From the President’s Desk
Dear Friends, The MSME segment plays a critical role in the growth of country’s economy and creation of jobs. IEEMA has large number of SME members and they contribute significantly to electrical industry’s growth. However the segment has different challenges compared to larger industries and therefore our association is keen to address key challenges faced by our membership. The challenges like absence of adequate and timely banking finance, limited capital and knowledge and non availability of highly skilled labour at affordable cost to name a few are being faced by the MSME sector. IEEMA is planning to have seminars to address these concerns by inviting experts and members together. A detailed program will be announced soon after collating all relevant inputs. IEEMA has been actively involved in providing inputs to standards bodies both national and internationally. We are engaged both with BIS and IEC and it is very important that all our members keep pace with relevant technologies and provide inputs to these bodies. IEEMA is keen on Indian participation in the IEC electro technical committees. On one hand where Standards help improve quality, reliability and interoperability while enhancing user understanding and lowering of ownership cost on the other. Standards provide a guarantee of safety, predictability and usability. We as, manufacturers welcome standards, because they 1. Provide clear guidelines on targets that reflect best practice 2. Protect us manufacturers against poorer rivals who might otherwise damage our industry’s reputation 3. Provide an excellent selling point 4. Provide a benchmark that can be used for communicating the specification and characteristics of the product, process or system, and from which improvement/innovation can be easily explained 5. Provide competitive advantage by making it easier, cheaper and more efficient to produce and sell things in India and internationally. It is important that the standards adopted for India are relevant for our use and application on one hand and help us become globally acceptable on the other. Standards and standards body however need to be flexible to adopt and accept new innovative technologies, which provide superior, reliable and effective solutions and products for a user need. The estimated demand of electronics products and systems in India would grow by USD 400 Billion by 2020. At the conventional rate of growth of domestic production, it would only be possible to meet demand of about USD 100 Billion by 2020. The Government of India is giving high priority to electronics & IT hardware manufacturing. The use of electronics and software in electrical sector is also growing by the day like all other sectors and many of our members are actively engaged in different facets of this growth. The Smart metering and Smart Grid technologies have opened up attractive opportunities in the Indian market. However our membership needs to look at massive international opportunities in this arena as well. We have some of the largest global electronics R&D centers based in India. The need is to grow manufacturing base as well. Together we can.
Babu Babel
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May 2016
Samvaad...
Dear members The total installed power generation capacity in India till end of Dec 2015 stood at 284 GW. Contributions from various sectors are Thermal - 198 GW, Hydro-43 GW, Nuclear- 6, Renewable Energy Sources (RES) – 37 GW while the Government has projected the energy demand to grow by 239 GW by 2022. Nearly 97.5% villages in India are electrified till end December 2015 but still many houses may not have electricity connections. Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar & Madhya Pradesh and many others don’t get power for more than 12 hrs in a day. This shows that India still requires huge investment in Transmission and Distribution infrastructure to meet the actual load demand. With power sector in India poised for a quantum growth in size as well as quality and reliability of delivery, punctuated by emerging trends such as smart grids, electric mobility, distributed / embedded generation, large scale integration of renewable energy sources in electrical power grid, the subject of power quality assumes a larger importance. Power quality demands both the suppliers and consumers of electricity/ electric power adhere to certain discipline, understand delivery as well as utilization constraints or limitations and acquire depth in understanding problems and solutions within a framework of economics and reliability. The May 2016 issue of IEEMA Journal has specialised and in depth articles on Power Quality and I am sure you would find it informative. As the power sector enters a new financial year with a record generation capacity in conventional and renewable energy, investment in transmission is still lagging. Of the committed Rs 1 lakh crore, projects worth Rs 18,000 crore were tendered out. Also the Indian power sector might get leading US investors to invest in India’s power sector as the government is trying to rope in major US based investors like the Blackstone Group to invest in the country’s power sector. Talking about the 16th African Utility week is scheduled from 17-19 May 2016 in Cape Town. AUW is great platform for electrical equipment manufacturers to identify and explore Africa as a market. IEEMA will be present at AUW with its membership in a dedicated IEEMA Pavilion. As participating as an exhibitor will facilitate developing crucial contacts within the African power and provide opportunity to enter new markets thereby positively impacting network and business prospects.
Sunil Misra
May 2016
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Contents
the leading electrical & electronics monthly
Volume 7 Issue No. 9 May 2016 CIN U99999MH970GAP014629 Official Organ of Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association Member: Audit Bureau of Circulation & The Indian Newspaper Society
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From the President’s Desk 7
Samvaad 16
Appointments This new space in the IEEMA Journal will incorporate recent important appointments in the power and related sectors.
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View point Mr Sanjeev Sardana on Africa Utility Week
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Policy matters Role of IEEMA Public Policy Cell To generate, transmit and distribute electricity, the country requires a robust and healthy domestic electrical equipment industry, encompassing the complete value chain in power generation, transmission and distribution equipment. The electrical equipment industry is, therefore, not only crucial for the economy but also of strategic importance to the nation.
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Cover Story
In Focus
Regulatory initiatives to ensure Quality and Reliable Power
Power Quality Optimization of Industrial Micro-grid
Power quality is simply the interaction of electrical power with electrical equipment. If electrical equipment operates correctly and reliably without being damaged or stressed, we would say that the electrical power is of good quality. On the other hand, if the electrical equipment malfunctions, is unreliable, or is damaged during normal usage, we would suspect that the power quality is poor. Most electrical and electronic equipment is designed to operate from a power supply with a particular specification that usually defines the minimum and maximum limits of voltage and frequency.
The most common Power Quality (PQ) problems as reported by researchers Delgado, J. and Bollen, M. are voltage sag, very short interruptions, long interruptions, voltage spike, voltage swell, harmonic distortion, voltage fluctuation, noise and voltage unbalance.
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Guest Article ERDA’s contributions in Power Quality Assessment & Mitigation Power Quality (PQ) is an issue that is becoming increasingly important
May 2016
Contents
to electricity consumers at all levels of usage. Sensitive power electronic equipment and non-linear loads are widely used in industrial, commercial and domestic applications leading to distortion in voltage and current waveforms.
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In Depth Power Quality and Way forward Energy saved is equal to Energy produced, similarly losses reduced is also equal to Energy Produced. This way is to minimize the transmission and distribution losses by improving power quality. This will certainly help to reduce losses right from Generation to Extra High Voltage (EHV), High Voltage (HV) up to Low Voltage (LV) Load level. Also it will help in a great extent for releasing the loading caused due to heavy reactive power & harmful harmonics.
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Expert Speak
Power Quality Overview – Practical Aspects
Power Quality issues in India Quality of Electricity commonly referred as “power quality”, directly affect the efficiency and reliability of Electrical systems and Machinery. Power Quality is defined based on the bus voltage waveform to remain sinusoidal at its designated voltage and frequency at that particular node.
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In Depth Power Quality – The growing significance and critical element of electrical power system Reliability of electrical power network and quality of electric power supply are primary indicators and basic necessities of growth, development and industrialization. With electrical energy being the preferred (only) form of energy for bulk power transfer over long distances, it is imperative that the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electrical energy is endowed with highest efficiency, quality and reliability.
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Expert speak 59
Case Study Total Power Quality Management in an Automotive Component Manufacturing Unit Power quality is a measure of ideal power supply system. The disturbances or deviations from desired power parameters i.e. voltage, current and frequency can be either through grid, a neighbouring user or self generated issues. At times, a plant could face power quality issues generated within its plant boundary and outside it.
79 An Insight on Power Quality
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In Focus Achieving power quality through smart grids Sixty-eight years after independence, more than 30% Indians still lack reliable access to grid electricity. Alongside, the Government has also addressed the generationside challenges by securing fuel linkages, both coal and gas, to stranded power plants thereby ensuring power supply.
Interaction
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Interview
Tech Space
Opinion Common mass perception around PQ, Affordable common PQ initiatives
66 Power Quality and Energy Efficiency
Cairn India transforms lives of communities in which it operates: Mayank Ashar
In conversation with IEEMA Journal, Mayank Ashar MD & CEO of Cairn India the challenges in oil and gas sector and also reveals Cairn India’s vision on development, its community outreach initiatives above all, the idea of giving
Skill development
May 2016
In alignment with the government’s Skill India initiative the Cairn Enterprise Centre (CEC) has provided skill training, career counselling and linkage to employment opportunities to over 12,000 youth including women since 2007. Barmer District (Rajasthan) with its low literacy rate, lack of quality education and poor community awareness are contributing to unemployment, poor health and low
providing general awareness and moti youth for entrepreneurship.”
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Recently the company established third Knowledge Centre (CNKC), in co NASSCOM Foundation in rural Andhra CNKC, the company seeks to bridge t channels between the youth from communities and reputable organizat
Contents
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SME TALK
CPRI News
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International News GMR raising $1.5 bn for Nepal hydel project JinkoSolar to supply 49 MW of solar modules to China Resources Power
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National News
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IEEMA Activities 96
Power Scenario Global Scenario Indian Scenario
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India appeals against WTO solar ruling
IEEMA Database
India headed for top slot in global LED light market
Basic Prices & Indices Production Statistics
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Corporate News Gamesa India bags 40 MW order from ReNew Power Inox Wind bags two orders of 100 MW capacity in MP, Gujarat
About APQI
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Product Showcase 101
Index to Advertisers
An initiative to raise awareness and build capacities on issues related to Power Quality in Asia.
Asia Power Quality Initiative (APQI) is a pan Asian neutral platform; supported by national support network (NSN) partners; carry out activities towards capacity building and awareness creation amongst various stakeholders especially in Industries, Commercial building and Service sector. It facilitates regulatory and standards initiative in respective country. The initiative has local chapters in as many as seven Asian and Southeast Asian countries under the APQI Platform. In India, the ICA India facilitates the initiative. As independent platform it provides a forum for exchange of knowledge and best practices concerning power quality. The website www.apqi.org , supported by Leonardo Energy - Europe, is the single largest resource for discussion papers, research and data on power quality in all the countries. The focus is on shared learning, transparent exchange of information and active engagement in the field. Its growing knowledge base on PQ offers description, diagnosis and recommendations that can help better apply and understand issues concerning Power Quality in the digital era. Today APQI reaches seven Asian countries addressing more than 70000 professionals. We work to facilitate regulatory and standards initiative in respective country while working with a wide range of policy makers, regulators, academicians, engineers and energy professionals.
Editorial Board Advisory Committee Founder Chairman Mr R G Keswani
Chairman Mr Babu Babel
Members Mr Sunil Misra Mr Naveen Kumar Mr Mustafa Wajid Mr Vikram Gandotra
Sub Editor Ms Shalini Singh
Advertisements Incharge Ms Vidya Chikhale
Circulation Incharge Ms Chitra Tamhankar
Statistics & Data Incharge Mr Ninad Ranade
Designed by: Reflections Processed at: India Printing Works
Regd Office - Mumbai 501, Kakad Chambers, 132, Dr A Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018. Phones: +91(0) 22 24930532 / 6528 Fax: +91(0) 22 2493 2705 Email: mumbai@ieema.org Corporate Office - New Delhi Rishyamook Building, First floor, 85 A, Panchkuian Road, New Delhi 110001. Phones: +91 (0) 11-23363013, 14, 16 Fax: +91 (0) 11-23363015 Email: delhi@ieema.org Branch Office - Bengaluru 204, Swiss Complex, 33, Race Course Road, Bengaluru 560 001. Phones: +91 (0) 80 2220 1316 / 1318 Fax: +91 (0) 80 220 1317 Email: bangalore@ieema.org Branch Office - Kolkata 503 A, Oswal Chambers, 2, Church Lane, Kolkata 700 001. Phones: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326 Fax: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326 Email: kolkata@ieema.org Website: www.ieema.in Articles: Technical data presented and views expressed by authors of articles are their own and IEEMA does not assume any responsibility for the same. IEEMA Journal owns copyright for original articles published in IEEMA Journal. Representatives: Guwahati (Assam) - Nilankha Chaliha Email: nilankha.chaliha@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9706389965 Raipur (Chhattisgarh) - Rakesh Ojha Email: rakesh.ojha@ieema.org Mobile:+91 9826855666 Lucknow (U.P. and Uttarakhand) Ajuj Kumar Chaturvedi Email: anuj.chaturvedi@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9839603195 Chandigarh (Punjab & Haryana) Bharti Bisht Email: bharti.bisht@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9888208880 Jaipur (Rajasthan) Devesh Vyas Email: devesh.vyas@ieema.org Mobile: +91 8955093854 Bhubaneshwar (Odisha) Smruti Ranjan Samantaray Email: smrutiranjan.samantaray@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9437189920 Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) Jesse A Inaparthi Email: jesse.inaparthi@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9949235153 Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) Mohammad Irfan Parray Email: irfan.parray@ieema.org Mobile: +91 9858455509
IEEMA Members Helpline No. 022-66605754
Edited, Printed and published by Mr Sunil Kumar Misra on behalf of Indian Electrical and Electronics Manufacturers’ Association, and Printed at India Printing Works, India Printing House, 42, G. D. Ambekar Road, Wadala, Mumbai 400 031 and Published at 501, Kakad Chambers,132, Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018.
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May 2016
APPOINTMENTS Mr DK Hota selected as CMD, BEML Ltd Mr DK Hota, Director (Human Resources), BEML, has been selected for the post of Chairman-cum-Managing Director, BEML Limited at a Public Enterprises Selection Board.
Mr Akhil Joshi selected for Director (Power), BHEL The PESB has recommended Akhil Joshi for the post of Director (Power) in Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL).Joshi is holding the position of Executive Director in the BHEL.
Mr KA David appointed as Director, BHAVINI Mr KA David has been appointed as Director (Operations) of Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI),Currently he is playing the role of the Station Director of the same company.
Mr MK Surana, appointed CMD, HPCL The Government of India has appointed Mukesh Kumar Surana as Chairman and Managing Director of Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd., one of India’s leading Fortune 500 companies. He takes over effective April 01, 2016 from Ms. Nishi Vasudeva who superannuated on 31stMarch 2016.
SAIL appoints CEOs in its three integrated steel plants
Mr RP Sasmal gets extension as Director(Projects), PGCIL Mr RP Sasmal, who is the Director (Operation) of Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (PGCIL), has got an extension in his additional charge as the Director (Project) of PGCIL by the Ministry of Power.
Mr RC Chetan appointed Director(Finance), KPTCL Indian Revenue Service officer of Customs & Central Excise cadre, Mr R C Chetan has been deputed to the Government of Karnataka as Director (Finance) of Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited. He will be holding the post on deputation basis until further orders.
General Electric appointed four new Vice Presidents Michael Chanatry,
55, has been appointed as Vice President of Supply Chain for Power Generation Products - GE Power.
Deirdre Latour, 42, has been appointed as Vice President and Chief Communications Officer of GE. Similarly, Yuvbir Singh, 42, has been appointed as Vice President of Global Locomotive Organization - GE Transportation whereas,
SAIL has appointed new Chief Executive Officers (CEO) to head its steel plants at Burnpur, Rourkela and Durgapur. R.K. Rathi has taken charge as CEO, ISP, Burnpur while Ashwini Kumar and A.K. Rath has taken charge as CEO of Rourkela and Durgapur Steel Plant respectively.
Jim Waterbury,
Mr Jayant Kumar appointed Nominee Director of NHPC Ltd
Mr Pravin Chindu Darade, IAS (MH:98), has been empanelled for the Joint Secretary level posts in Government of India.
Power Trading Corporation of India has appointed Mr Jayant Kumar as the Nominee Director of National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited. Jayant Kumar has been the Chief Financial Officer and Director of Finance at NHPC Ltd. since May 26, 2015.
Mr UP Pani gets additional charge as Director (Commercial), NTPC Mr UP Pani has been entrusted with additional charge of the post of Director (Commercial) of NTPC, by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) after the Ministry of Power proposed his name. He will be holding the post for a period of three months or until further orders.
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58, has been appointed as Vice President, M&A counsel - GE, and general counsel GE Capital.
Mr Pravin Darade empanelled as Joint Secretary
Mr Vishal Chauhan empanelled for Joint Secretary Mr Vishal Chauhan, IAS (SK: 98), has been empanelled for the Joint Secretary level posts in the Government of India. At present, he is the Managing Director of State Power Distribution Corporation and Jal Vidyut Nigam
Mr Rajiv Gauba takes over as Secretary (Urban Development) Mr Rajiv Gauba, IAS (Jh:1982) has taken over as Secretary to the Government of India in the Ministry of Urban Development.
May 2016
ViewPoint
Mr Sanjeev Sardana, Vice President, IEEMA speaks to IEEMA Journal about 16th Annual African Utility Week and Clean Power Africa and its importance for our members The 16th African Utility Week and Clean Power Africa conference and trade exhibition that returns to Cape Town from 17-19 May 2016 – gathering some 6000 engineers, stakeholders and solution providers from around the globe. The event will feature 250 exhibitors, 250 speakers, a six stream strategic conference, free-to-attend technical conference on the expo floor, three high-profile keynote sessions, technical site visits and the coveted industry awards gala dinner. The 16th Annual African Utility Week and Clean Power Africa is the only global meeting place and trade exhibition exclusively for African power utility professionals and offers a unique networking opportunity for power stakeholders and solution providers alike. This leading African market trade exhibition is the first port of call for senior decision makers from utilities, governments, large power users, IPPs, consultants, contractors and regulators to source latest solutions and interact with new clients and suppliers. Large African utilities such as Tanesco, SNEL, Senelec, UEGCL, KenGen, TCN, ZESCO, NamPower and others are regular visitors.
Please elaborate on the importance of IEEMA’s participation at AUW Participating as an exhibitor will therefore facilitate developing make crucial contacts within the African power and provide opportunity to enter new markets thereby positively impacting network and business prospects. African Utility Week (AUW-2016) at Cape Town is ideal for companies with an interest in Africa’s power and water industry.
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Please share the list of Members, who are participating, their expectations and key takeaways from the exhibition Indian players like Eskom, Elektrolites,Technical Associates, Deccan enterprises, Yamuna Power, Genus Power, Kalpa Electrical, Mehru, Anvil Cables and C&S is participating in AUW 2016.
The main purpose is to identify and explore Africa as a potential market in Power and we are also looking for collaborations and JVs there. The demand for power in Africa is higher than ever before with several countries embracing development oriented policies. The AUW thus presents a unique platform for bringing Power utilities together with product and solution providers - with the intent to join hands for bringing the benefits of power to Africa’s various communities. As an exhibitor, we would be interested in getting to learn about the various initiatives being taken in different parts of Africa for bringing electricity closer to the communities. We would also be keen to learn about the key challenges being faced by Utilities and use this knowledge to engineer custom products/ solutions that are uniquely suited to meet African Needs. We will also be too happy to share success stories from India on electrification - a nation which faces some similar socio-economic paradigms and challenges. We would also like to meet with our counterparts from the African continent and explore partnerships that can unlock potential opportunities for trade and business and at the same time, result in win-win solutions. ■
May 2016
PolicyMatters
o generate, transmit and distribute electricity, the country requires a robust and healthy domestic electrical equipment industry, encompassing the complete value chain in power generation, transmission and distribution equipment. The electrical equipment industry is, therefore, not only crucial for the economy but also of strategic importance to the nation.
