Ieema journal june 2016 by IEEMA

From the President’s Desk

Dear Friends, 35 years is a long period. The IEEMA journal has evolved to be the leading electrical & electronics industry journal. The content has undergone many changes and the readership has grown. I must thank all those who over the years have contributed to make the publication add greater value. My special thanks to Mr. RG Keswani, who has inspired many like me in the industry. IEEMA’s continued dialogue with the policy makers is showing some results. The government has taken our feedbacks positively and we see support coming to help “Make in India” for Indian markets as well as for exports. IEEMA had significant presence in recently concluded AUW2016 show in Cape Town. We also signed a MoU with SAEEC ( South African Electro technical Export Council) to foster partnerships between member companies. In our effort to improve membership connect we have held a few regional meetings and will follow it up with regular interaction to address both local and national industry wide issues. The installed base of electricity generation has touched the 300GW mark in India. The EHV transmission lines have grown to around 365,000 ckt. Kms. The total substation capacity has touched 692,500 MVA. With additional availability of coal and growth in renewables the generation side has seen remarkable improvement. We do see renewed activity in the T&D sector as well. UDAY program has been well received by most around the country. 10 states have already signed up to it. This program will go a long way in addressing the financial burden of the Discoms and help reduce the AT&C losses. IEEMA in past months had a series of meetings with the UP discoms and has offered help to address the key challenges faced in the state. Similar efforts are on in other states as well. While the inter-regional transmission capacity has improved in the past few years a lot more is being done. With new power evacuation provision for the large renewable plants and augmentation of the distribution system the T&D sector is looking at major addition. As I mentioned in earlier issue, we are cautiously optimistic. The T&D industry after years of under utilisation of manufacturing capacity is looking at the future with hope. It is important for the country to buy, supply and install high quality reliable electrical infrastructure through “Made in India’ equipment and expertise. We have all the required expertise and equipment. Efforts of the industry and GoI to build a true “Smart Grid” are growing with our smart grid and metering division regularly interacting with concerned officials of the MoP. We need a grid suitable for Indian needs of today and tomorrow.A grid which helps us deliver 24X7 affordable power to all citizens along with the 240 million Indians who today do not have access today. The government’s village electrification program is running ahead of schedule and demonstrates what we are capable of achieving. The mind set all around has seen positive changes. The “can do” approach all around will yield positive results. Together we can.

Babu Babel

June 2016

Samvaad...

Dear members One of the fundamental objectives of an industry Association is to create a conducive environment for Industry to operate through Policy Advocacy. This is a continuous process and requires substantial effort, thought and investment of time to achieve desirable results. Many a times the subject is contentious and may have implications that are not only far reaching but impact a number of direct and indirect stake holders. Sometimes members question why in spite of agreeing and sympathizing with their view point the government does not take any action? The reason perhaps is they have to bear the pulls and pressures of various constituencies and stakeholders before something concrete is visible - more so in a democracy likes ours. When Prime Minister Modi announced the ‘Make in India’ campaign and a meeting of Secretaries to Government of India from various Ministries was held at Vigyan Bhavan on 25th September 2014, IEEMA was also invited. The then President of IEEMA, Shri Vishnu Agarwal put forth IEEMA’s 4 point Agenda in which the first point was regarding procurement from domestic manufactures. The 4 point Agenda was appreciated and accepted by then Secretary Power Shri PK Sinha. Ironically nothing substantial came out except series of unending meetings in Ministry of Power and Department of Heavy Industry where we kept pushing the subject. After attending few such meetings, a young member expressed his doubt about the seriousness, intent of the government and also the effectiveness of IEEMA! It is difficult to explain the role of persistence and grit in such matters. Today after nearly two years of dogged efforts by the office bearers of IEEMA along with the secretariat, a small yet a decision of paramount importance has emerged on the horizon in the form of CEA communication to all State Utilities and CPSUs for procurement of equipment/ material to be made from domestic / local manufacturing through local competitive bidding only, for domestically funded projects. If international competitive bidding is restored, subsequently the quoted price shall invariably be in Indian rupees only. This decision will have far reaching implications. I would request you to kindly go through this CEA communication No: CEA/PSETD/205/218-296 dated 19th May 2016 and do let us know of your suggestions / comments if any. The membership in their respective States along with IEEMA Secretariat should now push for the implementation of this valuable decision with State Utilities for achieving the final outcome.

Sunil Misra

June 2016

Contents

the leading electrical & electronics monthly

Volume 7 Issue No. 10 June 2016 CIN U99999MH970GAP014629 Official Organ of Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association Member: Audit Bureau of Circulation & The Indian Newspaper Society

From the President’s Desk 7

Samvaad 18

Appointments This new space in the IEEMA Journal will incorporate recent important appointments in the power and related sectors.

Special Report Page No 20

SunEdison’s bankruptcy wouldn’t have a huge impact on the overall solar industry: Mr Hitesh Doshi

Face to Face Smart Grids will be the key to sustainable development of power sector : Mr Prabhu Singh

Cover Story

UDAY: Outlier of Electricity Reforms

Interview

For long Indian Electricity reforms is made up of a cacophony of catchy slogans without any coherent vision, strategy and implementation plan. Policymakers have an uncanny knack to repackage, rebrand and rename the old wine in the new bottles when they realize that the intended outcome of the plans are difficult to materialize on the ground.

APEPDCL aims to bring down the losses to 4 per cent by 2019: Mr Revu Mutyala

Special Feature

trade exhibition for African power and water utility professionals. IEEMA delegation was led by Mr Sanjeev Sardana Vice President, IEEMA and Mr Anil Saboo Chairman International Div, other members companies who participated as exhibitors under the auspices of IEEMA were C& S Electric, MEHRU, Technical Associates, Deccan Enterprises, Genus Electricals and Anvil.

IEEMA Event SURGEPROTECH

IEEMA signs MoU with SAEEC at African Utility Week

2nd International Conference cum Tutorials on Surge Arresters

IEEMA participated in the 16th annual African Utility Week, a global meeting place of conference and

IEEMA Surge Arrester division jointly with CPRI and POWERGRID, organised the 2nd edition of

June 2016

Contents

SURGEPROTECHInternational Conference cum Tutorials on HV Surge Arresters on 28th & 29th April 2016 at New Delhi.

SME Talk We have the capabilities to grow three folds in the next couple of years: Mr Harpreet Singh

View Point Focus on Transmission & Distribution Network and the role IEEMA can play

In Depth

Industry Focus

Competition in Power Transmission SectorChallenges

Microgrid distribution line capacity optimization

Power utilities have historically been government-owned monopolies because of the essential nature of services they provide and the massive capital investment they require. With the evolution of markets, nations around the world are recognizing the role played by regulated, well functioning markets in providing user choice and good quality service through provider competition.

In Focus

Expert Speak

Reliable demagnetization of transformer cores

Evolution of FACTS Devices on the Indian Power Network The Indian electrical power network is one of the largest in the world, handling more than 200 GW of power and expected to double by year 2022. It has evolved from a collection of asynchronous systems, connected over DC links, to a single synchronous system. Such a large system definitely requires means to improve transmission capabilities and adopt measures to enhance stability to ensure trouble free operation of the large system.

Whenever a power or distribution transformer is isolated from the power system, it is very probable that residual magnetism remains in the core due to the phase shift. However, residual magnetism also occurs when performing winding resistance tests. Since manufacturers use these measurements in their routine testing and these tests are typically performed for on-site condition assessment, transformers can be regularly influenced by the effect of residual magnetism.

75 60

Industry matters

Guest Article

A matter of conventions in metering

Paradigm shift: From Electrification to Energization With growing population and the associated resource requirements, shrinking resources and degrading environment, sustainable development has become a key word. The challenge is to have a growth, which is at the same time sustainable considering a time scale spanning a few centuries.

June 2016

Conventions need to be defined and followed uniformly across the entire power sector. Sign convention (positive or negative) for import and export of energy, both active and reactive, is one of them. While there are no right and wrong in conventions, they are a means of avoiding mathematical confusion and bring everyone to a common understanding.

Rural electrification involves high initial capital investments per capita due to its stumpy energy demand and scattered population density. These factors effect in a higher cost of electricity than that for urban consumers. In this context, the optimization plays a vital role in the broad geographical distribution of electrical power.

Tech Space Comparison of SPWM and SVPWM techniques for Solar PV integration into Smart Grid

Tech Space Parallel Operation of Transformers with Large Nonidentical Taps for Reactive Power Compensation

100

Case study CESC – Strides in Distribution CESC Limited, an RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group Company is engaged in the generation and distribution of electricity in Kolkata and Howrah spread across 567 sq kms of licensed area. Its history goes back to 1897 with the advent of electricity distribution in India and registration of “The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Limited” in London.

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International News Gamesa plans to complete Phase I of Nellore plant by September

Contents

Kokam deploys NMC Energy Storage Systems at South Korean electric grid

IEEMA activities

112

126

National News

Power Scenario

UDAY will cover private discoms soon: Piyush Goyal International Solar Alliance summit in New Delhi next year

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Corporate News Alstom T&D Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Q4FY16 standalone net profit declines 44.72% yoy to Rs.29.87 crore BSES discoms reach amicable settlement with NTPC

Editorial Board

124

Global Scenario Indian Scenario

128

IEEMA Database Basic Prices & Indices Production Statistics

130

CPRI News

120

132

Product Showcase

ERDA News

122

137

Seminars & Fairs

Index to Advertisers

Advisory Committee Founder Chairman Mr R G Keswani

Chairman Mr Babu Babel

Members Mr Sunil Misra Mr Naveen Kumar Mr Mustafa Wajid Mr Vikram Gandotra Mr Vijay Karia

Sub Editor Ms Shalini Singh

Advertisements Incharge Ms Vidya Chikhale

Circulation Incharge Ms Chitra Tamhankar

Statistics & Data Incharge Mr Ninad Ranade

Regd Office - Mumbai 501, Kakad Chambers, 132, Dr A Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018. Phones: +91(0) 22 24930532 / 6528 Fax: +91(0) 22 2493 2705 Email: mumbai@ieema.org Corporate Office - New Delhi Rishyamook Building, First floor, 85 A, Panchkuian Road, New Delhi 110001. Phones: +91 (0) 11-23363013, 14, 16 Fax: +91 (0) 11-23363015 Email: delhi@ieema.org Branch Office - Bengaluru 204, Swiss Complex, 33, Race Course Road, Bengaluru 560 001. Phones: +91 (0) 80 2220 1316 / 1318 Fax: +91 (0) 80 220 1317 Email: bangalore@ieema.org Branch Office - Kolkata 503 A, Oswal Chambers, 2, Church Lane, Kolkata 700 001. Phones: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326 Fax: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326 Email: kolkata@ieema.org Website: www.ieema.in Articles: Technical data presented and views expressed by authors of articles are their own and IEEMA does not assume any responsibility for the same. IEEMA Journal owns copyright for original articles published in IEEMA Journal. Representatives: Guwahati (Assam) - Nilankha Chaliha Email: nilankha.chaliha@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9706389965 Raipur (Chhattisgarh) - Rakesh Ojha Email: rakesh.ojha@ieema.org Mobile:+91 9826855666 Lucknow (U.P. and Uttarakhand) Ajuj Kumar Chaturvedi Email: anuj.chaturvedi@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9839603195 Chandigarh (Punjab & Haryana) Bharti Bisht Email: bharti.bisht@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9888208880 Jaipur (Rajasthan) Devesh Vyas Email: devesh.vyas@ieema.org Mobile: +91 8955093854 Bhubaneshwar (Odisha) Smruti Ranjan Samantaray Email: smrutiranjan.samantaray@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9437189920 Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) Jesse A Inaparthi Email: jesse.inaparthi@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9949235153 Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) Mohammad Irfan Parray Email: irfan.parray@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9858455509

Agreement of Cooperation between IEEMA and SAEEC at African Utility Week

IEEMA Members Helpline No. 022-66605754

Edited, Printed and published by Mr Sunil Kumar Misra on behalf of Indian Electrical and Electronics Manufacturersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Association, and Printed at India Printing Works, India Printing House, 42, G. D. Ambekar Road, Wadala, Mumbai 400 031 and Published at 501, Kakad Chambers,132, Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018.

June 2016

APPOINTMENTS Mr SS Roy appointed Directort (Technical-LWR), NPCIL Distinguished Scientist S Singha Roy has been appointed as Director (Technical-LWR) of the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited. He will be holding the post till the date of his superannuation, or until further orders.

Mr SK Jha appointed Director (P & M), MIDHANI The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) has approved the proposal of the Department of Defence Production for appointment of Mr S K Jha to the post of Director (Production & Marketing) in Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI), Hyderabad for a period of five years.

Mr UC Muktibodh appointed Director (Technical), NPCIL Distinguished Scientist UC Muktibodh has been appointed as Director (Technical) of the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited.

Mr Chinmoy Gangopadhyay selected as Director (Project), PFC Chinmoy Gangopadhyay has been selected for the post of Director (Project) in the Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFC) by the Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB).

Arno Harris joins Azure Power’s Board of Directors Azure Power, India’s leading solar power company, announced the appointment of Arno Harris, Former Founder, CEO and Chairman of Recurrent Energy, one of North America’s leading utility-scale solar project developers, as an independent director.

Govt. announces several Additional Secretarylevel appointments The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) has approved several Additional Secretary-level appointments, including that of Ms. Shalini Prasad as Additional Secretary, Ministry of Power. Ms. Prasad, an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of the 1985 batch (Uttar Pradesh cadre), presently in her cadre, will succeed Mr. Badri Narain Sharma, IAS (RJ:1985) on his appointment as Additional Secretary, Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance. An official press release said that Ms. Madhulika P Sukul, IDAS (1982), presently in her cadre, has been appointed as Additional Secretary, Department of

Consumer Affairs, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution vice Mr. G. Gurucharan, IAS (KN:1982) on his appointment as Secretary (Performance Management), Cabinet Secretariat. Mr. Rajani Ranjan Rashmi, IAS (MN:1983), Additional Secretary, Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry has been appointed as Additional Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change vice Mr. Hem Kumar Pande, IAS (WB:1982) on his appointment as Secretary, Department of Official Language, Ministry of Home Affairs. Mr. Girish Chandra Murmu, IAS (GJ:1985), Additional Secretary, Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance has been appointed as Additional Secretary, Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance vice Ms. Snehlata Shrivastava, IAS (MP:1982) on her appointment as Secretary, Department of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice. Ms. Amita Prasad, IAS (KN:1985), Joint Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation has been appointed as Additional Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change vice Mr. Susheel Kumar, IAS (UP:1982) on his appointment as Secretary (Border Management), Ministry of Home Affairs. Mr. Nikhilesh Jha, IAS (MN:1984), Additional Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation has been appointed as Additional Secretary and Financial Adviser, Department of Food and Public Distribution, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution vice Mr. Prabhas Kumar Jha, IAS (UP:1982) on his appointment as Secretary, Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs. Mr. U P Singh, IAS (OR:1985), Additional Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas as Additional Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation vice Mr. Nikhilesh Jha.

VACANCIES Bureau of Energy Efficiency Post: Secretary Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Power has invited applications from the officers of Central or State Governments holding a post not below the rank of Deputy Secretary to the Government of India in the parent cadre for the post of Secretary in Bureau of Energy Efficiency on deputation basis

June 2016

SpecialReport

SunEdison’s bankruptcy wouldn’t have a huge impact on the overall solar industry: Mr Hitesh Doshi unEdison filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on April 21, 2016. This includes voluntary filing by some of the company’s subsidiaries in the United States and abroad. However, SunEdison’s publicly traded yieldcos, TerraForm Power (TERP) and TerraForm Global (GLBL), are not part of the filing. The company said it secured up to $300 million in new financing from its first-lien and second-lien lenders, which is subject to court approval. The money will be used to support SunEdison’s operations during its bankruptcy, such as paying wages and vendors, and proceeding with ongoing projects.

SunEdison’s bankruptcy filing is likely to impact India the most, according to EY’s Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index. Trouble in the USbased energy company has already triggered “a whirlwind of merger and acquisition activity, with more undoubtedly to follow”.

strong. SunEdison’s bankruptcy wouldn’t have a huge impact on the overall solar industry. SunEdison’s case should be treated as an isolated one with the cause of bankruptcy attributable to overambitious growth plans on borrowed money through which it tried to expand way too fast and in too many directions.

How could SunEdison’s bankruptcy affect its peers and future projects? Ideally, the SunEdison’s bankruptcy should not affect its peers or future projects as the reasons for its bankruptcy are not due to any flaws in the Solar Power business model or its fundamentals.

Tottering SunEdison has made Indian lenders extremely wary and tight fisted. Your comments please.

We feel that there is no reason for the Indian lenders to become wary or tight fisted for funding Solar Energy Projects. SunEdison’s bankruptcy The fundamentals of the industry are should not affect its very strong and Solar has already peers or future projects as the reasons for its reached grid parity. India is now the bankruptcy are not due third largest and most attractive market to any flaws in the Solar for Solar in the world. With excellent Power business model commitments and ongoing support from or its fundamentals. Government of India to meet its targeted goals of 100 GW, we see no reason for IEEMA Journal speaks to Waaree Energy, the Indian lenders to become tight fisted. CMD, Mr Hitesh Doshi on the reason of SunEdison’s Bankruptcy and its impact on the Indian solar industry SunEdison has around 700 megawatt (Mw) of solar capacity commissioned in India, and a further 1.7 gigawatt (Gw) under development. However, with the country’s total solar capacity currently around 6.7 Gw, this represents a sizeable portion, and there are concerns that so much capacity being released in the market could push down prices and make lenders reluctant to finance, said RECAI.

What are the major factors that led to SunEdison’s bankruptcy? Over the past few years, SunEdison has aggressively scaled up its acquisitions in various parts of the world in order to expand its market share. What appears to have gone wrong is that SunEdison tried to grow too fast and in too many directions. All this led to skyrocketing amount of debt without the ability to show investors its value. They took on billions in debt and went on an acquisition spree on the assumption that their stock price will keep going up, which didn’t happen.

What does SunEdison bankruptcy means for the overall solar industry The renewable energy industry in general and the Solar Industry in particular is healthy and the fundamentals are

The SunEdison misadventures should act as an eye-opener. It will not derail the entire industry for sure but gives an immense opportunity to all stakeholders - government, lenders and developers - to step back and evaluate the entire eco-system. Will low tariffs be sustainable? Please share your concern Yes, I do agree that the entire eco system should be evaluated. In fact, instead of evaluating it due to the SunEdison episode, evaluation should be a regular process to ensure that we as a country meet the ambitious growth plans for Solar and any potential roadblocks are identified well ahead in time. While it’s important to have competitive pricing for Solar Power, it’s important to ensure that an decent IRR is possible on the tariffs and lenders are comfortable with the same.  - Shalini Singh, IEEMA

June 2016

CoverStory

or long Indian Electricity reforms is made up of a cacophony of catchy slogans without any coherent vision, strategy and implementation plan. Policymakers have an uncanny knack to repackage, rebrand and rename the old wine in the new bottles when they realize that the intended outcome of the plans are difficult to materialize on the ground. From APDRP (Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Program) to RAPDRP (Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Program), from RAPDRP to IPDS (Integrated Power Development Scheme, RGGVY (Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojna) to DDUGJY (Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana), 24X7 Power by 2012 to 24X7 Power by 2019, 20000 MW of Solar energy by 2022 under Jawahar Lal Nehru Urban Solar Mission (JNUSM) to 100 GW by 2022 …architects of our power policy kept on moving the milestones further or giving it a different color without any perceptible success and the story goes on. DISCOMs (Distribution Companies), the crucial but weakest link in the electricity supply chain in India have been crying for reforms for decades as they are often characterized by inefficiency, plethora of people who are more liability than asset, frequent interruption in supply, poor voltage, low metering levels, low cost recovery etc. However, all efforts to bring them under control have been

able to produce news rather than any tangible outcome. The primary reason for this was the wrong diagnosis of the issues involved. Number of initiatives was undertaken in the distribution sector through APDRP and RAPDRP for urban areas tenth plan onwards but they emphasized more on system improvement and automation part to bring down the AT &C losses. RGGVY was also initiated for rural areas and to provide access of electricity to all. The concept of privatization of Distribution was also introduced through private licensees (Delhi and Orissa) and through Distribution Franchisees (Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh and several others). But these schemes failed miserably and the primary reason was the short sightedness of the policy makers coupled with faulty execution. Consultants who learnt on the job cooked lots of money in the process by framing DPR (Detailed Project Report) based on mere cut/ paste exercise rather than field surveys. Also how come policy makers plan to invest huge amount of money in automation and system improvement without doing financial restructuring of DISCOMs which are currently sitting on a huge debt of about Rs 4.3 Lakh Crore and most of them are on the verge of bankruptcy. The irony is that the they are adding 60 – 65000Cr of losses each year. As a result of their financial mess, DISCOMs had stopped

States shall take over the future losses of DISCOMs in a graded manner and shall fund them as follows: Year

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18

2018-19

2019-20

2020-21

Previous Year’s DISCOM loss to be taken over by State

0% of the loss of 2014-15

0% of the loss of 2015-16

5% of the loss of 2016-17

10% of the loss of 2017-18

25% of the loss of 2018-19

50% of the previous year loss

June 2016

CoverStory

contracting for power from generators and handed over unscheduled power cuts to consumers. Diesel generators were used extensively as a back up power driving up the consumption of imported oil straining the finances of the country. Then the indefatigable power minister and his persistent staff unveiled one scheme in late 2015 with peculiar acronym called the Ujjwal DISCOM Assurance Scheme (UDAY) which hit the nail right on the head with direct attack on improving the balance sheets of DISCOMs. It ensures the financial turnaround and revival of DISCOMs and guarantees a permanent solution to their financial mess getting rid of decades of losses and subsidies.

Modus operandi

According to this scheme the Union government allowed state governments to take 75% of the debt (as of September 30 2015) of the DISCOMs owned by them over two years and pay back the lenders by selling government bonds. In 2015-16, they could take over 50% and in 2016-17 25% of the outstanding debt on their books. For the remaining 25%, the concerned DISCOMs will be issuing the bonds. The bonds issued by the state government are offered at a coupon of 8-9% and the rest will be priced at the minimum lending rate of bank base rate plus 0.1 percent. These state government bonds cannot be counted against banks’ statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) requirements. While this will classify these bonds as state development loans (SDLs) available for sale in the bank books, over time, they can create a tradable market in these securities. This can be a good template for future, with a degree of market tempering built into what the DISCOMs can borrow. Thus the cost of servicing DISCOM debt will come down from about 12% to about 8% for threefourth of the loans taken over by the state, and to about 9% on the remaining loans for which state-guaranteed DISCOM bonds will be issued. The savings could be about Rs. 33,000 crores a year. Government of India will not include this incremental debt in the calculation of fiscal deficit of respective States in the financial years 2015-16 and 2016-17. UDAY also compels the DISCOMs to improve operational efficiency. The financial restructuring package is based on a loss trajectory agreement where the DISCOMs sign up for ensuring their cost of operations reduction and their revenue from operations is sufficient to cover their cost of supplies. The UDAY package will need the states to bring their AT&C losses to 10% or 15% (customized for each state) by 2018-19. The central government will be monitoring the progress on this parameter regularly – a clause built in the UDAY MOU. UDAY brings back focus again on Renewables Purchase Obligations (RPO) which is outstanding from 1st April 2012. States accepting UDAY and performing as per operational milestones will be given additional / priority funding through DDUGJY (Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana), IPDS (Integrated Power Development

June 2016

Scheme), PSDF (Power Sector Development Fund) or other such schemes of Ministry of Power and Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Such States shall also be supported with additional coal at notified prices and, in case of availability through higher capacity utilization, low cost power from NTPC and other Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs). States not meeting operational milestones will be liable to forfeit their claim on IPDS and DDUGJY grants.

Current Status

The scheme has quietly made several important advances. So far, 10 states, including those with heavily indebted DISCOMs like Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan, have signed the MoUs and several others have agreed in principal to join the scheme. The Government is contemplating to extend the deadline of UDAY scheme by one year to enable those states that haven’t come on board yet to sign up. However, states like Kerala, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh were likely to join UDAY only for operational efficiency and related incentives as these DISCOMs have comfortable debt position. Separately, some states with strong financial and low DISCOM debt such as Gujarat may not issue bonds, but have joined the scheme of other incentives from the Centre.

(Source: Financial Express)

The list includes several states ruled by non-NDA governments who resort to oppose all the policies of the ruling government without going into the merits of it. Tripartite MoUs are being finalized between the centre, state and Ministry of Power. As of early March 2016, Rs 1.94 lakh crore debt or 45% of total outstanding debt of DISCOMs in the country is expected to be covered under the UDAY scheme.

Reform with a difference

Electricity reforms have traditionally been marred by the “centre knows best” approach but UDAY is a voluntary scheme and the states make an explicit choice to participate. It creates enabling provisions across the power value chain for states to choose and do what

CoverStory

fits them, with the view of reaching the committed operational goals. The scheme is all about Financial Restructuring with incentives for the states to bring de facto commitment back to their balance sheets and not a bailout where the government gives cash to DISCOMs and states without accountability. There’s a specific roadmap for debt restructuring and there are hard budget constraints imposed for participating in the program. Once on board, the states will not be able to back out and the only prudent course of action for them will be to keep their side of the bargain – which is around driving operational efficiencies. UDAY attempts to enforce fiscal discipline on States as it requires them to absorb a part of future losses of the DISCOMs. It attempts to buffer the finances of the DISCOMs, from the subsidies that state governments may want to provide for power. The states will now have to directly bear on their budgets the entire cost of the subsidies. Now state politicians will have to think twice before promising generous subsidies in the future since that will have to be financed within the 3% state-level budget deficit on the long run. It is the duty of state and DISCOM to invest in technology and collection to minimize the electricity pilferages UDAY ensures that the DISCOM reforms are not just distribution centric, but positively impact various inputs and outputs to the distribution function, even those which are not owned by the centre directly. It provides for easier transferring coal linkages from old to more modern plants, and incentives for creating large plants running at an economy of scale rather than operating small sub 200 MW plants. Allocating coal linkage to a generating company, rather than to a specific plant gives companies the freedom to use the fuel in the most efficient way. Use of energy efficient LEDs, pumps, fans and air-conditioners will save power consumption and reduces the peak load. This is a big positive vis-à-vis the past DISCOM reform packages and will result in huge savings. The Ministry of Power estimates that a combination of financial efficiency, technical / collection efficiency (AT&C loss reduction to 15%), better coal linkages (supply of domestic coal and coal swapping), energy efficiency initiatives and demand side management (eg: LEDs, appliances, pumps) and industrial efficiency savings (eg: perform-achieve-trade PAT for energy conservation in industry) totaling projected savings of Rs. 1.8 lakh crores.

Future of UDAY

While there is nothing certain in a democracy laced with electoral populism and constantly edgy centre-state relations, this plan may well be the “now or never” stage for DISCOM revival. Time will tell whether the DISCOMs take responsibilities towards improving operational efficiency to reduce AT&C losses, strongly stop malpractices by employees, 100% metering, billing & collection, including recovering of arrears and many more. At the same time state governments need to ensure financial prudence

and realize that doling out cash for political mileage will only worsen the situation. The scheme has been designed with wide spread stakeholder consultation irrespective of their political affiliations and has the merit of a pan India rollout for DISCOMs in order to come out of the red in their financial books. Business processes in DISCOMs need extensive automation for spot billing, call centers, remote meter reading, automated billing, efficient O&M and metering from grid to DT (Distribution Transformer). Energy auditing and accounting, fault reporting, substation operations, enterprise solutions involving employees and commerce, consumer servicing through the Internet and telephones (call centres), and management information systems (MIS) involving Data Analytic shall be transparent and available to all authorities online and on real time basis. This is indeed a fact that the whole nation is eagerly waiting for UDAY to have unprecedented success and being seen as a last resort for DISCOMs to come out of their financial turmoil. Initial vibes have been very encouraging and the program seems to be well designed from the point of view of incentives using all the carrots and sticks in the arsenal of the central government. However efficient execution and strict vigilant approach looks to be the key success factors in the scheme.

Conclusion

A turnaround of distribution segment is critical to make the power sector commercially viable and to deliver reliable power supply at reasonable cost. UDAY will bring an increased focus on bringing in financial, operational and technical/collection efficiency. These measures corroborated with better coal linkages, energy efficiency initiatives and demand side management will prove to be elixir to the nation which loses one third of their legal revenue through AT&C losses and the ultimate victim is the honest consumer that pay their bills on time. However, sustained long term efforts will be required on the part of all stakeholders like the central government, state government, ministries, commercial banks, utilities, government regulators, and end users to lead to permanent changes lending huge credibility to the 24 x 7 power promised by the government by 2019. ▪ Purnendu Kumar Chaubey

Vice President Kalpataru Power Transmission Ltd.

June 2016

Face2Face

Smart Grids will be the key to sustainable development of power sector: Mr Prabhu Singh Mr Prabhu N Singh, Director, National Smart Grid Mission talks to IEEMA Journal on the challenges on implementation of targets under NSGM and providing stable and quality 24x7 power to all.

Please share the details of initiatives being undertaken under the National Smart Grid Mission? As you are aware, National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM) was established by the Government of India to plan and monitor implementation of policies and programmes related to Smart Grid activities in India. Project Management Unit of NSGM (NPMU) housed at POWERGRID will be the implementing agency for operationalizing the Smart Grid activities in the country. NSGM has the mandate to develop Smart Grids in the Smart cities announced by Govt of India, to begin with. 1st Meeting of Empowered Committee for implementation of National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM) was held on 29th March, 2016 under the Chairmanship of Secretary (Power). Empowered Committee has sanctioned the DPRs for Smart Grid Project at Chandigarh for Rs. 28.58 crores (around 30 thousand consumers) and at Amrawati, Maharashtra for Rs. 90.05 crores (around 1.48 lakhs consumers). We are interacting with the state authorities for setting up of State Level Missions and State Level Project Management Units (SLPMUs). SLPMUs are required to be established urgently as the DPRs for smart grid projects shall have to be approved by it before submission to NPMU. We are also engaging with the various stakeholders like the industry, standardization bodies, funding agencies etc and holding periodic discussion session “Manthan” wherein the stakeholders can voice their concerns, make suggestions

and make this transition to smart grids a collective effort. Going 5 years down the line, post implementation of schemes like IPDS and DDUGVY the Distribution sector shall be sufficiently robust and IT enabled and the mass deployment of Smart grid technologies shall become imperative. Smart Grids shall be the key to sustainable development of power sector and achievement of the goal of 24X7 Power for All. Recognizing the need to build a pool of employees conversant with IT technologies for distribution sector, NSGM has put in place a plan to provide support for training and Capacity building to States/DISCOMs for smart grid technologies. A module for Capacity Building on Smart Grids for the DISCOM personnel has already been prepared. The process of training shall be started very soon and the First session is likely to be held in Mid June. Skill upgradation shall be a continuous process and to maintain continuity in this endeavour and ensure that the training and capacity building exercise provides maximum benefits to DISCOMs, we are trying to ensure that the employees posted in SLPMU and Smart Grid Cells have at least ten years of service left and they should be dedicatedly deployed for this work for minimum 5 years period.

What are the challenges you foresee in implementing the NSGM? The challenges on implementation of targets under NSGM are centered on affordability of technology, choice of technology suitable for

our conditions and acceptability of technology by the consumers. It is not necessary that the technology that works in US or in European countries may also work for us. Challenges are especially around choice of communication technologies. Whereas RF mesh network is likely to work at most places but in some scenarios PLCC may also be required. In RF there is challenge of limited availability of bandwidth in free frequency band of 865-867 MHz. We are treading with caution and not going for sudden full blown rollout. We are undertaking smart grid pilot projects with the utilities across the country to test the suitability of technologies for our conditions. Two projects are under advanced stage of implementation and upon completion will help us chalk out our strategy in a more focused manner. However, the learning’s from the Proof of Concept pilots undertaken at UGVCL, Gujarat and Puducherry have given us the confidence in smart grid technologies and accordingly we are sanctioning projects under NSGM also. Affordability is impacted by various factors such as technology being vendor neutral so as to boost competition, indigenous development, allow for future scale up etc. Though we have standards for smart meters and data communication protocol but still Other challenge is around non availability of skilled manpower with requisite IT skills to operate and maintain such advanced systems and NSGM is taking a lead role in addressing this problem through focused capacity building

June 2015

Face2Face

The outlay of NSGM has been re-rationalised / recast. The total estimated cost for all the projects and NSGM activities for 12th Plan is Rs 980 crore including a budgetary support of Rs 338 crore. Details are as follows: Sl A. B. C

D. E.

Activity Development of smart grid in Smart Cities Development of micro grids Training & Capacity Building (Funding for SGKC etc) Consumer Engagement++ (Funding to State owned Discoms ~60) NSGM Establishment, O&M etc Total Outlay

Estimated Cost

Budgetary support for 12th Plan 2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

Rs 890 crore

267 (30%)

155

111

Rs 27 crore

8 (30%)

Rs 8 crore

8 (100%)

Rs 30 crore (20 lakhs p.a. for each Discom)

30 (100%)

Rs 25 crore

25 (100%)

Rs 980 crore

338

186

142

programs. GoI is providing funding for development of Smart grid Knowledge Centre by POWERGRID under NSGM. Consumer is set to become the biggest beneficiary through implementation of smart grid with reduced power cost through efficiency, increased reliability and quality of power. Smart Grid shall enable the consumer to become a ‘prosumer’ by facilitating large scale integration of Distributed roof Top solar resources. However, Consumer will have to be properly educated regarding the deployment of these schemes/programs and their benefits so that they appreciate the scheme and accept it.

The pilot project of new transformer carriage system was conceptualized by you in the State of Uttar Pradesh. Please share the details of that project. We conceptualized and piloted a new transformer carriage system which replaced old system of transformer damage and replacement. All subdivisions were provided with one vehicle, one driver and one skilled and unskilled labour. This new system empowered the SDO’s to replace the damaged transformers on time as infrastructure was at their disposal and they were held accountable for timely replacement. The advantages were many folds. CCTV cameras were installed at all DTC centres across the distribution company to ensure that old

Proposed Budgetary support

practice of people arranging for transformer replacement logistics was completely abandoned thereby reducing opportunities for corruption. The new system not only improved turnaround time significantly but also proved cost effective as compared to the old system. The pilot was hugely appreciated and later on pan-UP rollout was implemented by Hon’ble Chief Minister in the presence of Chief Secretary and Principal Secretary Power. With this, a sound system of transformer damage and replacement was implemented in Uttar Pradesh. A sound system of transformer damage and replacement was made. All stores and workshop was made online and linked to know real time requirement. Enough capacity was created at stores. Guarantee period of transformers were tracked. Special emphasis in house repair of damaged transformers was paid by adding necessary infrastructure. This cost about 8 crore but resulted in per month saving to the tune of Rs 2.5 to 3 crore.

