of ratio of the relative permittivity of spacer material (εepoxy) and gas (εSF6). With the increasing εepoxy/εSF6 ratio the E-field level is found to be increasing significantly (refer Fig. 10). Here, the diameter of the depression is considered to be 1 mm. The relative permittivity of spacer material is Table 2: E-field Enhancement due to insulating depressions of different diameters S.No.

Diameter of epression (d11 mm)

Highest E-field level (p.u.)

EFE factor

1 2 3 4

0.25 0.5 1 4

0.00354 0.00389 0.00454 0.0057

1.011 1.111 1.297 1.63

Fig. 10. Effect of permittivity of spacer material on E-field distribution around insulated depression.

Fig. 8. Insulating Depression on insulating spacer

considered to be varying from 2 to 6 (e2s1 to e6s1) by keeping relative permittivity of SF6 gas as 1. The variation in highest field level at different relative permittivities has been calculated. From the results it is quite clear that the EFE factor increased by 7.5% due to increase in relative

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permittivity of spacer material from 4 to 6. To understand the effect of location of depression on the field pattern, a depression of 1.0 mm diameter is considered on the spacer’s surface near to the high voltage electrode (HT conductor), low voltage electrode (grounded enclosure) and midway of the spacer. The relative permittivity of spacer material is considered to be 4.0. The enhancement of electric stress level varies with respect to position of the depression. The E-field level at the depression zone is highest when the depression is near to the high voltage terminal (conductor) and decreases as we proceed towards the low voltage terminal (ground).

Conclusion The electrostatic field distribution across insulated spacer and its surrounding zone under DC voltage application during its initial period are controlled by the ratio of the permittivity of the epoxy material and SF6 gas (capacitive distribution). Subsequently, the field distribution is controlled by the conductivity of the epoxy and SF6 gas (resistive distribution). The transition of electric field from capacitive to resistive and related time constant is established for a particular configuration of spacer. The analysis shows that the conductivity of the epoxy in the range of 10-11 - 10-13 mho/m improves the electric field distribution in GIS. The analysis indicates that highest capacitive field level and highest resistive field level do not occur at same location on the spacer surface. Hence, it is important to conduct detailed analysis of insulated spacer, which is designed for HVAC application, before it is deployed for DC application like trapped voltages. The EFE factor around the depression region increases considerably with increase of its diameter. Further, with increase of permittivity of spacer material, the E-field enhancement around insulating depression of the spacer increases considerably. The study of the E-field enhancement factor in the presence of insulating depressions is found to be essential for optimization of spacer insulator under DC voltage application in GIS. REFERENCES 1

F. Messerer and W. Boeck “Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) for HVDC”, IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2000.

VV Akimov, VN Varivodov and EK Volpov “An approach to the spacer design of HVDC SF6 gas insulated equipment”, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, July 8-12, 1991, Tokyo, Japan. K. Nakanishi, A. Yoshioka, Y.Arahata and Y Shibuya “Surface Charging on Epoxy spacer at DC stress in compressed SF6 gas”, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-102, No.12, pp. 3919-3927, December 1983. Hideo Fujinami, Tadasu Takuma ,Masafumi Yashima and Tadashi Kawamoto “Mechanism And Effect of DC Charge accumulation on SF6 gas insulated spacers”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 1765-72, July 1989. Steven A. Boggs and Ying Wang “Trapped Charge-Induced Field Distortion on GIS Spacers”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 1270-75, July 1995. Katsumi Kato, Shusei Kaneko, Shigemitsu Okabe and Hitoshi Okubo “Numerical Calculation Model for Electric field distribution in Gas/ solid composite insulation system under dc voltage application”, Proceedings of International Symposium on Eco Topia Science, ISETS07, 2007. ▪

5 6

M. Mohana Rao

BHEL Corporate R&D, Vikas Nagar, Hyderabad. E-mail: mmrao@bhelrnd.co.in

December 2016

InternationalNews

INTERNATIONALNEWS International Solar Alliance opened for signing in Morocco The Framework Agreement of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) launched by India as an initiative to promote clean energy was opened for signing in Morocco. On the first day of its opening 15 countries have signed the framework agreement. The list comprises Brazil; Democratic Republic of Congo; Dominican Republic; Republic of Guinea; Mali; Nauru; Niger; Tanzania; Tuvalu; Cambodia; Ethiopia; Burkina Faso; Bangladesh and Madagascar More countries are expected to sign the framework agreement in the coming days. The ISA is a treatybased inter-governmental organization and will be headquartered in Gurugram, India. The ISA initiative was announced on 30 Nov 2015 and the agreement was opened for signing today in Marrakech, Morocco on the sidelines of COP22. MEA’s Economic Diplomacy Division led by K. Nagaraj Naidu led the negotiations for finalizing the draft framework agreement of the ISA along with other officials of MNRE. On the India side, the agreement was initialed by Anil Madhav Dave, Minister of State with Independent charge for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The Framework provides for membership open to the countries between tropics (fully or partially) who are also UN members. The ISA structure will consist of two tiers in the form of an Assembly and Secretariat. Partner Country status to be granted to other countries (not within tropics) by the decision of ISA Assembly. The Framework will enter into force with ratification by 15 countries. An important aspect is striving to keep about the operating costs minimal and therefore not necessitate mandatory contributions.

India and US launch $95 million clean energy projects The US has announced two financial projects worth USD 95 million in India to bring more energy-efficient appliances to rural sector, as part of its efforts to continue the global transition to zero-and-low carbon energy sources. The US has committed USD 70 million in Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) financing for renewable energy projects in India; and announced to launch a USD

20 million partnership this week with the philanthropic sector to bring more efficient appliances to rural Indian villages. The USD 75 million OPIC financing is for a utilityscale PV project in Telangana. It is sponsored by ReNew Power Ventures. This commitment represents the rapid mobilisation of financing under a USD 250 million facility to support up to 400 MW of new solar power projects in India across multiple states, the White House said. Further the OPIC and Indian Government will this week formally launch a USD 20 million distributed solar facility in partnership with leading philanthropies, it said.

Lightsource to invest ` 6,500 cr in India in 2-3 years UK-based Lightsource Renewable Energy will invest ` 6,500 crore over the next 2-3 years to set up 1000 MW solar energy projects in India. “The company is looking at developing 1000 MW of solar power projects entailing an investment of ` 6,500 crore over the next 2-3 years,” Lightsource Renewable Energy Ltd Managing Director and Head India Operations Rupesh Agarwal told. Lightsource recently won a 50 MW solar project in Maharashtra under the Centres ambitious solar programme. This is the maiden solar project secured by the company in India.”We are eyeing 1000 MW of solar power projects in the country which is bare minimum in the backdrop of governments ambitious target of adding one lakh MW by 2022. We would like to do even more than targeted 1000 MW in coming years depending on the auctions of these projects,” Agarwal said. He added that the company will “only secure projects through competitive bidding in India as it has no plans to procure projects through MoUs or otherwise”. He also said Lightsource will operate alone in the country and is unlikely to tie with any domestic or other operator for the execution of the projects. Earlier last year, Lightsource had announced tie-up with SREI Infrastructure Finance Ltd as its the first partner for foraying into Indian solar energy space. Lightsource Renewable Energy - one of the largest solar PV energy generators globally had recently appointed Agarwal as Managing Director for its India operations.