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During 2011-12, the domestic electrical equipment manufacturing industry had been passing through challenging times marking a negative growth and imports capturing 43% of the market for electrical equipment in India. After growing at 11.3% and 13.7% in 2009-10 and 2010-11 respectively, growth rate of the T&D equipment sector decelerated to 6.9% in 2011-12. For the first time in 10 years, the T&D equipment sector witnessed a negative growth of 7.8% in 2012-13. The industry was finding hard to compete with imported electrical equipment resulting in severe underutilisation of installed domestic capacities across several products groups of the industry. This significantly affected commercial viability of the domestic manufacturers impacting both their top-lines and bottom-lines. In 2011-12, imports of electrical equipment into India were registered at INR 75,175 crores (US $ 15.67 billion), which had increased at a CAGR of 30.30%. China’s share of equipment imports during this period had dramatically increased from 15.3% of the total in 2005-06 to 44.5% in 2011-12 (CAGR of 57.5%). The basic customs duties on most of electrical equipment were low at 7.5% and the situation was further aggravated by indiscriminate signing of Free Trade Agreements by India with various countries, under which the import duties were further lowered or made NIL. While the imports are up, India’s exports were not increasing as a result of various Non-Tariff Barriers imposed by many countries.
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Various Product Divisions of IEEMA had been separately representing these issues to the Government, even though; the issues were mostly common across all Divisions. Also, there were some action points arising out of Mission Plan 2012-2022 for Electrical Equipment Industry, with common agenda for electrical industry as a Ms Indra Prem Menon whole.
Constitution and Composition With the above scenario in view, IEEMA Executive Council took cognizance of the state of affairs and constituted a formal body, as Public Policy Cell in December 2012, under the Chairmanship of Shri Narayan Sethuramon, Managing Director and CEO, WS Industries (India) Limited and the author as the Co-Chairperson of the Cell. Later in the year 2015, the author took over as Chairperson of the Cell with Shri Vikas Khosla as its Vice Chairman. The Chairmen and Vice Chairmen of all Product Divisions of IEEMA are permanent members of Public Policy Cell, apart from other nominated members who have been contributing towards this endeavor. The Cell examines, deliberates and creates a knowledge base on imports and exports of electrical equipment in order to combat surge in imports and removing exports bottlenecks. The Cell examines impact of signed Free Trade Agreements, study the clauses and proposed concessional duties on products to be covered under future Trade Agreements and represent the issues related to FTAs to the Government. It interacts with Government on other collective issues of importance, many of which
May 2016
PolicyMatters
are related with Government policies, to ensure a level playing field and competitiveness of domestic industry vis-a-vis imports.
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Highlighting cases of inverted duty structure, including those arising out of proposed/ existing trade agreements.
Besides this, the Cell plays an advisory role for Product Divisions of IEEMA and suggests suitable remedial measures to the Product Divisions for safeguarding their interests.
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Comparing Indian imports & exports of products with global imports & exports of such products of countries with which India has signed FTAs.
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Addressing issues and concerns raised by the government concerning trade agreements and framing IEEMA’s response whenever required.
The idea behind creating the Public Policy Cell was to avoid duplicacy of work, synchronise the actions undertaken by IEEMA, have a concerted effort in taking up of issues with the Government and support timely action for the Mission Plan deliverables.
Meetings of Public Policy Cell hh
Terms of Reference hh
Track changes in legislation both new and amendments thereof, affecting the Indian electrical equipment industry and its periphery.
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Interface with the organs of legislature, both at the Centre and States (Parliament and State Assemblies) and Executive Heads (Ministries and Departments) in creating a favourable environment for the Industry.
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Examine, deliberate and create knowledge base on surge in imports and export barriers of finished goods of IEEMA members.
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Sensitize various Product Divisions of IEEMA on import threats and suggest suitable remedial measures for combating the surge.
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Examine and deliberate on adverse impact of signed and future Free Trade Agreements and represent to the Government.
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Sensitise membership on imports-export issues, Free Trade Agreements and other policy issues through workshops and journals.
Some major contribution of Public Policy Cell hh
The domestic insulator manufacturing industry had been facing severe hardships on account of widespread dumping of insulators from China. The matter was represented to the Government and petitions for imposition of Safeguards and AntiDumping duties submitted by the industry. On the finding of DG (Safeguards) that the increased import of insulators from China have caused and threatened to cause market disruption to the domestic industry and producers of electrical insulators, the Government dated 20th December 2012, imposed a safeguard duty of 35% in the first year and 25% in the second year on imports of electrical insulators from China. Based on the pre-liminary findings, the Directorate General of Anti-Dumping & Allied Duties had recommended imposition of provisional antidumping duty on imports of electrical insulators of glass, or ceramic/ porcelain from China. Thereafter, the Ministry of Finance notified imposition of provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of these products for a period of six months from 16th Sept 2014. Finally, the anti-dumping duty was imposed for a period of five years from the date of imposition of provisional anti-dumping duty.
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Representation submitted to the Government on lack of level playing field for the domestic industry vis-à-vis foreign suppliers in domestic tenders. It was recommended that procurement of equipment be made under local competitive bidding and not under International Competitive Bidding (ICB) in all domestically funded projects under Ministry of Power, CPSUs and in projects funded by PFC and REC. If at all ICB tendering had to be resorted to, the price quotations would invariably be in INR only. A joint meeting was organised by CEA where recommendations for amendment in clauses for domestic procurement were discussed and accepted. CEA issued advisory in this regard to Ministry of Power with copies to DHI, PFC and REC.
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IEEMA represents 273 finished electrical equipment at 8 digit HS Code; out of which: 13 products (under
M/s TPM Solicitor and Consultants is associated with the Public Policy Cell as Knowledge Partners towards these exercise.
Scope of Work hh
Creation, maintenance and continuous up-dation of import & export data.
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Quarterly analysis of trends in domestic market share of Indian manufacturers vis-à-vis imports.
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Provide alerts, whenever there is significant surge in imports.
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Annual analysis of major countries’ (exporting to India) global trade.
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Relative price competitiveness analysis. Building and maintaining database on standards and nontariff barriers imposed by foreign countries on imports of electrical equipment.
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Impact assessment of existing and proposed trade agreements.
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Regularly keeping a track on any trade agreement related developments.
May 2016
The Cell has been meeting regularly since May 2013. The Cell also has been organising Strategizing Meetings with Stakeholders of Industry on Competitiveness of Indian electrical Industry; Interactions with Members of Parliament; and Meetings with Divisional Chairmen and Vice Chairmen on issues of the Industry.
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PolicyMatters
Information Technology Agreement I) are at 0% basic customs duty (BCD), 5 products are at 5% BCD, 223 are at 7.5% BCD, and 32 are at 10% BCD. IEEMA recommended to the Govt for increase of basic customs duties on all equipment manufactured by industry to 10%, wherever these are lower than 10%; giving product-wise justification in view domestic surplus manufacturing capacity and increasing imports. In the Union Budget 2016-17, the basic customs duties on 206 tariff lines under Chapter 84 and 85 were increased from 7.5% to 10%. hh
IEEMA represented to Tariff Commission, under Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India; recommending removal of inverted duties in manufacturing of electrical equipment. Based on IEEMA recommendations, inverted duty on Insulators & Insulated Cables were removed by reducing basic customs duties on raw materials of these products.
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IEEMA represented to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry for inclusion of electrical equipment under Focus Product Scheme and Focus Market Scheme of Foreign Trade Policy. Under the new Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20, the earlier 5 different promotional schemes (Focus Product Scheme, Market Linked Focus Product Scheme, Focus Market Scheme, Agri. Infrastructure Incentive Scrip, and VKGUY) were merged into single schemes, namely Merchandise Export from India Scheme (MEIS) and Services Export from India Scheme (SEIS). Electrical equipment represented by IEEMA were included under MEIS Scheme. Through its knowledge partner, IEEMA also made a study on the impact of MEIS Scheme vis-à-vis earlier export promotional schemes, by way of analysing the scenario before and after the introduction of MEIS Scheme.
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IEEMA had prepared and recommended to the Government a Standard Bidding Document for turnkey contracts. The document is in final stages of discussion before implementation by Power ministry
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The domestic industry had raised the issue of gaps in testing facilities of Central Power Research Institute (CPRI) across several product groups. Many product divisions of IEEMA organised individual meetings with CPRI and identified gaps in it’s’ test facilities. CPRI took action on some of the identified test gaps. The matter is under discussion with the DHI, Commerce and Ministry of Power.
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there is no corresponding duty benefit to domestic suppliers denying a level playing field for them. IEEMA represented the matter to the Government for providing some duty benefits to local suppliers, such as, deemed exports benefits, where exemption / refund of excise duty are given to domestic manufacturers for creating a level playing field. hh
IEEMA represented to the Government to notify Rules for Filing Safeguards Petition under all future Trade Agreements.
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Capacitor manufacturing members were facing concern while exporting due to wrong unit of measurement indicated in tariff guide for power capacitors (HS code 853210) as ‘kilogramme’. ‘Number’, instead of ‘Kilogramme’, is the appropriate/ logical unit of measurement for power capacitors. The consignments of many exporters were held back by port authorities since the quantity of the consignment was declared in ‘numbers’ and not in ‘kilogramme’. IEEMA represented the matter to the Government, which modified the unit of measurement to ‘numbers’ in favour of the industry.
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Rotating Machine Division had observed high value imports in tariff headings 85015330 and 85015390; which were somewhat contrary to less number of upcoming domestic projects. Through the knowledge partner, RM Division is having a study on surge in imported materials for future course of action.
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Detailed study has been done on the usage of Chapter 9801 (project imports), its application and qualification criteria.
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Inputs submitted to Government on India-ASEAN, India-EU FTAs, India-Australia CECA, India-Canada CEPA and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and Rules of Origin Criteria.
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Inputs submitted to the Government on reduction of Transaction Cost in exports and Non-Tariff Barriers faced by Indian Exporters of Electrical Equipment.
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Inputs submitted to the Government on import appraisal of engineering goods, giving justification for reducing imports dependence.
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Members were sensitised by publishing of articles in IEEMA Journal, on topics such as “Trade Agreements - a Boon or Bane for India Inc.” and “Dumping Laws ~ Is Relief Accessible to Small Scale Sector” and “Trade Agreements-Proactive to Reactive approach”.
IEEMA identified countries where CPRI test certificates are not accepted. It was represented to various ministries in the Government of India. The Department of Commerce and MEA wrote to Indian Missions in these countries to take up the matter with concerned foreign utilities. The MoP also called meeting with stakeholders on the matter, including Deptt of Commerce, and specific action points were identified for removal of this bottleneck.
Since the Public Policy Cell works in coordination with various Product Divisions, a greater interface of Product Divisions with the Public Policy Cell is desired. The Divisional members are required to share more information and issues concerning the Divisions, on trade related matters, lack of industry competitiveness, FTAs, Policy and other issues of importance to the industry.
While the equipment are imported at a concessional duty under project imports (under Chapter 9801),
Executive Director & President, Lakshmanan Isola Limited; and Chairperson, Public Policy Cell
Ms Indra Prem Menon
May 2016
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ower quality is simply the interaction of electrical power with electrical equipment. If electrical equipment operates correctly and reliably without being damaged or stressed, we would say that the electrical power is of good quality. On the other hand, if the electrical equipment malfunctions, is unreliable, or is damaged during normal usage, we would suspect that the power quality is poor. Most electrical and electronic equipment is designed to operate from a power supply with a particular specification that usually defines the minimum and maximum limits of voltage and frequency. There is an expectation on the part of the user that the supply will be available and within tolerance. This is not guaranteed by the supplier and would be practically difficult to realise at an economic price level. Power is the basic need of all the persons and one of the most essential infrastructural requirements for the overall development of the country’s economy. All the industries are heavily dependent for their successful operation on the availability of reliable and quality power at reasonable rates. The commercial and domestic power requirements of the county is also increasing rapidly. Therefore, making available quality power on demand to all is one of the top most priorities of the Government. Making quality power available to the consumers, be it industries, enterprise, domestic consumers or farmers for their use, involves an overall development of the entire chain from power generation to its transmission and ultimately its distribution to the point of consumption in the most optimum and efficient manner.
has made significant contribution to the growth of our economy. Availability of quality supply of electricity is very crucial to sustained growth of this segment. Providing reliable and inexpensive quality electricity is the goal for economic development of the country and better standard of living of the people. Besides its importance in the growth of the country’s economy, it plays a major role in the life of a common man and has a direct impact on the quality of life. Sustainable development is one that meets the needs of the present without compromising on the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. Indian Power sector is witnessing major changes. Growth of Power Sector in India since its Independence has been noteworthy. However, the demand for power has been outstripping the growth of availability. Substantial
Electricity is an essential requirement for all facets of our life. It is a critical infrastructure on which the socioeconomic development of the country depends. Supply of good quality of electricity at reasonable rate to rural India is essential for its overall development. Equally important is availability of reliable and quality power at competitive rates to Indian industry to make it globally competitive and to enable it to exploit the tremendous potential of employment generation. Services sector
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peak and energy shortages prevail in the country. This is due to inadequacies in generation, transmission & distribution as well as inefficient use of electricity. Very high level of technical and commercial losses and lack of commercial approach in management of utilities has led to unsustainable financial operations. Cross-subsidies have risen to unsustainable levels. Inadequacies in distribution networks have been one of the major reasons for poor quality of supply. Electricity industry is capitalintensive having long gestation period. Resources of power generation are unevenly dispersed across the country. Electricity is a commodity that cannot be stored in the grid where demand and supply have to be continuously balanced. The widely distributed and rapidly increasing demand requirements of the country need to be met in an optimum manner. The key development objective of the power sector is supply of electricity to all areas including rural areas as mandated in section 6 of the Electricity Act. Both the central government and state governments would jointly endeavour to achieve this objective. Consumers, particularly those who are ready to pay a tariff which reflects efficient costs have the right to get uninterrupted twenty four hours supply of quality power. Most significant changes have been the unbundling of the vertically integrated business of generation, transmission & distribution and the entry of private sector in power generation, transmission & distribution. These Initiatives are expected to set the stage for a quantum jump in the capacity addition programme and also making electricity available to all including rural households. The Electricity Act 2003 envisages a strong push to the structural reforms, de-licensing, thrust on rural electrification, incentives to reforming States and importantly mandatory metering with stronger provisions for punishment for theft of electricity. The National Electricity Policy and the Tariff Policy further provide guidelines for the development and operation of the Power Sector within the ambit of the Electricity Act. National Electricity Policy also provides Conducive business environment in terms of adequate returns and suitable transitional model with predetermined improvements in efficiency parameters in distribution business would be necessary for facilitating funding and attracting investments in distribution. Multi-Year Tariff framework is an important structural incentive to minimize risks for utilities and consumers, promote efficiency and rapid reduction of system losses. It would serve public interest through economic efficiency and improved service quality. It would also bring greater predictability to consumer tariffs by restricting tariff adjustments to known indicators such as power purchase prices and inflation indices. Private sector participation in distribution needs to be encouraged for achieving the requisite reduction in transmission and distribution losses and improving the quality of service to the consumers. New regulatory approaches are being found for overall development of restructured power sectors. This article attempts to review the various statutory provisions and initiatives undertaken by the electricity regulatory Commission’s
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to ensure quality and reliable power. The Electricity Act, 2003 empower the electricity regulatory Commission’s to ensure quality and reliable power by making different codes and performance standard.
Statutory provisions for quality power Electricity Act, 2003 Electricity Act, 2003 provides an enabling framework for accelerated and more efficient development of the power sector. The Act seeks to encourage competition with appropriate regulatory intervention. Competition is expected to yield efficiency gains and in turn result in availability of quality and reliable supply of electricity to consumers at competitive rates. a. Section 57 (1) along with sub-section (1) of section 86 of the Act, empower the State Commission to specify the standards of performance of the distribution licensees, intending to serve as guidelines for them to operate their distribution system for providing quality and reliability of service b. If a licensee fails to meet the standards specified under sub-section (1) of section 57 of the Act, without prejudice to any penalty, he shall be liable to pay to a person affected such compensation determined under sub section (2) of section 57 by the Commission; c. Every licensee is required to furnish information to the Commission regarding the level of performance achieved under sub-section (1) of section 57 of the Act, The licensee is also required to provide information regarding the number of cases in which compensation was made under sub-section (2) of section 57 of the Act and the aggregate amount of the compensation. d. Sub-section (a) of Section 34(1) of the Act empower the state Commission for suspend the distribution license if the distribution licensee has persistently failed to maintain uninterrupted supply of electricity conforming to standards regarding quality of electricity to the consumers; e. Sub-section (i) of Section 79(1) of the Act also empower the Central Commission to specify and enforce the standards with respect to quality, continuity and reliability of service by licensees. f. Sub-section (ii) of Section 88 of the Act empowers the State Advisory Committee to advise the State Commission in the matters relating to quality, continuity and extent of service provided by the licensees; g. Section 166 (4) of the Act enable the State Government to constitute a Coordination Forum consisting of the Chairperson of the State Commission and Members thereof representatives of the generating companies, transmission licensee and distribution licensees. Sub-section (b) empowers the Coordination Forum to review the quality of power supply and consumer satisfaction;
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Quality of Electricity Supply - Regulatory Review Important Suggestion to ensure reliable and quality power In the interest of consumers and power sector stake holders, to ensure power quality, security and reliability of grid, the following suggestion is made to incorporate appropriate sections in ‘THE ELECTRICITY (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2014’. 1. National Load Despatch Centre, Regional Load Despatch Centre and State Load Despatch Centre have been established as per sections 26, 27 and 31 respectively, of The Electricity Act 2003. 2. For historical reasons, initially Indian Power System has established control area at state level. Later for optimal utilisation of resources control area was established at Region level combining more than one state system. Now we have established National grid. Considering Renewable Energy and power market development, also to induct Ancillary services/Smart Grid in Indian Electricity System, it is recommended to operate the power system under Independent System Operators (ISO). Present arrangement of ring fencing control centres from parent (government) body could not ensure desired objective. It is suggested to rename the state level load despatch centre as Area load Despatch Centre (ALDC). ISO may be operated by a Government Company and all control centres including ALDCs may come under ISO framework. 3. ISO shall be operated by a Government company or any authority or corporation established or constituted by or under any Central Act, as may be notified by the Central Government. 4. The concurrent character of subject power, as envisaged in the constitution is not affected by the observation made at Para 3 above. State government/ Government companies may continue to do all activities relating to power as at present. As SLDC is already ring fenced, it may not make any difference. End users of distribution companies would be benefitted by the improved Indian Electricity Grid Operation in the new suggested arrangement.
5. Many hurdles faced by present operating arrangement would be overcome by the proposed new ISO framework. The enquiry Committee Report findings of Northern Region Grid Disturbance on 30th July, 2012 and Northern, Eastern and North Eastern Region grid disturbance on 31st July,2012 exposes gaps in grid management and support the suggested idea in spirit. Reliable quality supply and also RE grid integration would be facilated by Ancillary Services and Smart Grid through proposed ISO framework. Technical, commercial and social aspects of Indian Electricity Grid would be well addressed by ISO framework.