During your tenure as MD, DVVNL, you played a pivotal role in getting more than 24 lakhs new connection in just 2 months. Can you please share with us the challenges you faced and how were you able to achieve the same? Based on our analysis of total consumer base vs household census figure we realised that increasing the number of new connections should

be the key lever to dive revenues of the discom. In April 2014 DVVNL connection vis census household figure was just 40.1%. We planned and initiated a massive Abhiyan against power theft from maximum loss area of discom i.e. district Etawah. The steps in the program: We engaged media extensively to convey about anti-theft drive of the department and sought their support. We gave our consumers 15 days time to get the valid connections from the department. After the notice period, we created more than 100 teams to review the illegal connections and initiated strong actions against the defaulters. After the success if the Abhiyan in Etawah, this was launched in whole UP which resulted in new connections to the tune of 24.6 lakhs in just two months. DVVNL was able to surpass its target of 496,491 connections and achieved 524,112 new connections. Through this drive, total consumer base for DVVNL increased by more than 10% in just 5 months. Additionally, this helped DVVNL to reduce AT&C loss by more than 6% and increase realisation rate by 24 paise(highest of rest discom of UP) in one financial year With proper planning and hard work we submitted our rural electrification plan (covered under RGGVY 12th plan) of more than 100 population villages/habitation of all 21 districts. DVVNL became first discom in the country to finalise all the 21 districts tenders within given time frame. ▪

June 2015

Interview

APEPDCL aims to bring down the losses to 4 per cent by 2019:

Mr Revu Mutyala

ndhra Pradesh Eastern Power Distribution Company Limited (APEPDCL) has broken its own record to top the chart for the lowest transmission and distribution losses in the country for the third second consecutive year. The discom recorded T and D losses of 5.48 per cent in this year bettering its previous record of 6.32 per cent for the year 2014-15. In 2013-14 it recorded a figure of 6.33 per cent. APEPDCL, tops the chart among 48 discoms in the country.

As a result of various initiatives that were taken: hh All 11 KV feeders in EPDCL were fixed with DLMS meters along with GPRS Modems.

Its Chairman and Managing Director Mr Revu Mutyala Naidu speaks to IEEMA Journal about the Discom aims to bring down the losses to 4 per cent by 2019.

• Interruptions on all feeders can be tracked online.

• Load survey data from all feeders can be tracked online.

• Meter tamper reports, Exception reports can be tracked.

Andhra Pradesh Eastern Power Distribution Company Limited (APEPDCL) has recorded lowest transmission and distribution losses in the country for the third second consecutive year. Please let us know the steps being taken to achieve this?

• Monitoring the duration of interruptions based on time limits. • Since all the feeders are provided with modem communications, the energy drawn on daily basis can also be monitored. • Loading of the feeders can be monitored and alerts can be incorporated if the feeder is over loaded.

The Company has achieved T&D losses of 5.48 % during the FY 2015-16 and which is lowest since formation of the company. The Company has also achieved metered sales of 81.67% during FY 2015-16 and which is highest. The Power sector is a critical infrastructure element required for the smooth functioning of the economy. The availability of reliable, quality and affordable power helps in the rapid agriculture, industrial and overall economic development of the state. Hon’ble Prime Minister and Hon’ble Union Minister of State for Power, selected Andhra Pradesh to implement the ‘Power for All’ programme. Andhra Pradesh was one of the pioneer states in the country to initiate the power sector reforms. Significant amount of investments were made for building up of generation capacity, strengthening of the transmission and distribution networks, industrial feeder segregation, loss reduction and improving quality of the power supply. ‘Power for All’ programme plays a pivotal role and conceived with the objective of providing 24x7 quality, reliable and affordable power for all.

Based on the Modems data, EPDCL has developed the Load Monitoring Cell-Dash board which is a web based Application capable of generating meaningful reports, for the following parameters:

• Since all the DTRs in the R-APDRP towns are provided with modems, DTR loading can also be tracked. • Feeder wise power factor can be monitored. • Reasons for all 11KV Feeder interruptions are captured and the reason wise analysis reports can be generated online. • System Average Interruption Duration Index and System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIDI and SAIFI) can be monitored on day to day basis. • If sales is linked with the drawls, effective Energy Audit can be done. hh

LMC Power Supply Monitoring Application can provide the detailed view of the Number of Hours Power supplied in 3-Phase and 1-Phase by 11kv Feeder wise across all districts of APEPDCL of A.P

June 2016

Interview

in graphical view. hh

This Dash Board gives the Managerial Information about Daily DISCOM/ District wise Power Consumption, Power Demand, Surplus/Deficit Power. By using this Load Monitoring Cell IT application during Godavari Pushkarams we have been able to give uninterrupted power supply without any single incident. By using this application daily those 12 days all the 11kv feeders and Distribution Transformers loads are monitored 24/7 and necessary overload DTRs are changed with higher capacity DTRs for meeting the load requirements. Actually it was a great challenge that as per the instructions of Hon’ble CM of AP has instructed EPDCL to put decorative lightning to Rajahmundry town the load has increased on DTRs and we were able to identify the overloaded DTRs using this application and were replaced.

The new IT initiatives for improving performance of company and to give quality power supply have been taken up in 2015-16 and are:

Mobile APP for Consumers As part of providing better customer services, APEPDCL has decided to develop a mobile app “Eastern Power App” for customers on 14-Aug-2015. The app has been developed In-house and tested thoroughly for hassle-free experience. The app has been launched on 03-Nov-15 by the hon’ble CMD/EPDCL. So far, 55,034 Nos. customers have downloaded the app and about an amount of Rs.4.31 Crores has been paid through this app towards electricity bills. The Eastern Power app is simple, fast, intuitive and easy to use. The customer has to install this app and sign with his/ her mail id and register the services using 16 digit service number. Once registered and logging into

June 2016

the app, they can stay connected with APEPDCL for a seamless service experience. They can: • View & pay your electricity bills from their mobile •

Get Bill reminders

•

Get the power supply position of their area

•

Analyze their consumption pattern over the last 12 months

•

Get payment history of the last 10 transactions

•

Get updates on their complaint & new service application status

•

Give feedback to help APEPDCL to improve the services

DTR Replacement using Vehicle Tracking System Replacement of sick DTRs with healthy DTRs within time as per standards of performance is one of the important objectives for the DISCOM. In reality several slips are taking place which are leading to receipt of complaints such as 1. Delay in replacement of failed DTRs. 2. Transportation of sick and healthy DTRs by the consumers. An IT enabled system was developed and implemented on 07.12.2015 to streamline the process of DTR failure replacements which eliminates the above slippages. The features of this application are: • Avoid delay in replacement of failed DTRs. •

Avoid transportation of sick and healthy DTRs by the consumers.

•

Ensuring a high level of consumer satisfaction.

•

Online vehicle tracking (running movement) on Google maps. GPS (Global Positioning System, is a satellite navigation system that receives datavia satellites in space) tracking uses elements of both time and location to provide data points for the user.

•

Event based auto messaging to concern engineers and management while complaint is ON.

•

Real time integration and validation with SAP and CCC applications.

•

Field inspection officers can view online exception reports on their mobile or tablet devices while they are on move.

•

Automatic capturing of uploaded photographs parameters such as. GPS coordinates (latitude, longitude), full address, date and time

•

Automatic mapping of DTR locations on very first time upload of photographical proofs from mobile device.

•

Automatic complaint closure on successful upload of photographical proofs from mobile

Interview

device eliminating manual intervention in closure of complaint. •

Proof of complaint close report with photographs and location parameters.

•

Keep track of complete life cycle of a complaint.

Mobile Applications for Department Mobile applications for department personnel have been targeted to be developed for increasing ease of operation. As part of this, APEPDCL have developed the following mobile applications for utilization in day-to-day Operations: 1) Operation of Defaulters List: This app has been developed for operation of the defaulters list by the O&M staff. The features are: a. Group-wise defaulters list will be shown b. The staff can select the data transformer-wise or date-wise c. Automatic updation of the collections d. Simple updation of the disconnection details in the tab. 2) Release of services under RE component: This app has been developed for tracking the release of services under RE component (captures the GIS coordinates of the service also). 3) Statutory Inspection of Sub-stations: This app enables immediate updation of the inspections made by the field officers for rectification of the defects noticed by the respective wings viz Operations/ MRT. This will eliminate the paper correspondence among the wings and maintains historical data.The total assets of the Sub-station are digitized along with the GIS co-ordinates. 4)

Asset Surveying: This app enables the field officers to capture the details of the assets viz DTRs,

LT network, 11KV and 33KV network. Besides capturing the present status along with the defects, if any, observed during the inspection and the action taken for rectification will be maintained historically. As a first step, this app is now being used for the Pre-Monsoon Inspections 2016.

Online registration for Solar roof top (Net metering) As part of new IT initiatives and providing better services to the customers, APEPDCL has launched a new option for registering ONLINE for Solar roof top (Net metering) in the APEPDCL website i.e. www.apeasternpower.com.

SMS Alerts APEPDCL has started sending the bill details to the respective consumers through SMS immediately after recording the meter reading. Consumers will get the SMS on bill payment also. The consumers can update their mobile numbers in the APEPDCL website i.e. http://www. apeasternpower.com

Erection of Sub-Stations The Company has achieved 100% progress against the target of 62 Nos 33/11 KV Sub-Stations and which is highest since formation of the company and surpassed the previous record of 59 Nos. in 2009-10. Electrification of all Rural Households: The Govt. of AP has given the task of Electrification of all Households by 31st May 2016. hh

Rural Electrification Component under DDUGJY Scheme was sanctioned for Intensification of Villages, Electrification of un-electrified Habitations and Release of Services to Rural Households.

The RE Component works were awarded in the month of December’ 2015 and so far achieved 92% of progress within 4 months in all 5 Districts of APEPDCL.

Initiatives taken by APEPDCL for Electrification of all Un-electrified Households

Survey of Un-Electrified Households alongwith infrastructure required: In order to achieve the target before 31.05.2016, the field staff (SLI/LI/LM/ ALM) were nominated for the villages existing in the Mandal for survey for identification of Un-Electrified Households along with infrastructure required like DTRs, 6.3KV line & LT lines for intensification/ electrification of villages/habitations / Colonies under RE component of DDUGJY in the respective Mandals. Accordingly the surveyed data is being uploaded in EPCCB Web Portal on daily basis by the respective Section Officer.

Creation of module in EPCCB (Eastern power Customer Care & Billing): A new module in the EPCCB Web Portal was created for online

June 2016

Interview

updation of data in respect of the surveyed Unelectrified Households and release of services to the Households by the respective field officers till the services are billed. hh

Spot registration of applications: Applications are being registered at the door steps of the applicant by the field officers duly collecting Rs.125/- for BPL & Rs.325/- for APL beneficiaries to facilitate to provide electricity without any delay. Irrespective of payment of charges, the BPL services are being released and thereafter the amount of Rs.125/- is being included in their CC bills.

Appointing of Nodal officers to the ITDA (Agency) areas: The officers in the cadre of Chief General Manager/ General Manager from Corporate Office were appointed to the ITDA areas for effective implementation of the scheme and close monitoring of the works.

Seeking support from other departments and public representatives: For effective implementation of the scheme, support is being taken from the District Administration, other departments and Public Representatives. During the following meetings, the modalities of the scheme are being explained and their cooperation is being sought.

i. Meetings conducted by the respective District Collectors, Project Officers/ITDA, RDOs and Sub collectors. ii. Meetings of Zilla Parishad and Mandal Parishads in the respective districts where the MPs, MLAs, ZPTCs, MPTCs and other Local Public representatives attend. Mandal level Substation Committee meetings where the MLAs and Local Public representatives attend As per the instructions of the MoP, District Electricity Committees were formed in all 5 Districts of APEPDCL and the District collectors have conducted meetings for reviewing and monitoring the implementation of all Central Schemes in the Power Sector. 33kv Interlinking Lines: 10nos 33kv interlinking lines charges in all five districts DDG Projects: Electrification of 184 NOs un-electrfied Tribal Habitations with SPV power plants with an amount of Rs 33.8168 Crs in Visakhapatnam and srikakulam districts was sanctioned. 115nos un-electrified Tribal habitations were electrified with SPV power plants with an expenditure of Rs 21crs and release of 2585 Nos new services to households.

Do you think there is enough Investment being infused in the T&D segment? The downward trend in the T&D losses can be considered is an indicator of the sufficiency of the investment in the T&D segment. APEPDCL has the lowest AT&C Losses

June 2016

of DISCOMs in Q1 FY 15-16 as per the report published by PFC. A lot of investment has happened already in the state in the fields of network strengthening like HVDS system, real time 11kV feeder monitoring which would result in further reduction of T&D losses. APTRANSCO and APDISCOMS have drawn up large investment plans towards network strengthening. Having said that, there is a lot of scope of improvement in T&D loss reduction to come to international benchmarks of T&D losses which is less than 4%. This would need substantial investment in the T&D network and funding of such investment from cheaper sources of funds.

What are the challenges if any the state power sector is facing The challenges the state power sector is facing is of maintaining healthy financial status of the utilities is a key challenge of the state power sector. UDAY scheme is a step towards achieving this. Regular and commensurate tariff increase in line with the increase in cost would help achieve financial stability Timely implementation of the projects is a key challenge to the T&D sector, which would save cost overruns. Right of Way issues and other policy gaps are leading to delay in implementation of the network expansion plans. Grid management to support significant renewable penetration would become one of the major challenge in the near future. Another key challenge in the T&D sector is to manage the customer expectations. In the era of digitization, customers not only expect to get power 24/7 but also expect to have zero interruptions along with faster service in resolving any complaints and interruptions.

How is the state government working on further strengthening the T&D sector? The state utilities with the support of the State Government has come up with a clear roadmap for the next five years as part of the “Power for All” initiative laying down the network expansion plans of transmission and distribution along with the required investment. Central schemes like DDUGJY, IPDS schemes, funding from World Bank are being utilized to further strengthen the T&D network. The State Government has targeted to achieve less than 9% losses in the next 2 years. Regular energy audit visits and follow up action on Energy audit observations would help achieve this target. The government is focused to improve the service quality in areas like metering, billing, energy auditing and reliable and uninterrupted power with technologies like FiberGrid, Mobile Applications, SCADA, IT enabled systems. Increasing the transparency and service quality, the utilities are using IT enabled systems for real time online monitoring mechanism of feeder data, tracking complaints / works using applications like SAP, mobile apps. State Government is rolling out interruption free power supply scheme in a phase wise manner to the consumers to ensure zero interruption power supply in the future. ▪ - Shalini Singh, IEEMA

SpecialFeature

IEEMA signs MoU with SAEEC at

EEMA participated in the 16th annual African Utility Week, IEEMA delegation was led by Mr Sanjeev Sardana Vice President, IEEMA and Chairman Yamuna Power and Mr Anil Saboo Chairman, International Division. The members companies who participated as exhibitors under the auspices of IEEMA were C& S Electric, MEHRU, Technical Associates, Deccan Enterprises, Genus Electricals and Anvil International. The three day exhibition began with the inaugural of the IEEMA Pavilion on 17th May, by Mr Puneet R Kundal, Consul General of India in Cape Town. Mr Kundal addressed the participants and expressed his happiness while he met and interacted with the members of the delegation and visited their stalls. He said that more members should and participate in such events so that the strength of Indian power sector is visible to the world. On 17th May under the patronage of Indian Consulate in Cape Town, IEEMA along with SAAEC organized an interactive session ‘Electrifying Africa’ which was followed by networking over Wine & Cheese. Special invites to the session were Mr Puneet R Kundal, Consul General of India in Cape Town along with Mr Kandeh K Yumkella UN Under

Secretary General and Former representative of the Secretary General and CEO Sustainable Energy for All with Ms Nthabiseng Dube, Chairperson of SAAEC & Govt. Relations, Director of ABB.

"I am happy that a special session titled 'Energising Africa' was organised by the IEEMA in association with Consulate General of India Capetown attended by more than 100 invitees. I could use the event to draw the attention of the guests to the initiatives taken by the Government of India especially 'Make in India' and could inform all potential investors and decision makers to look at India as a secure, stable and reliable partner for their investments. The signing of the MoU between the IEEMA and SAEEC marks an important step towards activating the potential of co-operation that exists between India and Africa. I hope IEEMA would be able to bring a larger delegation for the Africa Utility week 2017!" Mr Puneet R Kundal, Consul General of India in Cape Town.

At the session Mr Anil Saboo introduced IEEMA as the Association of Indian Electrical Equipment manufactures. Mr Sardana spoke about ‘India - Africa the way forward’ connecting both the Countries for a win win situation. He talked about the focus areas on reinforcing the key pillars of India-Africa partnership as the vision of our Prime Minister is focused on Infrastructure development and financing the energy and power sector , new initiatives for capacity building, skills development and entrepreneurship in Africa, and deeper cooperation in areas of power sector. Mr Kundal talked about the initiatives taken by the Government of India especially 'Make in India' and informed all potential investors and decision makers to look at India as a secure, stable and reliable partner for their investments. India is one of the world's fastest-growing economies and is the world's third biggest economy in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). He said that India stands as a bright spot among the global economies registering 7.2 per cent growth in 2014-15 and 7.6

June 2016

SpecialFeature

and benefits. per cent in 2015Talking about his experience at the AUW Mr Vikas Jalan, Jt. Managing They both 16, thus becoming Director, Deccan Enterprises Limited, he says, “Today India power emphasized the fastest growing and T&D sector is one of the fastest growing in the world and is also that South major economy at the forefront of the latest technologies right up to UHV 1200kV. Africa is the in the world. Having achieved market leadership in Composite Insulators for 2nd largest Internationally, the Transmission and Distribution up to 765kV in India, we are now looking economy on World Economic the African at expanding our export market. Africa, the market of the millennium Prospects 2016 continent with has been gaining immense attention from global manufacturers and Report by United a GDP of US$ Nations pointed exporters in the area of transmission & distribution, renewable energy 350 billion. It out that India is etc. African Utility Week 2016 is becoming one of the most important is a diversified expected to be the exhibitions in Africa with visitors from many African countries. economy with a fastest growing Participating as Exhibitor in this Exhibition. Our main motive was to similar makeup large economy create awareness about the capabilities of the India industry in terms as the Indian in 2016-17. The of technology that is most suited to similar working environments economy. International and conditions in Africa, world class quality and competitive prices.“ S e r v i c e s Monetary Fund (63 %) and (IMF) has retained reliable partner for their ventures. co m m o dities, India's growth projections at 7.5 per with industrial activity comprising cent for 2016-17 and 2017-18 each, Mr Yumkella and Ms Nthabiseng 29% of GDP. SA is likely to grow even as it cut its forecast for the Dube also spoke on working below 1.5% this year. However going global economy by two percentage collaborations that both the beyond economic growth, what points for 2016 and 2017 calendar Countries can look up in the areas of makes SA a strategic destination for years on depressed oil and development and mutual cooperation Indian companies is its potential to commodity prices. Today the Indian act as a platform for engagement economy is over $ 2 Trillion and “The AUW proved the strength with Africa at large. is a strong, stable and diversified of Indian electrical industry economy with a large industrial The Conferences held during and Ieema by participation base. The composition of the AUW 2016 focussed on various collectively under Ieema economy is Services: 64%,Industry: aspects of Power, Energy Efficiency, Indian Pavilion as well as by 19%, Agriculture: 17% with forex Water where topics covered presentation of papers in the reserves of over US$ 350 billion. He were identification of ideal base Conference. The AUW show emphasised that under the auspices load mix for Africa, Gas to Power opened the gate for Ieema of IEEMA is a fine selection of Indian opportunities in Africa in areas of members for collaboration & companies who represented the Generation, Metering and Revenue cooperation with South Africa global face of the country. He said Cycle Management, Efficiency and including other AFRICAN that these are companies who have Renewable Technologies, Water. Mr countries By MOU with SAEEC ventured out of India and established Sanjeev Sardana and Mr Anil Saboo , our members shall be able to worldwide presence including in a spoke on the Transmission and explore business opportunities large number of countries in Africa. Distribution of Power. Mr Sardana in South Africa & African He again strongly encouraged that spoke on Regional T& D projects countries,” Mr Anil Saboo, all investors, potential business and infrastructure gaps in Africa Chairman, IEEMA International partners and decision makers to covering the Economics of Regional Business Division. Transmission Corridors. Mr Sardana look at India as a secure, stable and

Signing of MoU between IEEMA and SAEEC: Mr Sanjeev Sardana, Vice President, IEEMA and Ms Nthabiseng Dube Chairperson of SAAEC & Govt. Relations

June 2016

Mr Sanjeev Sardana welcoming Ms. Nthabiseng Dube, (Chairperson of SAAEC & Govt. Relations, Director of ABB, and Ms. Chiboni Evas, CEO of SAEEC at the IEEMA Pavillion

hich was followed by networking over

SpecialFeature

Mr Anil Saboo, Chairman, IEEMA International Business Division making a presentation on Accelerating renewable grid connectivity and improving resilience at AUW 2016

spoke about the Africa energy challenges , Sub-Saharan Africacurrent realities, Increasing Access to electricity, Africa and its regional transmission corridors, giving an insight into India Power sector , its landmark initiatives and successful case studies undertaken in Africa by Indian manufactures.

SAEEC believe that the signing of this Memorandum of Understanding allowed for the two organizations to maintain and further mutual co-operation and understanding between the parties, through their members, to identify business opportunities in South Africa and to assist promoting collaboration including the transfer of skills and technology between Indian and South African companies.

Mr Anil Saboo spoke on accelerating renewable grid connectivity and improving resilience. He emphasized In addition to fostering partnership on Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Renewable Energy agreements between member Prospects giving inputs on Africa; companies other areas of possible solution and how Micro collaboration will include: Grids are Economical & Viable. "I must compliment IEEMA for its India and Africa partnership hh Skills and knowledge initiative/efforts put in together for viability for future prospects. transfer between IEEMA and AUW show. I personally feel that such SAEEC members. The overall highlight of initiatives in future by our association this delegation was the h h Facilitation of technology shall certainly help our industry get more Memorandum of Understanding transfer agreements between visibility globally. Signing of MoU for which was signed on 19th May IEEMA and SAEEC members. joint cooperation technical export would between SAAEC and IEEMA. The certainly help further enhancement of hh Identifying and partnering MoU was signed by Mr Sanjeev Bilateral trade especially in Electrical in investment opportunities Sardana, Vice President, IEEMA engineering sector between the two and sharing market intelligence and Ms Nthabiseng Dube continents. Once again thank exhibitors for mutual benefit in both India Chairperson of SAAEC & Govt. who came forward to display their and Africa. Relations; Director of ABB. Mr products and technology." Puneet R Kundal Consul General Thus AUW 2016 acted as a of India in Cape Town graced platform to take the India Africa Mr Sanjeev Sardana, Vice President, this occasion by being present bilateral relations to the next IEEMA at the MoU signing. IEEMA and level of mutual cooperation. â&#x2013;Ş

IEEMA Delegation at IEEMA Pavilion in AUW 2016

June 2016

Inaugural session (from left to right) Mr. Babu Babel (president IEEMA), Mr. V. Sasikumar ( Rychem RPG), Mr. Padma Kumar (Lamco), Dr. Volker Hinrichsen (Chairman IEC TC 37), Mr. R. P. Sasmal( Director, PGCIL), Mr. Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA

2nd International Conference cum Tutorials on Surge Arresters

EEMA Surge Arrester division jointly with CPRI and POWERGRID, organised the 2nd edition of SURGEPROTECH- International Conference cum Tutorials on HV Surge Arresters on 28th & 29th April 2016 at New Delhi. The conference was planned along with tutorials to take the benefit of the presence of international/national experts invited for the event. The Conference was first held in November 2012 and this platform for Surge Arresters is unique in its own kind. International Conference on Surge Arresters is being held only in India and nowhere across the globe. The theme for SURGEPROTECH 2016 was Arresters for FAIL SAFE PROTECTION. This conference was attended by about 200 delegates from almost all sections of stakeholder groups such as Utilities, testing and Research Institutes, Consultants, Manufacturers, EPC contractors, policy makers etc.

Tutorials were held on 28th April 2016 with sessions conducted by Prof. Dr. Volker Hinrichsen, Chairman IEC TC 37, Mr. Johnnerfelt Bengt, TE Connectivity, D r. Va s u d e v a , CPRI and Mr. O. Balagangadhar from Oblum Industries. In his session Prof. Dr. Volker Hinrichsen Chairman, IEC TC37 explained various aspects of IEC 994, 99-5 and all the guidelines on how to consider application of surge arresters for different applications, Dr. Volker Hinrichsen, what should be the Chairman, IEC TC 37

June 2016

IEC and concluded mentioning Silicone, EP rubber and epoxy, properly formulated provide satisfactory performance. Mr. O. Balagangadhar explained on the t e c h n o l o g i c a l developments and different aspects in surge Arresters including different tube designs. The Conference held Mr. O. Balagangadhar, MD, on 29th April was Oblum Industries Addressing the inaugurated by Chief session Guest of the day Mr. R.P. Sasmal, Director Operations, POWERGRID, Chief Guest of the day, Mr. S. K. Mahapatra, Chief Engineer, CEA was the Guest of honour. The key note address was delivered by Prof. Dr. Volker Hinrichsen, Chairman IEC TC 37.

distance from the equipment, what should be the rating of surge arresters etc Mr. Johnnerfelt Bengt, TE Connectivity based his session on subject of “Exploring the Arrester Jungle”. He presented on transmission line surge arresters, general guidance for best selection of Arresters where he emphasized how the lot of misused information leads to misleading of customer. How the various traps in

Mr. Padmakumar, Chairman, Surge Arrester Division, IEEMA in his introductory address said “’India is targeting a growth of almost 8-9 percent in the coming years. To achieve this, we will have to add approximately 180 GW of power generation. With this demand, there will be a robust augmentation of HV, EHV and the Ultra High Voltage substation and transmission projects. With constant changes in technologies, substantial and reliable assets have become a necessity and surge arresters play a very important role in managing this. Surge arresters are equipment which protect the electrical equipment from high voltage surges caused by lightning or switching and temporary over voltages due to system disturbances. In the last five years, the Indian surge industry has kept pace with the technology developments that are occurring globally. And the installation and the commissioning of 1200 kV National Test Station at Bina by M/s. PGCIL has been a landmark achievement.

Mr. Bengt Johnnerfelt T E Connectivity

manufacturer’s data and catalogues, weaknesses in various test parameters etc. make the selection of the product erroneous.

Dr. N Vasudeva Addressing the inaugural session

Dr. N Vasudeva, CPRI discussed on use of polymer housing for surge arresters to avoid violent failures of surge arresters He explained different tests according to ANSI/

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Mr. R K Tyagi, Additional General M a n a g e r, PGCIL and Chairman, Conference Organising Committee delivered the welcome address. He said that “last year, when we constituted this committee, we discussed many things and finalised the theme of Arresters for Fail Safe Protection of all the equipment. Surge arresters have a major Mr. R K Tyagi, Additional General role to play in the power Manager, PGCIL and Chairman, system, insulation Conference Organising Committee

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coordination. As everybody knows, surge arresters help in protecting major equipment from lightning, switching and temporary overvoltages and this conference is a good platform for everybody: manufacturers, utilities to discuss various aspects of surge arresters. We have failures of equipment, failures of surge arresters because of many reasons. Those aspects will be discussed in this conference. There are 16 technical papers an d the topics that we are going to cover which are on : technical and design aspects of surge arresters, application of surge arresters, performance assessment and different case studies. This is a platform for knowledge sharing been created by IEEMA through Surgeprotech will be very useful. This can really give value to the end user, value to the nation and value to every one of us.”

Mr. Babu Babel, President, IEEMA

Mr. Babu Babel, President, IEEMA delivering his presidential address, termed the subject interesting as very close to his heart. IEEMA’s effort is to organise these kinds of interactions between the utilities, the manufacturers and the people from the academia so that we get the best of the breed.

We all need 24x7electricity. We talk about 175 or 180 gigawatts of renewable and everybody should get electricity. But what is happening around us is changing the entire spectrum of power sector. The traditional power sector is no more the traditional power sector. We have far more transmission and distribution lines being added and if you look at India, it is a very, very different situation compared to the rest of the world. We have hundreds and thousands of circuit kilometres being added. We have several megawatts of generating capacity being added. The load growth would happen, not as rapidly as some of us would like or thought it would but it is increasing. You talk about solar, you talk about wind energy, you talk about adding transmission

Mr. Carl-Hendrik Stuckenholz Haefely Test AG

Mr. N. S Sodha , Ex ED PGCIL and Chairman BIS ET30 committee

lines, but this subject of surge, is neglected. That is what is surge protection does, it sacrifices itself so that the equipment keeps working. Do we really monitor the condition of our surge protection equipment? What condition they are in? Are they fit for the purpose? If I look at another protection device which is relay; we are paranoid about relays and the DC supply which goes with it. Nobody would ever think about a relay not working. But the same diligence probably is not given to surge protection. Think about any device which has to work 24x7, day after day, year after year without failing. In electricity, we have got several examples where this has to happen. Think about mega bucks being spent on other technologies, very few devices have to work the way electricity has to work because we take it for granted. To me, surge protection should not. Mr. S K Ray Mohapatra, Chief Engineer, Central Electricity Authority, Government of India. He said everybody must understand the importance of surge arresters in the present scenario. If you see the power system you will find that maximum faults are occurring or originating from overhead lines or underground cables and the next come transformers or reactors along with generators Mr. S K Ray Mohapatra, Chief and t r a n s f o r m e r s . Engineer, Central Electricity I understand that this Authority, Government of India. is the finding of one of CIGRE’s surveys. Lightning and single line-to-ground fault are the two most frequent abnormal events happening in the power system. Lightning is the major cause of outage of most of the transmission and distribution lines. For this, we have the protection. We are providing shield wires or lightning masts or combination of both. Recently new technology has come which is providing protection against direct lightning strikes. Surge arresters provide protection against over voltage like switching over voltage or lightning over voltage. Shield wires can only provide protection from direct lightning strikes but the surge arrester plays a major role in substations as well as in the lines. In India, we don’t have line surge arrester but I think Power Grid has plans to have line surge arresters in the north-eastern part of the country. I think they have gone ahead with this activity and for the first time we’ll have line surge arresters in the north-eastern part of the country. But in most of the stations, you will find that the surge arresters are in substations. I will say that surge arrester is one of the least expensive items in the substation but it protects most of the costly equipment like transformers and reactors. The importance of the presence of surge arrester in the substation is well understood by everybody.