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InternationalNews

In the last 5 years, Lightsource has deployed over 2 billion pounds to develop and operate 1300 MW of solar PV plants in the United Kingdom. The company has a number of firsts to its credits such as the Thames Water 6.5MW plant, the worlds first deep water floating solar PV installation or the first large scale solar plant in the island of Ireland, installed in the Belfast International Airport, that saves over 2,345 tonnes of carbon per year.

Finnish clean energy company bet big on India Finnish companies are looking at India’s renewable energy market to offer power from municipal waste, a technology in which the European country has excelled. At several locations in Finland, companies, including Vantaa Energy and Ekokem, have set up medium-sized plants that burn municipal waste to generate power. Both companies are looking at India and will showcase their projects to Indian Power Minister Piyush Goyal and his team when he visits Finland in a few weeks, officials from the Finnish power department. The 200-MW plant at Vantaa, a town adjacent to Finnish capital Helsinki, is 40% owned by the City of Helsinki and 60% owned by the City of Vantaa. Electricity from the plant is also sold on the European energy exchange. “About 80% of the waste is burned and the residue is used as material for building walls and roads,“ said Sallamaari Rapo, a process engineer at Vantaa Energy’s plant. “Air circulation in the plant is controlled in a way to make sure that the stink does not get emitted into the atmosphere and an electrostatic precipitator takes care of the emissions.“

NRG Energy commissions latest solar facility in Massachusetts NRG Energy announced the commissioning of its latest community solar facility in Massachusetts, offering affordable electricity to more than 1,500 residential and commercial subscribers in the Commonwealth. Located in the town of Spencer, the facility has a rated capacity of 14.7 MW (AC) comprised of more than 61,000 solar photovoltaic panels. It is NRG’s third operating community solar farm in Massachusetts. “This is NRG’s largest community solar project in the United States,” said Drew Warshaw, vice president of Community Solar, NRG. “It represents an opportunity for a diverse mix of residential and commercial customers to support clean energy and receive long-term savings on their electricity bill all without putting solar panels on their roof.” Subscribers to the Spencer facility entered into a 20-year agreement with NRG Community Solar and, in exchange for a fixed monthly payment, earn credits toward their electricity bill based on their allocation of renewable energy net metering credits generated by the project. The project has created 150 jobs during its nearly yearlong construction. Matthew Beaton, Massachusetts Energy and Environmental Affairs secretary added, “The Baker-Polito Administration is committed to working

December 2016

with our municipal partners across Massachusetts to expand community solar projects, saving ratepayers and taxpayers thousands of dollars annually that can be reinvested into the community.”

Pattern Energy revenue up 2% to touch $91.9 mn in 3Q 2016 Pattern Energy Group has reported revenue of $91.9 million during the third quarter of 2016, up 2 percent from the same period a year ago.The company’s net loss stands at $11.1 million, an improvement of 69 percent. Pattern Energy has sold 1,472 GWh, up 17 percent. The company added 90 MW in owned capacity with the acquisition of the Armow Wind project (Armow), making the total owned capacity to 2,644 MW, including the Broadview Wind projects. “Our fleet of high quality wind assets continues to perform well. Production was in line with our long-term forecast for Q3 as we expected with the dissipation of El Niño. With our solid production performance, we are on track to achieve our cash available for distribution target for 2016,” said Mike Garland, president and CEO of Pattern Energy. During the quarter, Pattern Energy also raised approximately $286 million in growth capital to fund accretive new dropdowns, which was spent for the acquisition of 90 MW Armow project.

GE selected to upgrade Taiwan’s largest hydroelectric power plant With its installed capacity of 1,602 megawatts, the Mingtan Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant is Taiwan’s largest hydroelectric power plant and has a crucial role in supplying the region with clean and reliable energy. GE’s Power Conversion business announced it has been selected by Taiwan Power Company to provide an upgrade service to Mingtan Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant, which will help to extend the hydro plant’s operational life by 20 years. The hydro plant is Taiwan’s largest hydroelectric power plant and has a crucial role in supplying the region with clean and reliable energy. Within the service contract, GE will provide upgrades to two sets of startup frequency converter (SFC) control systems, which will improve harmonic levels at the plant. GE will also provide uninterruptible power supply systems and conduct factory acceptance tests as well as on-site tests. Upon the conclusion of these upgrades, the operational life of the plant will be extended, all while improving efficiency and reducing maintenance work. GE’s solution will also allow the generator startup to be energized by both thermal and hydro power. “Through this partnership and building on our engineering expertise, we have been able to play an important role in upgrading the biggest hydro power plant in Taiwan by providing productive, long-lasting, low-maintenance technology,” said Haiming Li, China service director, GE’s Power Conversion business.

NationalNews

NATIONALNEWS India’s solar power generation capacity at 8.7 GW: Piyush Goyal Addition of 1,964.76 MW in the first seven months of the current fiscal has taken the total solar power generation capacity in the country to 8,727.62 MW, Parliament was informed. “As on October 31, 2016, Solar Energy Projects with an aggregate capacity of over 8727.62 MW have been installed in the country,” New and Renewable Energy Minister Piyush Goyal said in written reply to Lok Sabha today. In another reply, the minister stated that 1,964.76 MW of solar power generation capacity has been added in the country till October end of this financial year. During last fiscal, 3,018.88 MW of solar power generation capacity was added in the country. Goyal said the World Bank has recently approved a total amount of $ 625 million consisting of World Bank loan of $ 500 million, Clean Technology Fund (CTF) loan of $ 120 million and a CTF grant of $ 5 million for grid- connected rooftop solar programme. He said his ministry has also submitted a proposal to the Finance Ministry for $ 200 million World Bank financing for internal infrastructure development of solar parks. He also informed the House that an agreement for the rooftop loan was signed between the World Bank and the State Bank of India on June 30, 2016. Under this agreement the World Bank loan is taken by the SBI. Therefore SBI provides loan through its branches for installation of rooftop solar systems, he added. The minister also informed the House in a separate reply that the government is considering the removal of distinction between large and small hydro (up to 25 MW).