Regulatory overview on Power Quality It is suggested to amend ‘Central Electricity Authority Technical standard for connectivity to the grid) Regulations,2007 based on the following observation. a) The Regulation, Schedule, Part IV (Grid Connectivity Standard applicable to the Distribution System and Bulk Consumers), para, 3 stipulates Voltage and Current harmonics limits. As per the stipulation, THD for voltage at Point of Common Coupling (PCC) shall not exceed 3% with no individual harmonic more than 3%. THD for the Current drawn at PCC shall not exceed 8%. b) The Regulation, Schedule, part II (Grid Connectivity Standard applicable to Generating Units), para 1(5), states ‘ The project of the requester shall not cause voltage and current harmonics on the grid which exceed the limits specified in IEEE 519.’ c) The utility system is required to ensure voltage quality for their consumers at point of supply. The quality is influenced by utility and also by their consumers connected to the particular feeder. The quality can be ensured by specifying quality standard. Harmonic free voltage and current at PCC is ideal. However this is not feasible in a practical system. By specifying limits on THDV (Total Harmonic Distortion Voltage) and THDI(Total Harmonic Distortion Current) the allowable wave shape(voltage and current) may have to be ensured. There can be country specific standard, however most of the Utilities follows IEEE 519-1992 standard. • Generally, the CEA specification as stated above in para(a), meets need of utility and its consumers for normal operating situations. • However the consumers with fluctuating load is not able to meet the specified limit and may be affected in a regulatory environment. The need of demand distortion(fluctuating load) consumers have been well addressed in IEEE 519 -1992. The size of the consumer compared to the size of the system(Short circuit level/Full load current) and with TDD(Total Demand Distortion) consideration, current distortion
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limits permitted is different. Current Distortion Limits have been addressed in para 10.4 of IEEE 519 -1992 the same is missing in CEA (Technical standard for connectivity), 2007. d) Based on the above, CEA may consider amendments to CEA (Technical standard for connectivity),2007. It is suggested, in part IV, a new proviso, with the statement ‘The consumer shall not cause voltage and current harmonics on the grid which exceed the limits specified in IEEE 519 may be added, similar to the clause indicated in para (b) above.
Accountng Electricity Losses When electrical energy is transmitted through electrical conductor, energy loss, termed as technical loss, is inherent due to physical properties of conductor. Commercial loss, termed as revenue loss, is attributable to theft, billing efficiency, collection efficiency etc. The technical and commercial loss of is computed in the Annual Revenue Requirement (ARR) of licensee. In a regulatory regime the losses have to be defined and standardised, as the same is having impact on consumer tariff. Also losses have to be assessed for monitoring the performance and energy efficiency improvement. Losses in the electricity system have been termed by different regulatory commissions as ‘Transmission loss’, ‘Distribution loss’, ‘ T & D loss’ and ‘AT & C loss’. Transmission loss refers to energy loss in transmission system,.‘T & D loss’ includes combined transmission and distribution loss. Distribution loss has components of technical loss and commercial loss. The commercial loss includes all revenue losses including theft, and billing efficiency. AT & C loss (Aggregate Technical loss and Commercial loss) refer to distribution loss. The commercial loss component of AT & C loss includes collection efficiency, in addition to other revenue losses stated earlier. The usage of term ‘T & D loss’ was fine with the Electricity Supply Act 1948 provisions, when State Electricity Board was managing Transmission and Distribution activities. As per provisions of Electricity Act 2003, separate licensees manage Transmission and Distribution business. It is suggested that the usage of terms like ‘T & D loss’ may be deferred, instead the usage of ‘Transmission loss’ for Transmission System and ‘Distribution loss’ for Distribution System may be used. The losses have impact on tariff. Technical losses can be minimised, but cannot be eliminated. Commercial loss is attributable to the inefficiency of licensees. Though regulator has permitted commercial loss in the earlier part of regulatory regime the commercial loss compensation cannot be continued for ever.The Regulatory Commission may only consider the scientifically arrived technical component of distribution loss and transmission loss and can be considered in the computation of ARR The commercial losses may not be considered. If need be the commercial loss can be addressed separately in the
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ARR instead of clubbing with distribution loss.. Including commercial loss as a part of distribution loss twelve years after Electricity Act 2003 notification may not be in the interest of consumers. It is summed up that it may be standardised to have the usage ‘Transmission loss’ and ‘Distribution loss’, considering only technical loss and the usage of terminology ‘T & D loss’ and ‘AT&C loss’ may be dispensed with.The loss computation can be done accordingly in the ARR.
Final Observation 1. The government’s role is to issue policy guide lines in line with EA 2003 provisions. The commission has to formulate regulations in line with government notified policy and to implement the same in a transparent manner involving consumers and the utilities/ licensees. 2. Ensuring 24 X 7 quality power is in the domain of distribution licensee. The terms of reference to licensee has to address the same. The state commission may enforce the regulations and licence conditions. Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer of distribution licensee is responsible for the deliverable of licensee. 3. Including commercial loss as a part of distribution loss twelve years after Electricity Act 2003notification may not be in the interest of consumers. It may be standardised to have the usage of term ‘Transmission loss’ and ‘Distribution loss’, considering only technical loss and the usage of terminology ‘T & D loss’ and ‘AT&C loss’ may be dispensed with. 4. The hundred per cent digital meters may have to be installed in all end user premises including agricultural sector. This would facilitate voltage monitoring, improved energy management and billing. 5. The ARR assessment may have to address performance standard of distribution licensee in terms of quality supply. The expenditure towards establishing power quality monitoring framework also may be addressed in the ARR. 6. It is emphasized to operate the grid system at 50 Hz frequency with governor control and sufficient regulation reserve. The distribution licensee has to tie up adequate supply based on demand well in time. 7. The Indian grid System may be operated by ISO based hierarchical set up with NLDC,RLDC and SLDC(ALDC) 8. The CEA may consider amendments to CEA (Technical standard for connectivity) Regulation 2007,Schedule, Part IV (Grid Connectivity Standard applicable to the Distribution System and Bulk Consumers), to address the needs of Industries with fluctuating load relating to Voltage and Current harmonics limits. Mr A Velayutham
Ex. Member, Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission
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b. Clause 5.9 of the policy further provides that Multiple players will enhance the quality of service through competition. Clause 5.12 of the policy also provides that the sole purpose of freely allowing captive generation is to enable industries to access reliable, quality and cost effective power. c. With regard to ancillary services, Clause 7.4 of the policy empower the Central Commission to introduce the norms and framework for ancillary services, including the method of sharing the charges, necessary to support the power system or grid operation for maintaining power quality, reliability and security of the grid.
New Tariff Policy, 2016 Section 3 (1) of the Electricity Act, 2003 empowers the Central Government to formulate the tariff policy for the development of the power sector and ensure quality and reliable power to consumer’s. Section 3(3) of the Act further enables the Central Government to review or revise the tariff policy from time to time. The first Tariff Policy was notified by the Central Government on 6th January, 2006. The Govt. of India has now notified new tariff policy on 28th January, 2016. The Act requires the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions shall necessarily be guided by the tariff policy in discharging their functions. With regard to ensure quality of supply, the new tariff policy serves the following objectives: a. Ensure availability of electricity to consumers at reasonable and competitive rates; b. Promote competition, efficiency in operations and improvement in quality of supply; c. Evolve a dynamic and robust electricity infrastructure for better consumer services; d. Facilitate supply of adequate and uninterrupted power to all categories of consumers; e. Ensure creation of adequate capacity including reserves in generation, transmission and distribution in advance, for reliability of supply of electricity to consumers. Following are the statutory Provisions under the tariff policy to ensure quality and reliable power: a. Clause 8 of the policy provides that Supply of reliable and quality power of specified standards in an efficient manner and at reasonable rates is one of the main objectives of the Policy. Sub-clause (a) of Clause 4 of the policy further provides to ensure availability of electricity to consumers at reasonable and competitive rates. Sub-clause (d) also provides to Promote efficiency in operations and improvement in quality of supply.
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d. Clause 8 of the policy empower the State Commission to determine and notify the standards of performance of licensees with respect to quality, continuity and reliability of service for all consumers. The policy also empowers the Forum of Regulators to determines the basic framework on service standards. e. Clause 8.2.1 of the policy further provides that the Consumers, particularly those who are ready to pay a tariff which reflects efficient costs have the right to get uninterrupted 24 hours supply of quality power.
National Electricity Policy Section 3 (1) of the Electricity Act 2003 empowers the Central Government to formulate the National Electricity Policy The Policy aims at laying guidelines for accelerated development of the power sector, providing supply of electricity to all areas and protecting interests of consumers and other stakeholders. The National Electricity Policy also aim Supply of reliable and quality power of specified standards in an efficient manner and at reasonable rates. The National Electricity Policy was notified by the Central Government on 12th, February, 2005. With regard to ensure quality and reliable power to consumers, the National Electricity Policy serves the following provisions: a. Clause 2 of the National Electricity Policy provides that the objective of the policy is to ensure Supply of Reliable and Quality Power of specified standards in an efficient manner and at reasonable rates. Clause 4 of the policy further provides that, the policy is also seeks to address the issue regarding Protection of Consumer interests and Quality Standards. b. Clause 5.2.3 of the policy provides that there is a need to create adequate reserve capacity margin. In addition to enhancing the overall availability of installed capacity a spinning reserve at national level, would need to be created to ensure grid security and quality and reliability of power supply. c. Clause 5.2.6 of the policy empowers the State Commission to prepare an action plan to specify Standards for reliability and quality of supply as well as for loss levels, so as to bring these in line with international practices. d. Clause 5.13 of the policy address the issues regarding the protection of consumer interest and quality
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standard and empowers the State Commission in following ways:. Appropriate Commission should regulate utilities based on pre-determined indices on quality of power supply. Parameters should include, amongst others, frequency and duration of interruption, voltage parameters, harmonics, transformer failure rates, waiting time for restoration of supply, defective meters and waiting list of new connections. The Commissions would specify expected standards of performance. Reliability Index (RI) of supply of power to consumers should be indicated by the distribution licensee. A road map for declaration of RI for all cities and towns up to the District Headquarter towns as also for rural areas, should be drawn by up SERCs. The Central Government, the State Governments and Electricity Regulatory Commissions should facilitate capacity building of consumer groups and their effective representation before the Regulatory Commissions. This will enhance the efficacy of regulatory process.
Major Regulatory Initiatives ABT Mechanism In order to maintain the grid discipline, Central Electricity Regulatory Commission introduced an important step of ABT mechanism for bulk power transactions and ensure quality power to consumers. The ABT mechanism has been introduced mainly to ensure grid security and deal with grid indiscipline. Before the introduction of ABT scheme, grid operators in India faced a major problem in the form of grid indiscipline. A glaring symptom of which was wide and rapid fluctuations in grid frequency from below 48.0 Hz to above 52.0 Hz on daily basis. Abnormally low frequency during peak load hours was caused by inadequate generation capacity and attempts of meeting consumer loads in excess of available generation by public distribution utilities. High frequency during offpeak hours was the result of generation stations not backing down adequately when the consumer demand came down. The root cause of this problem was the prevailing single part tariff structure for bulk power supply which disregarded the withdrawal pattern, deviation from schedule, system condition etc.
UI mechanism of ABT operates is quite different from the conventional load frequency control mechanism, it can still be viewed as a price based secondary generation control mechanism. Currently, the nature of this control is manual as generators see the price signal and respond to it by increasing or decreasing their output manually. In case there are deviations from the schedule of generation or withdrawal of power, this third component of ABT comes into picture. Deviations from schedule are determined in 15-minute time blocks through special metering and priced according to the system condition prevailing at that time. If the frequency is above 50 Hz, (nominal frequency in Indian System), UI rate will be low and if it is below 50 Hz, it will be high. As long as the actual generation / drawal is according to the given schedule, the third component of ABT is zero. In case of deviation, market participants have to pay UI charge according to the specified frequency dependent rate. Beside promoting competition, efficiency and economy and leading to more economically viable power scenario, ABT has been able to pave way for high quality power with more reliability and availability through enhanced grid discipline.
Deviation Settlement Mechanism and Related Matters The “Deviation Settlement Mechanism� was taken by CERC to ensure that situations of national grid failure like that of 30 & 31 July, 2012 will not happen again. The grid failure has presented a case where some states were using the UI as a trading platform; The grid failure states like Haryana, U.P. were overdrawing heavily whereas states like Rajasthan & Punjab were under drawing from their schedule resulting in frequency variation in the specified range and at the same time making the grid unstable, thus resulted in grid failure.
Availability Based Tariff was introduced in July 2002. ABT comprises of three components: First part being a Capacity Charge or fixed component which is linked to the availability of generating stations, second part is a variable component linked to the energy charges for scheduled interchange and third part is a frequency dependent component linked with the unscheduled interchange. In the given generation shortage scenario of Indian power system, the third component of ABT – the UI charge acts as a mechanism for regulating the grid frequency. At the same time, this mechanism offers opportunity to participants to exchange as and when available surplus energy at a price determined by prevailing frequency conditions. Although the underlying principle on which
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Central Electricity Regulatory Commission on 17 February, 2014 has replaced the UI (Unscheduled Interchange) Regulation 2009 with Deviation settlement mechanism regulation 2014 in order to strengthen the grid and improve grid stability. The main objective of this regulation is to enhance grid discipline and grid security. This Regulation is applicable on Inter-state transmission of electricity. Most of the state Commissions have also aligned their Regulations related to maintaining the grid discipline like “Balancing and Settlement Code” etc. in line of the “Deviation settlement mechanism” regulation. With this regulation, CERC has implemented a volume limit for buyer and seller depending on their approved schedule, range of frequency has tighten, charges for the unscheduled interchange or deviation has increased. All this will ensure a better demand predictability by states and to avoid UI as a trading platform. Deviation & Settlement Mechanism will improve the grid discipline and ensure quality power. It will also help the state in forecasting of demand and scheduling in a more accurate and stringent manner. Various provisions made in the regulation such as volume limits, additional charges, etc will force the state to procure power through bilateral route or on a day ahead basis which will help in fund flow and eventually improve the position of power sector. In the aforesaid regulation, charges receivable for under drawl by buyer and over injection by seller, while charges are payable for over drawl by buyer and under injection by seller. The main Provisions made in the regulation are: hh
Redefined frequency range and rates.
hh
Volume limits and deviation limits for generator and buyer
hh
Cap Rate applicable
hh
Charges & Additional Charges
hh
Methodology for calculation of deviation charges.
Charges for each step increment of frequency for each 0.01 Hz step is now equivalent to increment of 35.60 Paise/unit in the frequency range of 50.05-50.00 Hz & 20.84 Paise/unit in frequency range between 50.00Hz to not below 49.70 Hz, resulting in charges at 50.05Hz @ 0.00 Paise/unit, at 50.04Hz @ 35.60 till 50.00 Hz @ 178 Paise/unit and then from 49.99Hz onwards charges will increase at a rate of 20.84 till 49.7Hz @ 824.04 Paise/unit.
Indian Electricity Grid Code: The Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) is a regulation made by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission under clause (h) of subsection (1) of Section 79 and clause (g) of sub-section (2) of Section 178 of the Act. It lays down the rules, guidelines and standards to be followed by various persons and participants in the system to plan, develop, maintain and operate the power system, in the most secure, reliable, economic and efficient manner, while facilitating healthy competition in the generation and supply of electricity. Most of the state Commissions have also aligned their Regulations
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of respective state Electricity Grid Code to maintaining the grid discipline in line of the Indian Electricity Grid Code Regulation notified by CERC. The IEGC brings together a single set of technical and commercial rules, encompassing all the Utilities connected to/or using the inter- State transmission system and provides the following: hh
Documentation of the principles and procedures which define the relationship between the various Users of the inter-State transmission system (ISTS), National Load Despatch Centre, as well as the Regional and State Load Despatch Centers
hh
Facilitation of the optimal operation of the grid, facilitation of coordinated and optimal maintenance planning of generation and transmission facilities in the grid and facilitation of development and planning of economic and reliable National / Regional Grid
hh
Facilitation for functioning of power markets and ancillary services by defining a common basis of operation of the ISTS, applicable to all the Users of the ISTS.
hh
Facilitation of the development of renewable energy sources by specifying the technical and commercial aspects for integration of these resources into the grid.
Grid Code mainly specifies minimum technical and design criteria to be complied with by STU, CTU and any User connected to the system or seeking connection to the ISTS, to maintain uniformity and quality across the system. This also includes procedure for connection to the ISTS. It also provides the operational philosophy to maintain efficient, secure and reliable Grid Operation. It laid down the procedures to estimate the demand by the SEB/distribution licensees for their systems / SLDCs in their control area for the day/week/month/year
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ahead, which shall be used for operational planning. IEGC identifies the methodology to be adopted for demand control by each SLDC/Distribution Licensee/ bulk consumer depending on, overdrawal by the entity, frequency, voltage and transmission congestion. and other requirement of grid security. With regard to renewable source of energy, most of the wind and solar energy sources are presently connected and in future are likely to be connected to the STU or the State’s distribution utility. However, keeping in view the variable nature of generation from such sources and the effect such variability has on the inter- state grid, scheduling of wind and solar energy sources has been incorporated by the Central Commission in the Indian Electricity Grid Code Code.
Distribution performance Standard Section 57, and sub-section (1) of section 86 of the Act, empowers the Commission to specify the standards of performance of the distribution licensees, intending to serve as guidelines for them to operate their distribution system for providing quality and reliability of resources. The Commission’s are also empower to fix the compensation if a licensee fails to meet the standards without prejudice to any penalty. Forum of Regulators has come up with a model Regulation for “distribution standards for performance” for distribution licence. The main objective of these standards lay down the guidelines to maintain distribution system parameters within the permissible limits. These standards mainly serve as guidelines for licensees for providing an efficient, reliable, coordinated and economical system of electricity distribution. The objectives of these performance standards are:hh
Lay down standards of performance;
hh
Measure performance against the standards for the licensee in providing service;
hh
Ensure that the distribution network performance meets a minimum standard which is essential for the consumers’ installation to function properly;
hh
Enable the consumers to design their systems and equipment to suit the electrical environment that they operate in; and
hh
Enhance the quality of the services to meet acceptable customer service standards.
in the discharge of its obligations. Licensee is required to maintain voltages at the point of commencement of the supply to a consumer within the limits stipulated as under, with reference to the declared voltage: (a) In the case of Low Voltage, +6% and -6%; (b) In the case of High Voltage, +6% and -9%; and (c) In the case of Extra High Voltage, +10% and -12.5%. The Commission may, in exercise of the powers vested in it under section 142 of the Act, resort to penal action against the officials of the licensee’s responsible for non fulfilment of the standards of performance, in cases where licensee is able to identify such officers.
Conclusion Most of the SERCs have notified the key performance standards/ regulations/codes to ensure quality and reliable power to consumers under the mandates of the EA 2003, many SERCs have yet to take concrete steps to actually implement these regulations / standards due to lack of resources that might assist in performing their functions- most notably, enough professional staff and appropriate information technology systems. There is lack of sufficient monitoring and enforcement Mechanism due to shortage of regulatory personnel with required background. With regard to the capacity building of the Regulatory bodies to perform its responsibility and protect the consumer’s interest the appropriate Governments/ Commission need to take steps to strengthen itself. The Regulators are yet to implement adequate transparency measures or create framework for meaningful public input to the regulatory process. Ashok Upadhyay
BE (Electrical), M Tech. Hon. (Ind. Engg.) M. Phil (Renewable Energy), PHD Scholar Dy. Director (Generation) M.P. Electricity Regulatory Commission Bhopal (M.P.)
The standards specified by the Commission treated as the guaranteed standards of performance, which are the minimum standards of service that a distribution licensee is required to achieve. The guaranteed standards of performance normally differentiated across the licencee area based on the concentration of population. The categorisation of the standard applicable for Class I cities, Urban areas and rural areas. The failure of licensee to achieve the guaranteed standards of service are entail payment of compensation to the consumer. The standards specified in the Regulation are the overall standards of performance which licensee seek to achieve
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Dr VR Kanetkar
Full time consultant to M/s Emerson Network Power (Thane)
How do you see the concept of Power Quality in the coming years?
costs can come down and overall electrical system reliability can be improved.