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Mr. R P Sasmal, Director (Operations), Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. addressing Inaugural session

Development of metal oxide surge arrester has not taken place recently. Since the last three decades, metal oxide surge arresters are in operation because of its nonlinear characteristics, low protection level and high energy handling capabilities. These are the major contributions of metal oxide surge arrester and why it has been popular for the last 3 decades. This is one of the reasons as to why we are going only for metal oxide surge arrester and the earlier version of surge arrester of silicon carbide is almost obsolete. Although in some of the utilities, they are still in operation and I would advise them replace all the arresters which are still in operation with silicon carbide. Because of the development of metal oxide surge arresters, our insulation level of major equipment like transformers and reactors has come down by one level. At least in 400 kV, the insulation level is around 1425 but the insulation level of a transformer is 1300. Similarly, for 800 kV we have 2100 for all equipment but for transformer it is 1950. In 1200 kV, we have similar thing at 2400 and 2100. This is only because of the contribution of metal oxide surge arrester. Ultimately, what are we getting? We are getting lot of benefits in terms of cost of transformers and reactors. If you see the present scenario in India, our installed capacity has gone up to 300 gigawatt and more than 3.5 circuit kilometre of transmission lines are in operation in various parts of the country. How many substations do we have? Can you imagine we have more than 50 numbers of 765 kV substations which is the highest number in the world and we have more than 500, 400kv substations including generating stations? They are in existence in our country. With such a vast network, with such a number of substations

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and generating stations, you can imagine in a 400kv station or a 765 kV station, you will have at least a 4 line base, 2 or 3 transformer base and 3 or 4 reactors. Accordingly, you will have 30 surge arresters at each voltage level. If you go further down, if it is a cooling station, it is a different thing but if it is a load centre, then you will have 220 kV level also. So you can imagine how many surge arresters will be required in the substation at each voltage level. If you go to the 220 kV level in the same substation, you will have at least 6 numbers of lines. Another 18 numbers of surge arresters are required at 220 kV level. One can imagine the population and the requirement of surge arresters. One can easily assess how much would be the requirement of surge arresters at different voltage levels of 220kV, 400kV or 765kV. Although, it is the least expensive equipment, it plays a major role for most of the equipment in the substation. Not only transformers but other equipment are also protected because of these. But we need proper location, proper selection of the parameters of the surge arrester and at the same time, you have to ensure that the arrester is healthy. To take into account the healthiness of arrester, I would like to bring to your notice that CEA has a Standing Committee on Equipment Failures for 220kV and above voltage levels. We get inputs from various utilities. Unfortunately, we are not getting inputs from all the utilities but I will give the figures from whatever inputs I have. In the last three years, we have received inputs from around 10-14 utilities particularly in respect of surge arrester. From the inputs, around 32 surge arresters have failed at different voltage levels, particularly 220 and above. In most of the cases, we find that the surge arrester has blasted and in some cases, surge arrester along with transformer has failed,

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that is, surge arrester has are the diagnostic tools “Quality is a severe issue and standardisation is blasted and the transformer required for monitoring of very important to fix or don’t give any chance to has failed at the same time. some of the equipment. bypass with firemen’s to use grey zones. I believe The reason for such type of Another input we got was failure which has led to the the shortage of experienced that our arrester standardization is more or less failure of the transformer O&M staff. Unless they know perfect. It really has very reasonable requirements. is not understood by most what has happened, unless It is too difficult to make a type test on surge of the utilities. I think these they understand the reason arresters but I can tell you that all that is found in types of seminars and of failure, they are not able these standards is necessary to avoid problems in conferences will definitely to understand particularly the surge arresters,” Prof. Dr. Volker Hinrichsen, help all the utilities who functioning and other issues Chairman IEC TC 37. are participating and they of the various equipment in will action to minimise the substations. this type of failures. What Another issue is the interpretation of test results. Because I understand from the inputs from the experts is these of lack of expertise, they are unable to interpret the test types of blasting mostly may be because of the ingress results. You get the results for the test conducted but of moisture into the arresters. My request is that not only they are unable to interpret. What does it mean and what utilities but the manufacturers also have to take action action they have to take? Although they want to go for so that the sealing system is so perfect that the ingress maintenance, the shutdown is not allowed. They are of moisture does not happen and the surge arrester deferring the shutdown and in the process it create more performs satisfactorily throughout its life. Although it is trouble for our equipment. Naturally, the equipment will an inexpensive equipment, you can see how it helps fail when you are not going for shutdown and carrying and reduces the cost of our substation equipment also out the maintenance activities. the replacement of equipment. As far as our manufacturers are concerned, I must Another thing that we observe from the inputs received proudly say that our manufacturers are capable of from the utilities is that many of the utilities do not have manufacturing surge arresters of all voltage levels good maintenance practices. They still go by the timestarting from 11kV to 1100 or 1200kV. 1200kV test station based maintenance practice. They are supposed to go at Bina is a clear example. It is a matter of pride for all for condition-based maintenance practices. In every of us. They have already demonstrated 1200kV surge seminar, we advise them to go for it but still people are arresters with multi-columns and with more than 14m following the same old conventional practices. height. With structure, they can go up to 18m height. The second thing that we observe is that most of the The manufacturers have been able to manufacture this stations do not have adequate modern diagnostic tools. type of surge arresters and installed at Bina station. We And even many of the utilities do not even know what should appreciate our manufacturers. They are not only ( From left to right) Mr. Padma Kumar (LAMCO), Mr. R.K Tyagi (PGCIL),Mr. Babu Babel (President, IEEMA ),Mr. R. P. Sasmal( Director, PGCIL), Dr. Volker Hinrichsen (Chairman IEC TC 37) , Mr. S K Ray Mohapatra (Chief Engineer, CEA), Mr Sunil Mishra (DG, IEEMA )

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capable but they have demonstrated that it is working since 2012 when the first transformer was energised. And the second transformer has already been tested but it will be energised very soon and power flow will be there. All of us should appreciate our manufacturers but at the same time, I request all the manufacturers to advice the utilities on how to reduce the failure of the surge arresters. These are some of the things that I wanted to share with all of you. I hope these two days seminar will give us lot of inputs because of the presence of most of the experts over here not only from India but outside India as well. The special address was delivered by Prof. Dr. Volker Hinrichsen ,Chairman IEC TC 37. He said, â&#x20AC;&#x153;It was in 1977 that the first gapless metal oxide surge arresters were installed and it was in Japan that these arresters were made by Meidensha based on an accidental invention of Matsushita. From that time on, all manufacturers started the development of metal oxide arrester technology because it was so convincing to have a gapless nonlinear device connected to the overhead line in order to protect the power equipment. In 1980, all manufacturers more or less had started or had finalised the basic development on gapless metal oxide arresters. I think maybe since 1990, the gapless metal oxide arresters have been stateof-the-art. That is our standard arrester technology today. It is now quite interesting to look how this standardisation developed. It took a lot of time to make the arrester standard. In 1980 the development was started and in 1990, arresters were state-of-the-art and the first IEC standard on gapless metal oxide arresters was published in 1991 and that may show you how complex that matter is. That was a totally new device in the market. Its nonlinear behaviour, usually you had nonlinearities in the system and the arrester is intentionally making use of high degree of nonlinearity. It was a very complex matter to develop the standard. There was no experience. Many things in that very first standard were based on the historical approach for gapless silicon carbide arresters. We had a long development in standardisation but standardisation always took more time than the technical development of the surge arresters. The standard was

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always little bit behind the technical development because the development was very fast. We had different versions of the standards. We had editions 1.1, 1.2, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2. The latest edition of the standard is the famous edition number 3 which many of you know as the new standard but please beware it is nearly two years old now. What is so important with that new standard? This new standard has made a very important change in the classification of surge arresters. We used to have Line Discharge Classes for surge arresters and now we have a totally new concept and then of course you need some explanation where you need some time that everybody understands this new concept and I hope that everybody will be convinced in a certain time that this is a better approach compared to the old approach. Quality is a severe issue and standardisation is very important to fix or donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t give any chance to bypass with firemenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to use grey zones. I believe that our arrester standardization is more or less perfect. It really has very reasonable requirements. It is too difficult to make a type test on surge arresters but I can tell you that all that is found in these standards is necessary to avoid problems in the surge arresters. For that reason, the surge arresters are calmly working in the system, protecting your power system and you are really not aware of that. They have reached a very high degree of reliability though sometimes, quality problems arise. India might have one of the biggest 800kV systems worldwide. Maybe, it is the biggest one. I learnt roughly 40 substations for 800kV. That is of course a big effort that requires high technology efforts. There will be hundreds and thousands of high voltage arresters out there in the system and we have learnt that higher the system voltage, the more important it is to apply surge arresters. There is no system operation possible without surge arresters because the surges, the overvoltages that you will have in the system cannot be handled by the equipment. Now in India the 1200kV system is emerging. Believe, that does not make life easier. So arresters for 1200kV, though they are just normal surge arresters, are in for some more challenges. The Chief Guest of SURGEPROTECH Mr. R P Sasmal,

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Dr. Volker Hinrichsen Presenting 1st Best paper award to Ms. Archana Tripathi, Powergrid

Dr. Volker Hinrichsen Presenting 2nd Best paper award to Mr. Nitin Jha, Crompton Greaves Ltd

Director (Operations), Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. shared the background for how 1200kV has come and become a standard in IEC. He said in 2007, five engineers in Power Grid attended a conference in Beijing. More than 150 delegates were present internationally and there was a discussion on what should be in the standards in the IEC: 1100 or 1200kV. Except for the five from Power Grid, all wanted 1100kV. We were the five engineers to object 1100 kV with two logics behind. Those who were going to 1100 kV were going from 500kv to 1100 KV.We have stabilized for 765kV and for us it was not a gain so pleaded for 1200kV. With proper insulation and coordination, it was possible to operate the same equipment at 1100 kV and 1200 kV. This made 1200 kV a part of IEC standards.

May, the power flow will be in the 1200 kV. This is the success of those manufacturers who have contributed in making this R&D project.

After coming back to India, after lot of discussions each and every manufacturer in India was called to make them understand that now it was 400kv and 765kV and in future, it will be 1200kV backed up by some HVDC back to back stations because of the power handling capacity. Maybe in the first week or the third week of

We have gone for right of way for 800 kV DC transmission. In the DC transmission, there is no meaning of line length. A multi terminal HVDC project near Agra is commissioned and one pole of 200 megawatts is operating. We can have the power flow from northeast to Agra and Agra to north-eastern states. In generation, we are close to 300 gigawatts and demand is about 159 or 160 gigawatts. The costly units are getting closed down. With lot of transmission systems already built, we can get the price of something like Rs 2.30 to Rs 3.50 and for total flat 24 hours, the price will be same. My sincere request is that the product which is coming out in the market must be military-bred which means it is never going to fail. It has an impact because once some part of the element goes out, whether it is a transformer or transmission lines there is a market. You can take that element into consideration NTC and ATC get recalculated and the price goes up.

(From left to right) Mr. N. S. Sodha (Ex ED PGCIL), Dr. Volker Hinrichsen( Chairman IEC TC 37) and Mr. Sunil Misra, DG, IEEMA

Mr. Y V Joshi GETCO interacting with Mr. Milind Zodage (CGL)

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(From left to right) Mr. Milind Zodage (CGL), Mr. Tritha Vishwakarma( ERDA), Mr. V.Sasikumar (RaychemRPG), Mr. Padma Kumar (Lamco), Mr. R. K Tyagi (PGCIL), Mr. A. P. Gangadharan(PGCIL), Mr. O Balgangadhar (OBLUM), Mrs. Anita Gupta( IEEMA), Dr. Volker Hinrichsen, (ChairmanIEC TC 37), Mr. Akeel Khan (IEEMA )

‘Make in India’ has come under Mr. Modi’s government. If you look at 756kV substations we have more than 45 substations of 765kV and more than 30000 circuit kilometres. All products going into the 765kV subsystems are from the Indian manufacturers. Not a single nut and bolt is from outside India. This means 765kV is totally indigenous. Powergrid has certain qualifying requirements. If you have a product, do the type test. We will see as how best we can accommodate depending on the criticality of that element. Without a type test, coming and writing a letter here and there does not mean anything to us. First the technical issues must be resolved and then commercial part should be looked. We are partners and in Indian conditions partners remain together and continue the operations.

Once it becomes polymer housing with ZnO inside it, the CG changes because porcelain is quite heavy and CG is perfect. The standard design has continued for years where core conductors are there and all the four core conductors are coming down connected to the CVT and surge arresters. This is a shunt element and why should you need all the four conductors coming from such a height and terminating at CVT and surge arresters. Most of the polymer surge arresters are now inclined. We don’t want inclined surge arresters. My request is those who are supplying the equipment, must visit the site. Our life is going to be much more difficult in future because of 175 gigawatts of renewable energy getting integrated by 2022.

I don’t know how many manufacturers take the feedback. For example: Whenever any surge arrester blast, the best thing is the porcelain is changed to polymer housing.

I think the equipment that we have; has a good future for at least all the manufacturers. Our problem now is the distribution sector. Almost all manufacturers look into the distribution sectors because if that sector is healthy,

Participants are getting presents from Lucky draw of the feedback from

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Dr. Vasudeva (CPRI) Presenting Momentos to Mr. Ramón Puyané (Lamco) for presenting the paper “

Dr. Vasudeva (CPRI) Presenting Momentos to Mr Sascha. Buechel(Wacker)

we are healthy. You don’t get paid if we don’t receive the payments. All have to work together particularly in the distribution sector Being a CTU, we are not there but if there is a change and CTU is out from the Power Grid, we will be very happy to be part of the distribution sector.

The sessions were:

As you know, Power Grid has already issued an NIT for 50000 crores last year and out of that, 10000-12000 has already been ordered. That means that this year, our order level will be about 40000 crores. It is a great market in future. We have a new limitation of CAPEX. We have kept a CAPEX of 22500 crores which is close to 110000 crores for the 12th Plan. In the next 2-3 years, our CAPEX level will be something like 22500 to 27000 crores. There are lots of opportunities. The conference had three technical sessions and 16 technical papers were presented.

• Development in Surge Arrester technology • Field experience case studies • Monitoring and field testing Two papers were given the best paper and best presenter award 1st Best paper award went to “The Application and Selection of Surge Arresters” presented by Ms. Archana Tripathi, Powergrid 2nd Best paper award went to “Digital device for online health Monitoring of Arresters and transients monitoring on network” presented by Mr. Nitin Jha, Crompton Greaves Ltd. The Conference ended with a very positive note that this is a unique platform created by IEEMA and no other such Conference on Surge Arresters is being organised anywhere in the world. ▪

Attendees of Conference

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SMETalks

We have the capabilities to grow three folds in the next couple of years: Mr Harpreet Singh

stablished in 1998 Compaq International (P) Limited forayed into the business of low voltage & medium voltage cable management products. Mr Harpreet Singh, CEO, Compaq International (P) Limited Speaks to IEEMA Journal about his vision to become a recognizable global player in all aspects. Compaq is an innovation hub driven by technology for over 18 years. Technology is one of the prime pillars at Compaq International. Mr Harpreet Singh, CEO, Compaq said, “We keep ourselves updated and focused with latest technologies and solutions for the industry. With our dedicated team thriving for constant innovation we provide most comprehensive transmission

and distribution offering to Power Industry. The updated technologies which we offer help us to address the challenge of growing demand for power with increasing concern for the environment. While the global presence demands global technology, we are shaping the grid of the future by delivering power solutions to more than 25 countries.” Compaq International (P) Limited was established in 1998. Based in Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, Compaq is a name to reckon with in Low and Medium Voltage Cable Management Products and other Transmission & Distribution Solutions. He further added, “Maintaining world class standards in Developing, Manufacturing & Marketing of Heat Shrink and Cold Shrink Jointing System Upto 72.5 kV, Composite Polymeric Insulators Up to 220 kV, Polymer Surge Arrester for Medium Voltage & other associated electrical products for Power Transmission & Distribution, we are an ISO 9001:2008 & 14001:2004 certified organization.” For the dynamic market needs and increase in power and infrastructural projects in India and overseas, the company is strenuously making efforts in the area of innovation and improvisation. Compaq is using the latest technology to manufacturer the best quality and versatile products which can be used almost in all sectors. Their product range includes Heat Shrink Cable Jointing Solutions Upto 72.5kV, Cold Shrink Cable Jointing Solutions Upto 36kV, Composite Silicone Insulators Upto 220kV, Polymer Surge Arresters Upto 36kV, Polymer Air Break Switches/ Isolators/Disconnectors & Polymer Drop/Cut Out fuses Upto 36kV. Talking about the challenges Mr Singh opined, “Electricity is one of the most essential and major assets for any country. Due to the constraints of Transmission and

distribution (T&D), the generated power is not distributed properly throughout India. While India as a nation is trying to generate more power for its increasing demand, the entire effort is in vain if electricity cannot reach the end consumer. The power supply is often shut down in India and it takes several seconds, minutes or hours to restore it, while in Japan or the USA that time is less than a blink. This is because no proper infrastructure or no redundancy is in place. Once a failure happens, it causes disruption in T&D network and may cause large-scale blackout if there is no proper control of the network. Some of the key challenges the T&D industry is currently facing are: deficiency in current transmission capacity due to losses from generation to distribution; delays in future transmission capacity addition, poor operation and maintenance in the existing system; insufficient focus on innovation.” “In the near future we expect Compaq to grow exponentially. We have the capabilities to grow three folds in the next couple of years. Considering our experience with the local market, our success in the International market is testament to that. We have the required capabilities for becoming a global player. Our quality and production are already International standard, and our customer base is constantly growing. We expect to become a recognizable global player in all aspects. Compaq has made significant inroads in the International market and has already crossed the borders to become a very recognizable brand in most parts of World. We have our presence in the Asia, Gulf region, and African Market and we are also aiming to foray into markets of Europe,” concludes Mr Harpreet Singh. ▪

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he increase in substantial allocation of funds in the Union Budget in the Power Sector programmes have opened up both immense opportunity and at the same time new challenges in front of all engaged in various activities concerning the Power Sector in general within which the Transmission & Distribution segment is a major focus. In this context, IEEMA definitely can play a major role for facilitating the activities in this sector both on behalf of the manufacturers and EPC Contractors and as well as the Utilities / Government for necessary streamlining the operations for meeting the said targets and enhancing overall growth on sustainable basis. IEEMA may probe further concentrating in the following areas

in close co-ordination with the governmental initiative of Skill Development can play a facilitating role. IEEMA can deliver the expertise in facilitating in formulating this training programme jointly with governmental institutions / initiatives and also implementation of same in close co-ordination with the industry.

SKILL DEVELOPMENT

IEEMA has been historically playing a major role as a bridge between the Central and State Utilities / Government and also the manufacturers and EPC contractors in the Power Sector in general. IEEMA role now calls for concentrated focus in this area for the critical Transmission and Distribution segment in our country which is poised for a massive growth in the coming years. This pivotal role of IEEMA will call for balancing the effectiveness of operation of the EPC contractors and Manufacturers and the Utilities. IEEMA can definitely facilitate the effectiveness of operation of the EPC Contractors and existing manufacturers but

Keeping in view, the government declared programme of 100% Rural Electrification of our villages by 1st May 2018 and operation and maintenance of the massive Rural Electrification net work already build up across the country, we need to develop local young entrepreneurs at the village level who can take up the most critical responsibility of effective operation and maintenance of this massive net work built up. Keeping in view, the intense interface required with the local population in Rural Electrification programme and their maintenance, IEEMA,

Bridging the gap - effective representation with both the central & state utilities / government on behalf of the electrical manufacturers and EPC contractors for efficient and growth driven operation of the T&D Segment in the Country

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ViewPoint

also gear them for enhanced capacity for execution with governmental and other supports. In view of the “Make in India” concept already put on the table by the government, IEEMA can also facilitate the entrepreneurs for ensuring full utilisation of this concept calling for growth in the manufacturing segment in the T&D sector. IEEMA’s role in this regard as a bridge between the government and the entrepreneurs in either enhancing the capacity or facilitating setting up new manufacturing units, can go a long way if the various bottlenecks in the process are properly identified and addressed with necessary efforts at both ends. Further this role of IEEMA can go a long way in facilitating the manufacturing segment in the T&D sector fuelling all-round growth for the country.

Serve as an effective catalyst for sustainable overall growth of the T&D sector in the country and efficient operation for the segment as a whole From the sustainability point of view IEEMA can further moderate its catalyst role in identification and putting forward to the governmental authorities for further expansion for the T&D Segment in close coordination with the capacity available in this segment from both the manufacturers and the EPC Contractors end. For sustainability, continued thrust on growth is required and IEEMA in co-ordination at both ends can really support the government in taking forward the mission in identifying the needs of the country at one end and the available capacity at the other and the probable enhancement at both ends for sustainable growth and development.

IEEMA’s role in enhancing exports in for the T&D segment can be vital For the real thrust to the flagging exports of our country, T&D segment can become a major escalator. IEEMA here also can play a vital role in facilitating same through close governmental co-ordination and also necessary operational inputs to the manufacturers and EPC Contractors regarding the various government policies both in India and the country being focused for business growth. The above probable roles of IEEMA matching with the priority set up by the Union Government and the growth projections and as elaborated in details, are in conformity to all the concerned T&D Sector stakeholders healthiness of operational efficiency requirement. ▪ Mr Sumanta Chaudhuri

(President -BD) Techno Electric & Engg. Co. Ltd.

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ExpertSpeak

he Indian electrical power network is one of the largest in the world, handling more than 200 GW of power and expected to double by year 2022. It has evolved from a collection of asynchronous systems, connected over DC links, to a single synchronous system. Such a large system definitely requires means to improve transmission capabilities and adopt measures to enhance stability to ensure trouble free operation of the large system. Moreover, there is a gradual shift in the power generation methods - from the conventional fossil fuel based (coal, oil, gas) power stations, large hydro-power stations and nuclear power stations to renewable sources like wind and solar power (addition of renewable sources by more than 100 GW by year 2020). Successful integration of the renewable sources requires use of FACTS devices to enable power flow from these energy sources and maintain the reactive power balance. It is these requirements that make the use of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices relevant. FACTS devices are expected to play a dominant role in the Indian power system in the times to come. This paper discusses the different FACTS devices that are being used in the Indian power system or have potential to be used, together with their advantages and technologies.

Brief theory of FACTS The following basic equation defines the active power flow in an AC system:

on the values of the impedance of the interconnecting link between two bus bars. i.e., the impedance of the transmission line connecting two sub-stations.

Where,

The impedance of a transmission line consists of two components series inductive impedance and the shunt capacitive impedance.

P = Active Power flowing from bus 1 towards bus 2 V1 = Voltage at bus 1 V2 = Voltage at bus 2 χ = impedance of the connection between the two bus bars δ = difference of the power angles of the two bus bars The above equation forms the basis of the technology of FACTS. As is evident, the independent variables in this equation can be segregated into two groups - first is the numerator expression (V1V2) and the second is the denominator χ. The numerator expression is the basis of shunt compensation while the denominator expression is the basis of series compensation techniques.

Series Compensation As mentioned above, the series compensation techniques are relying

The shunt capacitive impedance does not affect the flow of active power, but for long transmission lines it governs the consumption of reactor power and the voltage at receiving end of an unloaded or lightly loaded transmission line. This can be compensated by using shunt reactors. The series inductive compensation affects the flow of active power. This impedance, like the capacitive shunt impedance, is dependent on the geometry of the conductor bundles of the three phases with respect to each other and the grounded parts like the transmission line tower and the ground surface. Since the geometry is dependent upon electrical clearances, there are least chances to reduce the series impedance by a significant amount. Thus the only way to reduce the series impedance is by adding a capacitor bank at the line potential in series with the line, thereby effectively reducing the series impedance of the line. This technique

June 2016

ExpertSpeak

is called Series Compensation. This increase in power transmission capacity is limited to the thermal capacity of the line. A compensation of the series impedance by 40% can result in a power flow of 167% compared to an uncompensated line. If there are two transmission lines connecting a pair of substations, compensation of the series impedance in each of the circuits by 40% will result in the power transmission capability increase from 2.0 p.u. to 3.33 p.u. without adding any additional transmission line. Thus, series compensation technique is capable of providing an environment friendly solution of increasing power transmission capability at zero environmental damage. The compensation employed can be either a fixed quantum (Fixed Series Compensation i.e. FSC) or a variable and controlled quantum (Controlled Series Compensation). In the FSC, a fixed amount of capacitance is inserted into the transmission line by switching in or out the capacitor bank by means of a circuit breaker. In controlled series compensation, an L-C parallel combination is used, with a thyristor in the L branch controlling the current through the L branch, thus effectively controlling the amount of capacitance inserted into the circuit. This is called Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC). FSCs have been installed in large numbers in the Indian grid, primarily at 400KV levels creating high capacity corridors of power flow. Siemens has installed FSCs at Gooty (2x), Kadapa (2x), Lucknow (6x, of which 2x are relocated to Sohawal), Barielly (2x), Unnao (2x), Ballabhgarh (2x), Meerut (2x), Balipara (2x), Rajgarh (2x) and Sami (2x), with 2x under execution at Kala Amb. The installation at SAMI was for a private ISTS operator (Adani Transmission while Kala Amb is being delivered as part of Tariff Based Competitive Bidding on BOOM basis. TCSCs together with FSCs have been installed at Gorakhpur (2x) and Purnea (2x). The combined FSC + TCSC banks at Gorakhpur and Purnea (40% fixed compensation + 5-15% variable compensation)

June 2016

Figure 1

are rated for 714 MVAR per phase and are amongst the biggest series compensators globally. These compensated lines were planned to provide alternate paths for flow of power in the contingency of the bulk power transmission corridors of HVDC lines are not available, e.g., FSCs in Northern Region in parallel to Ballia - Bhiwadi HVDC, FSCs in Southern region in parallel to Talcher - Kolar HVDC links. FSCs have also been provided to enable flow of large block of power along an intended path, e.g., FSCs at Sami of Adani Transmission to facilitate flow of power from Mundra power plant to Dehgam substation. It also acts as a backup in case of non-availability of capacity in the Mundra - Mohindergarh HVDC link. FSCs at Meerut on Meerut Koteshwar double circuit line have been designed for 765KV (currently operated at 400KV). A typical single line diagram of FSC is shown in Figure 1 below. TCSCs have been installed on two major corridors - the East West connection between Rourkella and Raipur (now modified by shifting from Raipur to Raigarh) and on the Tala Transmission System at Purnea and Gorakhpur stations. The Tala Transmission System is a high capacity link to wheel power from Tala hydro-electric station in Bhutan to the Delhi region through Siliguri,

Purnea, Muzaffarpur, Gorakhpur, Lucknow, Bareilly and Mandola stations. TCSC by virtue of having a thyristor controlled capacitor is able to modulate the line impedance very fast, thus providing means to damp out oscillations in case of grid faults. The TCSCs have ably demonstrated this and mitigated larger grid outages on multiple occasions. A typical waveform for POD damping is shown in Figure 2 below. A typical single line diagram of the TCSC is shown in Figure 3 below. Other applications Compensation

Series

Series compensation methods can be used for creating Short Circuit Current Limiters (SCCL). This device is a combination of a series air core reactor and a series capacitor. The reactor is sized according to the quantum of reduction required for the fault current. The capacitor is selected in a way that the capacitive impedance of the capacitor and the inductive impedance of the reactor nullify each other, thus effectively adding zero impedance in the system. A thyristor switching arrangement is provided across the capacitor bank. The control system upon sensing an increase in the fault current bypasses the capacitor bank by turning on the

Figure 2

ExpertSpeak

Figure 3

thyristors, which can happen within a couple of milli seconds. Thus, only the reactor’s impedance is left in the circuit resulting in increased impedance of the system and so a reduction in fault current is achieved. Thyristors can also be used for protection of the capacitors. This reduces the requirement of MOV and eliminates spark gap. This arrangement is called Thyristor Protected Series Capacitor (TPSC).

Control & Protection for Series Compensation Realizing protection functions in the FSCs is different from conventional sub-stations due to the fact that the protected devices and the sensing elements (e.g., current transformers) are located on the insulated platform. Thus it is difficult to use conventional relays for this purpose. Siemens uses ground based control and protection systems realized using SIMATIC TDC© platform of electronic hardware. SIMATIC TDC© is a fully programmable system and is used in many applications like drive controls, automation, etc. A SIMATIC TDC© system generally comprises of processor modules, communication modules, analog and binary input and output modules and also some special modules to receive optical signals and transmit optical signals. SIMATIC TDC© uses the industry standard PROFIBUS communication protocol. External interface with other systems (like the Substation Automation System) is possible using IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5-101 or IEC 60870-5-104 protocols.

Current transformers are provided on the insulated platform and the current signals are converted to optical form on the platform and brought over to the ground based control and protection system through fibre optic signal transmission system. Also, the trigger and check back signals of the triggered spark gap are also transmitted over this fibre optic system between the spark gap mounted on the insulated platform and the ground based system. In the FSCs, the primary protected object is the capacitor. Capacitor overload and unbalance protections are provided for this purpose. In addition, the control and protection system also monitors the number of capacitor elements that may have failed and generate alarm or bypass action according to the set levels. To protect the capacitor from “through fault currents”, a Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) bank is provided across the capacitor on the insulated platform. This is a passive protection arrangement. Arrangements are also provided to monitor the MOVs. A triggered spark gap is provided

across the capacitor bank on the insulated platform. The Gap Trigger Electronic (GTE) circuit is provided with the spark gap on the platform. The GTE is monitored and activated by the ground based control and protection system. The spark gap is a very fast acting device and can act in less than 5 milli –seconds. Since the MOV or the spark gap cannot remain conducting for a continuous duration, a bypass circuit breaker is provided. The bypass circuit breaker is the final bypass element to be activated by the protection system. The bypass breaker is also used to put the capacitor bank into service. In addition to these protections, a platform fault protection is also provided to detect and faults between different parts of the series compensation circuitry and the platform. A dedicated Transient Fault Recorder (TFR) is provided for each FSC. The signals (analog and binary) to TFR are provided from both redundant protection systems. Event logger is also part of the control and protection system. As a general practice, Siemens provides a fully redundant and duplicated protection system. The overall configuration of the control and protection system is provided in Figure 4 below. Since, in FSCs, there is no dynamic control required, the control system is Open Loop type controlling the bypass circuit breakers, various disconnectors and grounding switches. In case of TCSC, similar system is used, also based on SIMATIC TDC© platform. An additional Closed Loop Control system using same SIMATIC TDC©

Figure 4

June 2016

ExpertSpeak

is provided to control the thyristor valve and provide dynamic variation of impedance. This variation of impedance should be very fast and continuous especially whenever power oscillation damping is required.

The simplified single line diagram for SVC Ludhiana is shown in Figure 5 below.

Static VAR Compensation (SVC) As discussed with respect to the power flow equation above, the expression in the numerator that depends upon the bus voltage also can lay a major role in controlling the flow of active power. Also, controlling the voltage requires controlling the reactive power on the bus bar. It is common knowledge that reactive power on a bus can be controlled by switching in or out the shunt capacitor banks or shunt reactors. In SVCs, a controlling function is realized by providing thyristor switching for the capacitor and thyristor controlling for the reactors. The manipulation of the switching of each type of bank can result in achieving different values of reactive powers, inductive or capacitive.

SVCs at Ludhiana, Kankroli & Wanpoh â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Design features

Figure 5

The below diagram shows the typical combination of operation to provide different ranges of MVAr at 1.0 p.u. system voltage.

Figure 6

arrangements on primary and secondary sides to connect it in the eventuality of outage of any one transformer.

The TCR and TSC branches are connected in delta configuration while the DTF and STF branches are connected in star (neutral ungrounded) configuration. Three Single phase transformers are used with secondary of the transformers connected in delta. Grounding The 400KV side primary of the of the SVC medium voltage bus transformer is connected in star (the secondary of the transformer) configuration with the neutral is carried out through a zigzag grounded. An additional single connected grounding transformer. phase spare transformer has Each branch is connected to the been provided with switching medium voltage bus bar through disconnectors. The DTF or STF Bus Coupling Station Rating Configuration Voltage transformer Siemens is presently building SVCs at three locations in India â&#x20AC;&#x201C; at Ludhiana, Kankroli and Wanpoh substations of Powergrid in the Northern Grid network. The salient features of these SVCs are as follows:

Ludhiana

+600/400 MVAr

3xTCRs, 2xTSCs, 2x DTFs

26 KV

600 MVA, Z=22%

Kankroli

+400/300 MVAr

3xTCRs, 2xTSCs, 2x STFs

18.4 KV

400 MVA, Z=21.5%

Wanpoh

+300/200 MVAr

2xTCRs, 1xTSC, 2xDTFs

23.5 KV

300 MVA, Z=15%

TCR = Thyristor Controlled Reactor; TSC = Thyristor Switched Capacitor; DTF = Double Tuned Filter (harmonic filter); STF = Single Tuned Filter (harmonic filter)

June 2016

branches apart from providing harmonic filtering function also provide capacitive MVAr. The balance capacitive MVAr will be provided by switching in or out the TSC branches. Thyristors are chosen for switching over circuit breakers because thyristor switching is very fast. The inductive MVAr is provided by the TCR branches and their combination with the permanently connected DTF/STF branches and the switchable TSC branches. The most optimum design leads to selection of the coupling transformer impedance and medium voltage bus voltage values. The typical V/I operating characteristic on the primary side of the coupling transformer of the SVC is provided in Figure 7 below. These SVCs are also equipped with Power Oscillation Damping (POD) feature to damp out oscillations during transient conditions in the power network. The Power Oscillation Damping is achieved by modulating the active power flow and the impedance of the system. The simplified strategy for the same

ExpertSpeak

Figure 7

Figure 8

is summarized in the Figure 8 below. Simulation was done for all possible cases for the three stations. A typical waveform is reproduced in Figure 10 Construction features of the SVC The operating currents through the medium voltage bus bars can reach up to 16.1 KA. This poses a challenge of selection of bus bar material from the available material within the country.

Figure 10

The main bus bars have been designed with aluminum channels 225x110x20 mm cross section which is available locally. Two such channels have been used together in a box form. This box combination had been successfully tested for 9.5 KA continuous current with temperature rise limited to 35oC above ambient of 50oC. For the foundations of reactors, FRP reinforcements have been used to avoid the heating effect of eddy currents due to the magnetic field created by the reactors. A typical arrangement of the bus bar is shown in Figure 11.

Control & Protection System of SVC Since the SVC has dynamic controls, there are two types of control systems provided – Open Loop Control (OLC) system and Closed Loop Control (CLC) system. For both these systems, here also, SIMATIC TDC© platform is used. The overview of the control and

Figure 11

protection system for Ludhiana is reproduced in Figure 12 below. The OLC system controls all the switching devices (circuit breakers, disconnectors, and grounding switches). All control logics and event logger are built into this system. The OLC system primarily consists a dedicated SIMATIC TDC©, bay control units, HMI and Remote Control Interface (RCI). The CLC system consists of SIMATIC TDC©, valve base electronics, analog data acquisition units, binary data input & output modules and Digital Fault Data Recorder (DFDR). The DFDR has its own analog and

binary data acquisition units. The valve control, protection and POD functions are realized in the CLC system. Since all the equipments are at medium voltage potential with respect to the ground, conventional numerical relays have been used for branch protection. The protection relays provide their data to the OLC system for event logging. Siemens conducts detailed factory testing of the entire control and protection system during which all kind of simulation, including POD are carried out and the design values are verified. For conducting these tests, Real Time Digital Simulator

The control structure to be used for the POD is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9

June 2016

ExpertSpeak

Figure 12

(RTDS) is used along with a binary simulator to create various network conditions. The SIMATIC TDCÂŠ as mentioned before communicates in the industry standard PROFIBUS protocol with its connected devices. The relays also communicate over PROFIBUS protocol. Redundant control and protection systems are provided. PROFIBUS network and process LAN are also duplicated. Valve cooling system has its own control system using Siemens S7 PLC which is integrated with the SVC control and protection system. RCI provides connectivity to station gateway over IEC 60870-5-104

protocol to enable exchange of data and operation from higher level control system like the sub-station automation system or the Load Dispatch Centre or the NTAMC. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) STATCOM, also called Voltage Source Converter (VSC), is also a type of shunt compensation an AC waveform which is generated using IGBT switches and fed to the bus. The AC is generated by inverting the DC voltage stored in the capacitor. Use of IGBT has the advantage of faster turn ON and OFF and consumes minimal power for commutation. Since the turn-off is

very fast, generation of harmonics is low compared to thyristor switching. Functions of SVC can be easily realized using STATCOM which offers certain advantages over SVC: In SVC, the thyristor current cannot be influenced in one half cycle, whereas in STATCOM, since the IGBT can be switched off, the current can be influenced in both the half cycles hh Lower losses hh Lower harmonics hh Lesser space requirement hh The basic principle of STATCOM can be effectively explained in the following diagram. Thus we see, depending upon the direction of IL, the output can be either capacitive MVAr or Inductive MVAr. hh

Compared to SVC, the V/I characteristic of STATCOM (Figure 14) is more uniform and offers a larger operating area. The VSC technology has evolved from GTOs and two level converters

Figure 13

June 2016

ExpertSpeak

SVCs, STATCOMs and TCSCs. With integration of weak power generating sources like wind power or solar power, where generation of reactive power is low, STATCOMs will be most suitable to provide the reactive power support and help in power flow from these sources into the main network. Series compensation might also see application in evacuation of wind and solar power.

Other related applications Figure 14

to IGBTs used in three level or multi-level converters. In multi-level converters, since the steps are very small, the harmonic generation is very low and the same can be blocked by using a high frequency blocking filter comprising mainly of an inductive element. The evolution of VSC is summarized in the Figure 15 below. As in FSC, TCSC and SVC, here also Siemens uses control and protection system based on SIMATIC TDC©. STATCOMs are also available from Siemens in modular construction design of various standard sizes (+/150 MVAr, +/100 MVAr, +/- 75 MVAr, +/- 50 MVAr and +/- 25MVAr) built in transportable containers.

Future use of FACTS in Indian power network With the Indian power system acquiring mammoth size and advent of independent transmission system operators, topics of stability and

power flow will assume very high importance in the times to come. Also, with increasing consumer awareness and consumer requirements advancing from availability of power to availability of quality power, usage of devices to improve power quality will assume greater proportions. In this scenario, the Indian power network will see increased installation of SVC and STATCOM devices. Also, with lowering of availability of land to lay power transmission lines, the capacity of existing lines has to be increased. This can easily be done using FSCs. With network becoming stronger, fault current levels are rising and older installations may not remain suitable for higher fault levels. These installations will see application of Short Circuit Current Limiting (SCCL) devices. Also, with larger networks having more & more high capacity lines, damping of power oscillations will be required to maintain grid stability. This calls for usage of

Voltage Source Converter based HVDC applications will find increased applications to connect large wind and solar farms to the load centers, especially if the distance between the wind and solar farms and the load centers is large. This technology is similar to STATCOM.