Govt plans to boost setting up of biomass power plants There is a renewed interest in biomass power plants, which can not only generate electricity but also help dispose of — in a carbon-neutral manner — agriculture waste, burning of which in Punjab and Haryana is partly blamed for the alarming levels of pollution Delhi is experiencing. Minister of New and Renewable Energy Piyush Goyal held a meeting of top officials to consider increasing

incentives to boost this segment. “We are thinking of a scheme to encourage setting up of biomass plants using agricultural waste, but I cannot say anything more at the moment,” said Santosh Vaidya, joint secretary at the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), told. The government already provides financial assistance of ` 20 lakh per MW for setting up biomass power plants, and ` 15 lakh per MW for co-generation projects by sugar mills (using sugarcane waste left over after juice extraction). Such plants cost around ` 4.5-6 crore per MW, while generation expense is around ` 3.25-4.00 per kwH. They are also entitled to concessional import and excise duties while acquiring equipment, as well as a tax holiday for 10 years. But unlike sun and wind energy, this segment has been languishing in India. At the end of 2015-16, the country’s total biomass power installed capacity (along with cogeneration units) was 4831.33 MW, with another 1150 MW under construction. Capacity addition has in fact slowed in the past three years, from 465.6 MW in 2012-13 to 412.5 MW in 2013-14, 405 MW in 2014-15 and 400 MW in 2015-16. Barring Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, no state added any biomass power or co-generation capacity in the last fiscal year. Rather, leading players like Orient Green PowerBSE -2.87 % have been trying hard to sell off their biomass power assets, as they are not profitable. Punjab has an biomass power and co-generation installed capacity of 155.5 MW, of which around 62.5 MW are in operation. In Haryana, the capacity is 45.3 MW. “The Environmental Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) has been urging the Punjab and Haryana governments to set up biomass power plants since 2008 as one of the solutions to Delhi’s pollution crisis,” said Polash Mukerjee, researcher at the Centre for Science and Environment. “A target of 600 MW of installed capacity was set for Punjab years ago, but without any timeline. It has since been revised to 500 MW by 2020.”

India’s energy efficiency market at ` 1.6 lakh crore: World Bank The World Bank has pegged India’s energy efficiency market at ` 1.6 lakh crore, four times the ` 44,000 crore in 2010 against the backdrop of the success of the government’s UJALA scheme to distribute LED bulbs.

December 2016

NationalNews

“The success of UJALA has reinforced stakeholder confidence in the promise of DSM (demand side management) and re-established the utility DSM market potential from ` 44,000 crore estimated in 2010 to ` 1.6 lakh crore by considering the end use energy efficiency opportunities alone,” says the World Bank in its report to be unveiled tomorrow. The report titled ‘Utility scale DSM opportunities and business models in India’ further stated that the residential end use appliances, agriculture/irrigation pumping and municipal infrastructure are the top three DSM markets contributing to this potential. According to the study, the renewed DSM market potential is envisaged to deliver 178 billion units of electrical energy savings per annum that roughly translates into 18-20 per cent of the current levels of all India annual electricity consumption and 150 million tonnes of annual CO2 emissions reduction potential. Apart from this, demand response, solar photovoltaic (SPV) rooftop systems along with emerging smart grid technologies offer tremendous potential for utility DSM in India, it said. In another report to be unveiled tomorrow, the World Bank has placed Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala as top five states in terms of overall energy efficiency implementation readiness.

Government to complete process for awarding 1K MW wind projects by December The New and Renewable Energy Ministry expects to complete the process for awarding 1,000 MW wind power projects worth around ` 6,000 crore by December-end. “The nodal agency Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) has already floated Request for Selection (RFS) document for selection of bidders under the scheme for awarding 1,000 MW of wind power projects,” a senior official said. The official further said, “The entire process under international competitive bidding will be completed by the end of the this year. The last date for submission of financial bids is December 15, 2016 after which bids will be opened and evaluated.” About the reserve price or per unit rate of energy to be supplied by these bidders, the official said, “The government has not kept any reserve price and left it to the market to decide the rate. At present, wind power price ranges between ` 3.9 per unit (lowest in Tamil Nadu) and ` 5.5 per unit in other states.” The ministry has already issued guidelines for transparent bidding process for implementation of the scheme for setting up of 1,000 MW wind power project connected to inter-state transmission system (ISTS). As per guidelines, the wind power projects will be selected through open and transparent competitive bidding followed by e-reverse auction and the capacity may go higher than 1,000 MW, if there is a demand from buying entities.

December 2016

Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited commissions 10 MW solar plant Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited (HPGCL) managing director MKV Rama Rao said that the corporation has commissioned the first 10MW solar power plant at Panipat Thermal Power Station, Panipat. On the first day, the solar plant generated and supplied about 10,000 units of electricity to the grid. He said that Germi, a Research and Development organisation of Gujarat Government (PSU), one of the best consultants in the country, have been engaged as consultant for this project. This project has been commissioned 36 days in advance with the dedicated efforts of the engineers and staff of HPGCL and vendor. He said that the work for setting up of the project was awarded during May, 2016 to a leading Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor M/s Sterling and Wilson Private Limited at a cost of `. 57.67 crore. The operation and maintenance of the project would be looked after by EPC contractor initially for five years. He said that most of the equipment except solar modules used in the project are indigenous. The high-quality solar modules having long life of more than 25 years have been sourced through one of the top manufacturer M/s JAsolar, he added.

India to launch clean energy equity fund of up to $2 billion: Sources The Indian government and three state-run firms will jointly set up an equity fund of up to $2 billion for renewable energy companies to tap into to help New Delhi meet its clean energy goals, two government sources told Reuters. Private and public companies will be able to dip into an initial amount of more than $1 billion starting next fiscal year, said the sources with direct knowledge of the decision taken after a meeting of government officials more than a month ago. India’s government hopes the Clean Energy Equity Fund (CEEF) will attract pension and insurance funds from Canada and Europe. Around $600 million of the initial pool will come from the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund, under the finance ministry, and the rest from state entities NTPC Ltd, Rural Electrification Corp and the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency, according to one of the sources.

‘India to get electricity from offshore wind energy in 5 yrs’ India will get electricity generated by wind-propelled plants installed in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu in about five years as part of the country’s green energy development programmes, an energy expert has said. “We are preparing India for offshore wind (and) providing MNRE a road map for offshore wind for Gujarat and Tamil Nadu,” said Mathias Steck, Executive Vice President and Regional Manager at DNV GL, an international renewable energy group.

CorporateNews

CORPORATENEWS IIT Madras, ABB India to develop multi village microgrid models

microgrid solutions tailored to meet India’s urban, rural and off-grid power requirements,” Bhaskar Ramamurthi, Director, IIT Madras said.