Power quality demands both the suppliers and consumers of electricity / electric power adhere to certain discipline, understand delivery as well as utilization constraints or limitations and acquire depth in understanding problems and solutions within a framework of economics and reliability. The infrastructure needed to address and overcome all concerned issues can always be developed if properly understood and well thought over. The applications are growing on one side without due understanding of power quality on one side and on the other side there is huge population suffering on account of inadequate power itself. What is important to understand is technology has to produce answers to all the issues and engineers must have faith that technology can answer the issues, economically and reliably.
There are many such examples where application research can be oriented and concentrated instead of spending energy on poor induction motor controls just because developed countries work and publish papers in reputed journals.
As an example, there is huge loss (more than 15%) in T&D on account of reactive power dynamics, unbalanced three phase system currents, and large neutral currents. These issues can be addressed by using STEINMETZ principle for T&D to a very large extent improving also the active power transmission by almost 35%. Current harmonic and voltage harmonic distortion can be addressed by power system neutral position concept which is extremely easy to implement using power converters or can even be addressed by passive techniques to meet the performance expectations adequately. Incoming supply voltage dips is a common issue even at 220 kV transmission voltage. This can be addressed, within practically acceptable limits, by transformer based solution instead of costly power electronic converters.
It is hence necessary that engineering efforts are directed for maintaining availability and utilization of clean power within a narrow voltage variation window, considerably reduced current and voltage distortion, and incorporate simple methods to achieve highest system reliability at lowest cost. It follows the basic rule of 20/500 against 100/100. This means if a product or a system is available at Rs 100 and is assumed to have 100% reliability, then what is needed is to produce same performance by a product or a system which costs Rs 20 and offers 500% reliability. Technology or power of a concept lies in understanding this requirement and work for it. Indirectly or directly, this will be the need of power quality in the coming decade.
Networks in India are quite weak with short circuit ratio generally restricted below fifteen. This adds oil to the fire and further increases the supply voltage variation. Railway has incoming voltage variation specified many times between 16.5 to 31.5 kV. The power converter designs are under tremendous stress to account for maximum current delivery at low voltage and maximum voltage also to be sustained. One needs to see how the catenary voltage variation can be brought down within a narrow window (say 22.5 to 27.5 kV) so that converter
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What are the problems and issues related to power quality? Any deviation from the sinusoidal nature, basic frequency and specified or agreed magnitude of the incoming voltage is a sign of bad power quality. However, its intensity can be accepted in practicality provided deviations are also within practical or reasonable limits. The variations cause current and voltage stresses on electrical systems undesirable flow of harmonic currents in networks affecting supply source and / or the other consumers on the same supply bus. Most importantly the bad power quality finally results in unacceptable production losses and reduced life of connected electrical system and its elements. These are just few problems arising out of issues connected with bad power quality. However, it is responsibility of both the utility and consumers to understand power quality issues and improve the performance bi-directionally.
What is the importance of good power quality in electrical systems? Power quality or for that matter understanding every aspect of quality starts and ends at home. Every mother practically every day delivers quality and quantity food to all family members, including unexpected guests. It is necessary that all members must understand that and not expect different varieties at the same time or at different times. That’s the concept of cooperation with understanding. Importance of good power quality assures harmonious working of all connected electrical systems with improved life or at least a reasonable expected life avoiding unwarranted system and production losses. A good power quality is assured if everybody respects his responsibility and design systems with utmost reliability not affecting at least the available power quality. In olden days, this respect was visibly noticed. Today, there are various tools and technological support available with a missing link of how to adopt them.
Please share your views on Power Mitigation and PQ standards? Mitigation is always related to power quality problems to be overcome and standards need to be understood as recommendations to achieve harmonious working of connected electrical systems. The power systems problems are actually growing due to increase in nonlinear loads without due respect for avoidance of power quality issues such as harmonic distortion, possible system resonance, network transients, sudden voltage dips, increase in dynamic losses, additional and sudden voltage and current stresses etc. Enhancement in Power Electronics brought a different type of revolution. It changed the speed for every application and perhaps taxed every aspect of the integrated system, viz. power system or grid, controls, and / or machines. Naturally, it demanded integrated
May 2016
“Importance of good power quality assures harmonious working of all connected electrical systems with improved life avoiding unwarranted system and production losses. Good power quality is assured if everybody respects his responsibility and design systems with utmost reliability not affecting the available power quality. In olden days, this respect was visibly noticed. Today, there are various tools and technological support available with a missing link of how to adopt them.” knowledge and experience in many other fields as listed here. hh
Mathematics (basics plus integral calculus, Laplace transform, Fourier series and integral)
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Simulation techniques and tools (including PSPICE, MATLAB, and SIMULINK)
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Mechanical engineering as is required for stress analysis and heat flow analysis
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Hardware knowledge inclusive of all types analog, digital circuits, and SMD’s; microprocessors, microcontrollers, DSP’s; Fiber optics; magnetics; power components such as diodes, Thyristors, MOSFET’s, IGBT’s, IGCT’s, and other selfcommutated devices.
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Software knowledge inclusive of programming languages, MATLAB model conversion to direct control requirements, and coding and decoding.
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Grid behaviour, grid marriage of the equipment, and performance understanding.
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Application knowledge.
Apart from knowledge and experience, the skills required in above areas are also crucial for making reliable power electronic products and equipment either for addressing the power quality issues or for serving non-linear loads. Especially when it relates to power quality, it is not necessary that one has to look for only active (device based) techniques. Perhaps, a balanced mix of passive and active techniques can answer and address all power quality issues within reasonable end cost and much improved reliability for the electrical system. Last but not least, the engineers who work in these areas need hunger for knowledge, dedication, sincerity and honesty in design / every respect of implementation, tenacity and patience in getting results, reflex action in owning failures and improving the designs, and above all passion for design and development. The atmosphere around them should also be conducive in this respect irrespective where they work. After all the standards can only guide the system designers. The overall design and implementation depth needs to be achieved with highly sustained efforts and dedication. - Shalini Singh, IEEMA
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InFocus
T
he most common Power Quality (PQ) problems as reported by researchers Delgado, J. and Bollen, M. are voltage sag, very short interruptions, long interruptions, voltage spike, voltage swell, harmonic distortion, voltage fluctuation, noise and voltage unbalance. Further the conventional power generating system is facing the problems of gradual depletion of fossil fuel resources, poor energy efficiency and environmental pollution. These problems have led to a new trend of generating power locally at distribution voltage level. Such generations are carried out by using non-conventional/renewable energy resources like natural gas, biogas, wind power, solar photovoltaic cells, fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP) systems, micro turbines and sterling engines. Also the integration of these or some of the resources into the utility distribution network has been reported by researchers like Khaled, A. Nigim and Lasseter, R. H. This type of power generation is termed as distributed generation (DG) and the energy sources are termed as distributed energy resources (DER). The key differences between a micro-grid and a conventional power plant are:–
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Micro sources are of much smaller capacity with respect to the large generators in conventional power plants.
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Power generated at distribution voltage can be directly fed to the utility distribution network
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Micro sources are normally installed close to the customer’s premises so that the electrical/heat loads can be efficiently supplied with satisfactory voltage and frequency profile and negligible line losses.
The technical features of a micro-grid make it suitable for supplying power to remote areas of a country where
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supply from the national grid system is either difficult to avail due to the topology or frequently disrupted due to severe climatic conditions or man-made disturbances. From grid point of view, the main advantage of a microgrid is that it is treated as a controlled entity within the power system. It can be operated as a single aggregated load. This ascertains its easy controllability and compliance with grid codes and regulations without hampering the reliability and security of the utility power. From customer’s point of view, micro-grids are beneficial for locally meeting their electrical/ heat requirements. It can supply uninterruptible power, improve local reliability, reduce feeder losses and provide local voltage support. A view in the sense of environment, micro-grids reduce pollution and global warming through utilization of lowcarbon technology.
Objective The objective of the paper is optimization of power quality in industrial micro-grid using the range of 1.0MW to 5.0MW solar power generation as DER. A genetic algorithm (Heuristic Evolutionary Algorithm) is used to solve emission constrained economic power dispatch problem. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem with equality and inequality constraints. The algorithm is developed by a new evolutionary computation technique for economic analysis that also satisfies the prediction of load in Islanding mode as well as Grid connected mode of Photovoltaic Diesel Micro-grid in the time interval format. The surplus power in the Micro-grid is used to charge the batteries which do not have maximum State of Charge (SOC). The summary of proposed work objective is:hh
Developing a Generalized Algorithm (GA) to minimize the Operating cost of Hybrid Power System (HPS) in Micro grid.
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InFocus
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Controlling the Micro-grid based on the optimal solutions of each generating source in Islanding mode as well as Grid connected mode.
The objective function is the total cost, which is the sum of initial cost, operation cost, and maintenance cost per year. Minimizing the total cost, we can achieve an inexpensive and clean electric power system. In addition, the proposed method can adjust the variation in the data of load, location, and a facility such as photovoltaic cells.
System configuration The system block diagram considered for this study is shown in Fig.1. A multiple sources and integration of all in AC-DC bus is represented in the proposed scheme. A control topology is developed to optimize the power quality of the multiple sources in the system. The topology considers time-based decisions about the operation of power sources, charging or discharging of batteries for grid-connected system or islanding mode. Further the load dispatch strategy is applied for the system with adequate battery bank. The basic consideration in the power quality optimization topology is that, enough power is generated to fulfill the load requirement without any charging of the battery bank. Also, the interconnections of the multiple sources that use proper switching devices for conversion and inversion of power are taken care of through the AC-DC buses to feed uninterruptible power to the load.
System Modeling and Problem Statement The IV curve of the Photovoltaic cell represented using the following system equation:
Where, V solar cell terminal voltage, I solar cell terminal current, IL photo-generated current (linear with irradiance), Rs cell series resistance, RSH cell shunt resistance,qe is 1.6x10-19C, k Boltzmann’s constant that is 1.38 x 10-23 JK-1, T ambient temperature in Kelvin, n is the ideality factor.
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The problem concerned in this model is to optimize the schedule of each resource and minimize the operation costs, under the condition of knowing the 24-hour prediction of PV radiation.
The objective function is expressed as: Min F(PG )=f(x,u), subject to satisfaction of non-linear equality constraints g(x,u)=0 and non-linear inequality constraints h(x,u)≤0, umin≤u≤umax, xmin≤x≤x max. F(PG) is total cost function f(x,u) is the scalar objective, g(x,u) represents nonlinear equality constraints (power flow equations), and h(x,u) is the nonlinear inequality constraint of vector arguments x,u .
The vector x contains dependent variables consisting of: hh
Bus voltage magnitudes and phase angles
hh
MVAr output of generators designated for bus voltage control
hh
Fixed bus voltages, line parameters
The vector u consists of control variables including: hh
Real and reactive power generation
hh
Load MW and MVAr (load shedding)
hh
DC transmission line flows
The equality and inequality constraints are: hh
Limits on all control variables
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Power flow equations
hh
Branch flow limits (MW, MVAr, MVA)
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Bus voltage limits
To minimize the operating cost of HPS of proposed micro-grid a heuristic optimization method is used, which results the accurate optimal solution of the system.
Proposed Micro-grid Algorithm The algorithm consists of four main stages as evaluation, selection, crossover and mutation. The evaluation process measures the fitness of each individual in a population and assigns it a relative value based on the defining optimization (or search) criteria. Typically in a non-linear programming scenario, this measure will reflect the objective value of the given model. The selection process randomly selects individuals of the current population for development of
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InFocus
the next generation based on the fitness value. Various methods have been proposed for selection but all follows the idea that the fittest have a greater chance of survival. The crossover takes two selected individuals and combines them about a crossover point thereby creating two new individuals. Simple (asexual) reproduction can also occur which replicates a single individual into the new population. The mutation randomly modifies the genes of an individual subject to a small mutation factor introducing further randomness into the population. The iterative process continues until one of the possible termination criteria is met: (i) if a known optimal or acceptable solution level is attained; or (ii) if a maximum number of generations have been performed; or (iii) if a given number of generations without fitness improvement occur. Generally, the last of these criteria applies as convergence shows to the optimal solution.
System Optimization The flow chart of planning optimization is report in Fig.2. Critical load is considered during fixing constrains as follows:hh
Pmax1+Pmax2+Pmax3+...≥Ppeak, i.e, sum of maximum power rating should be greater than or equal to peak load demand.
hh
$1+$2+$3+...≤$bud jet
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Diesel generators should be able to supply the whole of the critical load.
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PV-Battery set is considered as an unreliable source and will be used only to save fuel.
Peak load should be met by diesel generators even when the unit with maximum capacity is out of service.
Fig. 2b – Micro-grid planning optimization
Further the non-critical loads can be supplied by other unreliable sources that are of low cost. However, with excess power generated by those generators which is meant for critical loads can also be used to supply the non-critical loads.
Conclusion Optimization of Industrial Micro-grid consisting of 2 diesel generators and 1 solar PV with Battery energy storage is designed, modeled and simulated using actual operating information. Optimization of Micro grid power quality considering operating cost and emission for both the standalone and Grid connected mode is presented. Study and analysis for one day is carried out with battery power varying based on the SOC limit. The results illustrate that the proposed optimization program for one day can be extended for one operational planning of one year of for year of data. ■ Mr Prashant Patel and Mr Raja Shah
Fig. 2a – Optimization of Micro-grid
May 2016
Hitachi Hirel Power Electronics Pvt. Ltd.
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GuestArticle
P
ower Quality (PQ) is an issue that is becoming increasingly important to electricity consumers at all levels of usage. Sensitive power electronic equipment and non-linear loads are widely used in industrial, commercial and domestic applications leading to distortion in voltage and current waveforms. With ongoing regulatory, policy and structural changes in the Indian electricity industry, following the Electricity Act, the issue of PQ has become a “figure-of-merit” amongst the competing distribution utilities. Improvement of PQ has a positive impact on sustained profitability of the distribution utilities on the one hand and customer satisfaction on the other. Critical power quality parameters include harmonics – current and
voltage distortions, frequency – under and over frequencies, current and voltage unbalance, rapid voltage changes – transients, voltage dips and short term overvoltages, sags and swells, voltage interruptions, flicker, phase shifting and reactive power. ERDA’s R&D Division and Power Systems cell regularly undertake power quality measurements of industrial and power plants. Two recent case studies are presented below:
Case Study - I Power quality parameter measurements were made at the point of common coupling (PCC) for a 20 MW wind generating station with 66 kV grid (as per CEA guidelines) for 24 hours period for following parameters:
Fig. 1: Comparison of measured current demand distortion with limit
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•
Voltage and current harmonics
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Flicker measurement – short term and long term analysis
•
DC current injection
Parameters captured included frequency, current, voltage, active power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor, current THD up to 25th order, voltage THD up to 25th order, short term flicker, long term flicker, and DC current injected from wind generating station to grid. Voltage and current waveforms were analyzed up to 25th order harmonic using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm and current total demand distortion (TDD) and voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) were calculated. Using FFT, the DC component in current was extracted from harmonic data and compared
Fig. 2: Comparison of measured flicker with limit
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GuestArticle
Fig. 3: Power generated versus time for one day period
with limits as per CEA guidelines. Calculated voltage THD and current TDD were compared with limits given in CBIP publication no. 251-1996 and IEEE 519:2014 respectively. Flicker limits were compared with limits mentioned in IEC 61000-3-7. The limits for relevant power quality parameters are indicated in both graphs by horizontal lines. Fig.1 indicates that the TDD is well within the limits specified by standard. However, Fig.2 indicates that the observed flicker does not meet the mandated power quality limits.
Case Study II Measurements were was carried out at PCC of a group of different solar developers of a solar park & at main PCC where all these developers are connected. Measuring instruments were connected at 66 kV side of 66 kV /220 kV transformer for one generating cycle i.e. from 7 am to 7 pm to observe the combined effect of the inverters used in the solar park. The measurement was carried out in peak summer period i.e. in the month of April.
Fig. 4: Comparison of measured current demand distortion with limit
• The generated power versus time is presented in Fig.3. The measured current demand distortion is as shown in Fig. 4.
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Base line AT & C loss verification
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Design of distribution systems as per standard norms
• The limit for current demand distortion at PCC is 8% whereas, maximum distortion observed was 4.3%. This shows the inverters used in the solar park have low harmonic current generation and the filter used in the inverters are eliminating harmonic components.
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Design of High Voltage Distribution System (HVDS)
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Distribution system and improvement
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Detailed study and technoeconomic feasibility reports for reduction in losses
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System strengthening
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Preparation of detailed project reports (DPR)
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Project Management Agency (PMA) under DDVGJY and IPDS Scheme
• The voltage waveforms observed at PCC are pure sine wave which shows that voltage harmonics are also within limits. •
It was concluded that power generated by the solar park is having low current harmonic distortion which enables control of the grid voltage harmonics to within mandated limits
Capability Profile of ERDA’s Power System Cell ERDA’s Power System Cell offers following power system studies for Power Distribution Utilities: hh
Energy Audits
analysis
1.4.2 ERDA’s power system cell has power system analysis packages such as MiPower and ETAP and offer various power system studies to TRANSCOs and Industries such as: hh
Load flow analysis
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Short Circuit studies
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Stability Studies
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Relay co-ordination
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Electromagnetic transient programme (EMTP) analysis
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Insulation studies
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FACTs solution, etc. ■
Co-ordination
Dr G S Grewal
Fig. 2: Comparison of measured flicker with limit
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Deputy Director (MIMD), ERDA
May 2016
InDepth
T
he total installed power generation capacity in India till end of Dec 2015 is 284 GW. Contributions from various sectors are Thermal - 198 GW, Hydro-43 GW, Nuclear- 6, Renewable Energy Sources (RES) – 37 GW. Nearly 97.5% villages in India are electrified till end December 2015 but still many houses may not have electricity connections. Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar & Madhya Pradesh and many others don’t get power for more than 12 Hrs in a day. This clearly shows that India requires still huge amount of Power generation to meet the actual load demand. Industrial consumers are the largest consumers of electricity in India approximately 35-45%. Other major sectors are Domestic and agriculture sectors which consumes approximately 20-25% each. Remaining are Railways, commercial and other consumers. Energy saved is equal to Energy produced, similarly losses reduced is also equal to Energy Produced. This way is to minimize the transmission and distribution losses by improving power quality. This will certainly help to reduce losses right from Generation to Extra High Voltage (EHV), High Voltage (HV) up to Low Voltage (LV) Load level.
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Also it will help in a great extent for releasing the loading caused due to heavy reactive power & harmful harmonics. Thereby the capacity release under reduction in loading capacity in the transmission and distribution lines can be very well utilized without much additional investment. The main objective is to address key issues of Power Quality (PQ) problems are presented along with their associated causes and consequences, which requires attention at the earliest. Today out of 284 GW Total Power generation installed in India 241 GW is from Thermal and Hydro and RES is just 37 GW, which is just 13% of the total generation and mostly non-linear in nature. If we do not address this power quality issue right now, we may be too late when 160GW of RES will get added into this national grid, which will have all most 41% nonlinear harmonic generation source as compared to the total generation. Indian Power Sector has witnessed radical changes in past decade. However, when the non-linear power generation goes up from 13% to 41% due to RES, whether Indian Power and Transmission lines are capable to withstand the new challenges of
power quality requirement or not is a big question today. Hence, proper PQ regulation should be maintained at each Load station to align the present and future clean and stable power demand.