Siemens and “Make in India” Keeping in view the call of Honourable Prime Minister of India to “Make in India”, Siemens has also taken multiple initiatives to deliver these technologies from India. Now, Siemens delivers FSC projects also entirely out of India with key components like control & protection systems. For SVC projects, Siemens has started delivering control & protection systems and thyristor valve assemblies from India. For SATCOM & VSC based HVDC projects also, Siemens is ready to deliver from India. With this, Siemens intends to utilize the synergies between these technologies to realize mission “Make in India”. ▪ Nileshwer, Sanjay Agrawal Kaustuv Roy

Engineering team

Ashish Dua, Alok Sharma, Sunil Lalla

Large Power Transmission Systems (LTS) group of Energy Management Division of Siemens Limited, India.

Ralph Nagel, Michael Baer

Engineering team while

Rudolf Muenchmeier

Execution team of LTS group of

Siemens AG, Germany. German Kuhn

Figure 15

Product Lifecycle Management team of LTS group of Siemens AG, Germany.

June 2016

GuestArticle

hen confronted with the question. “Do I / we use electrical energy”. Most of us tend to answer in affirmative. May be time has come to better understand the role of electrical energy (electricity) in the entire chain of production and consumption of energy.

It is clearly established that the linkage between energy & economy is very strong. It is imperative that for the growth (economy) we need a lot of energy inputs and the per capita energy consumption in a developed nation and their global trend is a clear indicator of this relationship.

Unfortunately for most of the 7 billion humans, the secret of their energy does not lie in a cup of their favourite morning drink! The societies to develop and grow require more substantive and sustainable supply of energy forms.

On the other hand the linkage between environment and production & consumption of energy is much stronger and increased energy production and consumption leads to environmental degradation. The linkages among the three E’s are illustrated in figure 1.

With growing population and the associated resource requirements, shrinking resources and degrading environment, sustainable development has become a key word. The challenge is to have a growth, which is at the same time sustainable considering a time scale spanning a few centuries. One of the biggest challenges facing the administrators, politicians, engineers, governments and NGO’s is the challenge of providing sustainable energy services to over seven billion people. The key is to understand the wants and needs of these 7 billion humans and provide appropriate solutions to facilitate their growth and development in a sustainable manner. In the context of sustainable development the importance and role of electrical energy is to be understood in the framework of Environment – Energy – Economy linkage to design optimal / appropriate solutions for providing energy services.

The 3 E’S The three important E’s of immediate as well as long term concern are hh

Environment

Energy

hh Economy Not only are they individually important but are more so as a linked single entity. The three E’s are very strongly linked and the impact on one had a very high degree of impact on the other two.

Environmental degradation occurs not only due to production of energy but also during consumption of energy. The degradation is of two basic types, the first is the depletion of natural resources due to the production of energy and the second is the increasing pollution levels due to consumption of energy. Aspects such as global warming, ozone layer depletion are more due to the consumption patterns whereas issues such as decreasing forest cover are due to both production & consumption, but primarily related to production patterns.

June 2016

GuestArticle

Elements of sustainable development The two important elements of sustainable development from the point of view of energy are the efficient production and efficient consumption of energy, termed as supply side management and demand side management as illustrated in figure 2.

Efficient production (supply side management) of energy encompasses various aspects such as renewable energy sources, clean coal technologies, IGCC plants, R & M of power plants, integrated energy systems etc. Efficient consumption of energy (demand side management) encompasses various aspects such as use of energy efficient end use equipment, energy conservation measures, distributed generation, power quality improvement, loss reduction etc. Most of both SSM and DSM have been based on the assumption that all energy forms will be converted into electrical energy to facilitate transmission and distribution and again reconverted into useful energy form at the point of end use. This necessitates a better understanding of role of electrical energy in the entire chain.

Role of electrical energy Most of us think that we use electrical energy in our daily life, when one can prove that we do not. The electrical energy is so prevalent that most of us think of only electrical energy when discussing energy.

June 2016

It can be established that we do not need electrical energy for end use applications. What we need is mechanical energy, thermal (heat) energy and light energy for our end use consumption. A motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and it is this mechanical energy that produces useful work. An incandescent bulb converts electrical energy into heat energy and light energy is actually a bye product (this is where CFL and LEDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s score over incandescent but as these convert electrical energy into light energy and heat energy is a bye product). There are a very few direct electrical energy end use applications such as electroplating, electro-refining etc. (one can argue that even in those cases at the point of use electrical energy is converted into chemical energy). In short for any useful work, what are actually used is all energy forms, except electrical energy!! It is also a known fact that the energy sources in nature are not direct electrical energy (Baring may be a lightning stroke and the electrical pulses humans generate in their body!). Unfortunately there is no technology yet to harness (capture, store and use) such naturally occurring electrical energy! All other naturally occurring sources of energy are of different energy form such as thermal energy (coal, gas, solar), potential energy (Hydro), Kinetic energy (wind) etc. Irrespective of such naturally occurring energy sources, all these energy forms are converted in electrical energy and supplied (over T & D networks) for end use consumption, wherein they are again converted into some other energy form (such as mechanical, thermal, light chemical etc.). Electrical energy neither exists in nature (in any useful form) nor is used directly and it appears that electrical energy exists only for the sole purpose of transmission and distribution. Other energy forms are also transported (such as a wagon carrying coal is transporting thermal energy, a person moving around with his mobile is carrying chemical energy), but are not so popular. The reason for the popularity of electrical energy seems to stem from three basic facts: hh

Speed of transportation (transmission): After all these are electrons moving at the speed of light!

GuestArticle

Ease of transportation: Electrical energy is the most convenient form for bulk power transfer over long distances.

The point for discussion is that natural energy sources are not electrical but thermal, kinetic, potential etc. and the end use energy requirement is also not electrical but forms such as thermal, light, mechanical, chemical etc. electrical energy is only an intermediate form of energy used only for bulk power transmission. Due to this the role of electrical energy is very critical in the entire energy value chain. Also due to the losses taking place at every transformation (from nature to end use), the impact of energy conservation at end use assumes a high significance. Though electrical energy is the most convenient for bulk power transfer, the use of electrical energy as an intermediate energy form comes with a very high price: that of very low overall system efficiency, as low as 15%. This is illustrated in the figure 3. As 60% of energy source is thermal (fossil fuels), assuming a very efficient gas turbine with an efficiency of 40%, for every 100 units of thermal energy input, the turbine will produce 40 units of mechanical energy. Assuming a generator efficiency of 95%, this represents a electrical energy of 38 units at GT terminals ready for T & D. (if one consider auxiliary consumption, which is in the range of 1% to 10% depending upon the type of plant, the net available electrical energy would be much lower!). Assuming a 20% technical losses (transmission, subtransmission, primary and secondary distribution), the energy available is just 30 units for end use conversion. Assuming a typical value of end use energy conversion efficiency of 60% (is in the range of 40% to 75%), what is used as useful energy form for doing work is just 18 units!! The actual efficiency would depend upon energy mix, type / efficiency of primary energy converters, T & D loss and end use efficiency and is expected to be in the range of 15% to 20%, which is a small fraction of primary energy input!!

Importance of DSM It is evident from the illustration in figure 3, that the leverage factor is about 5 at the end use and this implies that for every unit of energy saved / conserved at end use (demand side) the effect on environment is 5 times. This makes DSM an essential element of energy planning and planning, operation and maintenance of electrical power system.

The paradigm shift: From supplying electricity to providing energy services While the foregoing illustration can be used as a good argument for DSM initiatives, the purpose of the article is not just to highlight the importance of DSM, but to create a small paradigm shift in terms of energy production and consumption. If at end use one does not need electrical energy but other forms of energy or energy services, then does it make sense to deliver electricity (electrical energy) to every household, however remote they are from main (thermal)

power plants, especially considering the capital cost of electrification and the losses associated (not just the T&D losses of 20%, but the overall loss of 80% considering all energy transformations). One cost effective, efficient and sustainable way to meet the energy demands of communities would be provide energy services and / or energy in a form which is readily used. This could be more appropriate for rural communities and remote villages. Considering the fact that electricity penetration is only 70% and about 60 million households are yet to be electrified, it may not make much sense to run conductors strung on insulators mounted on poles, whereas the actual need of those communities is energy services and not electricity per se. Some of the aspects that could be considered include wind energy operated machines, solar thermal water heaters and cookers, biomass based gas generation for heating and biogas plants for running generators, where electricity is a preferred medium of energy. With adequate institutional support innovative means of meeting local energy needs could be established and maybe someday REC would stand for Rural Energization Corporation!

Summary The linkage among environment, energy and economy is illustrated and the importance of demand side management is demonstrated through a leverage factor concept by which it is established that one unit of energy saved at the end use level has a multiplying effect in preserving the environment. Moving forward a paradigm change in terms of “should we electrify villages or energize villages” is presented to provoke innovative thinking that is expected to meet the energy needs in a sustainable manner. ▪ Dr. Venkatesh Raghavan,

President, Power Quality Solutions, EPCOS India Pvt. Ltd. The views expressed are those of the author and not that of the IEEMA or EPCOS India Pvt. Ltd

June 2016

InDepth

ower utilities have historically been g o v e r n m e n t- o w n e d monopolies because of the essential nature of services they provide and the massive capital investment they require. With the evolution of markets, nations around the world are recognizing the role played by regulated, well functioning markets in providing user choice and good quality service through provider competition. Such markets function within a set of rules and under the monitoring of regulatory bodies which ensure that the competitive framework is able to deliver user choice, operational and cost efficiencies as well as policy objectives. The Indian power sector, since independence, was dominated by state and centrally owned vertically integrated utilities with the prime objective of making “power available to all”. Indian power sector remained closed to private investments till 1991. The opening up of Indian economy in early 1990s and large scale liberalization, urbanization and industrialization led to a rapid increase in demand for power. The

quantum of investment requirement grew exponentially and Government alone was no longer able to make adequate investments in the sector. As a result, power generation was de-licensed and opened to private investment in 1991 to provide a boost to the sector. From 1996 onwards, focus shifted to unbundling of State Electricity Boards (SEBs) with the broad aims of enhancing functionspecific efficiencies and ensuring better returns to generation and transmission businesses. Starting with Orissa, five more states opted for unbundling of their SEBs. Soon after in 1998, the Electricity Regulatory Commission Act was notified, which laid down provisions for establishing independent regulatory commissions at state and central level to regulate electricity prices. This form of market structure was considered as a surrogate for competition in monopoly markets wherein the independent regulatory commission protects the interest of consumers and other market participants. However, such a market structure is only transitional till the establishment

of full scale competitive market. Subsequently, the Electricity Act 2003 was formulated to address the changing needs of the power market. The Electricity Act 2003 focussed on two basic elements: “development of a competitive power market with transparent market-driven pricing mechanism which gives the consumers enough options to choose from”, and “providing the right policy, legal and regulatory platform to the consumers for exercising their choice.” Promoting competition in electricity sector is one of the aim of the Electricity Act, 2003. In the spirit of encouraging competition, various reform measures have been initiated by the Central and State Governments. State Electricity Regulatory Commissions have been given the mandate to monitor and regulate state power utilities as well as power markets with a view to ensuring availability of power at competitive rates to all consumers. Ministry of Power came out with competitive bidding guidelines were put in place for enabling competition in power transmission to enable

June 2016

InDepth

private sector investments in the sector which allowed price discovery through market based mechanism. This ensured that private transmission companies are allowed equal platform and opportunity to access the market as the public companies but most importantly it ensured competitive prices to benefit both, the consumers and the market. The initiatives undertaken by the Government of India and various states have led to competition in power transmission. However, the spirit of competition and private participation in the Indian electricity transmission sector is still in the nascent stages.

With the huge generation capacity addition and improved generation with fuel issues getting sorted out for existing capacity, a corresponding increase in Transmission capacity is needed to ensure that power generated reaches the end consumer. Major part of the total investment required has to come from private sector. Clearly, successful PPP in transmission would be vital to meet the huge investment & capacity enhancement target in transmission. In order to meet the future generation capacity addition, investment in the transmission sector needs to be increased.

India’s Power Transmission networks constitute the vital role in the entire power value chain. The growth of power sector is contingent without development of a robust and a non collapsible transmission network. Over the past decades, the total power generation capacity has witnessed commendable growth, with more than 298 GW of generation capacity currently installed in India. However, India’s peak load supply is approximately 50% of the installed capacity and aggravating this situation further is that some of India’s power surplus regions do not have adequate power evacuation infrastructure which could alleviate the recurring supply shortages in other parts of the nation. While the issues related to Generation and Distribution sectors, rightfully, got due focus from policy makers to industry stakeholders, Transmission which is the critical link of power supply with no fall back option got downplayed due to multiple reasons. There is need of sensitizing the policy makers on prevailing problems which are hampering the growth of Transmission sector.

Many transmission projects have faced delays because of the developer’s inability to acquire land and get timely clearances from all stakeholders. There have been instances of transmission lines being forced to take a different route than planned, resulting in the entire project budget going out of control. Power transmission constraints have also made it difficult to evacuate excess power and channel it to regions that face shortages. Projects have had to purchase power from costlier sources while others remained under-utilized. Hence, there is an urgent need to timely address underlying issues in the transmission sector to ensure power demand is effectively met in the future. India is one of the few countries where Transmission Sector has been opened up for private participation & has garnered significant interest from private players.

Sector

Present Status of Transmission System in India Electricity sector in India is growing at rapid pace. During FY 2015-16,

the Peak Demand is observed about 153 GW and the Installed Capacity is 298 GW as on 31.03.2016. The natural resources for electricity generation in India are unevenly dispersed and concentrated in a few pockets. Hydro resources are located in the Himalayan foothills, North Eastern Region. Coal reserves are concentrated in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, parts of Madhya Pradesh, whereas lignite is located in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. Also lot of power station, generating from Gas and renewable energy sources like Solar, Wind etc. have been installed in various parts of country. An extensive network of Transmission lines has been developed over the years for evacuating power produced by different electricity generating stations and distributing the same to the consumers. Depending upon the quantum of power and the distance involved, lines of appropriate voltages are laid. The capacity of transmission lines of different voltage levels and transformation capacity of Substations in the country as on 31st March’ 2016 are as follows:In view of the above, it is observed that the private participation in transmission lines and transformation capacity as on 31st March, 2016 is only 5.87% and 2.78% respectively. It appears that neither the government nor the regulators take actions necessary to promote private utilities and long-term sector viability. The private energy utilities are better managed more motivated to raise revenue and less susceptible to political pressure than govt.-run enterprises. Therefore, there is need to thrust for privatization in power transmission sector. The details of plan-wise progress of transmission system in India are as given below:

Transmission Lines as on 31st March, 2016 in Ckt. KM HVDC

765 kV

400 kV

220 kV

Total

Central

9,454

20,134

88,795

10,981

129,364

State

1,504

840

44,441

145359

192,144

JV/Private

1,980

3,271

13,894

898

20,043

Total

12,938

24,245

147,130

1,57,238

341,551

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InDepth

Statutory Provisions Section 63 of the Electricity Act, 2003 states that – “Notwithstanding anything contained in section 62, the Appropriate Commission shall adopt the tariff if such tariff has been determined through transparent process of bidding in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Central Government.”

Sector

National Tariff Policy 2006 introduced mandatory Tariff Based Competitive Bidding for all transmission projects with the objective of promoting competitive procurement of transmission services, encouraging greater investment by private players in the transmission sector and increasing transparency & fairness in the process. In addition, the policy further pushed to make the power sector not only financially viable but investment worthy.

Transformation Capacity as on 31st March, 2016 in MVA HVDC

765 kV

400 kV

220 kV

Total

Central

11,000

118500

104735

9,046

243,281

State

1,500

10,500

101137

284204

397,341

JV/Private

2,500

12,000

2,260

1,567

18,327

Total

15,000

1,41,000

2,08,132

2,94,817

658,949

The Govt. of India has notified new tariff policy on 28th January, 2016. The new Tariff Policy make competitive bidding compulsory even for the central public sector projects. In addition, as per the new Tariff Policy, State Government owned generation and transmission companies shall continue to operate power projects based on ‘regulated cost plus tariff regime’ as per Section 62 of the Electricity Act, 2003 for Voltage Level

6th plan

7th plan

8th plan

Status of Transmission line in Ckt. KM:

10th plan

12th Plan Upto Mar-2016

11th plan

HVDC

1634

4738

5872

9432

12,938

765 kV

1160

2184

5250

24,245

400 kV

6029

19824

36142

49378

75722

106819

147,130

220 kV

46005

59631

79600

96993

114629

135980

157,238

Total

52034

79455

117376

152269

198407

257481

341551

Status of Transformation capacity in MVA: HVDC

5200

8200

9750

15,000

765 kV

25000

141000

400 kV

9330

21580

40865

60380

92942

151027

208,132

220 kV

37291

53742

84177

116363

156497

223774

294,817

Total

9th plan

46621

75322

125042

181943

257639

409551

June 2016

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InDepthâ&#x20AC;&#x2030;

transmission of power within that particular state. The amendments to the Policy also provide that state transmission utilities must endeavour implement larger projects on the basis of competitive bidding. According to the new Tariff Policy the tariff-based competitive bidding can be done away with in case of exigencies. The new policy therefore has not been able to make the process completely competitive.

Need of Comptetion in Transmission Sector Despite having more than 298 GW of installed generation capacity till 2015-16, some of the States in the country continuously facing power deficit. One of the major reasons for this situation is the inadequate transmission capacity, not matching the generation capacities and load requirements. Unlike infrastructure sectors, no such alternative to the transmission lines exist in the power sector. Power evacuation is turning out to be a bigger problem than power generation for the country. Plants supplying electricity to state electricity boards under long term power purchase agreements, lost part of generation due to transmission capacity bottlenecks. Based on the current supply position, the Southern region is anticipated

to face a peak-time shortage. Whether other regions anticipated surplus regions. However, the power transmission constraints do not allow for the Southern gridâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shortfall to be met by the surplus in the National grid. Resource rich states like Chhattisgarh are also unable to evacuate the excess power. With a typical transmission project requiring ~4-5 years to get commissioned & inordinate delays expected in securing forest clearance in the region, it seems that the number of projects running below capacity, owing to transmission bottlenecks, will only increase in the near future. Even within a state boundary, choked transmission networks are leading to underutilization of generation capacity. Wind energy generation in Tamil Nadu run below capacity, as the transmission capacity available was insufficient. This under-utilization of the sites meant an annual opportunity loss of energy. In addition, the state had a net deficit of electricity and had to purchase power from costlier sources. Going forward, the demand side capacity is expected to further increase with the industry moving towards Open Access. Open access will allow every end-user of electricity in the country to choose from all available transmission lines, thereby increasing transmission load across the country. If Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transmission capacity is not timely augmented, this problem is expected to further aggravate. This makes it extremely important to ensure PPP projects in the power transmission sector are successful in the long run. In spite of taking significant steps to encourage private players to invest in the sector, the response has been relatively lackluster. Projects have faced various implementation challenges with tariff setting and adjustments, regulatory disputes, ambiguous contracts, hasty allotment of contracts leading to re-negotiations, and unequal risk sharing. It is therefore, the need of the hour to learn from other sectors & countries and reform policies so as to ensure greater private participation in the power transmission sector.

June 2016

Bidding Guidelines Development of a transmission system is essential both for encouraging competition and for creating electricity markets. The government is aimed at facilitating competition in this sector through wider participation in providing transmission services and tariff determination through a process of tariff based bidding. The bidding guidelines have been framed by the government under the section 63 of the Act and provision under tariff policy. The specific objectives of these bidding guidelines are as follows: hh

Promote competitive procurement of transmission services.

Encourage private investment in transmission lines.

Facilitate transparency and fairness in procurement processes;

Facilitate reduction of information asymmetries for various bidders;

Protect consumer interests by facilitating competitive conditions in procurement of transmission services of electricity;

Enhance standardization and reduce ambiguity and hence time for materialization of projects;

Ensure compliance with standards, norms and codes for transmission lines while allowing flexibility in operation to the transmission service providers.

Challenges and Recommendations Key issues faced by transmission project developers include delay in land acquisition as well as obtaining right-of-way and environmental clearances. Inadequate investments at the Intra-state level, which are restricting the flow of power from surplus to deficit areas, and the ineffective implementation of open access transactions, also

InDepthâ&#x20AC;&#x2030;

pose serious challenges for the transmission segment. There is an urgent need to create liquidity in the market to sustain private interest. Issues such as the selection of a bid process coordinator, who will be responsible for renovation and modernization of assets, need to be addressed. State utilities also need to ensure payment security to make their projects as viable as the central level projects. With the shift to higher voltages and improved technologies, new challenges such as asset management hotline maintenance, emergency restoration of towers, augmentation of test facilities and transportation of heavy equipments via roads also need to be addressed. The key challenges and recommendations are as follows: i.

Time taken for commissioning is much longer than global standards, and must be optimized. The process needs to be more efficient and the process for award of projects needs to be streamlined. At the same time, incentives must be given to a developer for faster project execution.

ii. The level of innovation and technology in the industry must be upgraded considerably, thereby upgrading quality, speed and health & safety standards. iii.

Currently, no guidelines on use of technology are mandated and the focus is on lowest price for competitive bidding. This doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t help incentivise developers to innovate and suggest new ways of working as they will be at a disadvantage compared to a cheaper alternative.

iv. The policies be realigned to focus on output parameters rather than input factors in order to extract maximum results from projects. v.

When new transmission systems are conceptualised by CTU and various standing committees, they must exhaust all possibilities to optimise

existing transmission corridors by deploying best available technologies, before embarking on creating green-field lines and substations which occupy scarce agricultural and forest land. vi. Qualification requirements must be critically evaluated and reformed so as to screen out inexperienced players from the bidding process. Due to inadequate pre-bid due diligence by inexperienced players, projects have been awarded at unviable prices. When the developers later realize the actual costs, projects are often stalled. Qualification requirements must be tailored to attract only serious participants, which can be achieved by placing higher emphasis on prior transmission experience. vii. Current clearance and redressal policies have not been able to get private players to actively participate in the power transmission sector. Dealing with the judiciary system in India makes the process time consuming and deters private players from participating. viii. Considering the number of risks assumed by a developer during project execution, robust redressal mechanisms should be available to developers in case of unforeseen events. In addition, an independent nodal body should be formulated to facilitate clearances, address grievances, track project status and enforce quality standards. ix. In order to promote greater private participation in the power transmission sector, it is important that private players be given a level playing field along with central/state owned players. State entities and private players should be treated at par with similar norms & processes for securing forest clearance. x. There is an urgent need to synchronise the policy

framework with a new reality of wider participation by private players under competitive bidding regime. PPPs are a much needed catalyst in reviving transmission sector and in order to make this successful, policy reforms are necessary. xi. Once PPPs are able to thrive successfully, we will be able to achieve the common objective of building the grid, meeting demand requirements and optimally utilizing generation capacity.

Conclusion The investment required in the power transmission sector become the need to ensure much more private participation in the sector. Timely action is required from the Government for reinvigorating the transmission sector with the help of both private and public participation. The key areas that need action are easing of the clearance process and enforcement of adequate redressal mechanisms. Private players need to be treated at par with Govt. utilities while awarding and executing projects. Qualification requirements be framed such that only experienced players are allowed into the bidding process. Efforts must be made to streamline and optimize the project commissioning process and also, policies must be realigned to focus on output parameters in order to encourage technology usage and innovation. Greater investment and active participation from the private sector is a much-needed catalyst to achieve the objective of building the grid, meeting demand requirements, and optimally utilizing generation capacity. â&#x2013;Ş Ashok Upadhyay

BE (Electrical), M Tech. Hon. (Ind. Engg.) M. Phil (Renewable Energy), PHD Scholar Dy. Director (Generation) M.P. Electricity Regulatory Commission Bhopal (M.P.)

June 2016

InFocus

henever a power or distribution transformer is isolated from the power system, it is very probable that residual magnetism remains in the core due to the phase shift. However, residual magnetism also occurs when performing winding resistance tests. Since manufacturers use these measurements in their routine testing and these tests are typically performed for on-site condition assessment, transformers can be regularly influenced by the effect of residual magnetism.

performing diagnostic measurements. Within the last few years, the first testing devices have been launched which allow practical demagnetization of transformers on-site.

Influence of residual magnetism on inrush current

Residual magnetism leads to high inrush currents, which put a great and unnecessary load on the transformer. Additionally, a large number of diagnostic measurements are also affected by residual magnetism. Therefore, a utility can have difficulties obtaining a reliable condition assessment of transformers. Therefore, utilities should demagnetize the transformer before re-energizing it or

When a transformer is re-energized, an inrush current occurs that can greatly exceed the nominal current. If the transformer core still contains residual magnetism, the first peak current can even reach the level of the short-circuit current. These high currents can cause undesirable effects, such as mechanical deformation of the windings, incorrect triggering of protection equipment, increased stress for the installation, and voltage dips in the grid. Only the ohmic components, such as the winding resistance, are capable of attenuating the high inrush currents to a stable level within just a few cycles (figure 1).

Fig. 1: Attenuating the inrush current over time

Fig. 2: Effects of residual magnetism on inrush current

June 2016

InFocus

Fig. 3: Magnetizing current of a demagnetized transformer

Fig. 4: Magnetizing current with magnetized middle limb

The highest inrush current occurs when the voltage is applied near the zero crossing and the polarity of the voltage is applied in the same direction as the residual magnetism in the core or the corresponding limb (figure 2, [formulas1-3). If the core reaches saturation, the transformer’s inductance is greatly reduced. The current is now only limited by the winding resistance on the high-voltage side and the impedance of the connected transmission line.

in the core. In the magnetic balance test, alternating voltage is applied to a winding and the induced voltage is measured on the two other phases.

Influence of residual magnetism on electrical routine and diagnostic measurements The residual magnetism can be as high as 90% of the magnetic flux density (B) during operation. In the event of a fault or during routine tests, various electrical diagnostic techniques can be used for analyzing the condition of a transformer. Residual magnetism influences certain diagnostic measurements in such a way that a reliable and meaningful analysis becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, when performing exciting current measurements, the magnetic balance test, or sweep frequency response analysis for localization of faults in the core, residual magnetism may have such a negative effect that results become unsolvable.

Influence on exciting current measurements Measuring the exciting current can provide evidence for potential faults in the core. Faults in the core lead to an increasing exciting current. If reference values for the exciting current are available, these can be used for the assessment. Since exciting currents do not have a linear behavior to the applied voltage, measurements for comparison with the reference values must be performed at the same voltage. The assessment is performed based on a typical pattern of a three-limb or five-limb transformer or based on reference measurements if they are available. The magnitude of the magnetization current depends on the length of the magnetized path. This is virtually identical for the windings on the outer limbs, but lower for the winding on the middle limb (figure 3). If there is, for example, residual magnetism on the middle limb, this can easily lead to incorrect interpretations and a reliable diagnosis becomes impossible (figure 4).

Influence on the magnetic balance test The magnetic balance test, i.e. a test of the flux ratio, is appropriate as a routine electrical field test and as an additional diagnostic method when a fault is suspected

June 2016

The magnetic balance test should result in a typical pattern: If, for example, a voltage of 100V is applied to the winding on the middle limb, the measured voltages on the other windings should each display a value of approximately 50 volts. This can be explained by the two magnetic paths with the same length. A different pattern results when a voltage is applied to one of the windings on the outer limbs as the magnetic paths have different lengths. If the recorded pattern deviates from the anticipated pattern, this can indicate either problems in the core or can be related to undesirable effects of residual magnetism.

Influence on sweep frequency response analysis measurements The sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA, or FRA) uses frequency response analyses to describe the dynamic characteristics of an oscillating network based on its input and output signals. The SFRA measurement method is described in two technical standards: IEC 60076-18: “Power transformers - Part 18: Measurement of frequency response”, published by the International Electrotechnical Commission, and IEEE C57.149: “Application and Interpretation of Frequency Response Analysis for Oil-Immersed Transformers”, published by the IEEE Standards Association. The SFRA measurement has become increasingly accepted as a diagnostic method. A transformer reflects such an oscillating system, consisting of various series and parallel resonances with corresponding inductances (L), capacitances (C) and resistances (R). When one parameter is changed, for example the main inductance due to a core problem or the geometric shift of a winding, one or more characteristic resonance points is/are also displaced or shifted. Every electrical network has a unique frequency response, its so-called fingerprint. Interpretation of an SFRA measurement is based on a comparison of measurements, for example with the initial fingerprint or with other transformers of the same type. The plot of a fingerprint should not change throughout the entire life cycle of a transformer. Therefore, all influences that could affect SFRA measurements must be avoided, as these influences could lead to misinterpretation of the obtained test results.

InFocus

Fig. 5: Typical resonance points of a three-limb transformerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main inductance

Since residual magnetism influences the frequency response particularly at lower frequencies where the magnetization inductance dominates the response, utilities must ensure that the transformer has been demagnetized before performing the measurement. Meanwhile, an SFRA measurement is effective in verifying residual magnetism due to the pronounced and wellunderstood influence at lower frequencies. The SFRA measurement reflects the main inductance through the first resonance points. Figure 5 shows the typical resonance points of a three-limb transformerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main inductance. Two significant parallel and series resonance points can clearly be referred to on the outer windings. These resonance points can be ascribed to the two magnetic paths with different lengths. In comparison with these points, the winding on the middle limb displays only one characteristic single resonance point. As previously explained for the inrush current, the inductance changes depending on the degree of core magnetization, whereby Ldemag (demagnetized) is greater than Lmag (magnetized). A resonance point comprises a network of capacitances and inductances, and can be described using formula 4. The lower the inductance becomes, as reflected by a state of higher residual magnetism, the more the resonance points move toward higher frequencies.

transformer, the electrical method becomes the sole option. Manufacturers can apply nominal voltage at nominal frequency on transformers. By gradually reducing the voltage, the core is progressively demagnetized (figure 6). To demagnetize transformer cores on-site, it is often only possible to use reduced voltage and frequency signals. In many cases, no adjustable voltage source, which can provide the nominal voltage of the transformer, can be used to demagnetize transformer cores. Only a single-phase source can be used. Demagnetization of single-phase and three-phase transformers can be performed in a similar way. Importantly, utilities should consider that magnetic coupling takes place between the phases when working on a three-phase transformer. Therefore, the phase or limb used during the demagnetization procedure is extremely important and deliberately chosen. Additionally, utilities should use the high-voltage side for demagnetization, as there are more turns associated with this winding to generate the magnetic flux. Hence, the total time for demagnetization can be reduced. Experiments have shown that the middle limb is the most suitable for demagnetization with a single-phase source. Thereby, the flux is distributed symmetrically over the two outer limbs. To determine which winding is associated with the

Demagnetization methods Available methods for demagnetizing magnetic materials: 1. Demagnetization through vibration 2. Demagnetization through heating up to Curie temperature 3. Electrical demagnetization. Since the first two methods cannot be used for a

Fig. 6: Demagnetization using a sinusoidal signal

June 2016

InFocus

middle limb in a delta winding, the transformer’s vector group is required.

The art of accurate demagnetization There are various approaches for electrical demagnetization. One approach is to reduce the voltage respectively the time in predetermined steps. Depending on their type and size, small distribution transformers or large power transformers can have very different hysteresis parameters. The disadvantage of reducing the voltage respectively the time in predetermined steps is the lengthy amount of time required to ensure that both types of transformers can be reliably demagnetized using the same procedure. To counteract this problem, the current can be additionally triggered while the test is still running to start the next hysteresis cycle. However, since the magnetization current increases very rapidly when the transformer core reaches saturation, this process is inaccurate. Various experiments have shown that in particular small transformers become re-magnetized by the final cycle, which leads to high inrush currents in return. Demagnetization based on the measurement of the magnetic flux has proven as the safest and most efficient approach, as it works reliably with both small and large transformers. However, this approach places very strict measuring requirements on the used equipment, as the voltage needs to be continuously measured over time and the integral has to be derived from this [Formula 5]. Importantly, testers should avoid any secondary hysteresis during demagnetization. The occurring residual magnetism can lead to an apparentdemagnetization.

Demagnetization measurement procedure Since the voltage, and thereby also the magnetic flux of the main inductance LH cannot be measured directly, this voltage needs to be calculated (figure 7, [formula 6]). Therefore, the winding resistance R must be measured in advance and the voltage drop of the winding resistance then subtracted from the measured voltage. Formula 7 shows the calculation of the magnetic flux on the main inductance. Thereby the equation фR(0) represents the initial flux, which corresponds to the residual magnetism.

a test device to demagnetize the core and an accessory (that is, a switchbox) to simplify the measurement. A primary benefit of the aforementioned switchbox is that rewiring is no longer necessary after measuring transformer’s ratio or winding resistance. After entering the transformer’s vector group and the test current in the “Demag” test card, the test device initiates the procedure and the residual magnetism is reduced to virtually zero. The core can be saturated in both directions using the test device. Subsequently, the tester determines the specific hysteresis parameters per transformer are calculates the initial flux. Based on these parameters, an iterative algorithm is then used to change both the voltage and the frequency. While this is taking place, the test device is constantly measuring the magnetic flux (ф) in the core. Using multiple iterations, the core is demagnetized to below 1% of its maximum value. Following the demagnetization procedure, several magnetic domains revert into their preferred orientation. This procedure is also referred to as magnetic viscosity. The effect can be determined when repeating the demagnetization procedure. However, repeating the procedure is negligible and not important in practice. The appropriate test device can offer a practical and reliable solution to demagnetize small distribution transformers and large power transformers quickly.