To strengthen UDAY scheme, ABB India and IIT Madras will collaborate to develop a power management system to optimise the operation of multiple microgrids, with and without grid connection, while managing electricity supply to villages.

Inox Wind wins 40 MW wind power order from Roha Dyechem

This system will also enable the integration of individual solar photovoltaic (PV) rooftops to a village microgrid, ABB India said in a filing to BSE. The government is looking at a generation capacity of 40 GW in the next five years through grid connected rooftop solar PV and small scale solar PV plants. Such clusters have the capability of generating and using renewable energy locally from one kilowatt to a few hundred kilowatts. It is imperative to network such locally distributed nano or microgrids for optimal usage of renewable power across users, keeping in mind the dynamic demand/supply situation. Such interconnection and interleaving of microgrids with the existing distribution system and infrastructure will provide economic benefits for the people, in terms of reduced outages and lower cost of power. ABB have embarked on this journey,” ABB India CEO and Managing Director Sanjeev Sharma said in a statement. “The UDAY (Ujwal discom assurance yojana) scheme is the need of the hour and will foster greater corporate-academia partnerships which can contribute to solving the country’s issues and I am pleased that IIT Madras and ABB have embarked on this journey,” ABB India CEO and Managing Director Sanjeev Sharma said in a statement. “We are looking forward to adding another facet to our enriching association with IIT Madras. In a country as huge and diverse as India, it is important to design models of integration with power management and load balancing for proven microgrids technology with the existing grid infrastructure,” he added. This, along with the modular nature of this technology, will enable access to reliable, sustainable and cost efficient power to even the most disadvantaged, remote areas of the country, he said. “While India has set an ambitious target for solar energy generation, IIT Madras has been at the forefront in developing decentralised energy-efficient solar PV

Inox Wind Ltd has bagged a repeat order for a 40 MW wind power project to be deployed in Gujarat from Roha Dyechem Private Ltd. | 1 Comments Inox Wind Ltd has bagged a repeat order for a 40 MW wind power project to be deployed in Gujarat from Roha Dyechem Private Ltd. The 40 MW order from Roha is part of the 350 MW of orders announced by Inox Wind on October 3, 2016, the company said in a statement. According to the statement, the order comprises supply and installation of 20 units of Inox Wind’s 113-meter rotor diameter turbine. The 113-meter rotor diameter turbines are part of Inox’s successful 2 MW platform and presently the company’s most technologically advanced wind turbine variant. As part of the turnkey order, Inox Wind will provide Roha Dyechem with end-to-end solutions from development and construction to commissioning and providing longterm operations and maintenance services. “With the new order, we will further build on our strong relationship with them as well as our market position in Gujarat as the leading wind energy solutions provider in the state,” Inox Wind Ltd Chief Executive Officer Kailash Tarachandani was quoted in the statement. The project is scheduled to be commissioned by March 2017 and will be executed on turnkey basis. “We have found a reliable partner in Inox and are assured by Inox’s capability in delivering a sustainable and quality project for us”, said Roha Group Chairman Ramakant Tibrewala, in the statement.

Vikram Solar Signs MoU With Indian Institute Of Engineering Science And Technology Solar module manufacturer Vikram Solar has signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU)with the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST) for collaborating in research and development in solar photovoltaic areas. The two entities will also collaborate and identify key R&D areas (knowledge generation, know-how update, technology exploitation, system development, novel or

December 2016

Event

Smart utility leaders collaborate to drive industry forward at European Utility Week 2016

uropean Utility Week (EUW), the leading event for the smart utility community, is celebrating an outstanding week in Barcelona. The event was hailed as a platform for collaboration, bringing together industry leaders, start-ups and young talent to drive the industry forward and keep pace with looming EU targets. Participation between future innovators and established players was encouraged on the event floor, where over 600 exhibitors showcased their solutions across the entire smart energy value chain, from transmission to end-user. The conference concluded with a closing keynote session hosted by an expert panel – Philipp Offenberg, Policy Analyst at European Political Strategic Center (EPSC), European Commission, Tomas Gallego Arjiz, REE Financial Director, and Philippe Monloubou, CEO of Enedis and President of Think Smart Grids Association – who gave their views on the challenges and realities of financing the infrastructure needed to support the new energy future.

Event Director Paddy Young expressed his delight at the success of the show: “This year’s event has achieved what we set out to do – provide a platform for the industry to share best practice and do business together to move the sector forward. The engagement between utilities has been fantastic and we’re particularly excited about bridging the gap between HR directors and young talent.” Collaboration is set to continue at next year’s EUW, taking place in Amsterdam, Netherlands, 3-5 October 2017. “Amsterdam is the perfect location for our next smart utility event. The country has positioned itself as a hub for innovation, with smart energy on its doorstep,” added Young. The 2017 conference is set to host a range of new features including the EMART Energy show, which targets the energy trading market, bringing market operators into the smart energy conversation. Due to the success at this year’s event, the Initiate! Programme is being added to the global portfolio of Utility Week series in 2017, kicking off with African Utility Week, 16-18 May, Cape Town, followed by Asian Utility Week 24-25 May, Bangkok.

December 2016

Seminars&Fairs

Power-Gen International Orlando 13 – 15 December 2016 Orange County Convention Centre, Orlando Power-Gen International is offering a three-day exchange of information and practical experience in the energy industry. Visitors have the opportunity to learn in insightful discussions and conferences on the latest industry trends of experts and get informed. Power-Gen International is held annually at different locations. The Power-Gen International will take place on 3 days from Tuesday, 13. December to Thursday, 15. December 2016 in Orlando.

Energaia Montpellier

World Future Energy Summit Abu Dhabi

14 - 15 December 2016 Parc des Expositions, Montpellier

16 - 19 January 2017 Abu Dhabi

Energaia is a conference and exhibitio n for renewable energy. The exhibition provides participating companies the opportunity to present their new technologies and present. In addition, it offers the possibility of the international conference. Energaia presents an approach to the aspirations and demands of the future. The Energaia will take place on 2 days from Wednesday, 14. December to Thursday, 15. December 2016 in Montpellier.

The World Future Energy Summit is the world’s largest conference and exhibition on renewable and future energy solutions, innovations, policy and vision. It will be the largest meeting of influential figures within the renewable energy industry and showcases tomorrow’s energy solutions and investment opportunities. You will have the chance to network with global companies and expert professionals to develop solutions, ideas and business opportunities. The World Future Energy Summit will take place on 4 days from Monday, 16 January to Thursday, 19 January 2017 in Abu Dhabi.