Need for Better Power Quality Nowadays, with increased use of electronic equipment to control the electrical equipment, such as power electronics, adjustable speed AC and DC drives, Induction Furnaces, Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS), energy-efficient lighting, have led to a huge change in nature of electric loads. Majority of the Industries have >75% loads which are non-linear in nature to maximize their production. These loads are the major causes and the major victims of PQ problems. Sometime it creates more problems with conventional passive compensation system as well. Due to their non-linearity, all these loads draw rapid dynamic reactive power, generate variable Current Harmonics of different orders and sometimes draw Unbalanced Load currents as well. Since most of these loads are highly dynamic in nature and require real-time fast and accurate stepless dynamic reactive power, harmonics or Load unbalanced compensation
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InDepth 
to operate efficiently and meeting the Grid code compliance. Maintaining better PQ at each PCC can be followed to avoid the repeat of power blackout in the Countrywide, which had happened just a couple of years ago. Then it gets noticed by everyone. However, if we look into any industry, in most of them face frequent power cuts due to poor PQ. Therefore, it is important to follow Power Quality standard in terms of power Factor, current THDI or Total Demand Distortion( TDD) and Unbalanced within a set limit at PCC level. IEEE Std. 519-2014 or other standards need to follow both at the large power consumer levels in order to limit harmonic content and provide all users with better power quality
Types of PQ Problems The most common types of PQ problems can be classified in two broad categories. One is Dynamic reactive power / power factor another is Harmonics compensation. hh
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Dynamic Reactive Power / power factor Support: Voltage regulation in an electrical power system is important for proper operation for electrical loads to prevent damage such as overheating of generators and motors, to reduce transmission losses and to maintain the ability of the system to withstand and prevent voltage collapse. When reactive power supply during lower voltage, as voltage drops current must increase to maintain power supplied, causing system to consume more reactive power and the voltage drops further. If the current increases too much, network lines get tripped, overloading other lines and potentially causing cascading failures. Hence, advance dynamic reactive power compensation plays a major role for not only reactive power / power factor compensation but also to maintain a good voltage profile and enhancing the power system stability. Vertically
integrated
utilities
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often include charges for provision of reactive power to loads in their rates. With restructuring, the trend is to restrict loads to operation at near zero reactive power demand (Unity power factor). The system operator proposal limits loads to power factors between 0.98 lagging to unity at Point of Common Coupling (PCC). This would help to maintain reliability of power system as well. Based on the Industrial type of loads in the industry, production loss due to downtime and higher electricity bill due to penalty, lack of dynamic reactive power roughly contribute 40-45% towards poor PQ.
Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation Techniques The most common technique for reactive power compensation is shunt connected capacitor bank with series reactor in series to limit the inrush current (2% to 14%, depending on application). This is widely used in most of the Utilities and Industries as a group fixed compensation. There are various methods for dynamic compensation for the reactive power and to improve the power factor, voltage regulation, reduction of flicker etc. These are broadly classified in two types: One is called stepwise compensation where Capacitor / Reactor are switched through Thyristor and another is known as stepless dynamic compensation. Synchronous Condenser is a step-less compensator (FACTS devices – SVC/STATCOM). SVC is nothing but passive Reactor current controlled through Thyristor (TCR) and Fixed or Switched capacitor bank (TSC). However, STATCOM uses power electronics technology. It is mostly an IGBT based voltage source converter that can produce instantaneous inductive or capacitive power by adjusting the pulse width modulation. Active System are always more advantageous than passive, as it
operates efficiently under various Grid and Loads operating conditions without problems. The latest power electronics hardware and advanced computation techniques will resolve many PQ issues with Active compensator based FACT devices at Load level effectively and economically.
Harmonics Compensation Harmonics are voltages or currents at frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency. Electric furnaces, Induction Furnaces, Equipment comprising power electronics circuits such as power conversion from AC to DC, DC to DC, DC to AC and AC to AC; Variable Drives, UPS, Fluorescent lighting etc. constitute the largest nonlinear loads connected to the electric power systems. These non-linear loads generate various order and magnitude of harmonic currents. In comparison with utility power supplies, the effects of harmonic voltages and harmonic currents are significantly more pronounced on generators due to their very high source impedance (typically 2-4 times that of utility transformers). The major impact of voltage and current harmonics causes overheating of machines due to increased iron losses, and copper losses. Similarly in transformers & Motors, effect of harmonic currents causes increase in core losses due to increased iron losses (i.e., eddy currents and hysteresis). In addition, increased copper losses and stray flux losses result in additional heating, and winding insulation stresses. The increased RMS current due to harmonics will increase the copper losses. Transformer without and with harmonics shows increased in losses by 22-23% caused by nonlinear loads leads to an increase in transformer temperature and reduces the capacity of transformer by 16% due to temperature rise. Power Cables losses are substantially high when carrying harmonic currents due to elevated copper losses. The vast majority of
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InDepth
low voltage thermal-magnetic type circuit breakers trip due to heating effect of the RMS current. In addition to harmonic current generated by the Non-linear loads, Power factor capacitors can interact with the harmonic current and occasionally excite parallel resonance which can over heat, disrupt and/or damage. It is proven that for every 10°C rise in temperature above rated temperature, the life of most of the electrical equipment insulation may be reduced by as much as 50%. There is standard Guideline for IEEE-519, 2014 or any latest version can be used as a standard guideline for harmonics.
Harmonics Mitigation Techniques There are various methods to reduce the harmonics in the network. However each technique has its own merits and demerits as discussed below. hh
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Passive Filters: Series Reactor and Capacitor tuned to the individual harmonic frequencies and connect in shunt with network to reduce the harmonic distortion. For each harmonic one such filter bank required. Passive filters are economical but if load changes then passive filters are not so effective in filtering harmonics due to variation in network frequency and network parameters. Moreover passive filters alone cannot just do the harmonics filtering without producing reactive power, which may not be required with modern AC drives where the Power Factor are already close to 0.95 Lag or above. In these cases, passive filters may cause the Power Factor to become leading in nature. Active filters: IGBT based Voltage Source Converter circuits are widely used and installed in parallel with the non–linear loads. Active filters produce equal and opposite of each harmonic current that are generated by loads and bring
down the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) to within the set standard limit. Most of the demerits of Passive filters are overcome by Active Filters. In the past 5-10 years, only very few MNCs were producing Active filters all over the world. However, nowadays there are several Local manufacturers along with new MNCs, who have launched advance power quality compensator namely FACTS devices based on IGBT based Voltage Source Converter ( VSC) technology, which are highly reliable and cost effective solution to meet the present and future power quality requirement.
Estimates on PQ Costs PQ cost estimation survey was also performed by the EPRI and CEIDS consortium for the American industries in 2000. It was estimated that the US economy loses annually 119 billion dollars to 188 billion dollars due to voltage dips, short interruptions and other PQ problems. Two severe power blackouts affected most of northern and eastern India on 30 and 31 July 2012. The 30 July 2012 blackout affected over 300 million people and was briefly the largest power outage in history, counting number of people affected, beating the January 2001 blackout in Northern India. (230 million affected). The blackout on 31 July is the largest power outage in history. The outage affected over 620 million people, about 9% of the world population, or half of India’s population, spread across 29 states and 7 union territories in Northern, Eastern, and Northeast India. After these power blackouts, Power Grid has planned more than one dozen of 200-400Mvar of SVCs / STATCOMs FACTS devices at EHV level in all FOUR REGOINS. This road map clearly shows that if similar steps taken at each PCC level for power consumers and RES power generation end, it will be a great beneficial both for the consumers as well as SEBs significantly and as a whole for the countrywide.
Conclusions Poor power quality is like pollution in air created by vehicles. Infact 31st July 2012 blackout incident is a common phenomenon faced today by most of the Industries / big power consumers in Indian. But it does not get noticed because it is not measured. The quantum of Losses caused due to various industries is quite significant as shown in other countries as well. If there are no proper regulations for power quality taken care at PCC level, such 31st July 2012 blackout incident may happen at any time! Renewable Energy Sources (RES) would rise a greater challenge in Electric Grid when the Power Quality issues aren’t taken care at PCC level. This will ensure a power system stability along with generation. This will also help government to some extent immediately, to avail the existing transmission & Distribution lines for 100GW of Solar and 60 GW of wind power project for 2022, till the new transmission lines are available. Many SEBs in India have introduced KVAh billing. In this way SEBs can get more revenue, but the main purpose of improving power quality remains untouched, as consumers may not know their power quality issues at all, since it is a “KVAh “ billing. Hence, Technical problem can’t be resolved just with money! However, when it comes with financial penalty/rebate scheme for Reactive power / Power Factor and Harmonics etc.. This will have double benefit. One side, Users will be motivated to maintain a better PQ at each PCC level to achieve economical electricity bill and enhances productivity due to lower downtime and on other hand Utilities get benefited by maintaining a better PQ in terms of lowering the excessive T&D losses and overheating of power system equipment and avoid a nation-wide blackout in future. This is a “win-win” situation for both the utility & Consumers to have “better power for better nation”. ■ Mr Panna Lal Biswas, CEO,
InPhase Power Technologies (P) Ltd
May 2016
InDepth 
R
eliability of electrical power network and quality of electric power supply are primary indicators and basic necessities of growth, development and industrialization. With electrical energy being the preferred (only) form of energy for bulk power transfer over long distances, it is imperative that the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electrical energy is endowed with highest efficiency, quality and reliability. Per capita energy consumption is considered as a good indicator for growth and industrialization of a country. While the per capita energy (electrical energy) consumption in India is just a fraction of typical values for developed countries, the gap is being fast bridged, requiring larger resources to meet the growing demands. Another important aspect is changing patterns in production and consumption of energy.
Present status Despite a significant growth in installed capacity (of generation) the country is still plagued with peak demand and energy shortages. The upgradation of T & D network has not kept pace with increasing loads and generation, leading to transmission
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bottlenecks and reduced quality of power, despite significant improvement in fundamental frequency. While addition of generation capacity is planned, one of the sustainable ways to cater to this increasing demand is pushing DSM (demand side management) to higher levels. While a host of DSM tools are available, power quality improvement has been one of the most powerful tools for DSM. It is a well-established fact that energy conservation and power quality are strongly linked. Improvement in power quality helps reduce the losses in the system and equipment.
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Growth in renewable energy sources, specifically wind and solar energy and need for large scale grid integration of renewable energy sources. With a vision (2022) to reach an installed capacity of 160 GW (100 GW of solar and 60 GW of wind, from the present 5 GW and 25 GW respectively and doubling of energy and capacity penetration) under NAPCC, RE Invest and draft National wind mission, it is imperative that the grid is strengthened to facilitate evacuation of RE characterized by fluctuations, reactive power demand and harmonic generation (from inverters)
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National Electric Mobility Mission (NEMM) envisioning to promote 4 million 2 wheelers and 2 million 4 wheelers by 2020, requires a grid capable of accommodating many charging stations (and associated reactive power requirement and harmonic distortion)
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High speed traction and electrification of railways is expected to place a demand on the grid for power conditioning, not just limited to reactive
Going forward With power sector in India poised for a quantum growth in size as well as quality and reliability of delivery, punctuated by emerging trends such as smart grids, electric mobility, distributed/embedded generation, large scale integration of renewable energy sources in electrical power grid, the subject of power quality assumes a larger importance. Some of the aspects of the emerging power system which require a higher quality of power and installation of a host of power conditioning devices include:
May 2016
InDepth
power and harmonics, but including unbalance, sequence components and short time overloads. hh
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Emphasis on Rural electrification and a vision to supply electrical power to every household implies a reliable and efficient T & D network with lowest possible AT& C losses, again characterized by high level of power quality, especially related to reactive power, harmonics and unbalance. Proliferation of non-linear loads is expected with most appliances becoming smart and inverter driven (such as power supplies, refrigerators, air conditioners … even simple fans) implies regulations for power quality and installation of appropriate power conditioning devices.
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Evolving grid code is expected to drive the installation of appropriate power conditioning devices at optimal locations.
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Electrical energy storage system and smart grids mandate a high level of power quality and installation of basic as well as advanced power conditioners.
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Make in India – The theme implies availability of quality and reliable electric power and as these are basic requirements for industrialization and specific sectors with high potential (IT, automotive, electronic..) imply the need for quality power and installation of power conditioning devices.
The changing patterns in production and consumption of energy, implies large scale deployment of basic as well as advanced power conditioning devices and ensuring quality and reliability of power supply.
current.
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Unplanned outages leading to loss of production (due to failure of equipment, associated with harmonics, voltage transients, voltage sags & swells)
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Damage to personnel
The changes in magnitude and shape factor of voltage and current manifest itself in the form of certain common power quality issues as:
equipment
&
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Reactive power/power factor
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Harmonics current)
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Transients (voltage and current)
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Unbalance current)
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Flicker
i.
Reactive Power management
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Sags & swells
ii.
Harmonic mitigation
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Sequence components
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Frequency excursions
hh
Steady state voltage limits
These two aspects are also critical to the emerging nature of the production and consumption of electrical energy.
(in
(in
voltage
voltage
and
and
Though most of the power quality aspects mentioned above are present to varying degrees in any electrical power system, the most common requiring immediate attention are reactive power, harmonic distortion, unbalance and voltage transients.
Implications of poor power quality Some of the implications of poor power quality especially related to power factor and harmonics are: hh
Increase in line & equipment current leading to additional ohmic loses in T & D lines and associated equipment.
hh
Increase in line & equipment current leading to blocked capacity and/or increased capital investment.
hh
Increased losses leading to higher operating temperatures and consequent reduction in life of equipment.
hh
Premature failure of equipment due to increased electrical and thermal stresses.
hh
Mal function of equipment (especially attributed to harmonics, voltage swings and transients)
hh
Poor quality of production (associated with frequency variations, harmonics, voltage swings)
Aspects of power quality By the basic definition power quality is the product of voltage quality and current quality and the elements of voltage and current quality are determined by the magnitude & shape parameters of voltage &
hh
Two fundamental PQ issues: While a host of PQ issues do exist, the two fundamental issues that are prevalent and require immediate attention are:
Reactive Power management: Reactive power is an essential ingredient of any ac power system and is a fundamental need for operation of many power equipment such as transformers, motors … even simple solenoid operated bells! Reactive power is analogous to friction in mechanical world, a necessary evil that needs to be managed! It is that essential magnetizing current that needs to be managed to reduce demand, improve voltage stability margins, reduce T & D losses etc. Reactive power management is an integral part of power system planning, operation and control. The use of Capacitors is long been accepted as the most practical solution to improve power factor in any electrical power system. Application of capacitors has multiple benefits such as reduction in current losses, reduction in demand, better asset management, deferred capital expenditure, enhanced voltage stability margins, higher quality of power, release of blocked capacity etc. While installation lf basic shunt capacitor banks is the need of the hour, depending upon the system/application requirements, such capacitor banks can be configured to offer dynamic reactive power support, reduce harmonic distortion and even reduce voltage transients. For specific
47
InDepth 
applications advanced reactive power compensation systems such as SVC, SVG etc. are indicated.
Harmonic mitigation With increasing non-linear loads (end use energy consumption), expected increase in grid connected solar and wind (inverter driven), HEV/EV charging stations etc., the level of harmonic distortion is expected to increase. This implies that appropriate regulatory framework to limit harmonics is in place and the grid is strengthened to handle the higher levels of distortion. While application of active harmonic filters/advanced power conditioning devices is a necessity in many application, use of proper tuning /de-tuning reactors with shunt capacitor banks in most cases could help limit harmonic distortion. Benefits of reactive power compensation/Harmonic filtering Installation of reactive power compensating devices, especially shunt capacitors/tuned filters generally have a low payback period and offer multiple benefits such as: hh
Reduction in current and losses (equipment and T & D loss)
hh
Reduction in current and blocked capacity and deferred capital investment
hh
Reduction in losses, operating temperature and improved life of equipment
hh
Reduced damage/over loading of equipment.
hh
Reduction in demand demand charges
hh
Tariff related power factor incentives & avoidance of low pf penalty
and
hh
Tax benefits
hh
Improved margins
hh
Improved voltage profile and efficient operation of power equipment
voltage
stability
hh
Reduction in mal-function & unwanted tripping
hh
Reduction in forced outages
48
and consequent production.
loss
of
hh
Improved quality of production
hh
Reduction in copper, core & stray losses
Capacitors and Power Conditioning While a host of advanced power conditioning devices/system area available for mitigating most of the power quality issues, even installation of simple capacitor banks with appropriate accessories (such as series reactors, switches etc.) can help mitigate most of the basic power quality issues in a very cost effective manner. Capacitors provide reactive power compensation, transient suppression, harmonic filtering and is a key element of the transition of power from 2 dimension (Quantity & cost) to 3 dimension (quantity, cost & quality) and helps increase T & D efficiency, drive energy conservation and paves way for sustainable development. Capacitors are one of the most efficient of man made power equipment with the highest efficiency (in the order of 99.99%), Low cost per unit of power handling capability (as low as $1 /kvar), High power density (volume per unit of power handling capability). Capacitors help improve power factor by supplying capacitive reactive current and thus reduce the reactive currents flowing in the network and help reduce losses, release blocked capacity, improve voltage stability margins and prolong life of equipment due to lower operating temperatures. Simple capacitors help store energy and release when required and thus help mitigate the impact of voltage surges & transients and are also one of the key elements of energy storage systems. Capacitors with series reactors help block the flow of harmonic currents into the capacitors at the same time deliver the required reactive current at fundamental frequency. Capacitors with series reactors
configured as a tuned harmonic filters helps provide a designated path for harmonics and thus reduce the harmonic distortion in the network.
Way forward It is evident that quality of power supply and reliability of electrical power system is a key driver of industrialization and growth/ development of society. While power quality is an excellent DSM (demand side management) tool, apart from enabling energy conservation, improving power quality paves way for sustainable development in multiple ways as illustrated. It can be established that even basic power quality improvement such as reactive power compensation & harmonic filtering help conserve energy. Apart from its need as a DSM tool, power quality improvement is a necessity considering the changing patterns in production and consumption of energy, punctuated by emerging trends such as smart grids, electric mobility, distributed/ embedded generation, large scale integration of renewable energy sources in electrical power grid, proliferation of non-linear loads etc. The benefits/effectiveness of installation of power conditioning devices largely depend upon the selection and application of appropriate devices, reliability of devices and above all proper operation and maintenance of such devices and thus due care is to be taken in design, selection and application of power conditioning devices to extract maximum benefit. While tariff related monetary incentives (or penalties) have played a major role in improving power quality in the past, going forward increasing awareness of impacts of poor power quality, evolving standard & norms for PQ and quantification of benefits of power conditioning are expected to be the drivers. â– Dr Venkatesh Raghavan,
President, Power Quality Solutions, EPCOS India Pvt. Ltd., A TDK group Company
May 2016
Opinion-Mass Perception
U
ntil now, food, clothing, shelter and receiving good health services were considered the basic requirements for an individual to live and sustain. Now, can you consider spending one day without your mobile, TV or computer? With the advent of technological advancement and extensive applications of power electronic equipment, other needs of Heating, Lighting, Communication, Entertainment etc; which are dependent on reliable power, have become a part and parcel of the consumers daily lives. In fact, the use of some of this equipment has become imperative. For e.g. the consumers who fall sick because they cannot use their heating devices for bath due to power outage and whose devices breakdown due to frequent interruptions have to put up with the indirect costs of poor power quality (e.g. medical, repair and replacement costs) or take the case of a person losing all her/ his contacts, communication and even memorable photographs due to crash of computer hard disk impacted by poor power quality; it means a lifetime memory erased
50
forever that cannot even be valued. This blog attempts to capture, (1) the effects of poor power quality on common masses and (2) mitigation techniques & solutions that can be applied to minimize interruptions, avoid safety breach and equipment damage. As a common man, ‘Power Quality’ would generally mean supply without interruptions and at an affordable rate per unit. However, PQ actually refers to the extent to which the power received at our homes is free of disturbances which would otherwise cause equipment to malfunction or fail. The common perception of masses is that PQ is the power distribution utility’s responsibility and all issues/ interruptions are because of their network infrastructure and services. It is being understood that as an end-user neither we have any control over it nor are we responsible for it. While there are certain external factors such as lightning, rain, winds, etc. that cause PQ problems, it will be hard to imagine that many of the
PQ issues are due to what happens inside customer’s premises. About 70-80% of power quality problems are caused inside a premise, due to equipment/appliance with low immunity or inadequate building wiring or incorrect grounding and also including large loads sharing the same circuits. These problems can be compounded by more frequent starting, running and stopping of electronic appliances and critical systems. If a building is more than 15 years old, it probably wasn’t designed to meet the demands of today’s consumer devices and appliances.