Example based on a 350 MVA transformer Tests were performed on a 350 MVA-YNyn0 power transformer manufactured in 1971 and rated at 400/30 kV. For verification of state purposes, sweep frequency response analysis measurements were conducted using a frequency response analyzer. The transformer’s condition was recorded immediately after removing it from service with an initial SFRA measurement. Subsequently, a direct current (DC) winding resistance measurement was carried out on phase B (which was wound on the middle core limb), and another SFRA measurement was then taken. Lastly, the transformer was demagnetized using the previously described method and then checked by performing a final sweep frequency response analysis measurement. The results after the demagnetization procedure are shown in table 1:

Vendors offer a variety of different testing devices to simplify measurements of three-phase power transformers. The test set up for demagnetization with OMICRON’s testing solution requires two components:

Table 1: Results following demagnetization of the 350 MVA transformer

Fig. 7: Simplified equivalent electric circuit for the measurement procedure

June 2016

When comparing the SFRA results of the individual phases, it becomes apparent that the transformer displays residual magnetism after being isolated from the power system (figure 8). After the demagnetization

InFocus

PHASE A

PHASE B

PHASE C

Fig. 8: Phase comparison of the SFRA results with different remanence conditions

procedure, all resonance points moved towards lower frequencies as expected, and the typical SFRA pattern of a three-limb transformer can be used as a reference. Therefore, the transformer is demagnetized. This article highlights the importance and the effect of residual magnetism. It should also increase the awareness of the associated risks with re-energizing transformers after an outage.

Literature [1] “On the ringdown transient on transformers” (N. Chiesa, A. Avendano, H. K. Høidalen, B. A. Mork, D. Ishchenko and A. P. Kunze) [2] “Investigation on the Behavior of the Remanence Level of Protective Current Transformers” (J. Dickert, R. Luxenburger, P. Schegner)

Fig.: OMICRON’s CPC 100 testing solution with the CP SB1 switchbox

[3] “Mitigation of Inrush Currents in Network Transformers by Reducing the Residual Flux with an Ultra-Low-Frequency Power” (Baris Kovan, Francisco de León, Dariusz Czarkowski, Zivan Zabar und Leo Birenbaum) [4] “Remanent Flux Measurement and Optimal Energization Instant Determination of Power Transformer” (Goran Petrović, Tomislav Kilić, Stanko Milun) ▪

Mr Markus Pütter, Mr Michael Rädler, Mr Boris Unterer, OMICRON electronics GmbH

1800/-

1000/1800/2400/-

2400/-

Rs.____________ / US $ 120 or payment advice to our Account No.11751 “Bank of India”, Worli Branch, Pankaj Mansion, Dr A.B.Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018 is enclosed

June 2016

IndustryMatters

onventions need to be defined and followed uniformly across the entire power sector. Sign convention (positive or negative) for import and export of energy, both active and reactive, is one of them. While there are no right and wrong in conventions, they are a means of avoiding mathematical confusion and bring everyone to a common understanding. It is necessary to have a closer look at them and restate or redefine conventions if needed. Once related issues and the resulting confusions are fully understood, conventions can be standardised and enforced uniformly across all metering applications. To enable this a revision of the Indian Grid Code is needed too.

These are very simple questions. The answers are so obvious that many metering engineers perhaps take them for granted. If we probe a little deeper, we may come across subjectivity, difference of opinion, and arguments of right and wrong. Quite often, whatever is presumed may not have a reference to standards or to a document of standard practices. Even when a document is found, there may be conflicts between the standards.

Subjectivity

What is activity energy import?

What is active energy export?

What is reactive energy import?

What is reactive energy export?

Should import active energy be considered as positive energy or negative energy?

Should export active energy be considered as positive energy or negative energy?

Should import reactive energy be considered as positive energy or negative energy?

Specify a particular power flow direction and ask a metering engineer, whether the meter will record it as positive energy or negative energy? A common answer will be, it depends on how a meter is wired. Engineers will go into details, explain P1 and P2, S1 and S2, and how a meter should be wired, and how depending on the connections the meter will record the energy in either its import or export register. If further questioned on how the meter should be wired and connected, what is the correct way to connect it, the answers may be divided. Some engineers may also go on to explain that it will depend upon whether the meter is connected to a load or whether it is a grid meter. They will delve into peculiarities: whether we are looking at the power flow into a distribution system, from the transmission system, or between two utilities. Subjectivity again! The reason is, there are no standards, or at least no uniformity across different standards. For example, some code of practices, like CoP1 of UK, states under the definition of “Import /Export Energy Flow Convention for the labelling of Meters” that “Energy flows between Distribution Systems is by bilateral agreement.” Conventions, then become a matter of convenience or a subjective matter, a bilateral issue, and without uniformity across all agencies, and not based on the right way to connect meters.

Should export reactive energy be considered as positive energy or negative energy?

This small decision becomes an issue when the import and export of energy is compiled across a number of

Conventions Just two simple conventions are discussed and covered in this paper. They are, (a) what is the definition of import and export of energy, and (b) what should be the sign convention, positive or negative, for import and export of active and reactive energy. If we elaborate them, the questions that need to be answered are:

June 2016

IndustryMatters

utilities. It leads to accounting errors unless the “imports” and “exports” have been used consistently and uniformly by all the participating utilities. There can be many more examples of subjectivity. In the examples given below, let us assume that the meters can log both import and export energies in separate registers: hh

There is a power flow from the transmission system to the distribution system. Should it be considered as import or export?

There is a load, say an industry, connected to the distribution system. The energy drawn by the industry should be considered as import or export?

There is a radial distribution feeder, say a 11 kV feeder. The energy delivered by the radial feeder should be logged in the export register or import register of the feeder meter?

There is a step down transformer in the transmission (or distribution) system.

The energy measured by a meter connected to the high voltage side of transformer will log the energy in the export register or import register?

What would happen for a meter connected to the low voltage side of transformer? Will it log the energy in the export or import register?

There is a meter connected to the bushing CTs at the high voltage side of transformer. Will this meter log the energy in the export or import register?

There is a meter connected to the CTs at the bus bars of a generator, between the generator and the generator’s step-up transformer. Will the meter log energy in the export or import register?

There is a meter connected in the EHV switchyard in the generator bay. Will the meter log the energy in the export or import register?

To define point of metering, it is essential to introduce the concept of a “domain”.

Domain A domain is a black box with boundary busbars for which energy accounting is needed or for which accounting is done. It can be an area (electrical or geographic area), a generating station, a transmission utility, a distribution utility, or even a consumer (domestic, commercial, industrial etc.). A domain can also be a single line or transformer for which accounting is needed. A domain necessarily contains boundary busbars or electrical nodes, as the accounting is done by computing the algebraic sum of energies entering into the domain. As a domain can be any electrical area, it can as well be a single element, that is a line or a transformer. Domains are illustrated below. The illustrations are self-explanatory, with the domain shown as dotted boundary:

There is a transmission line connecting two substations “A” and “B”. Energy is flowing from substation “A” to substation “B”. Will the meter at “A” register the energy in its import or export energy register? Will the meter at “B” register the energy in its import or export energy register? There can be many more such situations, where the answers can be subjective unless a convention for what is import and what is export has been clearly defined and followed meticulously. Any meter, once connected “correctly” will either register the energy in its import register or export register. The question is, what is “correct connection” of a meter, and if the meter is connected “correctly” whether it will log energy in the import or export register for a particular power flow direction?

Point of metering As may be seen, there are only two factors that will determine whether a meter should register the energy in its import or export register. They are hh

What is the point of metering? What is import, what is export?

It may be noted that a busbar can also be treated as a stand-alone domain, as it is a node with multiple connections. The accounting for a busbar is done by computing the algebraic sum of energies entering into the busbar, which theoretically should be zero. It is also interesting to note that a grid is not be a domain. A grid is an interconnection of transmission and generating utilities, and therefore an interconnection of different domains. We may group a number of domains together (virtual grouping) and define them as yet another domain, but a domain whether grouped or not, must have boundary busbars. That is how a domain needs to be defined to apply conventions.

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For any domain, even if it is a standalone domain with a single busbar, it is not necessary that there are meters on all the points of metering. That is, all the incoming lines or connections may or may not have meters. In such case, the energy measured at the remote end of a line should be considered, and by reversing the registers (i.e. if the remote end meter registers ‘export’, the same should be considered as ‘import’ at local end). Necessary correction for line loss may also be considered.

As everything has been generalised, the domain can be a load (consumption), generation, transmission system, distribution system, even a single busbar. As we have used the principle for looking at energy exchanges from inside the domain, import means increase of energy (as we are bringing something into it), and export means reduction of energy (as we are sending something out). Import can therefore stand to mean a condition where the domain draws energy, or energy is “added”. Export can mean a condition where a domain is depleted of energy, or energy is “subtracted”. This may be seen to be consistent for all types of domains. For a stand-alone domain like a single busbar, the sum of import and export is always zero in theory.

Convention for import and export energy registers in meters

Having defined element and domain, in general, the definition of domains can also be as illustrated below. After this generalisation, we can ascertain whether energy flows into the domain, or it flows out of the domain. Thereafter, we can define whether energy flowing into a domain should be called export or import (and vice versa).

If the above reasoning is agreed upon, energy import happens when energy is added to a domain, and energy export happens when energy is removed or subtracted from a domain. The correct connection for meters should therefore imply a type of connection or wiring of meter so that the meter registers import energy in import register, and export energy in export register. This convention can be considered to be correct, as meters are always connected to a busbar, and busbars form the boundaries of domains. And, all accounting is done by looking at what is happening to the power flow to or from the domain when looking at it from inside the domain. This convention is valid for reactive energy as well. Drawal or consumption of reactive energy (VARs) into a domain can be considered as “reactive import” and delivery of reactive energy from a domain as “reactive export”. Here, reactive drawal is characterised by lagging power factor loads inside a domain, while delivery of reactive energy is characterised by leading power factor loads inside the domain. That is, it is in line with what is generally understood in electrical engineering for lagging and leading power factors.

Sign convention for import and export Convention for energy flow for a domain It is now a simple matter to define and generalise energy import and export, so that the definitions hold good for domains. This is irrespective of whether they are independent domains or inter-connected domains and irrespective of the nature of the domain (transmission utility or distribution utility, generating station or consumer); the definition must be applied uniformly. It may be said that energy entering into a domain is “import”, and energy leaving a domain is “export”. It is irrelevant from where (from which domain) the energy has come from, or to which domain the energy is heading. What is relevant for defining the convention is, what is happening within the domain – is energy entering it or leaving it. If it is entering, it should be import, and if it is leaving, it should be export. This follows from a principle for conventions. The principle is, always look at it from inside the domain..

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Having understood the concept of import and export, that import means “addition” and export means “subtraction”, when looking from within the domain, the sign normally associated with addition and subtraction in arithmetic can be followed. Thus, the correct sign convention for any import should be positive, and for any export should be negative. This should be applied uniformly and consistently for all metered energy, for both active as well as reactive energy.

Agreement of conventions with financial accounting It may be seen that if above conventions for import and export and the positive and negative signs can be applied to all cases, to every domain and without any subjectivity, as these are defined as looking from inside the domain. The sign convention suggested here (import as positive, and export as negative) fits into financial accounting

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principles as well. In financial accounting, for any commodity supplied to an individual or company or utility (which in our case is domain) for which money is due, is treated as credit and considered as negative, and payments made for the commodity consumed or money paid is debit and considered as positive. Commodity and money must flow in opposite directions. In our case, the commodity is energy. So energy import into the domain, as seen from inside the domain, should be treated as positive, and energy export from the domain, as seen from inside the domain, should be treated as negative energy. Only then it will fit into financial accounting conventions as well.

Need for correction of Indian Grid Code While the convention and definition suggested above for import and export energy is perfectly logical and can be uniformly applied for all electrical domains. Moreover, the positive and negative signs are in harmony with financial accounting conventions, the conventions stipulated in the Indian Grid Code state just the opposite. There is a need for the entire metering industry to understand the implications and confusion arising because of the conventions stipulated in the Indian Grid Code, and take steps to correct and revise the Grid Code accordingly. The Indian Grid Code is derived historically from the sign convention originally specified by Powergrid when frequency-linked metering was introduced. The following is quoted from Powergrid’s specification (original standard meter specifications of 1991), which states that all export (Wh, VArh and VAr) from a substation busbar is to be recorded as positive, and all import as negative. “ The meter shall compute the net active energy (Wh) sent out from the substation busbars during each successive 15-minutes block, and store it in its memory along with plus/minus sign. It shall also display on demand the net Wh sent out during the previous 15-minute block, with a minus sign if there is a net Wh receipt.” and “Positive VAR display and VARh memory storage shall indicate that lagging reactive power and net (algebraic sum of) lagging reactive energy is being sent out from substation busbars.” When the above convention was suggested by Powergrid, I was an engineer with Powergrid and a party to the definition of the convention. Subsequent experience over the last 25 years shows that the Indian Grid Code needs to be revised, by reversing the stated convention and revising it to make the convention compatible with financial accounting too, based on the reasoning put up in this paper.

Suggested correction for Indian Grid Code

Conclusion There is a need to take a fresh look at the conventions used for defining import and export of energy (active and reactive) and what the meters need to log in its import and export registers when correctly connected. In defining the sign convention, the principle is that conventions must always refer to conditions as seen from inside an electrical area (domain, or utility) and as metered at the boundaries. The suggested convention states that, all energy flowing into any busbar or into a utility at its boundaries (as seen from within the utility) must be recorded in the import energy registers of meters connected at boundary busbars, and treated as positive energy. All energy flowing out from a busbar or away from a utility at its boundaries (as seen from within the utility) must be recorded in the export energy registers of meters connected at boundary busbars, and treated as negative energy. Lagging reactive energy (lagging VARs) may be considered with a positive sign when flowing into the system, and with a negative sign when flowing out of the system. Leading reactive energy (leading VARs) may be considered with a negative sign when flowing into the system, and with a positive sign when flowing out of the system.

Highlights of the paper 1 2

The following incorporations are suggested for Indian Grid Code: The following conventions must be followed for any electrical area, characterised by an electrical boundary and boundary metering, for which accounting may be needed, including energy scheduling and accounting for unscheduled interchanges or for deviation settlement.

Energy must be deemed as import when it enters into the utility and export when it leaves the utility, as seen from within the utility. All imports must be considered with a positive sign and all exports with a negative sign. Lagging reactive energy (lagging VARs) drawn by a utility from the grid or leading VARs injected by a utility to the grid at any boundary busbar, must be considered as positive reactive energy or positive VARs. Leading reactive energy (leading VARs) drawn by a utility from the grid or lagging VARs injected by a utility to the grid at any boundary busbar, must be considered as negative reactive energy or negative VARs.

Conventions defined in the Indian Grid Code need correction and revision. An electrical area or utility is defined by the electrical boundary, and conventions need to be defined by looking at energy flows from inside the electrical area or utility. All energy (active or reactive) entering an utility or busbar must be treated as import and registered in the import energy registers of meters connected at the boundary of utilities, and treated as positive energy. All energy (active or reactive) leaving an utility or busbar must be treated as export and registered in the export energy registers of meters connected at the boundary of utilities, and treated as negative energy. Lagging VARs when drawn are treated as positive reactive energy, and leading VARs when drawn treated as negative reactive energy. ▪ Shuvendu Patnaik,

Chief Research Officer, Secure Meters Limited

June 2016

IndustryFocus

ural electrification involves high initial capital investments per capita due to its stumpy energy demand and scattered population density. These factors effect in a higher cost of electricity than that for urban consumers. In this context, the optimization plays a vital role in the broad geographical distribution of electrical power. Finding the optimum solution for the operation and design of microgrid distribution systems have become a prerequisite with the escalating cost of raw materials, exhausting energy resources and continuously growing demand for electricity. Microgrid consist distributed power generations, energy storage facilities, protective switchgear accessories, monitoring & control devices and sparse loads. This study presents optimization of distribution line connected with microgrid distributed generations.

Microgrid is mainly used for supplying power to hh

Remote rural area with no utility grid.

Peri-urban region with supply deficit.

Providing resilience to important facilities like hospitals and airports.

Microgrid overview

Microgrid distribution system is composed of low voltage (LV) or medium voltage (MV) lines primarily. Off grid microgrid systems are independent of conventional grid and their standards, but many microgrid project developers follow grid specifications, keeping in mind the future compatibility with the grid. Distribution lines can be categorized into two voltage ratings LV (<= 1.1 kV) and MV (1.1 kV to 33 kV). LV lines are directly tapped and used by the consumer, while MV lines may be required to step down to LV level for further distribution or directly fed to the industrial consumer.

The off grid type microgrid is one of the emerging solutions for stable power demand required at location, where either grid connectivity is not available or the supply is intermittent. Microgrid is also an example of infrastructure leapfrog for sparsely populated regions where grid penetration requires huge infrastructure cost. In many areas, these are found to be superior over grid expansion. Distribution systems cost needs to be reduced but at the same time power transmission at the micro and mini-grid should be able to minimize the AT&C losses. Since this type of grid is of kW level capacity and power theft or the ohmic losses attribute significant decrease in efficiency of the grid. There are also challenges in transmitting the power, prone to those losses. So special mechanisms should be adopted to prevent and reduce aforementioned losses. The preferred medium to transfer the power is in non-traditional (i.e., non-directly consumable) voltage, to eliminate the possibility of power theft.

As per CIGRE the microgrid is defined as, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Emergence of clusters of small largely self-contained distribution networks, which will include decentralized local generation, energy storage and active customer participation, intelligently managed so that they are operated as active networks providing local active and reactive power support .â&#x20AC;?

Microgrid gives us the flexibility to supply AC as well as DC power. Hence in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s scenario, where there are so many types of generation sources available for power and utilization of DC systems can avoid conversion losses, offering high reliability, redundancy and optimize the cost. As energy storage is typically DC based, it provides great flexibility for DC microgrid.

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Hence it is very important to transmit and distribute power safely and economically. Generally transmitting power at higher voltages reduces the overall cost and size of the distribution system. Sometimes in these grids, the capacity of the power required is so low that the mechanical challenges outweigh electrical challenges.

Requirements of Microgrid In the present work, an overview on various requirements of microgrid along with distribution systems’ optimization have been conducted under several sections and subsections are as follows:

Basic layout of mi crogrid Most of the contemporary grids are built in the radial fashion with only one possible line for specific consumption and generation connected to the grid. This layout (as depicted in Fig. 1) represents the microgrid, where generation is done at the center and the power is distributed to throughout the village. Since, the generating station is at the middle of the grid and the loads are geographically distributed around the generation center without interconnecting individual lines (Line 1, Line 2 & Line 3). If there are any terminations of lines occur near to the other line, then they can be merged to form a ring topology (RMU). In case, generating station is near by the termination of any line then, they can be connected with the help of directional relay. However, the short circuit currents are larger and protection is more complicated in ring - shaped distribution lines due to two power flow directions. Mesh grid is an electrical network with multiple alternative connections between nodes.

modes are presented in Table 1. Table 1 Common generating mode Technology

Microturbines These are a relatively new distributed generation technology being used for stationary energy generation applicatio ns. They are a type of combustion turbine that produces both heat and electricity on a relatively small scale. Fuel cells

A fuel cell produces electricity through a chemical reaction, but without combustion. It converts hydrogen and oxygen into water and in the process also creates electricity. It’s an electrochemical energy conversion device that produces electricity, water, and heat. Fuel cells operate much like a battery, except they don’t require electrical recharging. A battery stores all of its chemicals inside and coverts the chemicals into electricity. Once those chemicals run out, the battery dies. A fuel cell, on the other hand, receives the chemicals it uses from the outside; therefore, it won’t run out. Fuel cells can generate power almost indefinitely, as long as they have fuel to use.

Solar PV

Solar PV is one of the most viable sources of power generation because of its modular nature and ease in installation and maintenance. Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity. Photovoltaic (PV) gets its name from the course of converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage), which is called the PV effect. Solar cells are typically combined into modules. These flat plate PV arrays can be mounted at a fixed angle facing sunlight, or they can be mounted on a tracking device that follows the sun, allowing them to capture the most sunlight over the course of a day. Several connected PV arrays can provide enough power for utility. Thin film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick in an efficient manner.

Wind turbine

Wind as another form of renewable energy can be used for various size of microgrid, but it must be used with storage setup, due to wide variation in the power generation. Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most of the available wind kinetic energy. The combination of lift and drag causes the rotor to spin like a propeller, and the turning shaft spins a generator to make electricity.

Microgrid components: Most common components are based on power generation modes & its storage, monitoring & control and the same time distribution of generated power up to the consumer ends. All these points are briefly described as under in various subsections: Generation and storage: Microgrid distributed energy resources are harvested from nature, based on availability & affordability of the consumer. Most profuse generation

Fig. 1 Basic layout of ring type microgrid

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Description

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Biomass

Biomass fuel can be easily obtained near vegetation. This form of energy can be used for 24x7 services, if required. It can curtail huge storage device required by the solar or wind generation to meet dynamic load demand and backup.

Power distribution: Distribution systems can be of overhead and underground type. Overhead lines are mostly used due lesser infrastructure cost and easy to diagnosis. Since Microgrid deals with very small power segment compared to grid. The capacity and spread of the distribution system is low compared to grid. This enables microgrid developer to opt for optimized solution for distribution of power to households. Unarmoured cable can be used for overhead lines, whereas armoured cables are preferred for underground lines. Hardware accessories to string the cables over head can be of tension and suspension type. Protection is achieved in lines by appropriate earthing and using surge protection device (SPD), lightning arrester, fuse, relay and circuit breaker. Monitoring & control: Monitoring and control plays vital role to increase the efficiency of the grid by reducing downtime and improving the power quality. A microgrid system can be controlled through either centralized control or decentralized control. A solely centralized control relies on the data gathered in a devoted central controller and involves extensive communication in between the controller and other units. In a completely decentralized control, each unit is controlled by its local controller that is not responsive of the system-wide.

Fig. 2 Triangle bracket wall mount

Fig. 3 Expanding anchor bolt

Suspension assembly arrangement: This suspension assembly is used to support the cable in between to carry and distribute the load evenly. A helical wire is required to grip the messenger (GI) wire with direct mounting from a wall bracket. The whole arrangement is shown in the Fig. 4 below. D-shackle is fitted with the thimble, which supports the helical grip used to grip the GI wire. Dropout lines for distribution box (DB) can also be drawn from the line as it will take the load of the cable.

Distribution line hardware accessory: These hardware accessories were developed to achieve robust, reliable and low cost distribution system for relatively small power capacity compared to conventional grid. The optimization aspects of significant components are illustrated as under: Triangle bracket: It is an assembly arrangement used for cable mounting in distribution lines. It is used for the places where, pole & its hardware accessories mounting are difficult task due to right of way issue and cost constraint. This triangular bracket is mounted on the walls with help of anchor bolts and can use for carry the load of anchor bolts as depicted in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. These are used for lateral hanging of cables along with the arrangement designed to isolates the cables from touching the walls and can be easily used for 10-50 meters span length depending on the walls mechanical capacity and cables weight. These are designed to carry tension as well as suspension assembly. Fittings are changed for suspension and tension type. GI wire carries the load of the electrical cables.

Fig. 4 Suspension assembly arrangement

Tension assembly arrangement with wall bracket: This assembly is mainly used at the terminating points or at the places, where tension is required to carry the cable and maintain the sag. The thimble is attached to the wall bracket by means of nut and bolt to support the messenger wire. This arrangement is given in the Fig. 5.

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Fig. 5 Tension assembly arrangement Corner Bracket: These brackets are used at the corner of the houses or buildings to bend the line at 900. It is also used to eliminate a pole to mount a wire at that point. This process curtails the cost of a pole and simultaneously supports the wire mounting. The Fig. 6 alongside shows a corner bracket. This bracket support tension assembly and is used for 900 bend of line. This bracket is fitted on the wall with the help of anchor bolt. It can also be used for dead end fittings. Fig. 8 Cable lashing clip

Road cross wall bracket: Road cross wall bracket is a simple design and arrangement made from angle, eye bolt and stringing accessories to carry the cable along with the walls and then raise to a height of 2-3 meters in order cross the road and transfer cable on other side of the road. It can be used where the roads are narrow and mounting of poles is extremely difficult. It is also a cheaper solution to pole for micro grid. These can be fitted with the anchor bolts to the walls where there is not roof protruding out as shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 6 Corner wall bracket

Cable lashing rod: The cable lashing rod is used to bind GI messenger wire which act as a strength member and electrical cable together. As lashing clips are suitable for the cables with bigger cross section. Lashing rod can bind multiple cables with thinner gauge together. Lashing rod covers wider section of the cable hence distributing the load on the cable and GI wire; hence it can be used easily over a span of 5-10 meters. Both lashing clip and rod are hot dip galvanized to provide corrosion resistance and its arrangement is shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8.In lashing clips, all steel clamps securely attaches two lashing wires or a ground wire on strand and two grooved plates fit on opposite sides of the strand. Helical shape lashing rods accommodate different cable sizes.

Fig. 7 Cable lashing rod

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Fig. 9 Road cross wall bracket

Sectional pole and its assembly: Microgrid deployment is feasible, where the reach of conventional grid is either very difficult or extremely expensive. To overcome site transportation issues no of poles can be reduced, still they are important part of overhead lines. Options such as:

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Bamboo - Durability and load carrying capacity is low.

PSC Poles - Handling and transportation expensive as well as difficult for interior region when requirements are low.

Steel Pole - Expensive transportation and handling.

Sectional GI poles overcome those issues for length of 6-10 meters; can be divided into 2-3 section as per requirements. These poles can be easily fabricated from tubular pipes of different diameter welded with flange to fix two different sections together with nut & bolts. Base of steel poles can be fixed with the concrete mixture as well can be rooted deeply gripped with the help of TMT bars drawn into the bore through the holes in the poles. Poles accessories can be mounted easily on the poles to string the distribution line cables, and stays can be fixed on it as portrayed in Fig. 10.

It helps to isolate the grid with group of users which also eases the maintenance. Ferruling makes it very effective to debug fault. DB also makes it very convenient for new service connection. It can accommodate resettable fuses / CB for protection of connected equipment from fault at either ends. It can be designed as per grids requirement but at-least need IP 52. Design should be such it can be mounted on poles as well as on walls. Wall clamps & service lines: These are brought to households with the help of anchor wall plug which can draw more than one service connection for households nearby. Service lines can travels on the Distribution line path and can be drawn perpendicularly where the Households are on the distribution line path but away from the DB. Since the messenger wire can withstand the load of more than require load of the distribution cables.

Practical Experiences Distribution of power from a microgrid, where the current ratings are too low gauge aluminum cables can be used along with the GI wire, to increase the overall ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the distribution line. These GI wires support the power cables for longer span. Since microgrid is considered as very compact system the developers overlook the protection device needed for the reliability of the system. Hence it is much recommended to use relays, MCBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s/ resettable fuses at distribution point to isolate the faulty section in case of fault in spite of grid shutdown. Power factor correction equipment needs to be installed to avoid any major fault and equipment damage. Since microgrid is very closely monitored, developers understand the individual load type & pattern of the users to regulate the voltage and currents. If any large motors are used in the grid with respect to the generation capacity they should be driven by variable frequency drive (VFD) to suppress transient load and to improve efficiency. The use of ferrite core filter at the input of the motors suppresses the noise. Reactors are also installed to improve the power factors, to filter out harmonics and also suppresses voltage wave & surges. Since microgrid does not replicate as infinite source as regional grid, it should also take special care to minimize neutral current and balances the phases current. This can be achieved by use of monitoring power of individual node and shifting the unbalanced phase load to another phase.

Conclusion

Fig. 10 Pole mounting arrangement

Distribution box: Distribution boxes (DBs) are majorly required for microgrid since the households are densely spread near the distribution lines and the power requirement is quite high as results higher current rating cables are required. These boxes generally accommodate bus bars and allow in catering service connection to bunch of houses as depicted in Fig. 10.

Microgrid with DERs is becoming inevitable parts of present distribution systems. With the developments in power electronics based converters, such resources will have the potential to effectively resolve voltage/current control issues in multi-microgrid distribution systems. In this work, basic design optimization and technocommercial aspects analysis have been carried out using AutoCAD and enterprise resource planning software, respectively. This optimization initiative encourages renewable generation investors to focus on profitable grid tied power systems tailored for large utility scale

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IndustryFocus

and smaller peri-urban implementations. It addresses the challenges faced in selection & installation of hardware accessories required in microgrid. The system provides very high degree of reliability in terms of safety to linemen and consumers and freedom from outages. REFERENCES 1 21st Century Technologies Promises and Perils of a Dynamic Future by OECD, France, 1998. 2 N. Dey, B. Basak. A Report on Relevance of Micro grid for Developing Countries with Specific Reference to India, IJAREEIE, Vol. 4(6) , 2015. 3 R. K. Verma, S.N. Singh. A review of mini-grid used for electrification in rural area, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India. 4 D. Palit, G. K. Sarangi. A critical review on the mini-grid experience from India, Vol 1, 1995. 5 Line loss reduction in primary and secondary distributioncost benefit aspects of the remedial measures, CBIP Publication, 1976. 6 S. Frank, E. Bonnema, J. Scheib, E.Wilson. A comparative study of DC and AC Microgrids in commercial buildings across different climates and operating profiles, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, USA. 7 D. Schnitzer, D. S. Lounsbury, J. P. Carvallo, R. Deshmukh, J. Apt, M. Kammen. A critical review of best practices based on seven case studies, Published by the United Nations Foundation, February 2014. 8 A. S. Pabla, Electric Power Distribution, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company, 2004.

9 H. K. Agarwal, P. Barua. Insulated and covered conductor systems for Low and medium voltage overhead distribution lines, IEEMA Journal, 2009. 10 N.K. Jangwala, “Modern Trends and Practices in Power Sub-transmission and Distribution Systems, Vol.-I and II, CBIP Publication, 2010. ▪

Dharmbir Prasad

Energy Management & Research Consultant, Supreme & Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Md Irfan Khan

Sr. Technical Team Lead in Supreme Gridtech Pvt Ltd (Supreme & Co).

Gautam Agarwal

Director, Business Development at Supreme & Co. Pvt. Ltd.

1800/-

1000/1800/2400/-

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2400/-

Rs.____________ / US $ 120 or payment advice to our Account No.11751 “Bank of India”, Worli Branch, Pankaj Mansion, Dr A.B.Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018 is enclosed

Techspace

he growing population and energy demands are inspiring mankind to search for alternate sources of energy. Many alternative sources are being explored by scientists and engineers all around the world to reduce the burden on the conventional sources of energy like fossil fuels. Renewable sources like the solar PV systems are one of the most effective solutions to mitigate the energy crisis situation. However, such alternative sources require an inverter stage that converts DC to AC. The Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is one of the techniques used at this stage to obtain AC outputs. This output is filtered and conditioned to remove the ripples and harmonics before it is fed to the consumers. Simulations and comparison between Sinusoidal PWM and Space Vector PWM are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK in this paper.

India has been recognized as the fastest growing economy, surpassing China for the second consecutive year [1]. This rapid spurt in economy implies an increase in per capita energy consumption. “Energy Statistics-2013” by Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation[2] shows increase in gross generation of electricity in utilities and non-utilities in India. It also depicts the energy production in Giga Watt-hour contributed by thermal, hydro and nuclear power stations. In spite of tremendous increase in production of electricity, 600 million Indians do not have access to electricity and about 700 million Indians use biomass as their primary energy resource for cooking[3]. Thus, the problem of energy shortage is a serious issue all over India. India’s policy makers now face a challenge to provide necessary energy to continue their extraordinary economic growth. The conventional energy sources already supply 70% of total energy consumption[4].

Power utilities offer many incentives to its consumers for reducing energy consumption and its corresponding expenses. Alternately, non- conventional sources of energy such as wind farms and solar farms are being developed to supplement the conventional sources of energy. The existing Indian transmission and distribution network is old and use of digital communication and control techniques are limited. Implementation of Smart Grid (SG) or intelligent grid is necessary for the advancement of existing power system for secure integrated communication, reliable and economic power delivery model, empowerment of the consumer, better power quality, and inclusion of renewable energy and optimization of existing assets[5]. As per the reports from Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), India has targeted creation of 20,000 MW solar power generation capacities, including 20 million solar lights by year 2022. In addition to this, the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) also aims at installation of 20 million square meters of solar thermal collector area in the same time[6]. For effective utilization of solar energy, it is required to study various techniques available for converting DC output of solar PV into AC for consumers. The paper presents the comparison between two most widely used Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques namely Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) to be used for Solar PV conversion. The block diagram for solar PV integration for consumer use is illustrated in Fig. 1.

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Techspace

this leads to corresponding increase in magnitudes of higher order harmonics. This trade off is acceptable since higher order harmonics can be easily eliminated using filter parameters like capacitors and inductors of lower ratings[7]. Various multilevel inverter topologies are reported in the literature and the most common ones are Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter (DC-MLI), Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter (FC-MLI) and Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter(CHB-MLI) [8].Among all these techniques, Sinusoidal PWM and Space Vector PWM are dealt in detail in this paper.

Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Fig.1. Flow diagram of Solar PV usage

The first section of the paper consists of a brief introduction about Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). This section further elaborates on Sinusoidal PWM and Space Vector PWM along with simulations carried out on MATLAB/ SIMULINK. Further, comparison is done between the outputs obtained from both the PWM techniques in section II. In Section III of the paper, suitable conclusions are drawn based on the observations derived from Section II.

Pulse width modulation Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques is one of the most preferred techniques to control analog circuits using signals originating from a digital devices like Digital Signal Processor (DSP) or a microprocessor. The output parameters of the analog circuit are controlled by varying the duty cycle of the pulse modulated signal. Increasing the duty cycle of the pulses implies an increase in the ON time of the pulses. This correspondingly increases the output of the analog voltage. There are various schemes to obtain the pulse modulated wave at the output. These schemes mainly aim to reduce the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), minimize voltage drop across the various elements of the circuit like switches (IGBTs or MOSFETs) and to increase the efficiency of the inverter. The switches are either in its ON state or OFF state. Voltage and current through the switches are negligible in ON and OFF state respectively. Power loss being a product of Voltage and Current is found to be negligible in either case. Reduction in losses increases the efficiency of the inverter configuration. One of the advantages of PWM techniques is that the PWM inverters can be used to obtain outputs of variable voltage and frequency[7]. Yet, in all the techniques that works under the principle of PWM, the main motto is to generate an output voltage, which after some filtering, would result in a good quality sinusoidal voltage waveform of desired fundamental frequency and magnitude. Voltage distortion due to harmonics forms an indispensible part of the output. However, by implementing proper triggering control, the magnitude of lower order harmonics can be minimized. However,

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Multi level Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) is also called as multicarrier PWM. Multi-carrier PWM technique is popular because of its simplicity, and its capability to generate good quality output power with less computational efforts[9]. Single modulating wave is used for analysis of a 2 level inverter. In Sinusoidal PWM, a low frequency sinusoidally varying modulating wave is compared with a high frequency triangular carrier wave. The duration, for which the modulating wave is greater than the carrier wave, the output of the comparator is ‘HIGH’ and it is ‘LOW’ otherwise[10]. This is illustrated in Fig.2. The output of the comparator gives the pulse modulated waveform whose duty cycle varies according to the magnitude of the sinusoidal modulating signal as illustrated in Fig.3. The switching frequency can be varied by varying the frequency of the triangular carrier wave[10].