DistribuELEC Energy Storage India 11 - 13 January 2017 Le Meridian, New Delhi The Energy Storage India is an international trade fair with accompanying congress on the collection and storage of renewable energy, which is an issue that moves scientists and politicians worldwide. The conference is characterized by well-known speakers and participants. Here are discussed the latest developments in energy storage, but are also given critical insights into the market development and technology integration. The accompanying exhibition gives the opportunity to inform themselves about the latest technologies, developments, trends and solutions and also to conclude business transactions. Many companies and research institutions present at the fair their latest products and research results. Synergies can be drawn also from the sharing of best practices and from networking.

23rd to 25th of January 2017 India Expo Centre, Greater Noida, NCR Delhi Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association (IEEMA), the organiser of ELECRAMA, takes pleasure in bringing to you another focused show, “DistribuELEC”. This first of its kind exhibition shall showcase the latest power distribution Equipment & Technology, products & services, ranging from 220V to 33000V. The exhibition is being organized from 23rd to 25th of January 2017 at India Expo Centre, Greater Noida, NCR Delhi, India concurrently with INTELECT 2017 Distribution is the most important link in the entire power sector value chain. As the only interface between utilities and consumers, it is the cash register for the entire sector. However, populist policies combined with high T&D losses have resulted in the entire sector being under severe financial stress so much so that it threatens the success of Government’s objective of 24x7 power for all. ▪

December 2016

IEEMAActivities

IEEMA Activities

Reliance Infrastructure Ltd Factory visit by IEEMA officials

IEEMA officials Cdr. Parijat Sinha, Ninad Ranade, Suhas Nawathe, Anita Gupta, Pragati Sohoni and Rajesh Parab visited Reliance Infrastructure Ltd. on October 20, 2016 for an in-depth knowledge on SCADA Systems and their distribution network: Mr Avinash Waghambare, Vice President – Operations welcomed IEEMA officials and taken to their SCADA Centre. Mr Waghambare given the company overview he talked about the entire value chain of power business i.e. generation, transmission, distribution & trading of electricity. He informed that the Reliance Energy with their technological advancements, combined with impeccable customer care support achieved the distinction of operating the network with 99.99% reliability. This high reliability factor is possible due to highly advanced SCADA control centre and superior network design which help Reliance Energy becoming the foremost private player in the power distribution industry. The Distribution System Overview given by Mr Shrikant Yeole, Asst. Vice President. In his presentation he informed that the company generates over 940 MW of power through its five power stations; distributes 5,800 MW of power in Mumbai and Delhi and has developed three transmission projects including the first Independent private transmission project.

He also informed that RInfra is India’s largest private power distribution company, serving 64 lakh consumers with 24 x 7 uninterrupted, reliable and quality power. The Electric power is created from energy-rich sources like Coal (thermal energy), Wind, Water (Hydro-electric energy) and the Sun (Solar Energy). From power plants, energy is transmitted at extra high voltage via transmition line. Mumbai gets 500 MW of power from Reliance Energy’s award-winning Dahanu Thermal Power Station and the balance is sourced from alternate sources, mainly from NTPC, MAHAGENCO.

Workshop on “Awareness on ISO 17025: General competency requirements for testing/calibration laboratories” Chandigarh Chapter of Ieema arranged a workshop on 12th November 2016 on the topic “Awareness on ISO 17025 : General Competency requirements for testing/ calibration laboratories. The workshop was inaugurated by Mr Hartek Singh, CMD Hartek Power Pvt Ltd. Around 26 participants from different organizations including utilities attended the workshop. The objective of the workshop was to Understand the need for validation of test results, Enable to interpret ISO/IEC 17025: 2005 requirements, Improve confidence in test results, Increases confidence in personnel performing these testing / calibration in accordance with International Standards, to enable participants to develop system documentation as per standard and implement the same effectively. The participants were the CMDs, Quality control engineers, lab In charges, Technical heads, SEs from utilities etc. Mr Pankaj Chawla from ERDA imparted the training to the participants he has 16 years of the experience in the Industry.

Readers are requested to send their feedback about content of the Journal at editor@ieema.org December 2016

IEEMAActivities

IEEMA SME division meeting The IEEMA SME division meeting was held on 21st October 2016 at IEEMA, Mumbai. 9 members from 9 organizations attended the meeting. Members decided to concentrate only on SMEs critical issues like recovery of delayed payments from OEMs and Utilities, Credit Rating. Mr Vishwas Prabhutendulkar, Regional Director, West, Project Management Associates (PMA) made a presentation on Project Management, the topics covered includes, Discipline to be maintained in the Project Management, different Modules, Challenges, etc.

Interface With Government And Agencies On 18th August 2016, Shri Vikas Khosla, Vice-Chairman, Public Policy Cell, Shri Chaitanya Desai, Executive Council Member, Shri Manish Agarwal, Chairman, Conductor Division, Shri Kalpesh Shah, Vice-Chairman, Conductor Division, Shri J. Pande, Senior Director, and Shri Naveen Upreti, Executive Officer, IEEMA had a meeting with Shri Piyush Goyal, Hon’ble Minister of State (IC) for Power, Coal, New and Renewable Energy and Mines. The discussions were broadly on proposed imposition of Safeguard duty on primary aluminium, impact of concessional duty imports under Chapter 98, issues with funding organisations such as KFW/JICA, implementation of CEA advisory for domestically funded projects, mismatch in specifications being tendered by utilities with regard to Powergrid under DDUGJY scheme etc. On 20th September 2016, Shri Vikas Khosla, Vice Chairman, Public Policy Cell along with a few Cable and Conductor manufacturing members and Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Director, IEEMA, attended a meeting called by Shri Piyush Goyal, Hon’ble Minister of State (IC) of New & Renewable Energy, Mines, Power and Coal, regarding proposed imposition of Safeguards Duty on Primary Aluminium. Shri Balvinder Kumar, Secretary, Ministry of Mines, Government of India was also present in the meeting.