Key electrical loads in residential sector Before we move ahead to recognize the effect of poor PQ on common masses, let us first understand their typical energy consumption pattern. Below fig depicts the percentage breakdown of consumption pattern in residential sector in India based on consolidated data available for year 2011.
May 2016
Opinion-Mass Perception
Below fig depicts some of the physical manifestations of Power Quality issues caused in the electrical network due to customers’ loading/ consumption pattern across key equipment. While above indicated are the causes of PQ issues in the electrical network, at Figure 1. Energy Consumption in Residential Sector, India 2011 [1] the same time it also has effects on the customers (and Although common masses in their equipment) back. Following are general may be unfamiliar with some of the observed effects of poor the term PQ, they are likely to be PQ at homes appliances: aware of consequences of PQ hh Digital equipment like problems. PQ problems affect many computers are the most affected appliances in home, especially devices due to Momentary electronic equipment, the use of Interruptions resulting in loss which is increasing more and more of data, if UPS/battery back is in households. Some of the regularly not used used electrical loads like Personal hh Digitally controlled white goods Computers, sophisticated Stereo or appliance giving way or not Systems, Microwave Ovens, Air functioning in low voltage areas Conditioner, Refrigerator, Satellite Systems and other appliances may be damaged or may fail prematurely if they are not protected from harmful voltage and frequency surges and related PQ disturbances.
hh
PQ disturbances on key appliances and its effects Power Distribution Utilities strive to provide highly reliable and consistent electric power, however it is not possible for them to maintain perfectly constant voltage at all times. In the course of their operations, voltage will inevitably fluctuate, sometimes due to the design of the supply network, internal switching of electricity supply or sometimes due to varying consumption patterns of customers for e.g. the starting and stopping of residential heavy loads like lift , pumps, drilling machines or appliances like refrigerators, ACs, geysers , etc. These voltage fluctuations create PQ issues like Surges/Spikes, Transients, Swells/ Sags, Momentary Interruptions, etc. which are harmful to sensitive equipment/appliances.
May 2016
Turning large loads (like Room ACs, Refrigerator, Washing Machine) ON/OFF also causes Swells/Sags. The circuit supplying power to this equipment may be overloaded or have an internal wiring deficiency
hh
Too many large loads, lightning, etc. on the same circuit can cause a transient impulse and damage electronic devices
hh
Sometimes turning on grinding machine, hair dryer, vacuum cleaner etc. may have impact on TV and there is some noise interference
hh
Some other and important effects like electric shock, electrical faults causing fire, etc. are safety related risks associated due to poor PQ at homes
There are number of factors that can cause power disturbances, including lightning strikes, undersized wiring, short-circuit in home wiring or power system outages. Poor grounding and improper wiring also contributes
to home power quality problems. Depending on the size of the voltage fluctuation, PQ problems can vary in severity, ranging from brief malfunction to immediate equipment failure. Even the problems that last shorter than a second may result in considerable economical losses for the users in many aspects.
Affordable PQ initiatives at homes There is no doubt that the availability of electric power with high quality is crucial for the running of the modern society. Therefore, it is necessary that consumers also play their part in avoiding PQ problems and avoid huge losses related with them. For e.g. to reduce electric shock or faults resulting into fire, it is very important to make the electrical system error proof, right from the design to the installation. A proper design of the electrical system in the house is extremely crucial and professional advice must be sought for the same. If there is recurring problems with electronic equipment, following affordable and common measures can minimize them. Moreover these measures will help reduce PQ issues and improve the life and efficiency of electrical equipment hh
Proper wiring including upsizing such wiring system catering heavy loads and good grounding of entire home is essential for electronic equipment to operate smoothly and perform better
hh
Checking appliances for loose or damaged plugs, connections, and repairing or replacing them
hh
Checking home fuse box or panels and ensuring that sensitive loads (like computer, TV, etc.) aren’t sharing a circuit with your large switching loads (refrigerator, washing machine, ovens, etc.). Labeling fuses showing which appliances are on which circuit is a good way of doing this OR moving offending equipment like dryers, heaters, etc. to a different circuit can do the trick
51
Opinion-Mass Perception
or digital loads at home level. The fast
growing
technologies
like
distributed generations, sensitivity of automation and electronic devices, etc. are emerging as part of modern distribution system. As an end user, we make significant investment in our home appliances; hence it is our responsibility to protect
those
appliances
and
ourselves against PQ related harm. Through
regular
preventive
maintenance
inspections/ of
the
electrical installation, small steps like right planning and procurement of equipment besides overseeing implementation by a trained/certified/ authorized electrician at home can help customer protect themselves against PQ problems to a large extent. It is said that ‘Prevention is better than cure’. Therefore, rather than things getting worse and the PQ issues getting aggravated, weak points in the electrical system should be identified and foreseen and basic initial steps must be undertaken This will help avoiding failure of expensive gadgets, and preventing fire or loss of property or life with improved performance of the key equipments. REFERENCES 1. Residential buildings in India: Energy use projections and savings potentials – Global Buildings Performance Network, Oct 2014 2. Power Quality at Home hh
hh
52
Using Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors (TVSS) are the most basic, simplest and least expensive power protection device that protect against high transient level voltages Using voltage regulators that maintains a constant voltage level as well as provide protection. These regulators do not rely on batteries and therefore have a long life and
hh
also extend the life of electrical equipment
3. Electrical Safety in the Home – Leonardo Energy
Using a home UPS system may be necessary to overcome low voltage impact on sophisticated digital devices like TV etc.
4. Power Quality for Residential Customers – Platts, a division of The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc (2003)
Conclusion Thus, we note that Power Quality has become a matter of growing concern in recent years owing to a daily rise in use of non-linear sensitive electronic
5. Power Quality in Your Home – Pacific Gas and Electric Company, 2012 ■
Mr Manas Kundu Director (Energy Solutions) with ICAI, Country Manager, Asia Power Quality Initiative (APQI)
May 2016
ExpertSpeak
Q
uality of Electricity commonly referred as “power quality�, directly affect the efficiency and reliability of Electrical systems and Machinery. Power Quality is defined based on the bus voltage waveform to remain sinusoidal at its designated voltage and frequency at that particular node. The power quality issues are largely caused by the non-linear loads such as unbalance loading of distribution transformer. Besides, the usage of more power conversion technologies and electronics equipment at the industry and home has led to worsening of Power Quality. For instance, the home appliances are known to generate harmonics e.g., UPS, Florescent Lamp, TV, PC etc, and the industrial machinery e.g., Arc Furnaces, AC Drives etc., and power system equipment used for stability and efficient transmission e.g., Static Converters, HVDC transmission etc. Apart from above, majority of power quality problems are generated by fault in power systems with unpredictable events like Cable and Transformer energizing, Lightning Surge, Faults, Resonance Corona etc., to mention a few. A typical waveform of a bus at customer
54
end having large amount of UPS load which has voltage distortion (6-8% THD). There are different classifications for Power Quality, each using specific property to categorize e.g., As per ANSI C84.1, the most important factor is the duration of event, IEEE 519 specifies wave shape (duration and magnitude) of each event to classify power quality and IEC 610002-5 recommends the frequency range of the event for classification. Poor power quality causes several issues on the system level and on the performance of electric and electronic equipment as well; e.g., (a) Resonance due to the Power Factor Correction Capacitor and Cable Capacitance (b) Malfunctioning of protective relays and similar principle equipment (c) Additional losses in Capacitors, Transformers and Rotating Machines and (d) Heating, additional noise and low-frequency torques from rotating machines. Good Power Quality
calls for trade-off between cost, effectiveness and advantages offered. Few of the recommended solutions are applications of highpulse rectification using passive and active Filters, customised devices like power quality conditioners, and usage of power factor correction device at the entry or front end of the equipment etc., The renewable energy generation through wind and solar has gained significant momentum in India. As reported by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE), the installed capacity of renewable energy has reached 13% of the total potential available in the country by March 2014. Government of India
May 2016
ExpertSpeak
along with MNRE is promoting to increase this capacity by setting targets year on year basis. However, any renewable generation goes through power conversion (DC to AC or AC to AC) and causes power quality issues. Hence, the grid integrated renewable energy systems further deteriorate the power quality issues. Significant R&D efforts are underway to address the power quality issues associated with the renewable integration to the grid. Power Quality issues continue to pose challenges in India. Though there are solutions to address the power quality issues significant R&D effort is called for cost effective solutions and load balancing in LV distribution system in India.
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55
ExpertSpeak
P
ower Quality (also known as PQ) is a highly newsworthy issue. Increasing use of semiconductor based electronic equipment & nonlinear loads (such as computers & their peripherals, data servers, adjustable speed drivers, arc furnaces etc) and rapid integration of non-conventional energy sources into grid network throws new challenges for the PQ environment. Electricity has characteristics:
the
hh
hh
following
Atmospheric phenomena (lightening, wind, etc.) and environmental conditions (including pollution, man-made or natural) The equipment installed at the premises of an electricity user (its design or mode of operation) can inject disturbances (e.g. harmonic or inter-harmonic distortion, voltage fluctuations etc.) into the distribution networks
hh
Frequency
hh
Magnitude
Parties affected by power quality issues can be
hh
Waveform
hh
End users
Symmetry
hh
Equipment & system manufacturer
hh
Designers of plants & installations
hh
Electricity distributors
hh
Public authorities
hh
General public
hh
These characteristics are subject to variations during the normal operation in a supply system due to changes of load, disturbances generated by certain equipment and the occurrence of faults which are mainly caused by external events. The characteristics vary at random with time, or reference to any specific supply terminal, and location with reference to any given instant of time.
Sources of disturbances are 56
“A Voltage sag in a paper mill can waste a whole day of production $250,000 loss” Source: Business Week
A manufacturing company lost more than $3 million one day last summer in Silicon Valley when the “lights went out.” Source: New York Times
Unplanned data center outages cost companies nearly $9,000 per minute. Source: Emerson network power study Half of all computer problems and one-third of all data loss can be traced back to the power line Source: Contingency Planning Research, LAN Times
Power Quality issues and their impact Outcome of some surveys are given below, which reveals losses to industries due to poor power quality.
Figure 1: Losses for every voltage sag event Source: EPRI “The Economics of Custom Power”, IEEE T&D Show 2003
May 2016
ExpertSpeak
Cost of Momentary Interruption ($/kW demand) Category
Minimum
Maximum
Automobile Manufacturing
$5.0
$7.5
Rubber and Plastics
$3.0
$4.5
Industrial
Textile
$2.0
$4.0
Paper
$1.5
$ 2.5
Printing (newspapers)
$1.0
$2.0
Petrochemical
$3.0
$5.0
Metal Fabrication
$2.0
$4.0
Glass
$4.0
$6.0
Mining
$2.0
$4.0
Food Processing
$3.0
$5.0
Pharmaceutical
$5.0
$50.0
Electronics
$8.0
$12.0
Semiconductor Manufacturing
$20.0
$60.0
Commercial Communications, Information processing
$1.0
$10.0
Hospitals, Banks, CMI Services
$2.0
$3.0
Restaurant, Bars, Hotels
$0.5
$1.0
Commercial Shops
$0.1
$0.5
Figur e 2: Cost of momentary interruptions in different industries Source: EPRI “The Economics of Custom Power”, IEEE T&D Show 2003
In India, due to poor quality of electricity supply, most large industries incur heavy cost because of: hh
Investment in costly captive power generation unit(s)
hh
Paying for feeder level above 22kV or an express feeder at additional costs
Those industries not having backup supply incur losses because of: hh
Lost productivity, idle people and equipment
hh
Additional labour cost due to overtime (to meet targets)
hh
Cost of scrap generated due to poor power quality
hh
Costs to restart the plant
hh
Equipment damage and repair
May 2016
hh
Lost orders, goodwill, customers and profits
hh
Lost transactions and orders not being processed in time
hh
Customer and/or management dissatisfaction
Variation in voltage & frequency and waveform distortion (in other words harmonics) are the critical power quality issues. Overloading of an electricity network causes voltage variations resulting in increased losses and faults. In India, power quality issues that are typically looked at are: harmonics in voltage & current, poor power factor, frequency variation & reliability of supply using indices like SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, etc. In reality, power quality issues in distribution network are many more: hh
mains frequency variation
deviation/
hh
supply voltage fluctuations
hh
harmonics & inter-harmonics
hh
sag, swell, interruption
hh
flickers
hh
symmetry of the three-phase voltages
hh
rapid voltage change
hh
under deviation deviation
hh
low power factor
hh
higher failure damage rate
hh
neutral overshoot
&
and
over
`1 According to the study carried out by Asia Power Quality Initiative (APQI), the direct costs of downtime in India are to the tune of Rs 20,000 crore per annum. About 57% of these financial losses are due to voltage sags and short interruptions, while about 35% of the losses are due to transients and surges. However, the cost of prevention for these may be less than 10% of the cost of problems they cause. Main conclusions of surveys on costs due to poor voltage quality (source: CEER 4th benchmarking report) Country/ year Norway by NVE and stakeholders (2002)
Estimated annual costs due to dips for end-users between 120 and 440 million NOK.
Sweden by Elforsk (2003)
Estimated annual costs for industrial customers due to dips and interruptions at about 157 million €.
Italy by AEEG and Politecnico di Milano (2006)
Estimated annual costs due to dips and interruptions (< 1 s) for the whole production system between 465 and 780 million €.
Pan European survey by Leonardo Power Quality Initiative (2005-2007)
Costs of PQ wastage EU-25 exceeds 150 billion € annually.
cable
Implications of poor power quality to consumers are: a) Disturbances in supply voltage (interruption, distortion, over voltage/under voltage, sag/ swell) causes substantial loss of revenue due to outages, reduced life of customer equipment, relay tripping, flickering of lamps, stalling of motors, etc. b) Harmonic contents in loads causes increased losses, malfunctioning of electronic circuits, heating of power transformers, heating of induction motors, premature failure of motors, deterioration in power factor etc.
Estimated annual costs
Regulations quality
on
Power
Most of the European countries have adopted the standard EN 50160 as the basis for voltage quality legislation, regulations & standardisation. In India, various regulations exist for quality of electricity supply applicable
57
ExpertSpeak
of an airplane: providing information of what went wrong whenever a poor power quality event occurs. In nutshell, continuous power quality monitoring detects, records and leads to the prevention of power quality problems.
Conclusion for generation, transmission & distribution companies. The objective of these regulations are to help maintain the standards of the electricity grid and to protect the interest of consumers. These regulations have been specified by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) and the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) at a central level and the State Electricity Regulatory commissions (SERC) at the state level as per the provisions of the Electricity Act, 2003. State level regulations covers harmonic distortion (mostly THD), voltage variation and voltage unbalance. But it doesn’t cover other important parameters of power quality e.g. mains frequency, voltage sag, swell, interruption, flicker, mains signaling voltage, voltage inter-harmonics, current harmonics etc. Also, all states don’t have power quality regulations, where they do, they don’t always regulate the same parameters, which adds to the problems.
Regulations on Power quality
(the Czech Republic, Hungary, Norway, Slovenia and starting from Jan 2012-in Italy) and/or during shorter but pre-defined periods of time, e.g. one or more weeks at each location (Austria, Lithuania, The Netherlands and Portugal). Indian regulations don’t define a clear framework for monitoring, management and control of power quality parameters. In India, stand alone power quality meters are installed at very few sites (by some big industries, maybe). These meters are either read occasionally or read for some diagnostic purposes only. Analytics are rarely performed on power quality primarily due to an appreciation of it’s importance within the system and a lack of PQ domain knowledge.
Benefits of continuous power quality monitoring Continuous monitoring of power quality can be achieved using a fixed installed power quality meter. It conducts a continuous health check of the electricity network connected to it by:
Different voltage quality disturbances are monitored in the different countries. However, the requirements and test methods stipulated by the standard EN 50160 are used as a reference by most of the countries. Monitoring is performed mainly at permanent locations with the emphasis being placed on substations and industries (HV/MV).
hh
Monitoring power quality events like sag, swell, interruption and their severity
hh
Monitoring other important parameters like mains frequency, flicker, supply unbalances, k-factor, etc.
hh
Monitoring harmonics flow between load and supply in either direction
In many European countries, the distribution system operators (DSOs) are obligated to perform voltage quality measurements, either on a continuous basis
Such power quality meters are used to view, monitor and analyse data to initiate a plant\equipment maintenance programme. These meters are also act like the black box
58
The quality of electrical power is an important contributing factor to the development of any country; and poor power quality of electrical power is hindering industrial growth in India. It is estimated that a substantial annual revenue loss is suffered by the utility and by industry due to poor power supply which is a result of poor power quality. If these problems are not handled effectively and in time, then utilities and their customers may be affected adversely in the next few years. It may even result in a slower pace of growth for India. Here are few recommendations to improve power quality: hh
Increase awareness of power quality among transmission, distribution companies and bulk consumer of electricity.
hh
Harmonization of regulations at the centre and states utilities in India
hh
Distribution companies should monitor power quality with the objective of managing it
hh
Monitor power quality generated by non-conventional energy sources at a grid network level
hh
Power quality performance should be displayed in the public domain
hh
Utilities should monitor power quality to identify ‘polluting’ consumers and facilitate efforts to reduce injecting harmonics into the network by such consumers. ■ Mr. Devendra Vyas, Secure Meters Limited
May 2016
CaseStudy
P
ower quality is a measure of ideal power supply system. The disturbances or deviations from desired power parameters i.e. voltage, current and frequency can be either through grid, a neighbouring user or self generated issues. At times, a plant could face power quality issues generated within its plant boundary and outside it. In order to improve productivity and quality, manufacturing facilities are adopting automation in most of the industrial processes. All these automation processes are equipped with sensitive electronic components. These electronic equipments are susceptible to any deviation in power quality like voltage surge/sags, voltage and frequency variation, transients, electrical noise, harmonics etc. Any of these power quality related issue can cause damage to sensitive equipment resulting in loss of capital cost of the product, reliability of operation, loss of productivity and economic loss. The case study depicts case of an automotive component manufacturing facility facing power quality issues due to internal and external factors. The case study also highlights various mitigation techniques adopted by the plant team to successfully mitigate such issues.