Fig. 2: Principle of Sinusoidal PWM

a .Modulating index=0.3

b. Modulating index=0.9 Fig.3. Duty Cycle for different values of modulating signal

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The magnitude of the modulating signal is kept lower than that of the carrier signal to prevent over modulation. In case of an over modulated signal, there exists some portion of the time period where there are no intersection of the between the carrier wave and the modulating signal as shown in Fig.4.

Fig.4. Sinusoidal PWM for overmodulated signals.

Depending on the nature of the gate triggering pulses, they are divided into unipolar and bipolar Sinusoidal PWM hh

Bipolar PWM

In this scheme, the output of the comparator (modulating signal as input and carrier wave as reference) is fed to the two out of four switches placed diagonally opposite in the H-bridge configuration and the complement of that output is fed to the remaining two switches of the inverter[11]. The triggering circuit used in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform is shown in Fig.5. The DC input to the inverter is from a solar module consisting of 90 cells each contributing 0.5V assuming an ambient temperature of 250 C.

Fig.6: Gate triggering circuit for unipolar PWM

Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) Space vector PWM (SVPWM) was originally developed as a vector approach to pulse-width modulation (PWM) for three-phase inverters. It is a PWM technique that uses space-vectors to generate these gating durations[12]. The Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) method is an advanced, computation-intensive PWM method and possibly the best among all the PWM techniques. For three phase DC/AC power converters, SPWM faces issues such as large noise peaks at the multiple numbers of carrier frequencies. Moreover, space vector modulation techniques can be easily implemented using digital processors. Additionally, Space vector PWM can produce about 15 percent higher output voltage than standard Sinusoidal PWM. Hence, SVPWM is generally preferred over SPWM for multiphase power converters[13]. For a two level inverters, there are 23= 8 possible states. Two of them are (000 and 111) zero voltage vectors and others are active voltage vectors. “1” switching state represents +VDC/2 and “0” switching state represents -VDC/2. It is shown in Fig.7.

Fig.5: Triggering circuit for bipolar SPWM

Unipolar PWM

In this scheme, the positive and the negative modulating signal are compared with the triangular carrier signal and the output of each comparator is given to the switches of the single leg of inverter. The complement of this pulse is given to the other remaining two switches of the other inverter leg[11]. The triggering circuit used to implement the above method in MATLAB/SIMULINK is shown in Fig.6.The input conditions are taken to the same as in case of bipolar PWM.

Fig.7: Eight switching states (6 active and 2 zero) for a 2 level inverter.

To obtain the switching pulse for the 6 switches of the inverter (two in each leg of a three phase inverter), the simulations consist of 4 stages. Parameters like the

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reference voltage vector, position of the reference vector in terms of the sector, time period for the active vectors and the zero vectors and the triggering pulse duration for each semiconductor switch is calculated in stage I, II, III and IV respectively[14]. hh

Stage I: Reference Voltage Vector

The reference voltage is located on a 2-D plane called the αβ plane. The 3-D plane containing three phase voltage is transformed into a 2-D plane using the Clarke’s transformation, also called as the αβ transformation as shown in Fig.8.

The reference voltage vector Vref rotates in space with angular velocity ω=2Лf. The selection of 2 active vectors and 1 zero vector depends on the positioning of the reference vector in a particular sector at any given instant. Hence, sector determination is necessary for proper sequencing of the triggering pulse to the switches[13]. The sector can be determined using the Table I given below: Sr. No

Angle (Ө)

Sector of Ө

0≤Ө≤60

Sector A

60≤Ө≤120

Sector B

120≤Ө180

Sector C

180≤Ө≤240

Sector D

240≤Ө≤300

Sector E

300≤Ө≤360

Sector F

Table 1: Look up table for Sector Determination

Stage III: Switching time Fig. 8: Reference Vector in 2-D space

The parameters in αβ plane in orthogonal coordinates are given by Eq. (1) and Eq. (2)

Vref is calculated by using two active voltage vector and one zero voltage vector. If Vref is located in Sector A, Vref is synthesized by V1, V2 and V0. According to this approach T1, T2 and T0 can be calculated. Similarly, if the reference voltage vector is located in the kth sector (1≤k≤6), the respective time is given as Eq. (3) and Eq.

Where Van, Vbn, Vcn are phase to neutral voltages of the reference voltage in 3-D space. This reference voltage vector rotates in space with frequency same as that of the phase to neutral voltage vectors[13]. Based on the position of the reference voltage in space, the corresponding active vectors and a zero vector are switched.

Where 0≤Ө≤ 600 and Ts is Switching time period

Stage II: Sector determination

On the basis of positioning of the reference voltage vector in each sector, active states are selected for the corresponding time periods. It is tabulated in Table II.

The αβ plane is divided equally into 6 sectors each with a central angle of. A sector contains 2 active vectors and 1 zero vector to minimize switching losses. This is shown in fig.8.

Stage IV: Switching states:

Sectors

Switching States

Sector A

V0 V1 V2 V7 V7 V2 V1 V0

Sector B

V0 V3 V2 V7 V7 V2 V3 V0

Sector C

V0 V3 V4 V7 V7 V4 V3 V0

Sector D

V0 V5 V4 V7 V7 V4 V5 V0

Sector E

V0 V5V6 V7 V7 V6 V5 V0

Sector F

V0 V1 V6 V7 V7 V6 V1 V0

Table II: Switching states for corresponding sectors

Fig. 8: Sector Diagram for 2-level inverter.

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The MATLAB/SIMULINK block diagram of space vector PWM is shown below in Fig. 9

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Fig. 11. Gate triggering pulse

Fig. 12. Output voltage across the load (unfiltered)

b Fig. 9: Block Diagram (a) and gate triggering circuit (b) for Space Vector PWM

Fig. 13. Output Voltage across the load (after filtering action)

Bipolar PWM

Matlab/simulink simulation results

Sinusoidal PWM

Fig.14. Shows the block diagram used in MATLAB/ SIMULINK. The pulse width modulated signal is used to trigger the switches (IGBTs/MOSFETs). It is shown in Fig.15. The output voltage across the load is measured and illustrated in Fig.16 (unfiltered) and Fig.17 (filtered).

Unipolar PWM

Fig.10. Shows the block diagram used in MATLAB/ SIMULINK. The pulse width modulated signal is used to trigger the switches (IGBTs/MOSFETs). It is shown in Fig.11. The output voltage across the load is measured and illustrated in Fig.12 (unfiltered) and Fig.13 (filtered).

Fig. 10: Block Diagram in MATLAB/SIMULINK

Fig. 14. Block Diagram in MATLAB/SIMULINK

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Fig. 15: Gate triggering pulse Fig. 17: Phase Voltage across the load

Fig. 14: Output Voltage across the load (unfiltered)

Fig. 18: THD for space vector PWM

Fig. 15: Output Voltage across the load (after filtering action)

Space Vector PWM The line voltage obtained for a three phase inverter configuration is as shown in Fig.16. The phase to neutral voltage for the same circuit is illustrated in Fig.17.

Fig. 19: THD for sinusoidal PWM

Comparison between Spwm and Svpwm Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) and Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) are compared on the basis of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and its DC bus utilization. The DC bus utilization between the above mentioned methods is done theoretically[15]. The Total Harmonic Distortion is compared using simulation.

Fig. 16: Line Voltage across the load

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Thus, we can observe that the DC bus utilization using SVPWM is 1.1547 times greater than the DC bus utilization using SPWM. Due to higher DC bus utilization,

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the magnitude of AC voltage obtained is greater for SVPWM than SPWM for the same DC input voltage. Moreover, the THD for space vector PWM is 15.0461 times lower than sinusoidal PWM. The THD values of space vector PWM and sinusoidal PWM is 93.52% and 1407.12% respectively as shown in Fig. 18 and Fig.19. Thus, space vector PWM is a better method, in comparison to Sinusoidal PWM, to convert the power obtained from solar panel (DC) for domestic and industrial use (AC) due to lower THD and higher DC bus utilization.

Conclusion According to new challenge taken up by the Union Government, 100 cities around India will be transformed into a ‘Smart City’ with amenities ranging from renewable energy sources, smart energy meters etc. Additionally, India plans to install 100,000MW of solar power capacity by 2022. Therefore, along with development of efficient solar panels, developments of converter and inverter techniques also play a vital role in extracting energy from green fuels. Space Vector PWM can be one such method that can be used to provide energy from solar PV cells to the end users. Moreover, it is done by minimizing THD and increasing the efficiency of the inverter. These techniques can ameliorate the current energy crisis and provide some respite to the growing pressure on fossil fuels. REFERENCES 1 The Hindu. July 9, 2015. “India’s economic growth to beat China in 2015: IMF.” 2 Available: http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/ imf-predicts-indias-economic-growth-to-beat-china-in-2016/ article7404159.ece 3 Central Statistics Office, National Statistical Organization, “Energy Statistics-2013”, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, New Delhi, India, 2013, Twentieth Issue. 4 Planning commission Of India, September 18, 2014. “Power and Energy.” 5 Available:http://planningcommission.nic.in/sectors/index. php?sectors=energy 6 Sinha, Arup, S. Neogi, R. N. Lahiri, S. Chowdhury, S. P. Chowdhury, and N. Chakraborty. “Role of Demand Side Management for power distribution utility in India.” In Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011 IEEE, pp. 1-8. IEEE, 2011. 7 Acharjee, P., and Jagadeesh Gunda. “Development prospect of smart grid in India.” In Power and Energy (PECon), 2010 IEEE International Conference on, pp. 953-957. IEEE, 2010. 8 Mukhopadhyay, Subrata, Sushil K. Soonee, Ravindra Joshi, and Ashok K. Rajput. “On the progress of renewable energy integration into smart grids in India.” In Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012 IEEE, pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2012. 9 EE IIT, Kharagpur, ”DC to AC Converters Lesson 36,3-Phase Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Inverter”. 10 Available:www.nptel.ac.in/courses/.../PDF/L-36(DP) (PE)%20((EE)NPTEL).pdf 11 Sarkar, Indrajit, and B. G. Fernandes. “Modified hybrid mul-

ti-carrier PWM technique for cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter.” In Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2014-40th Annual Conference of the IEEE, pp. 4318-4324. IEEE, 2014. Liu, Congwei, Bin Wu, Navid R. Zargari, DeweiXu, and Jiacheng Wang. “A novel three-phase three-leg ac/ac converter using nine IGBTs.” Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 24, no. 5 (2009): 1151-1160. Hussin, H., A. Saparon, M. Muhamad, and M. D. Risin. “Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) design and implementation by focusing on reducing harmonic content.” In Mathematical/Analytical Modelling and Computer Simulation (AMS), 2010 Fourth Asia International Conference on, pp. 620-623. IEEE, 2010. Al-Kandari, Ahmad M., and Tamer H. Abdelhamid. “A sinusoidal PWM control for four-quadrant single-phase drive system.” In Electrotechnical Conference, 2002. MELECON 2002. 11th Mediterranean, pp. 147-151. IEEE, 2002. Kelly, John W., Elias G. Strangas, and John M. Miller. “Multiphase space vector pulse width modulation.” Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on 18, no. 2 (2003): 259-264. Omar, Rosli, and N. A. Rahim. “Implementation and control of a dynamic voltage restorer using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) for voltage sag mitigation.” In Technical Postgraduates (TECHPOS), 2009 International Conference for, pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2009. Tolunay, Bengi. “Space Vector Pulse Width Modulationfor Three-Level Converters: a LabVIEW Implementation.” (2012). EE IIT, Kharagpur, ”DC to AC Converters Lesson 38,Other Popular Pulse Width Modulated (P WM) techniques”. Available:www.nptel.ac.in/courses/.../PDF/L-36(DP) (PE)%20((EE) NPTEL).pdf ▪

Priya Raghuraman

Department of Electrical Engineering V.J.T.I. Mumbai, India priyaraghuraman26@gmail.com

Vinayak Kamble

Department of Electronics Engineering V.I.T. Mumbai, India vinayak.kamble10@gmail.com

Shantam Chavan

Department of Electrical Engineering V.J.T.I. Mumbai, India shantanchavan@gmail.com

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PV solar plant of 40MW capacity is established in Dhursar, Rajasthan, India. The DC output from individual solar panels is converted to AC through inverters. Inverter outputs are summed up and the consolidated output is stepped to 33kV with 380V / 33kV transformers. The transformers feed 33kV bus of switchyard through over head lines. In the switchyard, 33kV voltage is further stepped up using two numbers 220/33 kV Step UP Transformers (SUTs). A 32KM overhead line, owned by Power Plant Operator, connects Dhursar 220kV substation to Deechu substation of State utility (Grid). The power evacuation scheme is shown in Fig 1. Circuit breaker positions are omitted to simplify the network details. Details of CSP (Concentrated Solar Plant), installed at the same location, are omitted as this is not directly relevant to present analysis and discussions.

Fig 1

During night time, when the PV plant is down, small auxiliary power to the extent of 500KW is drawn over the Deechu â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Dhursar EHV line. In the vicinity of plant, MV or LV lines are not present that could have supplied the auxiliary power. Tariff meter at Deechu substation is used for billing purpose towards import of power from grid to plant. The lightly loaded EHV line generates not so insignificant capacitive charging MVAR. In the present case, assuming 0.14MVAR/KM for line charging, the 32KM long line will generate about 4.5MVAR. Depending on the actual voltage at which EHV line operates, charging VAR will vary (proportional to V2). Though the active power drawn on the line is (maximum) 0.5MW, because of charging VAR of line, the tariff meter at grid station registers maximum demand of about 5MVA. Assuming demand charges of Rs 160/KVA/month, fixed charges work out Rs 8 lacs per month. It is desirable to reduce the contract demand to a minimum so that high fixed charges are not paid for drawing just 500KW during night time. One straight forward and well known solution is to install a shunt reactor of 4 to 5 MVAR at 33kV to nullify the capacitive charging current from line. The reactor can be switched in during night time and switched off during day time. This will directly reduce the demand within 1 MVA. Another (unconventional) alternative is to operate the two 220/33kV transformers in parallel and deliberately keep the taps of transformers very different (say one at+5% and the other at -5%). This results in circulating current between the two transformers. The circulating current produces reactive loss and thus acts like a shunt reactor. The reactive loss in transformer compensates the capacitive generation from line. This results in reduced demand from grid station. This article presents the results obtained from tests done at site operating the transformer in parallel with nonidentical taps.

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Analysis prior to site testing Before attempting this novel exercise at site, extensive analytical and simulation studies were done for parallel operation with different taps to estimate the differential voltage to be kept to reduce the demand at grid substation to less than 1 MVA. Parameters of Step Up Transformer (SUT) are given below: Rating: 50 / 60 / 75 MVA (ONAN / ONAF / OFAF) Voltage: 220 / 33 kV Tap Range: ±10% in steps of 1.25% Tap 1 → 242 / 33 kV

of abundant caution, it was decided to restrict operating flux density to below 1.85T. This corresponds to a tap 12. Hence the tap range available is 1(+10%) for one transformer and 12(-3.75%) for other transformer. Studies were done varying the taps within this permissible range.

Approximate differential voltage estimation Assume reactive compensation requirement = ΔQ = 5MVAR ΔQ = 5 / 75 = 0.0667pu XT = 11.8% = 0.118pu Let differential voltage when taps of the two transformers are non-identical = ΔV Refer Fig 2. When switch S is closed, circulating current flows. Refer Cl 6.2 [2].

Tap 9(N) → 220 / 33 kV Tap 17 → 198 / 33 kV Rated Impedance on 75 MVA: 11. 6% on Tap 9 (Nominal) : 12.08% on Tap 1 : 11.70% on Tap 17 For simulation purposes, transformer impedance is considered as 11.8%. Base current IB = 75 / (1.732 x 33) = 1.312 kA

Permissible tap range to avoid overfluxing During the testing, transformers should not be subjected to over fluxing condition[1]. The design flux density is 1.7T at all taps. Testing was planned after 7PM when the PV plant shuts down. Based on recent records of 220kV grid voltage profile after 7PM, the maximum grid voltage expected during testing was 230kV. For applied voltage of 230kV, the operating flux density at different taps is shown in Table 1. Tap No

-2.5 -3.75

-6.25

-10

Circulating current IC = ΔV / 2XT Calculated Reactive Loss = IC2 x 2XT = ΔV2 / 2XT = ΔQ ΔV = Sqrt(ΔQ x 2XT) = 0.1255pu The approximate voltage difference required is 12.55%. This will create circulating current that will produce reactive loss of 5 MVAR. This is verified by detailed load flow simulation described in next section.

1.82 1.85

1.90

1.97

Load flow studies

HV Vol kV 242 231 220 217.25 214.5 211.75 206.25 198 HV Vol % +10 +5 BOPE T

-1.25

1.62 1.69 1.78 1.80

LV Vol kV

Fig 2

Table 1

Refer Fig 3 for base case when both transformers are at nominal tap. The circulating current is zero. The demand from grid is 5.041 MVA.

For example Operating flux density at Tap 1 = (230/242) x 1.7 = 1.62T Operating flux density at Tap 9(N)=(230/220)x1.7= 1.78T Operating flux density at Tap 17=(230/198) x 1.7 = 1.97T The above gives a clue that initially keep the tap of one transformer at 9 and progressively change the tap of other transformer towards 1(positive maximum). In this way, there is no danger of over fluxing. If the demand from Deechu to Dhursar does not fall below 1MVA, even after keeping the tap at 1 on one transformer, change the tap of other transformer towards 17 (negative maximum). But in this case we must ensure that operating flux density does not exceed saturation flux density of 1.9T. As a measure

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Fig 3

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Tap No (%)

SUT1

SUT2

9 (0)

8 (+1.25)

Differential Voltage (%)

Demand from Grid

Reactive Compensation MVAR

ICIR Amps

MVA

Calculated

Measured

Calculated

Measured

Calculated

Measured

5.041

4.855

9 (0)

1.25

69.0

69.92

0.048

0.040

4.993

4.815

7 (+2.50)

9 (0)

2.50

135.5

140.17

0.189

0.125

4.853

4.730

6 (+3.75)

9 (0)

3.75

201.0

205.07

0.415

0.265

4.628

4.590

5 (+5.00)

9 (0)

5.00

265.0

269.60

0.721

0.570

4.324

4.285

4 (+6.25)

9 (0)

6.25

327.5

332.37

1.101

0.945

3.947

3.910

3 (+7.50)

9 (0)

7.50

388.0

392.33

1.548

1.353

3.504

3.505

2 (+8.75)

9 (0)

8.75

447.5

453.52

2.059

1.833

2.999

3.025

1 (+10.0)

9 (0)

10.00

505.5

509.83

2.628

2.376

2.440

2.485

11.25

575.5

581.70

3.410

3.266

1.682

1.605

12.50

647.5

647.10

4.318

4.152

0.859

0.715

1 (+10.0) 1 (+10.0)

10 (-1.25) 11 (-2.50)

Table - 2

Next, tap of SUT1 is kept at 8 (+1.25%) while that of SUT2 is unchanged at 9. Refer Table 2 and Fig 4. The circulating current between the transformers is 69A which produces reactive loss. The demand from grid reduces to 4.993MVA.

Fig 5 Fig 4 In Fig 5, tap of SUT1 is at 1 (+10%) while that of SUT2 is at 9. The circulating current is 505.5A. The demand from grid reduces to 2.44 MVA.

In Fig 6, tap of SUT1 is at 1 (+10%) while that of SUT2 is at 11(-2.5%). The circulating current is 647.5A. The demand from grid reduces to 0.859MVA. Thus with a differential voltage of 12.5%, the demand from grid reduces below 1MVA which is the desired objective.

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Measurement of reactive compensation achieved Reactive power on tariff meter at Deechu end is measured. hh

With both transformers on nominal tap (Tap 9), Measured reactive power = Q0

With non-identical taps, measured reactive power = QK

Measured reactive compensation achieved = Q0 - QK

Measurement of MVA The MVA demand is a direct measurement read from tariff meter at Deechu end.

Comparison between measured and calculated values Refer Table 2.

(i) Testing started with taps of SUT1 and SUT2 kept at nominal values (Tap 9). The measured values are:

Circulating current @ 0

Demand = 4.855MVA

Power factor = 0.043

Testing at site

MVAR = 4.8505

The above theoretical analysis gave us confidence to go ahead with testing at site. Before starting the test, all the existing switchyard protections and schemes were checked and corrective actions where ever required were ensured to prevent inadvertent tripping during testing. A template was made to note down the following for each set of taps:

(ii) Tap of SUT1 is changed to 8(+1.25%) while tap of SUT2 tap is unchanged.at 9. The measured values are:

Fig 6

yy Tap numbers of SUT1 and SUT2 yy Grid Voltage

Circulating current = 69.92A

Demand = 4.815MVA

Power factor = 0.044

MVAR = 4.8103

Reactive compensation realized = 4.8505 – 4.8103 = 0.0402MVAR

yy MVA and pf from grid as registered in tariff meter

at Deechu

yy Currents on 33kV side of transformers

(iii) Tap of SUT1 is changed to 7(+2.5%) while tap of SUT2 is unchanged.at 9. The measured values are:

yy OTI and WTI readings

Circulating current = 140.17A

yy Operating current and restraining current as

Demand = 4.73MVA

Power factor = 0.043

MVAR = 4.7256

Reactive compensation realized = 4.8505 – 4.7256 = 0.1249MVAR

registered by differential protection for each transformer.

Automatic control of OLTC was disabled. Tap changing was done locally. Since this type of testing is one of a kind and rarely attempted before, engineers were stationed locally near the transformers to notice any abnormal increase in vibration or noise during testing.

Measurement of circulating current On 33kV side, phase currents (magnitude) for both transformers are measured. The circulating current is derived as follows: Three phase currents from SUT1: IR1, IY1, IB1 Three phase currents from SUT2: IR2, IY2, IB2 Measured Circulating current IC = (IR1 + IY1 + IB1 + IR2 + IY2 + IB2) / 6

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(iv) Similar measurements were taken till SUT1 tap is at 1(+10%) with tap of SUT2 is unchanged at 9. The demand has come down to 2.485MVA (Refer Table 2). Next, the tap of SUT2 was raised to 10 and then to 11 (-2.5%) with tap of SUT1 at 1. The measured values are:

Circulating current = 647.1A (49% of IRAT)

Demand = 0.715MVA

Power factor = 0.214

MVAR = 0.6984

Reactive compensation realized = 4.8505 – 0.6984 = 4.1521MVAR

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v) Measured reactive compensation for differential voltage of 1.25% is 0.0402 MVAR {Refer Cl(ii) above}. When differential voltage is increased ten times (12.5%), {Refer Cl(iv) above} the measured reactive compensation increases by almost 100 times to 4.1521 MVAR. This exponential increase in reactive compensation (proportional to IC2) with increase in differential voltage can be seen from Fig 7. (vi) Further increase in tap of SUT2 to Tap 12 will make the drawl from grid reactive but the demand will be almost the same with tap of SUT2 at Tap 11. Hence the testing was terminated with taps of SUT1 and SUT2 at Tap 1 and Tap 11 respectively. (vii) With tap of SUT1 at 1 and tap of SUT2 at 11, the goal to get the demand at Deechu below 1MVA is achieved. This corresponds to a differential voltage of 12.5% and is in line with analytical predictions. (viii) Comparisons between calculated values (from load flow studies) and values obtained from test at site are shown in Fig 7, Fig 8 and Fig 9. The calculated and test values are in close agreement.

Fig 8

Minor errors could be attributed to following: hh

Calculated values assume constant voltage on EHV side. During measurement at site, grid voltage is not steady and varies when readings are taken at different instances of time. Grid voltage varied between 225.6kV and 227.4 kV during the testing period.

Calculated values assume constant impedance at all taps. In practice, there is a small variation in impedance at different taps.

Since the quantity measured is low (less than 5 MVA at 220kV), inherent meter error can’t be avoided.

(vii) During the entire testing duration transformers were operated under ONAN conditions. WTI and OTI readings of both the transformers were monitored. The maximum recorded values were 45°C and 42°C for WTI and OTI. These are much below the alarm and trip settings which are in the range of 90°C to 100°C.

Fig 7

The conventional wisdom during parallel operation of transformers is to keep the taps of both transformers identical. Specific master – follower control schemes have been developed for OLTC operation to achieve this ‘golden rule’. The main reason is to avoid circulating current between transformers which only adds to heating of transformer. In the present case, the ‘golden rule’ has been deliberately broken. The taps of both transformers are kept widely different to circulate substantial current between the transformers. The circulating current produces reactive power loss and the effect of shunt reactor is achieved without a physical reactor being present. The reactive loss in transformer compensates capacitive VARs produced in EHV system. This has been successfully demonstrated at site at 220kV level. In India, this may be one of the few instances where parallel operation with such large deviation in taps at EHV level has been attempted. The same idea could be extended by system control operators for mitigating over voltage problems even at grid levels. Another interesting application could be for testing Differential / REF schemes passing substantially large primary currents. REFERENCES [1] ‘Transformer engineering – Design and practice’, S V Kulkarni and S A Khaparde, Marcel Dekker, 2004. [2] ‘Power transformers - Application guide’, IEC 60076-8, 1997

K Rajamani Abhijit Mandal

Fig 8

▪

Reliance Infrastructure Ltd

June 2016

CaseStudy

The Company CESC Limited, an RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group Company is engaged in the generation and distribution of electricity in Kolkata and Howrah spread across 567 sq kms of licensed area. Its history goes back to 1897 with the advent of electricity distribution in India and registration of “The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Limited” in London. Commencing with small DC Dynamos and DC 3-wire distribution and going on to AC Generation and distribution with conversion to DC through Mercury Arc Rectifiers and Motor Converters and then gradually to higher voltages of AC distribution, larger Thermal Power Plants, large HT consumers such as Jute Mills and growing consumer base and end-usages such as for electric street lamps replacing gas-lit lamps, electric tram cars in lieu of horse-driven trams, powering the Raj and the populace, the Company grew in size rapidly. Post-Independence the Company continued to grow and in 1970 the control of the Company was transferred to India with the new name “The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (India) Limited”. From the mid 70’s, “load-shedding” became a bane. Association with the RPG Group commenced in 1989 with new generating stations and expansion to EHT. “Load-shedding” soon became a thing of the past. Late Dr R.P.Goenka, Chairman of CESC Limited passed away in April 2013, while his son Sanjiv Goenka took over as the Chairman of CESC Ltd after his father’s demise. The Company thereafter stepped onto the fast track with focus on service and delivery backed up by smart technologies.

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Today, CESC has 3 Thermal Power Plants within its Licensed Area with aggregate installed capacity of 1125 MW. Power is also imported from Haldia Energy Limited, a subsidiary of CESC Limited, through dedicated transmission lines as well as from other Agencies as needed, through multiple network connectivity to STU and CTU. The key voltage levels in the Distribution Network are 220 kV, 132 kV, 33 kV, 11 kV, 6 kV and MVAC. In 2016 summer the peak demand was 2059 MW and in the last FY, 9201 MU of energy was sold – about 32% to 1750 HT consumers and the balance 68% to 3 Million LT consumers. Overall, the Domestic, Industrial, Commercial & `Other’ sales were about 46%, 23%, 21%, and 10% respectively. The HT to LT ratio of sales continues to decline. Various initiatives have been taken to enhance the T&D Network in recent years to improve reliability, use less space, reduce losses further, be more consumer-centric and usher in a Smart Grid.

Load Growth At present, CESC annual load growth is about 4%. It is interesting to note the rise in use of Air-conditioners in recent years is being offset by increasing usage of LED lights in homes and offices. This summer, CESC saw a 4 fold increase in new applications for AC loads compared to last summer! With more and more energy-efficient appliances and rapid climate change, it is not easy to forecast load growth accurately. Rooftop solar is also picking up in the city. Then there is also an inundation of Battery-powered auto-rickshaws whose charging also influence the load curve.

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CaseStudy

T&D Assets CESC strives to enhance reliability by ensuring N-1 redundancy. This has already been achieved fully at the EHT level and is largely available at lower voltages. The T&D assets end March-16 include 3877 MVA of Substation capacity comprising 220/132/33 kV Transformers (160 MVA, Auto Star-Delta) and 132/33 kV Transformers (75 and 50 MVA, Star-Delta) across 22 Substations and 3642 MVA of Distribution Station capacity with 33/11-6 kV Transformers (now mostly 20 MVA, Delta-Star) at 113 locations. Earthing Transformers are used in the 33 kV network. Adequate fire-protection measures such as use of NIDS (Nitrogen Injection, Drain and Stir) and HVWS (High Velocity Water Spray) systems are adopted. To save on space, CESC has also commissioned multiwinding Transformers – a case in point are the 75 MVA Transformers at Patuli which have windings at 4 voltages – 132, 33, 11 and 6 kV ! Modern CESC Substations invariably use compact 220 kV, 132 kV and 33 kV GIS switchboards, mostly Double Busbar type. AIS switchboards are used at 11 kV and 6 kV. There are over 800 Nos 33 kV GIS/AIS breakers and 1900 Nos 11kV & 6 kV breakers. With decades of experience in in-house Substation design, CESC has designed and commissioned an integrated GIS Substation at New Cossipore which houses 220kV, 132kV and 33 kV GIS switchboards and Relay and Control Panels in the same compact building. There are 2 Nos 220 kV Substations today and more are planned in the years ahead. Detailed load flow, contingency and other studies have been done to arrive at optimum network expansion plans over the next decade and this would entail a 220 kV ring in the city and additional power import lines from STU/CTU which may be at 400 kV. The design of CESC Distribution Stations have been modified and standardized to typically have 2x20 MVA, 33/11-6 kV Transformers. The incoming 33 kV cables are now standardized to 40 MVA so that any one cable can take the load of both Transformers in case of a cable fault. Accordingly, a DBB 33 kV GIS board is also commissioned at such Stations to afford such flexibility – there are typically 2 Incomers, 2 circuits for the Transformers, a Bus-Coupler and 1 or 2 extra 33 kV outlets to enable formation of 33 kV `Cluster’ network in the vicinity for redundancy and reliability. The Station usually has 2 downstream switchboards – one at 11 kV and the other at 6 kV each with a Capacitor Bank. The Company uses predominantly Underground XLPE cables – current assets end March-16 are: 40 ckm at 220 kV (800 sq mm Cu, single core), 284 ckm at 132 kV (800 sq mm Cu, single core), 1435 ckm at 33 kV (mostly 1000 sq mm, single core Al now) and 6394 ckm at 11 & 6 kV (mostly 300 sq mm, 3-core Al now). LT distribution network, end March-16, has 7546 ckm of 3-1/2 core UG cable (240 sq mm Al for distributors and 70

June 2016

and 25 sq mm Al for services) and 5280 ckm of Overhead lines. LT overhead lines are strung across 1.4 lakh M.S. poles using `Racoon’ phase wires (including an additional wire for Street lighting) and `Ferret’ neutral wire. These lines are either in Delta or Vertical formation and have Gap spacers and Safety Devices. Regular maintenance is carried out. The Company is endeavouring to reduce LT lines but this is very difficult in view of constraints in extending HT lines due to space constraints in the city to put up DTs deep inside localities with very narrow lanes. There are over 30,000 LT Pillar Boxes with 4 or 6 distributors each – these have wire fuses which often lead to spurious fusing because of loose connections. About 15,000 of these Pillar Boxes have been replaced by a `Modified’ Pillar Box using HRC fuses and the problem of nuisance fusing has been eliminated at these places. Such replacements are continuing at a fast pace. EHT Joints and Terminations (Cable Sealing Ends, GIS terminations, Transformer cable box terminations) use imported kits – this is an area, relating to EHT accessories, where indigenous manufacturers may explore entering. For Joints and Terminations in the 6kV – 33kV range, heat shrinkable kits are the mainstay with good indigenous availability. In LT, polyurethane filled joints and heatshrinkable termination kits are mainly used. CESC also has EHT and HT Overhead towers and lines – end March-16 the lengths of such lines were: 221 ckm at 220 kV, 81 ckm at 132 kV, 92 ckm at 33 kV and 87 ckm at 11 and 6 kV. The EHT lines are D/C Moose but Multi-circuit towers are also used at places. At one place in the Budge Budge-EM Substation 220 kV line, due to non- availability of overhead corridor, for conversion from overhead to underground, an innovative Gantry arrangement was done on a narrow embankment between two canals and the underground cable was laid on a suspension bridge to cross the 70m wide canal. The EHT lines are mostly cross-country and used for evacuating power from Budge Budge Generating Station and for river crossings at 2 stretches at Titagarh-Rishra and Belur-New Cossipore. Apart from these, there is a dedicated 90 km (route length) long 400 kV Overhead D/C line from Haldia Energy Limited to PGCIL Substation at Subhasgram and at 220 kV from there to CESC’s East Metropolitan Substation. The latter line has special HTLS “GTACSR” (High Temperature Low Sag Gap Type ACSR) conductor and “ACSS” (Aluminium Conductor Steel Supported) conductor to enable evacuation of 500 MW power at 220 kV.

Underground 132 kV Substation Availability of land and road frontage for laying cables is a problem in Kolkata which has only 6% road area as compared to 25% in Delhi and about 18% in Mumbai. Several initiatives have therefore been taken to save on space – one such example is the 132/33 kV Substation at Park Circus where the 132 kV and 33 kV GIS Switchgear have been commissioned underground below the `Quest’ Shopping Mall. There are 2 levels below the ground –

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one for the 132 kV DBB GIS 7-panel switchboard and the other for the 33 kV DBB 15-panel GIS switchboard. The building goes 12 metres below ground level. The GIS switchboards also have their corresponding Relay Control Panels. Each underground floor has an area of only 480 sq metres.

transferring outdoor EHT/HT AIS to Indoor GIS, taking care to re-route Power and control cables without causing damage and ensuring changeover with virtually no interruption of supply to consumers.

As on date, the Substation has been commissioned with 1x75 MVA, 132/33 kV Power Transformer located at ground level with space for a second similar Transformer in the near future. To the best of our knowledge, this is the country’s first underground Substation in a Discom housing an EHT switchboard.