100

On 21st September 2016, Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Director, IEEMA, attended the 96th Governing Council and 46th Annual General Meeting of Institute for Design of Electrical Measuring Instruments (IDEMI), Mumbai. Shri S N Tripathy, Additional Secretary and Development Commissioner, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India, chaired these meetings. On 22nd September 2016, IEEMA Economic and Taxation Committee members, led by Shri Adarsh Jain, Chairman and Shri G S Sharma, former Chairman, had a Pre-Budget Meeting with Senior Officials of Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. The meeting was chaired by Smt. Sangeeta Verma, Principal Economic Adviser, in presence of Smt. Seema Gaur, Economic Adviser; Smt. Kokila Jayaraman, Deputy Director; Smt. Shalini Gupta, Assistant Director; Shri Zakaria Khan, Senior Development Officer; Shri Ningthoujam Ajit Singh, Economic Officer; and Shri Ashish Banerjee, Economic Officer, DIPP. IEEMA made a power point presentation on key recommendations of the Association for Budget 2017-18. On 22nd September 2016, IEEMA attended a meeting called by Department of Commerce, Government of India, to review the progress on the branding action plan for Brand India Engineering Campaign of Electrical Machinery & Equipment. The meeting was chaired by Shri Bhubinder S Bhalla, Joint Secretary, Department of Commerce and CEO, India Brand Equity Fund (IEBF) and attended by Dr Shobhit Jain, Director, Department of Commerce and Deputy CEO, IBEF, Shri N. Ramakrishnan, Deputy Secretary, Shri N. Muthukumar, Section Officer, Department of Commerce, Shri Bhaskar Sarkar, Executive Director, Shri Gurvinder Singh, Joint Director, EEPC India. Smt. Rachna Pawa, Head – Corporate Communications and Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Director, represented IEEMA at the meeting. The discussion revolved around linking the Electrical Equipment website of Brand India Engineering to IEEMA website. The 3 stakeholders – IBEF, IEEMA & EEPC to make a communications strategy to reach

December 2016

IEEMAActivities

out to potential buyers in identified regions. This will include exhibitions/conferences, advertisements in print magazine & newspapers, digital & Social media, factory visits and interviews. On 23rd September 2016, Shri Sunil Misra, Director General, along with a few IEEMA members and Secretariat officials attended an urgent meeting called by Shri Balvinder Kumar, Secretary, Ministry of Mines, Government of India, on proposed imposition of Safeguards Duty on Primary Aluminium. On 29th September 2016, Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Director, IEEMA, called on Smt. Sanyukta Samaddar, Director, Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India, to deliberate on present status of actions taken on Mission Plan 2012-22 for Indian electrical equipment industry. On 14th October 2016, Shri Adarsh Jain, Chairman, Economic and Taxation Committee, Shri Anand Thakur, KEI Industries Ltd. and Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Director, IEEMA attended a meeting on Impact of Goods & Services Tax on MSME. The meeting was chaired by Shri Kalraj Mishra, Hon’ble Minister for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India, in presence of Shri Haribhai P Chaudhary and Shri Giriraj Singh, Hon’ble Ministers of State for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. Other senior Government officials present in the meeting were Dr. Krishan Kumar Jalan, Secretary, Shri Surendra Nath Tripathy, Additional Secretary and Development Commissioner, Ministry of MSME; Shri P K Mohanty and Shri Shashank Priya from Directorate of Goods & Service Tax. Representatives of various associations presented the likely impact of GST on MSME and also gave their suggestions on the same. On 17th October 2016, Capt. Vilas Katre, Organising Secretary, ELECRAMA-2018, Smt. Manjushree Shah, Convenor, Metering India-2017, Shri J Pande, Senior Director and Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Director, IEEMA, attended the Sub-Committee meeting for grant of Market Access Initiative (MAI) assistance for financial year 201718. The meeting was chaired by Shri Ali Rizvi, Joint Secretary, Department of Commerce, Government of India. IEEMA had submitted two applications for MAI assistance, namely, ChangeXChange-2018 (RBSM) at ELECRAMA-2018 and RBSM at Metering India-2017. Both these projects were approved by the Department of Commerce. On 20th October 2016, Shri Surendra Rawat from Ravin Cables Ltd. and Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Director, IEEMA meeting called by Shri Balvinder Kumar, Secretary, Ministry of Mines, Government of India, attended a meeting called by Shri Balvinder Kumar, Secretary, Ministry of Mines, Government of India, on proposed imposition of MIP / Safeguards Duty on Primary Aluminium. Shri Subhash Chandra, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Mines, was also present in the meeting. On 24th October 2016, Shri Sanjeev Sardana, President and Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Director, IEEMA, attended a meeting called by Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India, to discuss Foreign Direct

December 2016

Investments / Joint Ventures / Technology Transfer from Japan. Shri Anshu Prakash, Additional Secretary, Department of Heavy Industry, chaired the meeting. On 2nd November 2016, Shri Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA, attended a meeting on Capital Goods at Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India. The meeting was chaired by Shri Vishvajit Shay, Joint Secretary, Department of Heavy Industry. On 2nd November 2016, Shri Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA, called on Shri Bhaskar Jyoti Mahanta, Joint Secretary, Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India, to apprise him about the status of Indian electrical equipment industry and its Mission Plan 2012-2022. On 2nd November 2016, Shri Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA, called on Smt. Shalini Prasad, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Power, Government of India, on status of Indian electrical equipment industry. On 11th November 2016, Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Director, IEEMA, called on Shri Rajeev Kumar, Under Secretary, Department of Commerce, regarding IEEMA proposals for MAI grant submitted to the Government for the year 2017-18.

IEEMA Representations IEEMA submitted a representation to the Department of Commerce, Government of India, on 29th July 2016, regarding rules of origin in India’s on-going Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership negotiations. IEEMA submitted a representation to the Department of Heavy industry, Government of India, on 30th July 2016, submitting its inputs for Inter-Ministerial Standing Committee on Capital Goods Policy matters. IEEMA submitted a representation to the Tariff Commission, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, on 13th September 2016, regarding study of inverted duty structure in manufacturing of cable terminals and connectors. IEEMA submitted a representation to Shri Piyush Goyal, Hon’ble Minister of State (IC) for Power, Coal and New & Renewable Energy and Mines and to Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman, Hon’ble Minister of State (IC) for Commerce and Industry, Government of India, on 6th October 2016, regarding adverse impact of duty free imports, under notification No. 25/2005 customs, dated 1st March 2005, on manufacturing of electrical equipment, under HS Code 8536, by small and medium enterprises. IEEMA submitted a representation to the Directorate General of Safeguards, on 7th October 2016, regarding Safeguards Investigation on increased imports of Unwrought Aluminium (Aluminium not alloyed and aluminium alloys) into India. IEEMA submitted its Pre-Budget Memorandum 201718 on indirect and direct taxes to Central Board of Excise and Customs and Central Board of Direct Taxes respectively, in Ministry of Finance, Government of India, on 18th October 2016. ▪

101

PowerStatistics

World Coal Production Change 2015 2015 over share Million tonnes

1990

Total North America Total S. & Cent. America Total Europe & Eurasia

2000

2005

2010

1008.8

1054.4

1107.6

1067.0

887.9

-10.3%

12.9%

30.3

53.7

73.9

83.2

97.5

- 4.1%

1.6%

1916.7

1194.7

1229.8

1220.8

1168.1

-3.1%

11.0%

1.1

1.5

2.0

1.5

< 0.05%

182.6

230.5

250.1

259.1

265.8

-4.0%

4.0%

1629.5

2190.7

3440.0

4852.9

5440.4

-2.9%

70.6%

Total Middle East Total Africa Total Asia Pacific

2015

2014

North America

2005

18%

S. & Cent. America 1%

Europe & Eurasia 20% Asia Paciﬁc 57%

Africa 4%

Middle East 0%

2015

North America 11% S. & Cent. America 1%

Europe & Eurasia 15% Asia Paciﬁc 69%

Africa 4%

Middle East 0%

Coal Production (Million Tonnes)