Introduction Delphi-TVS is a joint venture between Delphi Corporation, USA and T.V. Sundaram Iyengar & Sons, India manufacturing Diesel Fuel Injection Equipment for Cars, Sports Utility and Multi Utility Vehicles, Light Commercial Vehicles, Tractors, Single & Two Cylinder engines. Delphi is the largest automotive supplier in the world and TVS is the largest automotive systems supplier in India. Delphi-TVS Diesel System was started in 1990 as a joint Venture between Lucas, UK and LucasTVS, Chennai Subsequently on Delphi acquiring Lucus Factories, Delphi TVS became a joint venture between Delphi, US & Lucas.TVS, Chennai
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The Factory is located at the Thiruvallur, Sriperumbudur Road and is 6 km from Sriperumbudur in Tamil Nadu State of India. It receives power through an 11 kV feeder and step down to 433 volts using a 750kVA transformer. Fuel injection system of a vehicle is very complex and needs precision control for better combustion and efficiency of the system. In order to achieve this, manufacturing process of fuel injection system is very sophisticated. The accuracy of product required is around 1 micron. To achieve this accuracy, the plant invested in capital intensive and state of the art equipments . Demand of the vehicles is related to economy and season. The demand of the product is directly related to vehicle market and highly fluctuating. In order to meet this fluctuating demand and not to miss any market opportunity Quality Power on 24/7 basis is imperative.
Background The plant was set up in the year 1990 and considering the uncertainty of the business, every possible care was taken to minimize the investment. The investment was also minimized in power distribution system. To start with a demand of 500kVA plant team decided to install one number of 750 kVA transformer with off load tap changer. The plant acquired two numbers of 310kVA, 415 Volt overhauled DG set from parent company, Lucas TVS. At the time of installation, plant received its supply from an 11 kV feeder which was running near to the plant. This feeder was also catering power requirement of various loads like mix of industries, domestic and agricultural. Length of line was around 20 KM and most of its length, it was running through agricultural fields. Distance of substation was around 12 kM from the plant.
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Figure – 1 shows single line diagram of the supply line and various loads on it.
line. Another reason for interruption was due to falling of electrical pole carrying the distribution line due to heavy winds. Apart from frequent interruptions, location of fault and addressing it used to take number of days as most of its length, distribution line used to pass through fields and inaccessible for fault location.
Unbalance Voltage The feeder supplying to TVS-Delphi also supplied power to domestic and agriculture sector. Plant is located around 12 kM from the substation. Preceding and succeeding plant, the feeder is connected with domestic and agricultural loads. Most of the loads at agriculture and domestic sector were single phase loads. Due to use of single phase loads on the feeder, voltage un-balance was unavoidable. Fig – 1 Supply to TVS Delphi
Figure 2 below shows distribution of power in the plant. As shown in figure 1, the plant receives power from state utility.
Voltage variation The plant also faced problem in voltage level of the grid. Voltage variations were from 8 kV during Day and 12kV during midnight was common. OLTC at the SEB substation was not functional and transformer opted by the plant team was without OLTC.
Sequence Change after Power restoration After resumption of Power caused due to breakdown, lines were interchanged by mistake (after Replacing new poles/ rerouting of lines) resulting in phase sequence change.
Fuse Blowing Structure As the Horn-Gap fuse (HG Fuse) used was visually available for examination, frequent fuse blowing was noticed. In addition to the above as per the practice of SEB, lighting Arrestor was placed before fuse and failure of lightning arrestor led to surges and transients. This used to cause HG Fuse blowing. As a result of this, there used to be complete absence of one or more Phases. Fig – 2 Distribution system of plant
The plant started getting various problems due to power quality issues. The problems were related to external factors as well as internal issues.
Problem Faced by plant Power quality issues faced by the plant are broadly identified and classified into two categories viz. external issues and internal issues.
External issues Frequent Interruptions The plant used to get too many interruptions both due to various technical reasons and natural causes. Some of the reasons for interruptions were due to falling of the trees on the line, particularly in the monsoon. During harvesting season, frequency of breakdown faults used to increase due to additional power drawn by agricultural load which was more than the capacity of the transmission
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Internal issues Apart from above mentioned problems faced outside the plant boundary, there were problem present within the plant which were later attributed to poor power quality. The problems faced by the plant were: hh
Frequent Tripping of Sensitive Equipments
hh
Failure of Power Supply in the CNC Equipments
hh
Burning of neutral at R&D
hh
Software corruption of CNC programs
Impact on Business All above issues were resulting in loss of productivity and service quality. Issues arising due to poor power quality were affecting the business. Various effects due to poor power quality were: hh
Customer dispatch was seriously affected.
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hh
Purchase of costly tools resulting in increased M/C tools.
hh
Too Many Electronics Failures resulting in increased down time.
hh
Increase in Scrap & Rejection cost
All above parameters have a direct impact on profitability of the business. In a way, poor power quality was having an impact on profitability of the business.
Analysis In order to find root cause of the problems faced by the plant, power quality audit was first carried out in the year 1993-94. Power quality study was carried out to identify presence of disturbances in power parameter viz voltage, current and frequency. Measurements were carried out to identify problems caused in various equipments. Due to frequent unscheduled interruptions caused from the grid side, plant was forced to use DG set quite frequently. There were various problems faced by the plant when operating on DG set. Detailed measurements were carried out on when plant was operating on DG set.
Fig – 4 Frequency profile at DG
Dips in frequency and voltage were causing tripping of machines, thus affecting productivity of the facility.
Neutral to ground voltage Figure – 5 shows neutral to ground voltage at the DG. Ideally, neutral to ground voltage at the DG should be zero. But as seen in the figure, there were impulses in neutral to ground voltage. At some time, these impulses were of the magnitude of 105 Volts and could be damaging to electronic equipment.
Voltage Figure – 3 shows voltage profile at the DG set during starting of heavy load. As seen in the graph, voltage dips were recorded on R-phase when heavy loads were started. Voltage dips were as low as 196 Volts.
Fig – 5 Neutral to Ground voltage
Figure – 6 voltage waveform output of the DG set. As seen in the figure, voltage waveform is not sinusoidal.
Fig – 3 Voltage profile at DG
Frequency Figure 4 shows impact on output frequency through DG set during switching of loads. As seen in the figure, when motors up to 35 kW were switched on, there were dips in frequency. When motor of 90kW was started, frequency dips were severe to trip some CNC machines.
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Fig – 6 Voltage waveform
Measurements of harmonics were carried out at the output of DG set. Figure – 7 shows voltage harmonics at the output of DG set.
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from state electricity board, and subsequent DISCOM the grid could not be up graded. As a temporary solution, the plant team decided to install voltage stabilizers to ensure regulated voltage supply to critical loads through DG sets. TVS Delphi invested around INR 25 lakhs (2.5 Million) on voltage stabilizers.
Fig – 7 Voltage harmonics
As seen in the figure 7, total voltage harmonic distortions were 11.2% which is quite high. Among particular order of harmonics, 3rd, 5th and 7th were predominant harmonics. Presence of voltage harmonics could cause various problems like malfunctioning of relays or circuit breakers, burning of neutral conductor due to triple-n harmonics and failure of electronic component. During the power quality study it was also identified that there was electrical noise present at various CNC machines. Due to presence of noise, malfunctioning of machines and resetting of machines were observed.
Mitigation Techniques – Phase 1 Based on power quality audit and problems identified by the plant team, various mitigation techniques were adopted. These mitigation techniques were also divided under two categories viz source and load.
Mitigation techniques on load Presence of noise was affecting performance of CNC machines. It was recommended to install isolation transformer at the equipment Level to mitigate the Noise produced by various equipments. In order to mitigate noise, Isolation Transformers were installed and Neutral to Ground Voltage was measured daily and was found to be less than 2V. Due to switching of load, voltage dips were observed when plant was operating on DG sets. As a Temporary measure, plant changed operating practice to avoid voltage dips due to switching of loads. Motors above 50 HP were started first and then power was resumed to the equipments whenever power was supplied through DG set. As plant was in expansion mode, plant team discussed noise problem with CNC machine suppliers so that mitigation techniques can be build in the machine itself. Machine manufacturers incorporated power quality mitigating techniques in the machines. They supplied new CNC machines with noise cut off transformer, filters for drives and even redesigned machines to suit the available power quality.
Mitigation adopted for supply Power quality from the grid was a major concern for reliable operation of the plant. But due to various issues
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As there was no improvement of the grid condition, TVS Delphi had no option but to invest on captive power plant. Existing Two numbers of 310 kVA DG sets were replaced with 2 nos. of 1000 kVA DG Sets. TVS Delphi invested around INR 65 lakhs per DG set. Total investment incurred for installation of DG set was 130 lakhs. In addition management approved for hiring 1 no 1000 kVA DG Set as a Temporary measure till the SEB Supply was improved. Two DG Sets were operated for feeding critical Loads operating 2 Shifts/day. Monthly cost of operating DG set was around INR 40 lakhs per month.
Benefits By installing captive power plant and taking all possible mitigating measures, TVS Delphi got following advantages: Meeting Customer Schedule – Timely delivery of the consignment due to i mproved reliability in operation Space saving – When plant was operated before installation of new DG sets, voltage stabilizers were used to ensure regulated voltage supply to critical loads through DG sets. After installation of new DG sets, critical loads were always supplied through new DG sets. This measure made voltage stabilizers redundant and were removed. Removal of voltage stabilizers resulted in substantial space saving. Saving additional working day: Due to non reliability of operation, lot of time used to be lost due to breakdowns. Along with the improvement in reliability of operation, decrease in breakdown time was also realized. This resulted in meeting targets in 6 working days in a week instead of earlier case of operation which was 7 days a week. Reducing operation from seven days a week to six days a week resulted in cost saving in terms of reduced energy consumption and lower manpower cost arising due to overtime. Total additional cost that used to be incurred due to operating 7 days a week was around 10 lakhs a day. Annual additional cost was around INR 520 lakhs a year. By saving additional working day, around INR 500 lakhs per year were saved.
Mitigation Techniques – Phase 2 After taking corrective measures in the first phase, TVS Delphi was left with few problems. The problems faced by the plant were: Increased Power Cost: One of the major problem faced by TVS Delphi was operating cost of DG sets. Due to increased cost of diesel, power cost was increasing and plant team were under pressure to reduce Cost. Energy cost from DG set was around INR 22 per kWh where as using captive power plant it was INR 11 per
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kWh. Electrical energy cost from state electricity board was INR 7 per kWh. Initially total electrical consumption of the plant was around 1,200,000 kWh per month. Out of these, 70% of electrical energy was generated through DG set. In current scenario, energy consumption has increased to 2,500,000 kWh per month. Around 30% of this energy demand is met through captive power plant. Table – 1 shows electrical energy demand and source of generation.
Before
Now
Total Consumption
1200000
2500000
kWh
DG
840000
0
kWh
0
750000
kWh
360000
1750000
kWh
Captive EB Table - 1
Tripping of load: Apart from operating cost of DG set, there were also complaints regarding tripping of load during change over. Mitigation technique: Plant team identified a 1.9MW Power Plant with furnace oil as fuel to replace 3 no’s of 1000 kVA DG Set. By commissioning this 1.9 MW captive power plant with an investment of 4.5 crore. TVS Delphi addressed all the above issues and power cost was marginally costlier than SEB Power. However, chiller motors used to create voltage dips due to their frequent starts and stops. To reduce operating cost further and avoid voltage related issues arising out of chiller compressor motors, present chillers were replaced with Vapour Absorption Heat Pump utilizing the waste heat from flue gas of captive power plant exhaust. This resulted in further reduction in power cost which was now close to that of SEB besides eliminating voltage disturbances due to starting/Stopping of Chiller Motors. However, with ever increasing cost of oil, cost of generating electricity from captive power plant was increasing with every rise in fuel price. Plant team started following up state electricity board vigorously to supply additional but Quality Power to meet the increasing Demand. After 3 years of constant follow up, SEB authorities agreed to extend Supply at 33 kV but in phased manner. Table – 2 shows annual loss suffered by the client due to altenate source of electrical energy instead of SEB.
Before
Now
Total Consumption
1200000
2500000
kWh
DG
840000
0
kWh
0
750000
kWh
360000
1750000
kWh
22
INR/kWh
Captive EB
Cost of power generation through DG Captive
22 12
12
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INR/kWh
EB With SEB as base, annual loss:
7 151,200,000.00
7
INR/kWh 45,000,000.00
INR per year
Table - 2
In order to reduce operating cost from captive power plant, TVS Delphi team took the task to ensure 100% usage of SEB power when available. However as mentioned earlier, SEB power has its own issues that does not support reliable operation of the plant. In order to avoid any voltage variation from grid side an 11kV/11 kV AVR (continuous correction) in addition to Step variation at 33 kV Side by OLTC. A 6.3 MVA, 11 kV /11 kV AVR was installed to correct input voltage variation range 9 kV to 12 kV. This addressed issues of voltage variation. Investment made for AVR was around 50 lakhs. However an AVR will not protect operation against abrupt or unplanned power failures. In order to protect plant against un-scheduled power cuts, UPS were installed for critical loads of following capacity. TVS Delphi invested 143 lakhs for UPS system of following rating. 500 kVA x 3 No’s 550 kVA x 1No’s 160 kVA x 4 No’s Apart from above measures, the plant ensured that it is protected against other power quality problems by taking following measures. Use of Sandwich Bus bar trunking using Copper Cadmium in place of conventional Aluminium Bus bar trunking Maximum Capacitor used to be restricted to 25 kVAR (To reduce Transients) Where Load is Fluctuating use of Thyristorised APFC in place of conventional APFC Use of MCCB in place of conventional Fuse Switches (To ensure simultaneous closing of all phases) Use of 4 core conductors (for strengthening of Neutral Conductors)in areas like Data Centres which use Single Phase UPS (To mitigate the effect of Third Harmonics ) Use of Filters (Chokes) at the input and output to mitigate the effects of 5th &7th Harmonics. Use of Circuit Breaker /Load Break Switch in place of conventional Air Break Switch plus Horn Gap Fuse Combination at the receiving point of SEB Supply.
Summary TVS Delphi is a classic example of an industry which faced almost all kind of power quality issues. They faced problems in continuous availability, quality (voltage and frequency related issues) and cost (higher cost for DG or captive power plant).
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They started solving problem of continuous availability of quality power and installed DG sets. However, some of their problems were solved but new problems were raised. They started paying high cost of power which was adding to their expenses and hitting bottom line. But determined and committed plant team addressed all power quality problems. One of the major reasons to take power quality so seriously was its impact on business. Poor power quality was affecting business in a negative way and in order to improve business it was imperative for the plant team to improve power quality which they did. In the process of this, they also reduced operating cost of the plant. Table - 3 below summarises various issues faced by the plant and mitigation action taken by the plant team. Sr. No 1. 2
3 4
5
Power Quality issue Non reliability of power Noise
Voltage quality Cost of electricity
Reliability of operation
Solution adopted
Isolation Transformer Filter Re-design of equipment to suit power quality Improved operating practice Higher capacity of DG sets Adopting low cost fuel Improving efficiency of system Better utilization of available grid power by installing AVR Installed UPS system
Table - 3
Even after taking so many mitigation measures, plant is suffering a loss of around INR 60-65 lakhs per month due to power quality issues. Table - 4 shows various capital expenditure incurred by TVS Delphi to overcome various power quality issues. Total capital expenditure made by TVS Delphi to address various power quality issue was around INR 325.5 Million.
Cost of 1000 kVA DG set Voltage stabilizers UPS system AVR Captive power plant Total Table - 4
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Before
Now
In case if mitigation measures were not adopted
Total Consumption
1200000
2500000
2500000
kWh
DG
840000
0
1750000
kWh
0
750000
kWh
360000
1750000
750000
kWh
Parameter
Captive EB
Cost of power generation through
DG sets
Higher size of neutral conductor Lower size of capacitors for APFC
Capex cost
In case if there were no mitigation measures adopted by plant team, there would have been high cost in terms of energy cost that plant had to pay annually. Table-5 below shows avoided cost due to various mitigation measures.
INR 130,000,000.00 2,500,000.00 143,000,000.00 5,000,000.00 45,000,000.00 325,500,000.00
DG
22
22
22
Captive
12
12
12
EB
7
7
7
With SEB as base, annual loss:
151,200,000.00 45,000,000.00 315,000,000.00
INR/ kWh INR/ kWh INR/ kWh INR per year
Table - 5
Table – 6 shows various losses associated due to poor power quality issues. INR per year
Operational cost Power quality cost due to various power quality issues - Is saving or still incurring losses?
78,000,000.00
Additional cost due to electricity generation with DG set and captive power plant
48,000,000.00
Cost reduction due to shifting from 7 days a week to 6 days a week. This cost include all costs including manpower, energy, inventory etc.
52,000,000.00
Avoided cost due to improved reliability of supply from EB
315,000,000.00
Table - 6
From the case study it can be seen that poor power quality can cause increased operational cost. Increased operational cost directly impact profitability of the business. It is very important to maintain power quality as desired. ■ Mr P Premkumar
The author has 36 years experience in maintenance of electrical and electronic systems including power management and Compliance of Statutory Regulation.
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T
echnologies for energy efficiency can impact power quality positively or negatively. On the one hand, if consumption is reduced by means of a more efficient use of electrical loads and by means of improved classic technology, PQ is improved. On the other hand, if efficient loads are connected to the grid by means of a power electronic interface, PQ may deteriorate. Increased number of power electronic devices in the distribution grid, to achieve higher energy efficiency, often leads to an increased level of electromagnetic disturbances that can affect the power electronic devices themselves as well as traditional devices, causing additional energy losses.
drops are reduced. Load variations, including transient changes, become smaller, resulting in smaller variations of the supply voltage at the points of common coupling (PCCs). Because currents are lower, harmonic currents are lower as well. This results in lower harmonic content of the supply voltage. On the other hand, if efficient loads are connected to the grid by means of a power electronic interface, PQ may deteriorate. Certain devices are a source of PQ problems because of the highly distorted current they draw.
Energy efficiency is the concept of reducing energy consumption without the sacrifice of comfort or delivered services.
These problems are discussed below with regard to fluorescent lamps and variable-speed drives (VSDs). These technologies are key elements of rational use of energy, because lighting and drives represent the main percentage of electricity consumption.
The use of power electronics within the scope of energy efficiency can be problematic from two points of view: 1.
Effects on power quality (PQ) due to the more efficient technologies based on power electronics
2.
Effects on losses in loads and components due to poor PQ caused by the more efficient technologies based on power electronics
Losses related to product wastage in industrial processes caused by malfunctions due to poor PQ can also be very important from the energy efficiency (EE) perspective.
Impact of EE on PQ Technologies for energy efficiency can impact PQ positively or negatively: On the one hand, if consumption is reduced by means of a more efficient use of electrical loads and by means of improved classic technology, PQ is improved. Due to the resulting lower currents in distribution systems, voltage
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Fluorescent lamps The impedance of a fluorescent lamp is non-linear. If a sinusoidal voltage is applied directly to the lamp, a nonsinusoidal current flows. In order to limit and control this current, fluorescent lamps are equipped with a ballast. Two kinds of ballasts are used[1]: (1) electronic ballast and (2) electromagnetic ballast.
Electronic Ballast The circuit of a fluorescent lamp with an electronic ballast is shown in Figure 1. As illustrated, the mains voltage is rectified, and then the DC is inverted to AC at a high frequency, for example, 30 kHz, and is applied to the series circuit consisting of the inductor and the lamp.
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relevant standards. They conclude that the total active power of CFLs should not exceed 10% of the rated power of the supply transformer. This number decreases if other non-linear loads are installed in the building. If the value of 10% is exceeded, the voltage distortion in the hotel’s network exceeds the limits stated in IEC/TR3 61000-3-6. Figure 1: Fluorescent lamp with an electronic ballast, consisting of an AC filter, a rectifier, a DC capacitor, an HF oscillator, an inductor and a capacitor.