Integrated 220 kV/132 kV/33 kV GIS Substation at New Cossipore

Underground 132 kV Substation at Park Circus Space Consolidation – Conversion of EHT Outdoor Yard to GIS Substation in progress

Use of Power Transformers with Unit Cooling

Underground 132 kV Substation at Park Circus – another view

Space Consolidation – Conversion of Outdoor EHT Switchyards to Indoor GIS As a policy, the Company now commissions Gas Insulated Substations at 220 kV, 132 kV and 33 kV levels which occupy less space vis-à-vis conventional Air-Insulated Switchgear. With several AIS Outdoor Yards already commissioned in the city earlier, CESC is progressively converting these to Indoor GIS thereby freeing space for further expansion within the same premises. It is estimated that 325 MVA may be augmented in existing premises in this way. Such conversion work comes with its own set of challenges – construction of GIS building in phases,

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Another measure to reduce space requirements is using Unit Cooled Power Transformers. These use compact fins with high-speed fans to cool the oil in place of conventional radiators. CESC has commissioned such a 100 MVA, 132/33 kV Transformer successfully. The Transformer footprint is almost 35% smaller than a conventionally cooled Transformer. Again, to the best of our knowledge, CESC is the first Discom to have used such a Transformer. The potential for saving on space at Stations is substantial. For example, CESC intends to upgrade the 2x75 MVA, 132/33 kV Transformers at the city centre at BBD Bag (where no land for expansion is available) with such Unit- cooled Transformers thereby adding about 50 MVA capacity in the same space.

Crossing the River Hoogly – Past and Present Marvels Since the Licensed area of CESC is on both banks of the River Hoogly, it is necessary to criss-cross the river at several points both with overhead lines across towers and through submarine cables. There is also a unique Tunnel constructed below the bed of the Hoogly near Garden Reach-Botanical Garden way back in 1931. The tunnel is 631 metres long, 1.8 metres in diameter and 27.5 metres below the ground level. It was and still is truly an engineering feat. The tunnel today has

June 2016

CaseStudy

132 kV and 33 kV cables passing through it. Maintenance crew can work easily inside. A recent feat of Engineering in crossing the Hoogly is at Kukrahati-Raichak, which is wide and navigable, by installing two River Crossing Towers (one in River bed and the other on the River bank) of height 236 M and weight 1800 MT each, with a span of 1572 M, which is the highest Transmission Line Tower in India. It is a part of the 400 kV Overhead D/C line from Haldia Energy Limited to PGCIL Subhasgram.

T&D Loss Reduction T&D Loss in CESC which is about 11.6% include losses of EHT network (220 kV, 132 kV) and increased losses due to use of legacy 6 kV Distribution network. Had the Distribution network been at 11 kV and if only losses at and below 33 kV are considered – for a matching comparison with most other Discoms – the losses would be comfortably in the single digit. Though almost a third of the 6 kV lines have been upgraded to 11 kV, the costs are increasingly prohibitive for continued conversion. Apart from usual practices adopted to reduce technical and non-technical losses, measures include use of cutout-less services (using MCBs), Analytics to help identify high-loss areas and investigate consumptiondrops, rationalization of LT lines, extending HVDS where feasible, use of HTABC and LTABC, replacement of Electro-mechanical Meters by Static meters and use of Capacitor Banks and APFCs .

Use of Ring Main Units and their Automation CESC has installed more than 5000 Nos Ring Main Units (RMUs) in the 11 kV and 6 kV Network over a number of years. These RMUs are SF6-Gas enclosed 3-way and 4-way units with Busbar and load-break, faultmake Isolators. Each ``leg’’ of every RMU has a phasesegregated Fault Passage Indicator (FPI) which operate whenever fault current passes through the corresponding Isolator. The fault is cleared by the upstream Feeder Breaker at the Distribution Station. Engineers simply have to inspect and check for the section in the network where upstream FPIs have operated and downstream FPIs have not to rapidly locate the faulty section. Thereafter the section is isolated and power restored from adjacent lines in the Ring Main system by closing `Normally Open’ Isolators.

Cable Tunnel beneath Hoogly

A few RMUs also have a Circuit Breaker unit – typically used at feeder bifurcations and at HT consumer premises. The use of RMUs, densely dispersed across the HT network, has reduced the restoration time in the event of faults by 75% - from about 4 hours earlier to about an hour today. This again is often cited as a benchmark by Discoms in the country. 400 kV River crossing across Hoogly – tallest transmission towers in India

Protection CESC has over 30,000 protective relays, mostly numeric and static, from several well-known manufacturers. For EHT networks at and above 132 kV, the Company’s philosophy is to use 2 Main and 1 Backup protection system. At and below 33 kV, 1 Main and 1 Backup protection system is used. Unit protection is used for all elements from EHT down to 11 kV and 6 kV Busbars. For EHT lines, Distance and Line Differential protection is used. CESC uses its own Optical Fibre cable for inter-relay communication. For Transformers, standard protection relays including Differential, REF etc are used.

June 2016

All RMUs installed can also be monitored and operated from remote. This entails retro-fitting Motor Drives to operate the Isolators and use of communicable FRTUs for interface with SCADA systems. Earlier trials, using data communication over GPRS and CDMA networks, yielded very low throughputs on the IEC-60870-5-104 protocol used – often less than 60%. CESC is therefore using end to end optical fibre network for RMU Automation with appropriate optical Ethernet switches. Over 400 RMUs controlling sensitive installations such as Government Hospitals, Pumping Stations, Public Buildings etc have been Automated till date. Pending successful rollout of a Field Area Network such as RF Mesh for “last mile” communication, CESC will continue to use full fibre for the time being for further RMU Automation.

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DTs, consumer indexed databases, GIS-mapped vehicle tracking systems to name a few. As regards LT Automation, CESC is already deploying different types of automation products (some developed in-house) for various applications in LT network like Fuse failure indication, Automatic LT changeover, Supply fail SMS alert etc These are now on GPRS but once RF Mesh or other Field Area Network is established, such `Internet of Things’ devices will grow exponentially.

Fault Prevention & Restoration practices Automated RMUs with of communications

National Benchmarks – New Connections in a Day and Lowest DT Failure Rate CESC now offers new connections with over 90% applicants getting supply within a day! This is possible because of streamlined IT support and Business Process Re-Engineering. In a metropolis like Kolkata, service lines of 40-70 kW capacity are invariably in place to almost all existing premises. New connections/ additional loads are mostly required in flats/ dwellingunits within such premises (growth is mostly vertical in cities today) and so only a new meter has to be looped in. With online applications, pre-inspected premises and instant payment processing, the meters are fixed the same day. In cases where a new service line is needed, Overhead services have no ROW (Right of Way) issues. For Underground service cables, small cuttings, laying of cables deep inside lanes and bye lanes and in city outskirts usually pose no major ROW issues. Increasing use of Micro-Tunnelling also obviates ROW issues. CESC has over 8000 Distribution Transformers (8039 Nos aggregating 2704 MVA as on end March-16) with the lowest failure rate (< 0.5%) in the country. The DTs are mostly 400 kVA, 6/0.4 kV or 11/0.4 kV though dualratio 11-6/0.4 kV DTs are being increasingly used. Drytype DTs are used in crowded localities and those inside residential buildings. DTs in CESC have several fittings not found in most Discoms – HRC fuses are used both on the HT and LT sides. The LT side has a Combination fuseswitch. Side-entry cable boxes and Isolators are also used on the HT side. All these measures – particularly the use of HRC fuses, protect the DT from damage due to external faults. Assiduous loading of DTs by constant monitoring of DT loads through AMR ensures that they are not overloaded. All these measures add up to help keep the DT failure rate to < 0.5% per annum, which is a National benchmark.

LT Control Centres & LT Innovations CESC has a hierarchical system of attending to LT fuse calls and faults. Field Force with vehicles and mobiles carry out fault location and repairs, monitored and controlled by Regional Control Centres. In turn, there is an apex LT Control Centre manned 24/7 by Engineers to tightly track all activities and any delays. A rich array of IT-enabled tools are available to them – loading of

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Aggressive measures have been taken in recent years to bring down occurrences of faults in the T&D network. These include network reinforcement, load management, enhanced equipment specifications and use of IT-based planning tools. Condition monitoring and condition based maintenance are a focus area with an entire Department devoted for the program. Thermal imaging, measurement of partial discharges and Dissolved Gas Analysis are some of the tools used. Such proactive measures are paying a rich dividend. Innovative solutions such as Modified Pillar Boxes also have bought down fusing calls significantly. The net result of all these practices is that in CESC, HT faults have reduced by 60% and LT faults are down by 50% compared to 5 years ago. For rapid restoration of supply in the event of faults, standard operating procedures are in place. Additional measures include Field Force Automation, shift operations, LT Control Centre, RMUs and Automated RMUs, SCADA/DMS, Vehicle Tracking etc. CESC also has a fleet of mobile Diesel Gensets (`Power on Wheels’) to rapidly restore power to affected areas. Here again, the net result is that average supply restoration times for HT faults (1.13 hrs) and LT faults (48 minutes) have come down to less than half the time required just 5 years ago.

Customer Centricity and Digitization CESC offers a complete virtual office experience for its 3 million consumers through Web Services, SMS Services, Mobile Apps, Online Chats, Call Centre (both Fuse call and Commercial enquiry) and Social Media. The impact is encouraging – about half the applications for new connections, name-changes and higher AC loads are now online. About a fifth of CESC LT consumers are already paying online. Regular meets with HT consumers and Technical presentations are arranged. The Company also has dedicated staff to handle customer queries and a web portal with rich content. Those who physically visit our Offices are extended prompt and courteous service in a comfortable ambience. A recent order has been placed with a leading firm for customer engagement with personalized, timely, targeted, multi-channel communication to increase

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CaseStudy

participation of consumers through online services and enhance their awareness.

Optical Fibre Backbone

Technology Partner who would be a reputed OEM with the technological excellence to implement CESCs Smart Grid deployment. A tender to identify and select such a Partner has been floated and Bids are being evaluated.

CESC has been laying Optical Fibre (OF) cables along with underground HT Power cables for many years now. Some OF lines are also strung aerially across poles. CESC also uses OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) on EHT Towers. Together, there is more than 1400 kms of OF routes today. Of late, OF cables are being laid selectively with LT cables and also through micro-tunnelling. The main advantage of laying OF cables along with Power cables is to save on the high cost of Road Restoration. Different communication technologies are used on these OF cables: SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) system at STM-4 currently, Gigabit Ethernet system and several data links using optical switches and media converters. OF network serves as backbone of communications in CESC for Distribution Automation (SCADA, RMU Automation etc) and a host of IT applications like ERP, Billnet, Cashnet etc under the generic umbrella of “CESC Net”. Even protective relays use dedicated fibres for interrelay communications. Then there are contact transfer applications over OF for unit lock-out to trip matching load when a Generator at Budge Budge trips. In the years ahead this rich OF backbone will also serve as backhaul for Smart Meter and Distribution Automation rollout over Field Area Networks. Various initiatives are being taken to enrich the OF network further, reach out more and reduce repair times in the event of faults.

SCADA/ EMS/ADMS – New `Smart Grid ‘Control Centre Many years ago CESC purchased twin SCADA/EMS/DMS systems now connected to 140 odd RTUs and several hundred FRTUs to monitor and control the T&D network. Apart from a MCC (Master Control Centre), there is also a BCC (Backup Control Centre). The systems have performed very well but now the hardware and software at the Control Centres need to be replaced because of obsolescence and to transform from a Network Control Centre to a `Smart Grid-ready’ Control Centre. The plan is to commission new MCC, BCC in phases – in Phase 1, SCADA/ EMS functions with existing RTUs/ FRTUs would be transferred to the new system. Subsequently, CESC would commission more ADMS (Advanced Distribution Management Systems) like Distribution Load Flow, Volt-VAR control etc. in phases. The plans also call for integration of Operational Technologies (like SCADA, RMU Automation, Smart Meters through Meter Data Management System, Solar PV, DER, Storage, E-Vehicles, Demand Response etc) and Information Technologies (like GIS with Consumer Indexing, Outage Management System, CIS etc). An Enterprise Service Bus would also be in place. Considering that the project would evolve over the years and many technologies and standards are yet to firm up – CESC is keen to identify and work with a

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Proposed Smart Grid Control Centre

Demand Response A 1.5 MW Pilot project involving several HT consumers who have volunteered to participate, is underway using hardware and systems from a reputed US firm. In this pilot, ADSM (Advanced Demand Side Management) features are being tested – by adjusting thermostats of central ACs, switching off some lights etc – trials have commenced and are showing promising results. The other trial in the pilot rollout is DER (Distributed Energy Resources) – with the Diesel Genset of one HT consumer to be synchronised remotely with CESC’s 11 kV Distribution Network. The Connectivity Agreements have been signed as per Statutes, the synchronizing relay tested and trials are to start soon once all protection circuits are ready. Demand Response has good potential for reducing peak demand temporarily and deferring Capex.

Meters, AMR (Automatic Meter Readings), Street Lighting With over 31 Lakh meters in service, CESC has upgraded the greater part to static meters and the process is continuing fast, though leap-frogging to Smart Meters (AMI) maybe more prudent if certified meters and infrastructure at affordable costs are available soon. CESC also has over 31,000 meters on AMR both over GPRS and GSM. These include all HT consumers, LTCT consumers and Distribution Transformers as well as 14,000 metered Street Light services. There are 2 MDAS (Meter Data Acquisition System) in use for AMR. The Street Light meters also have associated electronics and contactors for switching the lights off and on automatically at dawn and dusk as well as through manual interventions if needed. The Street Light services are provided by CESC across 34 Municipalities, Public Bodies and Gram Panchayats. These power normal incandescent and tube lights as well as the increasing number of sodium vapour and metal halide lamps, LED lamps and the heavy-wattage units atop high masts.

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Smart Meters and AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) Several pilot studies have been done for deployment of Smart Meters over PLC, RF Mesh, Point to Point RF etc with various Vendors. In the radio trials, both GHz and sub-GHz trials have been conducted. The results range from reasonable to good. In some, DA (Distribution Automation) trials were done concurrently. CESC is now planning to roll-out a larger trial on RF Mesh with a reputed US-based Company. The plan is to use a common sub-GHz RF Mesh `Canopy’ for both AMI and DA (for applications like RMU Automation, solar integration, Demand Response, LT Automation etc). The Canopy would connect to CESCs Optical Fibre backbone at multiple locations for backhaul communications. Smart Meters with BIS 16444 certification are yet to be available in India. The price-discovery of the Meters, NIC cards and end-point infrastructure costs is going on and hopefully a rapid and affordable convergence will happen soon. Opex model for Smart Meter deployment can also be an alternative. Regulatory directives need to be followed. In the meanwhile, CESC has installed more than 1700 whole-current meters on trial with many `Smart’ features but certified to BIS 13779 and using GPRS communications (using SIM card) with its own MDAS. Two-way communication, supply-failure alerts and remote connect/ disconnect features are available. Consumers with such meters can also view their hourly consumption on CESCs web portal. Scale-up of such meters with associated monthly data charges to be paid to Telecom Service Provider is not viable. A private Utilityowned FAN (Field Area Network) over say, RF Mesh or a hybrid network is the practical way to move forward provided costs are reasonable, the throughputs are high and the spectrum allocated adequate for bulk rollout. Standardization and Interoperability of components and systems among products and services from different Vendors would also be crucial for scale-up.

IT enablement CESC has a wide range of IT systems and software suites required for efficient functioning of the T&D network and allied services – purchased suites include ERP, GIS etc and in-house programs include over a hundred systems including Billing, CRM, Treasury Management System, New Application Processing, Asset Register etc. To enable smooth data exchange across disparate platforms & devices, programming languages and data formats, an Enterprise Service Bus is planned shortly in a service-oriented architecture. SMAC Stack Services are already in use to blend Social, Mobile, data Analytics and Cloud technologies to improve business competitiveness. The multitude of IT applications are hosted on Servers for which CESC has a world-class Level 3 Data Centre with 2 additional Disaster Recovery Centres interconnected over a secure “CESC Net” which is a Gigabit Ethernet service over the Company’s own optical fibres. Meter readings are also IT-enabled with Meter Readers carrying Tablets in place of Meter Books. Readings are validated and directly sent to IT over GPRS for Billing. SMS alerts are sent to consumers alerting them of imminent meter reading and the actual advance when the reading has been taken. Business Intelligence is also being increasingly used to analyse data and present information for informed business decisions.

GIS CESC has a Geographical Information System with the complete HT network and part of the LT network mapped so far. Consumer indexing by conventional methods is partly done but CESC has built up an exhaustive database of consumers and their feeding DTs/ Feeders using historical records of Call Centre transactions from outage reporting to supply restoration. This virtual “Indexing” covers over 70% of our consumers with a high degree of accuracy and is constantly growing and self-correcting. This will supplement the physical verification process of Consumer Indexing.

Conclusion CESC Limited has come a long way since it generated India’s first thermal power in 1899. 'Growing Legacies’ is the motto of the Group and true to this spirit, CESC with a rich heritage, is modernizing and growing rapidly to meet the rising expectations of consumers by keeping pace with technology and distributing quality power at a competitive price. ▪

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InternationalNews

INTERNATIONALNEWS Gamesa plans to complete Phase I of Nellore plant by September Chennai-based Gamesa India, the country subsidiary of Spanish wind power developer Gamesa, is building an integrated factory in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, going for the southern state for uninterrupted power and ease of doing business. The Nellore facility is part of the 100-Euro investment plan announced earlier. Gamesa will manufacture rotor blades for starters, and has plans of developing the factory for export. It currently runs two factories in Tamil Nadu and two in Gujarat. Gamesa will manufacture the 2MW, 114m diameter rotor blade from the Nellore factory, a kind of rotor blade its India Chief Ramesh Kymal believes is just at the optimum level and any more bigger machines could impact cost of energy metrics for its investors. The new factory will have an employment generation capacity of close to 1,000 people in three years. “We chose Andhra Pradesh because we wanted to set up the new plant south of the Vindhyas, and AP has been showing great potential,” said Ramesh Kymal, Chairman and Managing Director of Gamesa India. He added that uninterrupted power and a supportive bureaucracy for setting up the plant were pluses. Gamesa India is hoping to commission the rotor blade set up in Nellore by September. the factory will also manufacture solar inverters for India, to aid Gamesa’s entry into solar last year. In a press release, the company said it holds 34% in the Indian wind market with the commissioning of 1003 MW last fiscal to take up its total projects to over 3,000 MW. Kymal said the company’s order book for 2016-17 has seen 750 MW of booked projects so far. He said there has been a shift in growth of wind power from the traditional set of states like Tamil Nadu and Gujarat towards newer states like Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. However, he added that states like Tamil Nadu cannot be “written off” owing to their natural advantages in wind speed and land availability.

Kokam deploys NMC Energy Storage Systems at South Korean electric grid Kokam, a provider of innovative battery solutions, has successfully deployed two Lithium Nickel Manganese

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Cobalt (NMC) Oxide Energy Storage Systems (ESSs)—a 24-megawatt (MW) system / 9-megawatt hour (MWh) and a 16 MW / 6 MWh system—for frequency regulation on the South Korean electricity grid. The 24-MW system is the largest capacity Lithium NMC ESS used for frequency regulation in the world, Kokam claims. Operational since January 2016, the two new systems, along with a Kokam 16MW / 5MWh Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO) ESS system deployed in August 2015, provide South Korea’s largest utility, Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) with 56 MW of energy storage capacity for frequency regulation. These three systems are part of the world’s largest ESS frequency regulation project, which is scheduled to have deployed 500 MW of battery-based energy storage when it is completed in 2017, the company said. In addition to improving grid reliability, the Kokam ESSs will enable KEPCO to improve its operation efficiency by reducing its need for spinning power generation reserves. This will allow KEPCO to shift energy generation to lower cost, more efficient power plants and decrease “wear and tear” on all its power plants. According to Kokam, the three Kokam ESSs will deliver an estimated annual savings of US$13 million in fuel costs, providing fuel cost savings three times larger than the ESSs’ purchase price over the systems’ lifetimes. In addition, by reducing the amount of fossil fuels burnt for frequency regulation, the Kokam ESSs will help reduce KEPCO’s greenhouse gas emissions. The new 24 MW and 16 MW Lithium NMC ESSs utilize Kokam’s innovative Ultra High Power NMC battery technology. Designed for high-power energy storage applications, such as frequency regulation, wind or large solar power system ramp rate control, Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) and voltage support, Kokam’s Ultra High Power NMC battery technology higher energy density; higher power cycle life; better charge, discharge and max power rates; and improved heat dissipation capabilities. The systems also use Kokam’s KCE 40-foot container, which features a direct cooling design, in which the container’s Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system only regulates temperatures inside the

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InternationalNews

system’s racks rather than the entire container. This results in 70 percent less air conditioning auxiliary load than standard containers, the company claims.

Reliance Power bags $1.3 bn project in Bangladesh Anil Ambani-led Reliance Power has bagged a 750 MW natural gas-based project in Bangladesh, with a potential investment of around $1.3 billion, touted as the largest for the South Asian country.

said: “This partnership enables both companies to gain traction on the attractive Turkish PV market, while also demonstrating our technology and competitive advantages.”

Siemens extends contract with Keenan II wind farm in Oklahoma Siemens announced it has extended the service and maintenance contract with 152-megawatt (MW) Keenan II wind farm in Oklahoma to include Balance of Plant (BoP).

“Under the approval, the first phase of 750 MW plant will be set up at Meghnaghat in Narayanganj district, some 40 km south-east of Dhaka, with a floating storage and regasification terminal at Maheshkhali Island in the Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh,” a Reliance Power statement said.

The contract, extended for another 15 years, marks the first long-term BoP wind service agreement in the U.S. for Siemens.

“The first phase will be commissioned in 24 months from the zero date, in 2018-19, and can power the country’s rising demand for electricity and will provide clean and green power contributing to the Bangladesh’s goal of energy security,” the companmy added.

Siemens will provide an additional 15 years of service and maintenance for the 66 SWT-2.3-101 turbines installed at the Keenan II wind farm, located near Woodward, OK.

“This will be the largest FDI in Bangladesh with a potential investment of over $1.3 billion.” According to company officials, Reliance Power proposes to install the same equipment that was procured globally for the combined cycle power project at Samalkot in Andhra Pradesh, including those supplied by General Electric. “This will help set up the project on a fast-track basis.”During a visit to Dhaka in June last year, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had assured India’s help to Bangladesh in achieving 21,000 MW of power generation capacity by 2021 and asked the Sheikh Hasina government to facilitate the entry of Indian companies in the sector. Reliance Power had signed an memorandum of understanding with the Bangladesh government then, for developing 3,000 MW of capacity in phases with a potential investment of $3 billion.

ReneSola in pact with UCK for solar projects in Turkey ReneSola announced a deal with UCK Group, a Turkish solar energy solution provider to develop solar power projects in Turkey with a total installed capacity of 116 MW. All of the projects are unlicensed thus qualifying for the Feed-in-Tariff of $134/Mwh. As per the deal, UCK Group’s Berak Enerji will construct the solar power plants, while ReneSola will design the plants and supply solar modules and inverters. With the start of operation, the projects will be transferred into a new joint venture in which Renesola and UCK Group will each hold 50 percent. The joint venture intends to own 70 MW of the operating projects by early 2017. Xianshou Li, chief executive officer of ReneSola,

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The customer is CPV Keenan II Renewable Energy Company (CPV Keenan II), headquartered in Silver Spring, Maryland.

The new agreements add BoP to the scope with Siemens performing or coordinating the performance by others of certain service and maintenance activities throughout the wind plant, including the collector system, substation, transformers, transmission lines, switchgear, equipment, machinery, fiber optic cables for the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, control systems, communication systems, foundations, towers, and access roads. “As the wind energy industry in the U.S. continues to mature, more and more of our customers are looking to Siemens for a fully integrated lifecycle approach to support their long-term operational goals and to help reduce costs,” said Mark Albenze, CEO of Siemens Power Generation Services, Wind Power and Renewables business unit. The service and maintenance will be supported by Siemens Digital Services, including advanced remote monitoring and diagnostics services. Select data-driven services will utilize Sinalytics, the platform architecture and technology foundation for Siemens Digital Services, as well as tailored industry-specific applications. The Keenan II wind farm went into commercial operation in December 2010. Keenan II generates enough electricity to power approximately 45,000 average Oklahoma homes and avoid approximately 413,000 tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions-the equivalent of taking nearly 72,000 cars off the road. The project has a 20-year power purchase agreement with Oklahoma Gas & Electric Company. Siemens has been providing service and maintenance on the 66 SWT-2.3 wind turbines at the project since it began operations in 2010. In 2012, Siemens opened a 64,000-square-foot wind service distribution center in nearby Woodward, OK, citing the area’s proximity to wind projects throughout the wind belt.

June 2016

NationalNews

NATIONALNEWS UDAY will cover private discoms soon: Piyush Goyal Increasing the ambit of National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government’s flagship scheme Ujwal Discoms Assurance Yojana (UDAY), the ministry of power would soon approach the Cabinet to incorporate private power distribution companies (discoms) in it. “The government is looking at bringing in some amendments in the UDAY scheme to accommodate those states which have privatised discoms,” said Piyush Goyal, Union minister of state for coal, power, and renewable energy. Goyal was responding to a question on power distribution in the states where privatisation did not yield desired results. The minister cited the example of Odisha, which has approached the Centre to join UDAY. “I am going back to the Cabinet to see how we can support states like Odisha which privatised (discoms) but are going through problems,” the minister added. Odisha was a pioneer in privatisation of discoms but “possibly did not handle the process well and because of which it failed,” said the minister. When asked about the ambit of the scheme, he said, “It will be a policy decision. Any state which wants to join for operational benefits would be able to join.” He clarified the private discoms that join the scheme would only benefit in terms of operational efficiency and there will not be any financial bailout.

The previous summit in India -- called RE Invest and held in February 2015 -- netted commitments from 14 companies across seven countries to install 58,000 MW of renewable energy in India in five years till 2020. Among local companies, 22 public sector undertakings (PSUs) pledged to set up 18,000 MW, while 257 private ones promised 190,000 MW. Banks and NBFCs committed Rs 3.94 lakh crore to finance these projects, of which, by February 2016, Rs 71,201.54 crore (18.63%) had been sanctioned and Rs 29,529.57 crore (7.5%) disbursed. The ISA, set up jointly by India and France on the sidelines of the COP21 climate conference in Paris last year, has been steadily building its organisation and establishing linkages. Keen on developing synergies with agencies already engaged in promoting solar power, the ISA in April also entered into a partnership with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It will supplement UNDP’s existing programmes on solar energy, putting in complementary effort, facilitating technology transfers between ISA member countries and other UN countries, helping in capacity building, and more. A key function of the ISA will be arranging easier finance for the solar projects of member countries. “We’re trying to get multilateral banks to set up trusts to finance solar projects. We want them to earmark 15% of the funds they disburse for solar,” said Tripathy. India will provide financial assistance of around $10 billion over the next five years to select African nations. “We are requesting them to use around 15% of this for solar,” he said.

International Solar Alliance summit in New Delhi next year

India ranks 3rd in ‘Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index’

The International Solar Alliance, led by France and India, is bringing together investors and financers in highprofile events in New Delhi, Kenya, Peru and Indonesia - countries with high solar potential in three different continents.

India’s renewable energy sector has been ranked third in the Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI) with China at second and the US on top.

The next investment summit is scheduled for February 2017 in New Delhi, Upendra Tripathy , secretary, ministry of new and renewable energy, told. “We have sent letters to these countries and they have almost agreed,” said Tripathy, who is also the chairperson of the interim administrative cell of the International Solar Alliance (ISA).

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The so-called emerging markets now represent half the countries in the 40-strong index, including four African markets featuring in the top 30. Just a decade ago, only China and India were attractive enough to compete with more developed markets for investment, EY said in the report. While the top three countries maintained their ranking, Chile, Brazil and Mexico climbed higher in the index to be ranked in the top 10 at the fourth, sixth and

June 2016

NationalNews

seventh, respectively. Germany at fifth and France at eighth fell in the latest ranking. Kuljit Singh, partner (infrastructure practice) at EY, said: “The report demonstrates that low solar bids are not a phenomenon restricted to India, but countries such as Mexico and Dubai have also been reporting very low solar bids. As is the case with India, wind continues to be at a pricing premium to solar in the rest of the world, but both these technologies are racing towards grid parity, which may lead to not-so-desirable consequences for traditional utility business models.”

Govt to unveil new policy for solar manufacturing units Aiming to encourage companies for setting up integrated solar manufacturing units in the country under Make In India programme, the Centre is working on a new policy to extend subsidy and business assurances to them. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has set up a committee headed by Amitabh Kant, CEO of NITI Aayog, and it suggested extending subsidy and business assurances to attract solar manufacturers. Soon the proposal will be sent to the Ministry of Finance for approval said Piyush Goyal, Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power, Coal and New & Renewable Energy. Integrated solar manufacturing units make everything from solar cells, solar photovoltaic modules, ingots and wafers. The subsidy support will be given on the basis of a reverse bidding process so those interested in setting up such plants can bid for the least amount of subsidy required to be competitive in the market, he said. As per the promoting green energy, the government has also started working on transparent bidding for setting up wind power projects on the line of solar. Besides, the ministry is also preparing a plan to revive sick hydro power projects. “In hydro, Rural Electrification Corporation, Power Finance Corporation are also working on some kind of mechanism maybe a take-out financing model to restart all the projects that have got stalled across several years,” the minister said. The primary move would be to increase the ambit of small hydro projects to 100 MW from current 25 MW. This would help achieve the renewable energy targets of states and also bring a large number of projects under the net of government subsidy and other tax benefits, said an official from the Ministry of Power. The installed capacity of hydro power projects has remained 40,000 MW for the past three years, while that of the renewable energy sector has increased about 20% in the same period. In the past decade, RE (solar and wind power) has grown by 89%, while hydro has staggered at 28%.

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CCI finds no violations by REC Power Distribution Company CCI has rejected allegations of anti-competitive practices against REC Power Distribution Company even as it said that state-owned REC should have adequate safeguards to remove perceived or actual conflicts of interest caused by its association with the firm. REC Power Distribution Company Ltd (RECPDCL) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of REC, a leading lender for rural electrification works. Among others, it was alleged that RECPDCL has been leveraging its association with REC for securing work related to consultancy services in relation to proposed rural electrification projects, mainly preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs). In a 52-page order the regulator said, “No customer of RECPDCL complained of its conduct, hence, making it clear that neither the informant, nor any competitor, provided any evidence of establishing that the relationship between RECPDCL and REC had resulted in additional works being allocated to RCPDCL on nomination basis.” Since the decision as to whether a DPR is to be prepared in-house or outsourced to a consultant is taken by the PIA (Project Implementing Agency), no adverse conclusions could be drawn against REC or RECPDCL for such decision making process, CCI noted.

World Bank approves $625-million aid for India’s solar programme The World Bank’s Board has approved $625 million loan to support India’s grid connected rooftop solar programme to generate clean energy. The Board also approved a co-financing loan of $120 million on concessional terms and a $5 million grant from Climate Investment Fund’s (CIF) Clean Technology Fund. “The project will finance the installation of at least 400 MW of grid connected rooftop solar photovoltaic (GRPV) across India,” the World Bank said in a statement. These solar PV installations, it said, will provide clean, renewable energy, and reduce GHG emissions by displacing thermal generation. The project will be implemented by the State Bank of India, which will on-lend funds to solar PV developers/ aggregators and end-users, who wish to Invest in mainly commercial and industrial rooftop PV systems. Financing will be provided to those with sound technical capacity, relevant experience, and creditworthiness as per SBI standards. “India is endowed with huge solar energy potential, and the World Bank is strongly supportive of the government’s plans to harness this potential and increase India’s solar PV capacity to 100 GW. “This project will support this target, by providing financing to some of the 40 GW of solar PV which will be placed on rooftops,” said Onno Ruhl, World Bank Country Director in India.

June 2016

CorporateNews

CORPORATENEWS Alstom T&D India’s Q4FY16 standalone net profit declines 44.72% yoy to Rs.29.87 crore Alstom T&D India , transmission and distribution major, reported standalone net profit of Rs.29.87 crore for the quarter ended March 31, 2016, registering growth of 44.72% yoy. However, the company had reported net loss of Rs. 18.21 crore in the preceding quarter. The company’s standalone revenue stood at Rs. 977.80 crore, down 28.54% yoy but up 29.46% qoq. Its standalone core operating profit of Rs. 91.33 crore for the quarter, declined by 17.85% yoy but clocked growth of 791.02% qoq. Operating profit margin for the current quarter at 9.34% expanded by 121 bps yoy and 798 bps qoq. For the year ended March 31, 2016, the company reported standalone net profit of Rs. 77.51 crore, declining by 35.71% yoy. Its standalone revenue for the period stood at Rs. 3,449.90 crore, registering decline of 7.29% yoy. Alstom T&D India’s core operating profit stood at Rs. 268.90 crore, recording decline of 16.49% yoy. Operating margin for the current period at 8.14% contracted by 51 bps yoy.

BSES discoms reach amicable settlement with NTPC The two BSES distribution companies in the national capital have reached an amicable settlement with staterun generator NTPC on regulating of power to private discoms. In a letter written to NTPC a copy of which has been sourced by IANS, the BSES discoms said: “In view of the amicable settlement arrived at BRPL (BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd) and NTP, we understand that the Regulation Notice dated May 4, 2016, which was deferred by NTPC’s communication dated May 9, 2016, stands withdrawn.” “Consequent to the Regulation Notice issued by NTPC, Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission (DERC) had convened a meeting and directed the parties to amicably resolve and decide a payment schedule enabling NTPC to withdraw Regulation Notice,” it said.”Thereafter BRPL had proposed a payment schedule liquidating outstanding dues to NTPC till September 2016. During

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the meeting, NTPC informed DERC about the settlement reached regarding payment schedule and BRPL confirmed the same,” the leter added. The BSES discoms had written to the regulator last week that the money due to them is more than what they owe to NTPC.The private discoms pointed out that since the undisputed regulatory assets due to them amounted Rs.16,000 crore, it will be more than enough to clear the power purchase dues of NTPC. “As brought out in the meeting, the total approved and undisputed regulatory assets of BSES Discoms (distribution companies) amount to over Rs.16,000 crore, as against total overdues of about Rs.12,000 crore as on March 31, 2016,” the letter said. It also said that due to lack of a cost-reflective tariff, these assets have been growing -- from Rs.2,186 crore in 200910 to Rs.8,156 crore in 2013-14, which is more around Rs.5,970 crore. It sought the watchdog’s intervention to: “Provide a concrete and credible amortisation plan (principal and interest) for the admitted amount of regulatory asset of approximately Rs.16,000 crore, which will help BSES Discoms in raising finances.”