6000.0 5000.0

2005

4000.0

2015

3000.0 2000.0 1000.0 -

North America

S. & Cent. America

Europe & Eurasia

Middle East

Africa

Asia Paciﬁc

Source - BP

102

December 2016

of total

PowerStatistics

Indian Nuclear Power

Source â&#x20AC;&#x201C; IBEF

December 2016

103

IEEMADatabase

Rs/MT

BASIC PRICES AND INDEX NUMBERS Unit

as on 01.09.16

IRON, STEEL & STEEL PRODUCTS

OTHER RAW MATERIALS

BLOOMS(SBL) 150mmX150mm

`/MT

22,722.00

BILLETS(SBI) 100MM

`/MT

23,009.00

CRNGO Electrical Steel Sheets M-45, C-6 (Ex-Rsp)

`/MT

54000.00

CRGO ELECTRICAL STEEL SHEETS a) For Transformers of rating up to 10MVA and voltage up to 33 KV

`/MT

b) For Transformers of rating above 10MVA or voltage above 33 KV

`/MT

as on 01.09.16

Unit

Epoxy Resin CT - 5900

`/Kg

380.00

Phenolic Moulding Powder

`/Kg

86.00

PVC Compound - Grade CW - 22

`/MT

127500

PVC Compound Grade HR - 11

`/MT

128500

`/KLitre

53938

Transformer Oil Base Stock (TOBS)

227,500.00

OTHER IEEMA INDEX NUMBERS

291,000.00

IN-BUSDUCTS (Base June 2000=100) for the month July 2016

216.93

IN - BTR - CHRG (Base June 2000=100)

268.29

NON-FERROUS METALS Electrolytic High Grade Zinc

`/MT

182,000.00

IN - WT (Base June 2000=100

211.85

Lead (99.97%)

`/MT

151,800.00

IN-INSLR (Base: Jan 2003 = 100)

230.48

Copper Wire Bars

`/MT

342,350.00

Copper Wire Rods

`/MT

353,222.00

Aluminium Ingots - EC Grade (IS 4026-1987)

`/MT

124133

Aluminuium Properzi Rods EC Grade (IS5484 1978)

`/MT

130341

Aluminium Busbar (IS 5082 1998)

`/MT

Wholesale price index number for ‘Ferrous Metals (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month July 2016 Wholesale price index number for’ Fuel & Power (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month July 2016

137.00

187.90

All India Average Consumer Price Index Number for Industrial Workers (Base 2001=100) July 2016

194800

280.00

# Estimated, NA: Not available 190000

Electrolytic High Grade Zinc Rs./MT

180000 170000

150000 140000

(Rs./M

160000

130000 120000 110000

October 2014 - September 2016

100000

104

December 2016

09-16

08-16

07-16

06-16

05-16

04-16

03-16

02-16

01-16

12-15

11-15

10-15

`09-15

`08-15

`07-15

`06-15

`05-15

`04-15

`03-15

`02-15

`01-15

`12-14

`11-14

`10-14

The basic prices and indices are calculated on the basis of raw material prices, exclusive of excise/C.V. duty wherever manufactures are eligible to obtain MODVAT benefit. These basic prices and indices are for operation of IEEMA’s Price Variation Clauses for various products. Basic Price Variation Clauses, explanation of nomenclature can be obtained from IEEMA office. Every care has been taken to ensure correctness of reported prices and indices. However, no responsibility is assured for correctness. Authenticated prices and indices are separately circulated by IEEMA every month. We recommend using authenticated prices and indices only for claiming price variation.

IEEMADatabase

37000

Power Transformers

27000 22000 17000

000' kVA

32000

12000 7000 2000 4 6 8 1012 2 4 6 8 1012 2 4 6 8 1012 2 4 6 8 1012 2 4 6 8 1012 2 4 6 8 1012 2 4 6 8 Name of Product

Accounting Unit

Production For the Month From Sept15 to Highest Annual August 2016

August 16

Production

Electric Motors* AC Motors - LT

000' KW

880

9789

11580

AC Motors - HT

000' KW

292

3498

5091

DC Motors

000' KW

404

618

000' KVA

993

11124

11261

Contactors

000' Nos.

765

8924

8527

Motor Starters

000' Nos.

166

1748

1909

Nos.

47125

660909

947878

000' Poles

12684

147157

136979

Circuit Breakers - LT

Nos.

205243

2267511

1932964

Circuit Breakers - HT

Nos.

4939

71461

72156

Custom-Build Products

Rs. Lakhs

13386

194778

265267

HRC Fuses & Overload Relays

000' Nos.

1123

14564

16875

43035

512429

507486

000' KVAR

3447

49657

53417

Distribution Transformers

000' KVA

3586

45612

46761

Power Transformers

000' KVA

14077

184911

178782

Current Transformers

000' Nos.

674

705

Voltage Transformers

Nos.

9980

109879

114488

000' Nos.

1818

28121

29317

000' MT

1037

1250

AC Generators Switchgears*

Switch Fuse & Fuse Switch Units Miniature Circuit Breakers

Power Cables* Power Capacitors - LT & HT* Transformers

Instrument Transformers

Energy Meters* Transmission Line Towers* * Weighted Production

December 2016

105

ERDANews

ERDA’s Energy Management Services: Proudly Contributing for the Making of an UJWAL BHARAT Introduction ERDA has been providing Energy Management Services to the nation since the year 1995, which has resulted in cumulative annual recurring savings to the tune of Rs. 163 Crores by the audited industries and utilities. These identified savings are equivalent to nearly 50 MW. A significant component of these savings have been implemented at “No Cost” by improving housekeeping measures and with minor changes in the operation practices, etc. ERDA is actively engaged in measurement phase of the Perform Achieve & Trade (PAT) scheme of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) for all designated industries and power plants. Key Energy Auditors of ERDA have advanced engineering qualifications in relevant technical areas and are accredited or certified as energy auditors by BEE – Government of India. Highlights of ERDA’s Energy Management Services are summarized below:

Major Energy Management Services uu

uu uu

uu uu uu

Specialists in Power Plant Audits. More than 145 Power Plants of Thermal, Hydro & Nuclear Sectors Successfully Audited. Perform, Achieve & Trade (PAT) Scheme Audits. Performance Efficiency & Performance Guarantee Testing for Power Plant Performance as per ASME PTC. Baseline Surveys, Measurement & Verification and Third Party LED Tests at Site for Energy Efficient Street Lighting Projects Water Audits including Water Balance Studies, Verification of Installed Water Flow Meters, & Water Loss Optimization Studies. Boiler Flue Gas Path - Oxygen Mapping Studies Thermography of Boilers, Steam Lines, Flue Gas Paths, Electrical Panels and Transmission Towers Exergy & Availability Analysis for Design Optimization using Expert CFD Modeling.

Process Audits of Steel and Non-ferrous Metals Sector (International Auditing Experience for Asian Development Bank in the Steel Sector) Trainings & Seminars on Energy Efficiency

Recognitions of ERDA as Energy Auditors uu uu uu uu uu

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Gujarat Energy Development Agency (GEDA), Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (MEDA), Commissioner of Electricity, Gujarat for Statutory Energy Audits in Gujarat State Energy Management Centre (EMC) – Kerala

Energy Conservation Awards Received by ERDA: uu uu uu

Best Improvement in Performance Award from PCRA consecutively for 3 years Best Energy Auditor Award from PCRA consecutively for 2 years MEDA Appreciation Awards for the years 2004 & 2005

Performance Efficiency (PE) & Performance Guarantee (PG) Testing Services uu uu uu uu uu uu uu

Turbine-Generator as per ASME PTC 6.0 Steam Generator as per ASME PTC 4.1 Condenser Cooling Towers as per ASME PTC, BS, & CTI Codes HP/LP Heaters Air Heaters Coal Mill & Auxiliaries

Forthcoming Training Programs Sr. No.

Programme title

Date

Uncertainty Measurement in Electrical Discipline

8-9 December

Industrial Energy Audits & PG Test Techniques

15-16 December

Rajib Chattopadhyay Head BD & CRM Phone (D): 0265-3021505, Mobile: 9978940954 E-mail: rajib.chattopadhyay@erda.org

106

December 2016

ProductShowcase

Features: XX

TRMS Measurement

easures V, Hz, mA / A, PF, KVA, KVAr, KW, KWh, M EUT, CO2 in kg

Three Pin Socket & Plug Suitable for Indian Socket

arge Dual Row LCD Display with Backlight & L Annunciator

Memory Retantion (KWh, EUT)

Portable, Easy to Carry and Simple to Use

Can be used for Continuous Monitoring

Counts CO2 generated by Electrical Equipment

ExxonMobil Introduces Industrial Lubricants Digital Knowledge Center via New Website

FLIR E8 Thermal Imaging Camera with MSX Enhancement. An ultimate predative maintenance tool for hotspot, overheated and overloaded cable, connection and components detection in Electrical/ Mechanical Application. Product featured with 3’’ color LCD display, 320 x 240 pixels IR resolution with thermal sensitivity <0.06°C, having Temperate range up to 250°C with an accuracy of 2% of the reading. On-board 640x480 Digital Camera. Storage image in Thermal, Visual and MSX image (Multi-Spectral Dynamic Imaging). An easy-to-use tool available with software for report generation and documentation of your work. offer 2-10-years warranty.

MECO “POWERGUARD - TRMS” MECO introduced NEW POWERGUARD in three ranges, PG09 – 20A, PG09 – 5A, PG09 – 1A. POWERGUARD is a simple to use and easy to handle product which can be widely used because of its portability and light weight indicating TRMS values of 10 parameters on 5 display pages (2 parameters on each page). It is equipped with 5 keys to view all the parameters and for programming of the meter.

December 2016

To help industrial operators more easily find the information they need to properly protect their equipment, ExxonMobil has introduced a new digital knowledge center full of educational content on its redesigned Industrial Lubricants website, mobil. com/industrial. Available via the website’s Technical Resources section, visitors have access to best practice maintenance tips and key insights on industry trends that are impacting a wide range of industrial sectors, such as general manufacturing, mining, oil and gas, power generation and food and beverage. Shree NM Electricals launches website Industricals.com. For the e-commerce players, the greater assortment of products, reduced search costs, and ability to offer hyper-competitive prices works as an advantage. For the offline players, the ability to be a high-touch service point, trust, credit options & instant gratification work as benefits The business that can seamlessly bring together the best of these two worlds can result in powerful customer propositions and market creations of the type that has never been seen before. This is Industricals.com! Industricals, an online B2B procurement platform founded on the values of honesty, dependability, growth and fairness, aims to bring together all electricals and soon industrial products that are used in manufacturing, construction, maintenance, services and commercial operations. Shree NM Electricals, India's largest distributor of electrical supplies and Unilog, a global technology company specializing in e-commerce software and product data management in the B2B marketplace are the backbone for Industricals.com.” ▪

107

IEEMA Publications Name of Publication

Rates (Rs.)

DIRECTORIES IEEMA DIRECTORY 2016 [Printed + CD combined]

1500

ELECRAMA DIRECTORY 2016 [Printed + CD combined]

1000

INTELECT DIRECTORY 2015 [Printed]

100

RESEARCH REPORTS IEEMA PWC Industry Status Report -2010-2011

10000

IEEMA FTA ( Free Trade Agreements) Report

5000

IEEMA GUIDELINES IEEMA Recommendation on Technical Specification for Instrument Transformer IEEMA Surge Arrester Industry Report IEEMA Guidelines for Testing of Surge Arresters Power Transformer â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Standardisation Manual

150

100 100 1000

REFERENCE VOLUMES OF IEEMA SEMINARS AND CONFERENCES Coffe Table Book

5000

SWICON 2011 [Switchgear & Control gear (CD)

2500

Swicon 2015 (Pen Drive)

2500

110

Name of Publication

Rates (Rs.)

ELROMA 2012 (Electrical Rotating Machines)

2500

CABLEWIRE 2011 ( Cables & Wires ) (Printed & Pen Drive)

2500

Metering India 2013 (Meter)

2500

Insulec 2015 (Insulating Material)

2500

Capacit 2010 (CAPACITORS) (Printed)

2500

Trafotech 2010

2500

Trafotech 2014

2500

Trafotech Compendium (1982 to 2006) (DVD)

2500

Tech IT - 2010

2500

TECH IT - 2014

2500

INSULEC COMPENDIUM (1980 To 2009) (DVD)

2500

CABLEWIRE COMPENDIUM (1983 To 2008) (DVD)

2500

ELROMA COMPENDIUM (1983 TO 2008) (DVD)

2500

SWICON COMPENDIUM (1984 TO 2008) (DVD)

2500

IEEMA JOURNAL One Year Subscription

1000

Two Year Subscription

1800

Three Year Subscription

2400

December 2016