Tata Power Renewable completes acquisition of 30 MW wind farm in Maharashtra Tata Power Renewable Energy Limited (TPREL), a 100% subsidiary of Tata Power, India’s largest integrated power company, has completed acquisition of 100% shareholding in Indo Rama Renewables Jath Limited (IRRJL), which is a 100% subsidiary of Indo Rama Renewables Limited (IRRL). IRRJL has a 30 MW operating wind farm in Sangli District of Maharashtra. The wind farm, which is fully operational since July 2013, has a long-term power purchase agreement with Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Limited and is registered under the Generation Based Incentive scheme of Ministry of New & Renewable Energy. With this acquisition, Tata Power’s total generation capacity now becomes 9213 MW and current operating non-fossil based capacity at 1704 MW. The Company has operating WIND capacity of 647 MW spread across six

June 2016

CorporateNews

states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Rajasthan. Further, TPREL has an additional 500 MW of wind and solar capacity under development in the states of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Telangana. Speaking on achieving this milestone, Mr. Rahul Shah, CEO, TPREL, said, “Tata Power has set an aggressive target of 20,000 MW of total capacity by 2025 and have recently revised the share of non-fossil based capacity up to 30-40% of its total generation capacity. This acquisition of the 30 MW operational wind farm will increase its clean energy footprint. As a Company, we are seeking similar opportunities to acquire operating wind and solar plants, apart from our own organic growth pipeline, to rapidly grow our generation portfolio.“

Rays Power Infra forays into north India with Opex Model-Rays Solar Kart Propagating Renewable Energy usage and roof top Solar PV, Ray Power Infra, one of the leading solar energy company, forays in to north India with its Opex ModelRays Solar Kart. Supplementing the transformation in the solar energy segment, the brand endorses Roof Top Solar PV in Delhi and Jaipur region to begin with. Inspired by its initiatives and success in the southern region, the company now undertakes the responsibility of inculcating the significance of roof top solar PV as an intelligent and the most viable option to accelerate the growth of solar power sector and fulfill the growing demand and supply gap in the power sector in India. Elaborating on Rays Solar Kart, Ketan Mehta, CEO, Rays Power Infra commented, “The renewable energy sector in India is undergoing major transformation with primary focus on solar power. Considering the surging electricity tariffs and growing demand-supply gap, we believe that solar is the most feasible option. Furthermore, all this while the industry has been mostly focusing on the large-scale ground mounted PV power plants; we aim at changing this pattern and simultaneously concentrate on roof top solar PV too”. Enthusing masses with its tag line ‘If you have a roof top, why keep it vacant when you can earn money from it”, Rays Solar Kart is part of an ISO- 9001 and ISO-14001 certified, energy services provider in India founded by IIT alumni. It is the 3rd largest solar services company in India and pioneer in development of GREEN Technology solutions for Roof Top Solar Power Plants, which are environmental friendly, energy efficient, cost effective and are need of the hour. It has gained the reputation of being the pioneer in the field of solar power generation also.

in Maharashtra due to acute water shortage. “The company’s wholly-owned subsidiary Adani Power Maharashtra Ltd has shut down its 4 units of 660 mw each out of total 5 units of 660 mw each, situated at Tiroda Plant in Maharashtra due to acute water shortage,” Adani Power Ltd informed BSE today. According to statement Tiroda Power Plant gets water under a long-term arrangement from Dhapewada Project of Vidarbha Irrigation Development Corporation . The company said due to drought condition in Maharashtra, the water dam has dried up and is unable to supply water to Tiroda Power Plant. The production from these four units will resume once the water is available, it added.

Push for `MAKE IN INDIA’ - Local sourcing must for govt power projects Domestic power equipment manufacturers have received a shot in the arm, with the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) making domestic sourcing of equipment mandatory for all central and state-funded projects in a bid to promote the government’s `Make in India’ campaign. The CEA has also said that equipment for power projects being implemented by the central government or its entities, state utilities or funded by central power sector lenders such as Rural Electrification Corporation and Power Finance Corporation have to be made through domestic competitive bidding only. But in case an international tendering process has to be followed, the price has to be quoted in rupee by all contenders. This will provide a level field to domestic players, the CEA instructed all stakeholders in a letter dated May 19. Indian Electrical and Electronics Manufacturers Association director-general Sunil Misra said, “Domestic manufacturers have invested heavily in technology transfer from their principals or have developed technology indigenous for creating and expanding manufacturing capacities, manpower and skill development to meet the growing demand. This decision will address concerns over under-utilisation of capacity and largescale penetration of foreign manufacturers.“ There is an opinion that the norms may be seen as trade barriers and lead to India being dragged to the WTO. India recently lost to the US, which had taken it to the WTO over the domestic content clause in its solar power plan. India was also dragged to the WTO over procurement of telecom equipment.

Adani Power shuts 2,640-mw units at Tiroda plant in Maharashtra Adani Power said it has shut down four units of 660 mw capacity each out of five units at the Tiroda plant

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June 2016

ProductShowcase

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MECO “1 Phase Multifunction Appliance Meter MECO offers a Single Phase Multifunction Appliance Meter – TRMS, Model EM09 (1A, 5A and 20A). It measures 10 parameters on 10 display pages on a large LCD display (20mm). It is equipped with 5 keys to view all the parameters and for programming of the meter. The meter is ideal for HVAC industry.

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June 2016

Seminars&Fairs

energy policy will take place, with stakeholders debating new policy developments, best practices and sustainable energy ideas. A second component of EUSEW is the Networking Village, where an exhibition and networking area gives attendees the opportunity to meet. In addition, a number of Energy Days organized by local public and private organizations will raise awareness about energy efficiency and renewable, such as through workshops, competitions or tours of power plants.

G20 Energy Sustainability Working Group Meeting 28 June 2016 Beijing, China

Asia Clean Energy Forum 2016 6-10 June 2016 ADB headquarters, Manila, Philippines The 11th Asia Clean Energy Forum (ACEF) will provide the opportunity to: share best practices in policy, technology and finance to meet the region’s climate and energy security challenges, and knowledge exchange through discussions about clean energy. The ACEF aims to: facilitate knowledge sharing among clean energy practitioners in Asia; highlight innovative approaches to packaging and scaling up clean energy initiatives; and take stock of progress made in advancing the clean energy agenda in Asia. Participants will include representatives from governments, national and multinational banks, carbon and clean energy investment funds, academia, civil society, and development partners and other international organizations, as well as project developers and service providers, and environmental regulators. The event is being organized by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Korea Energy Agency.

EU Sustainable Energy Week 2016 14-16 June 2016 European Commission’s Charlemagne Building & the Residence Palace, Rue de la Loi location: Brussels, Belgium During the month of June 2016, the European Commission will be hosting the EU Sustainable Energy Week (EUSEW) 2016, which will promote energy-saving initiatives and the generation of power from clean, secure, efficient and renewable sources. The event includes a Policy Conference, to be held from 14-16 June 2016, during which approximately 60 sessions on sustainable

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The third meeting of the Energy Sustainability Working Group under the Group of 20 (G20) Chinese Presidency will take place on 28 June, in Beijing, China. Sustainable energy issues on the Chinese Presidency’s agenda include advancing the implementation of the G20 Principles of Energy Collaboration and strengthening cooperation on energy access, renewable energy and energy efficiency. The G20 is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from 20 major economies. It includes the European Union (EU), which is represented by the European Commission and the European Central Bank, and 19 countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the UK and the US.

Expo 2017: Future Energy 1 June 2017 Astana, Kazakhstan The international Expo 2017 will take place in Astana, Kazakhstan, and will aim to promote the most appropriate and viable sustainability-driven action plans to address the possibilities of future energy. The Expo, organized under the theme ‘Future Energy’ and the sub-theme ‘Solutions for Tackling Humankind’s Greatest Challenge,’ will address future energy from several perspectives, including: exploration of stategies, programmes and technologies for sustainable energy development; promotion of energy security and efficiency; and the encouragement of renewable energy use. Venues for the World’s Fairs and their themes are determined by taking into account political, economic, geographical and cultural contexts. The history of World’s Fairs extends back to “the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations,” which took place in London in 1851.

June 2016

IEEMAActivities

Delegation from Reed Tradex, Thailand visited IEEMA

IEEMA Activities

A Delegation from Reed Tradex, Thailand visited IEEMA office on May 18, 2016 for the promotion of their exhibition “NEPCON, Thiland 2016” which is an exhibition on Assembly, Measurement and testing Technologies for Electronics Manufacturing. The delegation met Mr. Sunil Mishra DG, IEEMA and briefed him about the conference and requested to encourage IEEMA members to visit NEPCON. While IEEMA requested M/s Reed Tradex to promote Intelect-2017.

Meeting with delegation from Yunnan International Co Ltd. of China Southern Power Grid A high level member delegation from Yunnan International Co. Ltd. from China visited IEEMA Kolkata and Delhi on 17th and 18th May, 2016 respectively. The list of delegation members is given below for information:

}} Mr. SI Shuming - Chairman of Yunnan International Co. Ltd of China Southern Power Grid Vice President of Yunnan Power Grid

}} Mr. TANG Jin - Director of Department

for International Trade of Yunnan International Co. Ltd of China Southern Power Grid

}} Mr. XU Yuxiao - Director of Department

for Plan and Development of Yunnan International Co. Ltd of China Southern Power Grid

}} Ms. TANG Jialing - Director of

Department for International Trade of Yunnan International Co. Ltd of China Southern Power Grid

}} Mr. AI Di

- Chief of Section for Information and Intellectual Property of Department of Finance of Yunnan International Co. Ltd of China Southern Power Grid

}}

Mr. ZHOU Yuzhong - Chief of International Information Division of Institute of Power Grid Sciences of China Southern Power Grid

Yunnan International Co., Ltd (YNIC) of China Southern Power Grid was established in 2013 for strengthening power cooperation between the neighboring countries and China Southern

Power Grid Co., Ltd. (CSG). YNIC delegates Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd (YNPG) to carry out electric power cooperation with Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and other neighboring countries since 2004. With the integration of CSG’s advantageous resources, The senior delegation of YNIC, China had come India with the purpose of exploratory study of Indian Power System. The delegates from China deliberated the purpose of their visit is to expand their business in India. They tried to understand the Indian Power system and its functioning. Key objectives of this meeting with IEEMA were mutually beneficial dialogues and possible business tie-ups between India and China. Members from IEEMA provided a brief introduction of Indian Power system and discussed various scenarios in the system where China can collaborate and help in neutralizing the current challenges of the Power Sector. IEEMA members enquired about the possibilities with YNIC in establishing their business alliances in India in the form of Joint Venture (JV). YNIC showed its optimism in such business alliances initiated between India and China especially in the Power Industry. The benefits of such collaboration to both the countries will be further explored and analyzed. YNIC informed that they are procuring equipment through International Competitive Bidding. Hence, Indian companies can participate in YNIC projects in China or in any other third country. YNIC also assured that if YNIC does any project in India, they will be happy to buy equipment from Indian companies as per YNIC quality standards. It was further discussed that with such business tieups, inefficiencies in the system can be mitigated by combining skills and resources of both the countries to perform operations. Also, accessibility to each’s skills and capabilities shall help in delivering the market’s demand. The session ended with a Vote of thanks to all the delegates from China. Further, YNIC thanked IEEMA for organizing such interactive sessions at Kolkata and Delhi.

First meeting of IEEMA Industry Academia Cell The first Meeting of Industry Academia Cell was held on 11th May 2016 in Delhi. Mr Mustafa Wajid, MHM Holdings Pvt. Ltd., Mr AS Subramaniyan, Siemens Ltd, Dr. Himanshu Bahirat, IIT Mumbai, Mr. Dhanasekaran,

Readers are requested to send their feedback about content of the Journal at editor@ieema.org 124

June 2016

IEEMAActivities

Chitkara University and Ms. Dipti Lodha, Poornima Group of Colleges and IEEMA officials attended meeting . The members discussed to form a bridge between Industry and Academia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; (a) exploring options for developing new age curriculum pertaining to core engineering combined with digitalization with IoT, (b) exploring options to make research scholars studying in the academic institutes get opportunity to do their R&D in the industry, (c) exploring options of how to enhance the skill sets and competencies of both academicians and students by the industry

Meeting with Mr. Rajeev Mital, IAS, CMD, Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company Ltd (MSETCL) A meeting was held with Mr. Rajeev Mital, IAS, CMD, Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company Ltd (MSETCL) to discuss possible long term engagement with the associations. The CMD, was extremely forthcoming and urged IEEMA to engage in conduct of workshop for the staff at implementation level. He suggested a two pronged approach:(a) Educate the engineers (especially those who have spent long years) on new technology (fields such as conductors and cables, switchgears, surge arrestors and power transformers) (b) Allay fears of change over to new technology and the advantages (c) Behavioural aspects such as apprehension of accidents during monsoons (tap changers, etc) and resultant reluctance towards rectification (d) He was keen that element of neutrality (to ensure acceptance of proposals at all levels) could be ensured through representation by technical institutes, standards organisation in the interaction forum

Interface with Government and Agencies On 22nd April 2016, Shri Chaitanya Desai, former Chairman, Conductor Division and Shri Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA along with a few other members of conductor and cable manufacturing industry, had a meeting with Shri Vinay Chhabra, Director General, Director General of Safeguards, Government of India, on proposed safeguards duty on Imports of Unwrought Aluminium (Aluminium not alloyed and Aluminium alloys) into India. On the same date and subject, the above group also met Shri Anup Wadhawan, Director General, Directorate General of Foreign Trade, Government of India. On 27th April 2016, Shri Kalpesh Shah, Vice-Chairman and Shri Chaitanya Desai, former Chairman Conductor Division, along with a few other members of conductor and cable manufacturing industry, had a meeting with Shri Balvinder Kumar, Secretary, Ministry of Mines, Government of India, on proposed safeguards duty on Imports of Unwrought Aluminum (Aluminium not alloyed and Aluminium alloys) into India. On the same date and subject, the above group also called on Shri Aniruddha Kumar, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Power, Government of India.

June 2016

On 29th April 2016, Shri Chaitanya Desai, former Chairman Conductor Division, along with a few other members of conductor and cable manufacturing industry, had a meeting with Dr. Krishan Kumar Jalan, Secretary, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India, on proposed safeguards duty on Imports of Unwrought Aluminum (Aluminium not alloyed and Aluminium alloys) into India. On the same date and subject, the above group also met Shri S N Tripathy, Additional Secretary and Development Commissioner, and Shri S K Sahoo, Deputy Director, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India. On 23rd May 2016, Shri Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA, had a meeting with Shri B N Sharma, Additional Secretary, Revenue, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, on inverted duty and other issues of the industry. On 23rd May 2016, Shri Chaitanya Desai, former Chairman Conductor Division, along with a few other members of conductor and cable manufacturing industry, had a meeting with Shri S N Tripathy, Additional Secretary and Development Commissioner, and Shri S K Sahoo, Deputy Director, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India, on proposed safeguards duty on Imports of Unwrought Aluminum (Aluminium not alloyed and Aluminium alloys) into India. On the same date and subject, the above group along with Shri Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA, also called on Shri Balvinder Kumar, Secretary, and Shri Nikunja Bihari Dhal, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Mines, Government of India. Later during the day, the same group met Shri Rajiv Arora, Director, Directorate General of Anti-Dumping and Allied Duties, on the same issue. On 24th May 2016, Shri J Pande, Sr. Director and Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Deputy Director, IEEMA, had a meeting with Shri Zakharia Khan, Senior Development Officer, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Government of India, on mandatory BIS standards on cables.

IEEMA Representations IEEMA submitted a representation on 25th April 2016, to Directorate General of Safeguards, opposing safeguards duty petition on Imports of Unwrought Aluminium (Aluminium not alloyed and Aluminium alloys). IEEMA submitted a representation on 27th April 2016, to Ministry of Mines, Government of India, opposing safeguards duty petition on Imports of Unwrought Aluminium (Aluminium not alloyed and Aluminium alloys). IEEMA submitted a representation on 18th May 2016, to Directorate General of Safeguards, Government of India, opposing safeguards duty petition on Imports of Unwrought Aluminium (Aluminium not alloyed and Aluminium alloys). IEEMA submitted a representation on 23rd May 2016, to Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India, opposing safeguards duty petition on Imports of Unwrought Aluminium (Aluminium not alloyed and Aluminium alloys). â&#x2013;Ş

125

PowerStatistics

Energy Outlook 2035

Source - BP energy outlook 2035

126

June 2016

PowerStatistics

12th plan Target Vs Achievements Transmission voltage range

Acc. Unit

Achieved up to March 16

% Achievements

Target for 2012-2017

HVDC

CKM

3506

34%

10340

765 KV

CKM

18995

70%

27000

400 KV

CKM

40311

106%

38000

220 KV

CKM

21258

61%

35000

Region

Requirement

Availability

Transmission voltage range

Acc. Unit

Achieved up to

% Achievements

Target for 2012-2017

HVDC

5250

27%

19250

765 KV

MVA

116000

78%

149000

400 KV

MVA

58440

130%

45000

220 KV

MVA

69708

92%

76000

Transmission

Sub-station

Addition in ‘CKM’ during 12th Plan Up to March 2016

Addition in MVA/ MW during 12th Plan Up to March 2016

40311

12th Plan (2012-17) Targets

116000

21258

18995

3506

58440

69708

5250

HVDC

765 KV

400 KV

220 KV

10340

27000

38000

35000

A hiAchievement t A As on 31 31.03.2016 03 2016

Installed Power Generation Capacity: 298,060 MW (Thermal – 71%, Hydro – 14%, Nuclear – 2%, RES – 13%) AC Transmission Lines: 328,613 ckm HVDC: 12,938 ckm

AC Substation Transformation Capacity: 643,949 MVA HVDC: 15,000 MW Inter-Regional Transmission Capacity: 58,050 MW

HVDC 19250

765 KV 149000

400 KV 45000

220 KV 76000

Target f for3131.03.2017 03 201 • Installed Power Generation Capacity: 318,414 MW • AC Transmission Lines: 348,049 ckm HVDC: 16,872 ckm • AC Substation Transformation Capacity: 669,801 MVA HVDC: 22,500 MW

• Inter-Regional Transmission Capacity: 65,550 MW

Source – CEA

June 2016

127

IEEMADatabase

Rs/MT

BASIC PRICES AND INDEX NUMBERS Unit

as on 01.03.16

IRON, STEEL & STEEL PRODUCTS

OTHER RAW MATERIALS

BLOOMS(SBL) 150mmX150mm

`/MT

25985

BILLETS(SBI) 100MM

`/MT

26253

CRNGO Electrical Steel Sheets M-45, C-6 (Ex-Rsp)

`/MT

54000

CRGO ELECTRICAL STEEL SHEETS a) For Transformers of rating up to 10MVA and voltage up to 33 KV

`/MT

b) For Transformers of rating above 10MVA or voltage above 33 KV

`/MT

as on 01.03.16

Unit

Epoxy Resin CT - 5900

`/Kg

380

Phenolic Moulding Powder

`/Kg

101

PVC Compound - Grade CW - 22

`/MT

125000

PVC Compound Grade HR - 11

`/MT

126000

`/KLitre

48550

Transformer Oil Base Stock (TOBS)

247500

OTHER IEEMA INDEX NUMBERS

316500

IN-BUSDUCTS (Base June 2000=100) for the month January 2016

200.13

IN - BTR - CHRG (Base June 2000=100)

281.16

NON-FERROUS METALS Electrolytic High Grade Zinc

`/MT

143900

IN - WT (Base June 2000=100

210.83

Lead (99.97%)

`/MT

143200

IN-INSLR (Base: Jan 2003 = 100)

218.40

Copper Wire Bars

`/MT

360347

Copper Wire Rods

`/MT

371791

Aluminium Ingots - EC Grade (IS 4026-1987)

`/MT

135972

Aluminuium Properzi Rods EC Grade (IS5484 1978)

`/MT

142396

Aluminium Busbar (IS 5082 1998)

`/MT

193300

Wholesale price index number for ‘Ferrous Metals (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month January 2016 Wholesale price index number for’ Fuel & Power (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month January 2016

135.70

170.30

All India Average Consumer Price Index Number for Industrial Workers (Base 2001=100) January 2016

269.00

# Estimated, NA: Not available

Aluminium Busbar (IS 5082 1998) (Rs./MT)

240000 220000

180000 160000

(Rs./MT)

200000

140000 120000

The basic prices and indices are calculated on the basis of raw material prices, exclusive of excise/C.V. duty wherever manufactures are eligible to obtain MODVAT benefit. These basic prices and indices are for operation of IEEMA’s Price Variation Clauses for various products. Basic Price Variation Clauses, explanation of nomenclature can be obtained from IEEMA office. Every care has been taken to ensure correctness of reported prices and indices. However, no responsibility is assured for correctness. Authenticated prices and indices are separately circulated by IEEMA every month. We recommend using authenticated prices and indices only for claiming price variation.

128

June 2016

03-16

02-16

01-16

12-15

11-15

`09-15

10-15

`08-15

`07-15

`06-15

`05-15

`04-15

`03-15

`02-15

`01-15

`12-14

`11-14

`10-14

`09-14

`08-14

`07-14

`06-14

`05-14

`04-14

Apr 2014 - Mar 2016

IEEMADatabase

8000

H.T. Circuit Breakers

Nos.

7000 6000 5000 4000 April 10 - Feb 16

3000

4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1

Name of Product

Accounting Unit

Production For the Month From Feb 15 to Highest Annual February 2016

Feb 16

Production

Electric Motors* AC Motors - LT

000' KW

803

9863

11217

AC Motors - HT

000' KW

272

3673

4647

DC Motors

000' KW

391

618

000' KVA

969

11250

10676

Contactors

000' Nos.

799

8389

8527

Motor Starters

000' Nos.

145

1648

1909

Nos.

57228

604051

947878

000' Poles

11180

133048

116151

Circuit Breakers - LT

Nos.

206837

1827605

1825044

Circuit Breakers - HT

Nos.

6403

71357

72155

Custom-Build Products

Rs. Lakhs

15831

202120

265267

HRC Fuses & Overload Relays

000' Nos.

1301

14568

16875

45242

516797

464826

000' KVAR

4119

49073

53417

Distribution Transformers

000' KVA

3539

47430

43346

Power Transformers

000' KVA

14168

169516

178782

Current Transformers

000' Nos.

712

660

Voltage Transformers

Nos.

8432

103324

114488

000' Nos.

2841

28943

26390

000' MT

991

1250

AC Generators Switchgears*

Switch Fuse & Fuse Switch Units Miniature Circuit Breakers

Power Cables* Power Capacitors - LT & HT* Transformers

Instrument Transformers

Energy Meters* Transmission Line Towers* * Weighted Production

June 2016

129

CPRINews

voltage flash over tests, front of wave spark over tests on lightning arresters of voltage rating up to 120kV.

Liquid Dielectric Laboratory Test Facilities for testing transformer oils as per IS: 1866. uu Dissolved gas Analysis, Specific resistance , dissipation factor bridge uu Moisture meter, Automatic interface tensiometer uu Flash point apparatus, Break-down voltage tester uu Pour Point Apparatus, Auto Titrator Regional Testing Laboratory, which was originally situated at Muradnagar, was shifted from Muradnagar to Noida during the year 2009 in order to provide better services to customers. The laboratory was set up with a view to cater to the testing, certification and evaluation needs of electrical power equipment manufacturing industry. This unit acts as a liaison unit of CPRI with various customers in northern region and coordinate their test requirements which are beyond the scope of the Regional Laboratory but within the capabilities of Bangalore and other units.

Laboratories uu High Voltage Laboratory uu Liquid laboratory

Dielectric

uu Cables laboratory uu Diagnostics laboratory

High Voltage Laboratory Test Facilities uu Impulse Voltage generator,1000kV,100kJ uu Power Frequency Testing Transformer,200kV,20 KVA uu Wet Test Arrangement uu Porosity testing Machine uu Temperature Rise Test Set up to 6kA uu Universal Testing Machine 600kN Equipment that can be tested Standard lightning impulse voltage withstand test on : Power/Distribution transformer up to 25MVA, Instrument transformers up to 132kV, HV switch gears, Bus ducts, fuse units up to 132kV. Insulators up to 66kV Dry and wet power frequency voltage withstand tests on insulator up to a test voltage level of 200kV(rms). Dry, wet power frequency and standard lightning impulse

130

uu Multi extraction unit

Cables Laboratory uu Test Facilities uu DC Test facility up to 5kV DC, 50mA uu AC power frequency test facility up to 60kV,150mA uu Thermal stability test uu Universal testing machine up to 50kN uu Capacitance and tan delta measurement uu Partial discharge test up to test voltage of 100kV(rms) uu Loading Coils up to 2000A at 5volts All type tests on Cables and accessories can be tested as per the relevant Indian /International standards (IS, IEC, BS). XLPE cables up to 33kV, PVC insulated, PVC sheathed cables up to 11kV, Paper Insulated, lead cover cables up to 33kVCables accessories like termination and joints up to 11kV Type test on insulation mat as per IS :15652-2006

FRLS Tests on Cables and Insulating Materials Smoke Density test as per ASTM D-2843, Oxygen Index test as per ASTM D-2863, Temperature Index test as per ASTM D2863, Halogen Acid Generation Test as per IEC 754-1,Flammability test (Swedist Chimney method), Flame Retardence test for Bunched Cables.

Diagnostic Laboratory Various diagnostic tests in lab as well as in field can be carried out uu Capacitance and tan delta measurements (Megger/ Doble make), Sweep frequency response analysis (Doble make), Automatic Recovery Voltage meter (Tettex make), Thermo Vision Camera (FLIR Make), Very low Frequency Tan delta/Partial Discharge

June 2016

CPRINews

Forthcoming CPRI Technical Programmes http://www.cpri.in/events.html Sl No

on cables, Leakage current monitoring on LA’s. (Beacon make), Electro magnetic Core imperfection/ Wedge Tightness Detector on generators, On power equipments, substation equipments and generating equipments.

Name of the Event

One Day Training Programme on High Voltage Testing of Electrical July 22, 2016 Equipment

Tu t o r i a l Programme on August 26, High Voltage Testing and 2016 Measurement Techniques

Condition Assessment and August 26, Failure Analysis of Plant 2016 Components

Training Programme on Insulating Fluids (New and In- S e p t e m b e r Service) and their Acceptance 19, 2016 Tests and standard test methods

For details, contact: Shri Prabhakar Hegde,

Joint Director (Information and Publicity Division) CPRI, Bangalore. Tel: 080 23602329 Email: hegde@cpri.in

1800/-

1000/1800/2400/-

June 2016

Dates

2400/-

Rs.____________ / US $ 120 or payment advice to our Account No.11751 “Bank of India”, Worli Branch, Pankaj Mansion, Dr A.B.Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018 is enclosed

131

ERDANews

Evaluation of Transmission & Distribution Components: Capability Profile of ERDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s State-of-the-Art Laboratories Transmission & Distribution (T&D) lines play vital role in the power sector. The main emphasis of evaluation of T&D Components such as conductors, insulators, dampers and fittings is their durability under all possible operational and environmental conditions. These components are evaluated for electrical characteristics, mechanical properties, material specifications, coating/ plating specifications, correctness of geometry, etc. ERDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s has state-of-the-art facilities for design, type and acceptance tests of T&D Components including a sophisticated pollution laboratory for tracking & erosion assessment of polymeric insulators as per IEC: 62217. Tracking & erosion test facilities available with the pollution laboratory include salt fog test with concurrent application of electrical stress, multiple stress test setup and four holds per cycle wheel test. Summary of capability profile is presented below:

Testing and Evaluation

Structural Steel [As per IS: 2062 & 1786]

Copper Conductors [As per IS: 1897, 13730, 613, 191]

G.I. Stay Wire, G.I. Plain Wire, G.S. Earth Wire [As per IS: 2141, 280, 12776]

1600 kVp, 80 kJ Impulse Voltage Generator

Polymer Insulators under 5000 hrs Multiple Stress Test

400 kV Insulator under High Voltage Test

Universal Testing Machine (UTM) 40 T

Components Evaluated Conductors (Type, Acceptance and Routine Test) uu

Aluminum Conductors Galvanized steel reinforced (ACSR) (as per IS: 398 Pt. 2 and Pt. 5, IEC 1089)

Aluminum Stranded Conductors (AA) (as per IS: 398 (Pt. 1) & For all Aluminium Alloy Stranded Conductor (AAAC) & IEC 1089)

Insulators (Type, Acceptance and Routine Test) uu

Ceramic and Composite Insulators [as per IS:731,2544,5621,IEC: 60383,60575, 60797, 61109, 62217] upto 400 kV

Dampers (IS 19708)

General Hardware [As per IS: 2486, IS: 2121 (Pt. 1 to 4), IS: 5561]

132

20 kA High Current Source

UV - Accelerated Ageing Weathering Test Chamber

June 2016

ERDANews

Vertical Bending Machine

30 kN (3.5m span length)

CT – PT Mechanical Test Set-Up

4 m height

Specialized Pollution Laboratory for Tracking and Erosion Testing asper requirements of IEC: 62217 for polymeric insulators

Universal Testing Machine (UTM) 10 T Bend / Torsion Test Facility

Salt fog test

15m3 chamber; salt concentration 1 to 8 kg/ m3 at power frequency voltages

Wheel Test with four holds

Insulators with Creepage of 500 mm – 800 mm for 30,000 cycles

per cycle Multiple Stress Test

5000 hrs duration

Field Services uu

Witness Testing of T&D Components

Third Party Inspection of T&D Components

R&D and Expert Services uu

Measurement of electrical and magnetic fields using ELF meter

Modal Analysis of transmission lines

FEM analysis of T&D components for optimization of electrical and magnetic fields for improving component reliability

Major Instrumentation & Equipment for Evaluation &

Line insulator pollution assessment studies

Certification of T&D Hardware

Failure analysis of T&D components

Wheel Test Facility for Polymer Insulators

Impulse Voltage Generators

1600 kVp (80 kJ)

HV.AC Transformers

700 kVrms

PD / RIV Measuring Instruments

Upto 400 kV Class

Short Time Withstand Current Test Facility

120 kA for 1 second or 70 kA for 3 second

High Current source for Temperature Rise Test

Upto 20 kA Continuous Operations

Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

10 T, 20 T, 40 T Vertical and 20 T Horizontal (15 m span length)

Thermo-Mechanical Chamber

Loading capacity 20 T & Temperature range -40˚ C to 80˚C (2m span length)

Salt Spray Chamber

1000 mm x 750 mm x 750 mm as per ASTM B117

134

Forthcoming Training Programs Sr. No. Programme title

Date

Performance Evaluation of Low 9-10 June Voltage Switchgears

Performance Evaluation of Solid 23-24 June Insulation Materials

Design Aspects and Performance Evaluation of 14-15 July Motors & Pumps

Condition Monitoring and Health Assessment of Power 21-22 July Transformers

Dr G S Grewal Dy. Director & Head Mechanical & Insulating Materials Division Phone: 0265-3048027, Mobile: 9978940951 E-mail: gurpreet.grewal@erda.org, Website: www.erda.org

June 2016

IEEMA Publications

Rate (Rs.)

Rate (Rs.) INFORMATION PUBLICATIONS

Elroma 2012 (Electrical Rotating Machines] [Print & CD combined]

2500

Ieema Directory 2016(Printed + CD Combined)

1500

Cablewire 2011 (Print +Pen Drive Combined)

2500

Elecrama Directory 2016(Printed & CD Combined)

1000

Metering India 2011 (Meter)

2500

100

Metering India 2013 (Meter)

2500

Insulec 2009 (Insulating Material)

2000

Insulec 2015 (Insulating Material)

2500

Capacit 2010 (Capacitors)

2500

Trafotech 2010 (Transformer)

2500

Trafotech 2014 (Transformer)

2500

Trafotech Compendium (1982 2006)

2500

Tech IT - 2010 (Instrument Transformer)

2500

Tech IT - 2014 (Instrument Transformer)

2500

Capacit Compendium (1986 To 2010) (DVD)

2500

Insulec Compendium (1980 To 2009) (DVD)

2500

Cablewire Compendium (1983 To 2008) (DVD)

2500

Elroma Compendium (1983 TO 2008) (DVD)

2500

Swicon Compendium (1984 TO 2008) (DVD)

2500

Intelect Directory 2015 Reverse Buyer Seller Meet Directory 2016

Only For Reference

IEEMA Guidelines IEEMA Guidelines for Testing of Surge Arresters

100

IEEMA Surge Arrester Industry Report

100

IEEMA Recommendation on Technical Specification for Instrument Transformer

150

Power Transformaer Standardization Manual

1000

Research Reports IEEMA FTA Report

5000

IEEMA PWC Industry Status Report- 2010 -2011

10000

Africa Export - Market Study Agreements)

1,50,000

Demand Assessment of Electrical Euipment (7 Sector)

1,00,000

Sector Report- Single

50000

Country Report - Single

30000

Reference volume of IEEMA Seminars and Conferences

Engineer 2016_Volume 1

Only For Reference

Engineer 2016_Volume 2

Only For Reference

IEEMA Journal

Coffee Table Book

5000

One Year Subscription

1000

Swicon 2011(Switchgear & Controlgear) [CD ]

2500

Two Year Subscription

1800

Swicon 2015 (Pen Drive)

2500

Three Year Subscription

2400

136

June 2016

Indian Electrical and Electronics Manufacturers’ Association, (IEEMA) 501, Kakad Chambers, 132 Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, Opp. Worli Police Station, Mumbai - 400018. Tel: (022) 2493 0532: Fax: (022) 2493 2705 Email: shamal.patel@ieema.org

TARIFF FOR COMMITTEE ROOM FACILITIES AT IEEMA, MUMBAI No.

Facility

Maximum Capacity

Half Day (4Hrs)

Full Day (8Hrs)

Board Room (U Shape)

3,000/-

4,000/-

Committee Big (Class Room Style)

3,500/-

4,500/-

Terms & Conditions 1.

Above normal charges apply between 9 am and 6 pm. Additional charge of Rs 500 will apply for usage between 6.00 pm and 8.00 pm. After 8 p.m. the facility is not available.

Additional charge of Rs. 500/- will apply on Saturday and public holidays. The facility is not offered on Sundays.

Service tax extra as applicable.

Complimentary serving of Tea or Coffee: 1 serving for half day & 2 servings for full day. Extra servings will be charged at Rs.15/- per head

Indian lunch is provided on request at Rs. 350/- per head. Lunch requirement should be informed atleast 2 working days in advance.

Audio Visual Facilities, if required, will be provided with following additional charges. Equipment & Facilities

Half day

Full Day

LCD Projector

1000

1500

Laptop

500

800

Video Conference

1500

2500

Webinar

1200

2000

7. Any other requirement should be conveyed a week in advance. Acceptance or otherwise of such requirements is at the sole discretion of the Association (IEEMA). 8.

For IEEMA Members 25% discount is applicable on hall rental. However, there is no discount on Lunch and other services.

Bookings will be confirmed on receipt of payment in advance and subject to availability based on first come first served basis.

10. Cheque/DD should be drawn in favour of “IEEMA SAWTEC” Mumbai