The main disadvantage of electronic ballast is the distorted current drawn by the rectifier. The extent of this distortion depends on whether the rectifier is a standard diode bridge rectifier[2] or a rectifier in combination with a passive filter or active control[1]. A passive filter can be added to the AC side to filter out harmonic current. In case the rectifier is equipped with active control, a nearly sinusoidal current is drawn from the grid, resulting in a high power factor. This type of ballast is more expensive than ballasts with a simple rectifier. It is possible to supply high-frequency voltage to multiple lamps in commercial and professional environments where separate electronic ballasts are used in large lamps. These external ballasts are equipped with a filter or wave-shaping controls to keep the total harmonic distortion (THD) minimal. For large lamps, used in commercial and professional environments, separate electronic ballasts are used. Here it is possible to supply high-frequency voltage to multiple lamps. These external ballasts are equipped with a filter or wave-shaping controls to keep the total harmonic distortion (THD) minimal. In many lighting applications, when considerations of cost, aesthetics and available space are so important, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) become very tempting. In order to limit the size and the cost of CFLs, the integrated electronic ballast contains a standard rectifier, resulting in current spikes on the AC side, which correspond to a high level of harmonic currents. Examples of the frequency spectrum of this current are shown in Figure 2 Figure 2, for a CFL of 20 W and for one of 23 W. The corresponding values of the THD are 130.5% and 127.7%, respectively[3]. An analysis by Radakovic et al. in 2005 in a hotel concluded that the total active power of CFLs should not exceed 10% of the rated power of the supply transformer. This number decreases if other non-linear loads are installed in the building. If the value of 10% is exceeded, the voltage distortion in the hotel’s network exceeds the limits stated in IEC/TR3 61000-3-6. Due to the impedance of the network, harmonic currents lead to harmonic components in the voltage. In this way harmonic distortion is spread over the local network. If the number of CFLs in a grid section is small, their influence on the voltage waveform is acceptable. However, if a large number of CFLs are used, harmonic distortion will become unacceptable. Radakovic et al.[4] analyse the effect of CFLs in a hotel in order to determine the allowable number of CFLs, taking into account the
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When several lamps are operated in parallel, the THD of the lighting system is lower than that of a single lamp; the harmonic currents from the CFLs are partially cancelled by each other. Cancellation occurs due to dispersion in the phase angles of the harmonic currents. This is called the ‘diversity effect’. Dispersion is caused by variations in the parameters of the network and the loads. Another effect is the attenuation effect. Voltage harmonics, caused by harmonic currents, are a distortion of the supply voltage. The distortion results in a reduction of the voltage wave when the current spike occurs. Because of the voltage decrease, the current spikes are lower than when a sinusoidal voltage is applied. This results in an attenuation of the current harmonics[5].
Electromagnetic Ballast Fluorescent lamps with an electromagnetic ballast are inexpensive and have a simple design. The electromagnetic ballast is a series inductor, as shown in Figure 3. The combination of the series inductor and the lamp results in an impedance that is more linear than the lamp’s impedance. As a result, the current is more sinusoidal, with a small amount of harmonic distortion. An example of the frequency spectrum of the current of a fluorescent lighting unit with electromagnetic ballasts is shown in Figure 2 Figure 2. The THD corresponding to this spectrum is 19.4%. This particular lighting unit consists of two parallel fluorescent lamps, each with a ballast. The current waveform of a fluorescent lamp can contain more distortion if saturation and hysteresis occur in the ballast’s iron core[6].
Figure 3: Fluorescent Lamp with Electromagnetic Ballast (L) and Starter (S).
The disadvantages of the electromagnetic ballast are its weight, its large size and occurrence of the stroboscopic effect. The frequency of the current is the industrial frequency (50–60 Hz). As a result, the light output pulsates at a frequency of 100–120 Hz. If a single lamp is used, stroboscopic effect occurs: Because of the pulsating light output, rotating objects appear to be moving slower than they actually are. Stroboscopic effect can be avoided by using two fluorescent lamps in parallel the currents of which are not in phase. This is achieved by adding a series capacitor to one of the lamps. An alternative way is to feed the lamps from different phases of the power supply.
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The order of the harmonic currents originating from the rectifier is calculated using Equation 1. The frequency of the inter-harmonic currents is calculated using Equation 2[9]. The symbol p is the number of pulses per period (e.g., 6); k and n are integer numbers; fN is the mains frequency and fM is the fundamental frequency of the voltage supplied to the motor. (1)
h=k • p ±1
fhi=h•fN±n•p•fM (2)
Figure 2: Harmonic Spectrum of the Current of CFLs (power: 20 W and 23 W) and a Fluorescent Lamp with Electromagnetic Ballast (power: 2 × 40 W) up to the 19th Harmonic (in % of the fundamental component) [3, 7].
Variable-speed drives In the same way as fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts, variable-speed drives can be a source of harmonic distortion. VSDs with a diode-bridge rectifier generate harmonic currents. The outline of a VSD connected to a three-phase voltage source (i.e., the supply network) is shown in Figure 4. A VSD consists of a rectifier, a DC filter (e.g., a capacitor) and an inverter. With a three-phase rectifier, the current waveform consists of two peaks per half period, as illustrated in Figure 5. This results in cancellation of the third harmonic if the supply voltage is balanced[2]. If the supply voltage is unbalanced, the two current peaks have different magnitudes, resulting in a large third harmonic component in the current [8].
Figure 4: Schematic Representation of a Variable-Speed Drive.
The VSD consists of a rectifier, a DC filter and an inverter. The frequency of the inverter’s output voltage can be adjusted. This voltage is supplied to an induction motor. The rectifier is connected to the three-phase grid via inductors.
Three main inverter types are used in variable-speed drives: (1) inverter with pulse-width modulation (PWM), (2) voltage-source inverter (VSI) and (3) current-source inverter (CSI)[8]. In a PWM inverter and a VSI, the DC link usually consis rent is zero. This results in an AC current consisting of a sequence of positive and negative spikes. This corresponds to strong harmonic distortion. In the case of a CSI, the DC current is always flowing. As a result, the AC curre nt resembles a square wave, which contains less harmonic currents. The attenuation effect mentioned in the discussion of fluorescent lamps occurs also in VSDs[8]. To check whether or not the installation of a VSD may result in problems concerning harmonics, certain elements have to be taken into account such as the presence of capacitor banks without tuning reactors and the short-circuit capability of the supplying grid. A harmonic analysis may be required to determine the interaction of a VSD and the grid. The recommended practices and requirements to control the harmonics are specified in standards such as IEEE519-1992 or IEC 61000-3-x. To check whether or not the installation of a VSD may result in problems concerning harmonics, certain elements have to be taken into account such as the presence of capacitor banks without tuning reactors and the short-circuit capability of the supplying grid. A harmonic analysis may be required to determine the interaction of a VSD and the grid. If it is found that the harmonic distortion due to the installation of VSDs is beyond acceptable limits, one of the following measures can be taken[10]: hh
Replacing the 6-pulse rectifier by a 12-pulse rectifier with a 30 ° phase shift;
hh
Replacing the t hree-phase bridge rectifier by a PWM-controlled inverter bridge, which generates a nearly sinusoidal current;
hh
Installing passive filters tuned to the most important harmonics (5th, 7th and 11th);
hh
Installing active filters with the ability to compensate current harmonics;
hh
Lowering the impedance of the main distribution transformer.
Figure 5: Input Current of One Phase of a Three-Phase Rectifier.
Both the rectifier and the inverter of a VSD contribute to the emitted harmonic and inter-harmonic currents[8, 9].
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Impact of PQ on EE Many new as well as traditional electrical devices are sensitive to poor PQ and will malfunction when PQ becomes too poor, involving energy wastage. These issues are discussed below for some of the main electrical and electronic devices.
Power transformers Non-sinusoidal voltages involve variations in no-load losses (P0), mainly located in the magnetic circuit (iron losses). As commonly known, P0 consists of two parts: (1) magnetic hysteretic losses and (2) eddy current losses.
= üüü 0
1
n M
+
2
2
2
(3)
where the first term represents magnetic hysteretic losses, and the second one the eddy current losses; f is the frequency, B is the inductance and k1 and k2 are constants. With reference to the hysteretic losses, it is to be noted that the maximum value of the inductance is related to the voltage (e) through the expression BM = K ?
(4)
and is therefore proportional to the mean value of the voltage. In the case of a non-sinusoidal wave, the hysteretic losses are those that would occur with a sine wave of the same average value. As for the eddy current losses (PCP), an accurate assessment in the case of distorted waves can be made considering that in the case of a sine wave, rms voltage is proportional to fB, and for non-sinusoidal waves we have
For transformers with core made of grain-oriented sheet, we can assume P1 = P2 = 0.5. In general we can say that if the waveform is not highly distorted, the iron losses for the same rms voltage do not vary too much. We should also keep in mind that in a fully loaded transformer, no-load losses represent only 20–25% of total losses. With reference to the issue of additional load losses, the argument is rather complex since the laws pertaining to variation of these losses are dependent on many factors such as frequency, temperature, resistivity, type of construction of the windings and so on. With THD higher than 5%, it should be noted that the additional losses increase, and, consequently, for the same rms value of current, winding temperature rise would be higher. Though transformers are not seriously affected by minor voltage variations and unbalances, sometimes small percentages can also become significant from an EE perspective. For example, voltage unbalance can increase no-load losses in a Dyn MV/LV transformer, as the magnetic core works with impressed voltages. The three columns have different levels of excitation with a possible increase of no-load losses. Like the other static components, transformers are not seriously affected by minor voltage variations and unbalances, but from an EE perspective, sometimes small percentages can also become significant. For example, voltage unbalance can increase no-load losses in a Dyn MV/LV transformer, as the magnetic core works with impressed voltages. The three columns have different levels of excitation with a possible increase of no-load losses.
Reactors
(5)
In general, reactors do not suffer from such unbalances present to some extent (say 10%). In the case of shunted reactors with a laminated magnetic circuit, the same considerations set out above with reference to no-load losses of transformers apply.
So, in the case of non-sinusoidal waves, eddy current losses are still proportional to the rms voltage. For an approximate evaluation of iron losses with non-sinusoidal waves (P0), we may use the simplified formula below:
Series reactors subjected to distorted currents show an increase of losses in the windings due to the additional losses depending on frequency. The discussion on noload losses for transformers applies here as well.
Po = ?
In general, you may experience a significant increase in losses with the need to reduce the power rating.
∞
E 2 ≡ ∑ f n 2 . Bn 2 n =1
(6)
where hh
Pm is the measured no-load losses at rated voltage with a mean value voltmeter (reading multiplied by 1.11);
hh
P1 is the ratio between hysteretic losses and total no-load losses;
hh
P2 is the ratio between eddy current losses and total no-load losses;
hh
k is the ratio between the readings of an rms and a mean voltmeter (k = 1 for a sinusoidal wave).
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Induction motors In rotating machines, unbalanced voltages involve the presence of negative sequence rotating fields produced by inductor currents, which cause severe losses, as well as affecting the electromagnetic torque. The reverse field causes in the cage eddy currents with a frequency of 2f − s (where s is the slip frequency) limited only by an impedance at the terminals of the stator just a bit different from the one at the locked rotor.
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The voltage induced in the rotor is proportional to (2f − s), and the same applies to the reactance of the rotor.
hh
ω is the fundamental frequency;
hh
C is the capacitance;
If the asynchronous machine operates as a motor and there is a torque on the shaft, the normal load current is superimposed on that due to the presence of the reverse field. This involves extra losses as well as a reduction in the useful mechanical torque on the shaft. The limit of this condition occurs in the case of interruption of one phase.
hh
Un is the nth order voltage
The ratio Un/In is not a constant for any n; so, in the case of voltage harmonics, the current drawn from the capacitor is more strongly deformed. Its root mean square value is
The presence of harmonics in the system voltage results in eddy rotating fields that affect the performance of and the losses in the motor.
I=
To get this idea clarified, you can refer to the simple case of balanced systems that generate direct or reverse simple harmonic rotating fields.
which can be considerably higher than the one with a sine wave (I1).
Excluding, for obvious reasons, the presence of the 3rd harmonic, we can consider the 5th and 7th harmonic fields. The former, reverse, would generate a reverse torque which in turn generates an emf in the rotor, which generates currents whose field (also rotating) creates a braking torque. This implies an increase of losses in the windings and a reduction of the available torque.
I12 + I 32 + I 5 2 + + I n 2
(8)
Practically, the problem of heating affects only the internal connections and terminals, as in modern synthetic film capacitors dielectric losses are always very small. If the bank has an inductor in series, the problem of additional losses in the reactor is also there.
Power cables
The field due to the 7th harmonic is direct, and the rotor would tend to rotate in the same direction as that of the main field, but at a speed 7 times higher. As compared to the main torque, the harmonic torque is modest and, hence the motor does not reach the speed of the considered harmonic; so, with reference to the harmonic system, the motor is permanently in the start-up phase, leading to a further increase in losses in the windings.
The phenomenon of harmonics can lead to permanent high-frequency overcurrents in the phase conductors and neutral conductor (triple n harmonics).
If the total voltage harmonic distortion is less than 5%, this phenomenon assumes, however, relatively small proportions and affects only marginally the behaviour of the motor except for energy efficiency.
In general, in the case of AC conductors, the relationship between resistance to AC (RAC) and the DC resistance (RDC) depends on the shape of the conductor and the square root of frequency and has a rather complex analytical expression.
Synchronous motors In case of unbalance, the presence of rotating fields produced by the negative sequence currents generates additional losses as well as affecting the electromagnetic torque. In synchronous motors fitted with damper windings, these currents are caused by the variable flux of the reverse field. The dual-frequency eddy currents are related to the amplitude of the negative sequence and to a reactance very close to the subtransient.
The problem is amplified by skin effect losses due to such operating conditions. The problem is more evident in the higher sections, where the skin effect is more prominent.
Figure 6 shows the ratio RAC/RDC, in the case of circular conductors, as a function of the radius of the conductor (r) and the depth of penetration (δ)[4]. For example, for a cylindrical copper wire of diameter 20 mm, at a frequency of 350 Hz corresponding to the 7th harmonic, the ratio RAC/RDC is equal to 1.6.
Capacitor banks For capacitor banks the most important phenomenon is harmonics. To analyse the problem we have to use the following equation:
I n = nωCU n
where hh
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In is the nth order harmonic current;
(7)
Figure 6: Ratio RAC/RDC in the Case of Circular Conductors, As a Function of the Radius of the Conductor (r) and the Depth of Penetration ( with ρ being the electrical resistivity, μ the magnetic permeability of the material and ω = 2πf where f is the frequency of the AC current)
It is found that CFLs are less sensitive to voltage flicker than are incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps with
May 2016
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electromagnetic ballast. The variation in light intensity is the lowest for CFLs due to the high frequency of the current flowing through the lamp.
Lamps Concerning lighting, an important type of distortion is voltage flicker. This is a low-frequency variation of the voltage. Flicker results in a visible variation in the light output of lamps. Chang and Wu[11] compare the performance of incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps with an electromagnetic ballast and fluorescent lamps with an electronic ballast (including CFLs). It is found that CFLs are less sensitive to voltage flicker than are incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps with electromagnetic ballast. The variation in light intensity is the lowest for CFLs. This is due to the high frequency of the current flowing through the lamp. Different types of incandescent lamps show identical performance when flicker occurs, whereas a dispersion of performance is found for different types of fluorescent lamps and CFLs. To prevent speed fluctuations and to protect the power electronics of the VSD against the high inrush currents that flow when the supply voltage is restored, most VSDs are equipped with undervoltage protection. If during the dip the DC voltage becomes lower than Umin, the setting of the undervoltage protection, the VSD is switched off. Typical values for the protection device are 70 to 85% of the rated DC voltage.
Figure 7: DC Bus Voltage of a Variable-Speed Drive during a Three-Phase Voltage Dip. At about 0.022 s, UDC becomes lower than Umin.
During an unbalanced dip (two-phase or single-phase dip) energy is still supplied by the unaffected phase (s). During a two-phase dip, the unbalance in the voltages causes the rectifier to operate in single-phase mode[10]. Whether or not the DC bus voltage will reach the undervoltage protection level Umin, and consequently trip the drive, depends on the load conditions and size of the capacitor of the DC bus. This is illustrated in Figure 8 for a two-phase dip. In this example, the capacitor is discharged sufficiently slowly by the inverter; the voltage remains higher than Umin. This indicates that the probability that a VSD will not trip is higher when an asymmetrical dip occurs.
Variable-speed drives Variable-speed drives are sensitive to voltage dips. This can be explained by analysing the energy input and output of the DC bus during a voltage dip. A voltage dip causes the capacitor of the DC bus not to be charged to its rated value. During normal operation of a VSD, the inverter driving the motor is fed by the rectifier and the capacitor of the DC bus. When a dip occurs, the rectifier does not supply power because the amplitude of the AC voltage has dropped below the voltage of the DC bus. Because the energy stored in the capacitor alone is available to the inverter now, the DC voltage decreases as the capacitor is discharged. This is illustrated in Figure 7 for a three-phase voltage dip. If the DC voltage drops below the decreased AC voltage, supply through the rectifier is restored, and a lower, steady DC voltage is established. To prevent speed fluctuations and to protect the power electronics of the VSD against the high inrush currents that flow when the supply voltage is restored, most VSDs are equipped with undervoltage protection. If during the dip the DC voltage becomes lower than Umin, the setting of the undervoltage protection, the VSD is switched off. Typical values for the protection device are 70 to 85% of the rated DC voltage.
May 2016
Figure 8: DC Bus Voltage of a Variable-Speed Drive during a Two-Phase Voltage Dip. In this example, UDC remains sufficiently high.
Increased number of power electronic devices in the distribution grid, to achieve higher energy efficiency, often leads to an increased level of electromagnetic disturbances that can affect the power electronic devices themselves as well as traditional devices, causing additional energy losses. Till a few years ago, PQ phenomena were considered just because of their effects on the electromagnetic behaviour of electrical devices, with a focus on fault probability, componentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; loss of life or overload and so on. Now, increased attention to environmental protection and energy savings in general forces us to consider PQ phenomena also in the perspective of related energy losses. Among the others, fluorescent lamp and variable-speed drive technologies are key elements of energy efficiency, because lighting and drives represent the major part of electricity consumption. Network conditions have to be carefully evaluated to maximize benefits.
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REFERENCES 1. Wakabayashi F.T. and Canesin C.A. (2001) Novel High-Power-Factor Isolated Electronic Ballast for Multiple Tubular Fluorescent Lamps. IEEE Industry Applications Conference, 36th IAS Annual Meeting, 2001, pp. 230–237. 2. Chen K. (2004) The Impact of Energy Efficient Equipment on System Power Quality. IEEE Industry Applications Conference, 2000, pp. 3240–3245. 3. Korovesis P.N., Vokas G.A., Gonos I.F. and Topalis F. V. (2004) Influence of Large-Scale Installation of Energy Saving Lamps on the Line Voltage Distortion of a Weak Network Supplied by Photovoltaic Station. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 19(4): 1787–1793. 4. Radakovic Z., Topalis F.V. and Kostic M. (2005) The Voltage Distortion in Low-Voltage Networks Caused by Compact Fluorescent Lamps with Electronic Gear. Electric Power Systems Research 73: 129–136. 5. El-Saadany E.F. and Salama M.M.A. (1998) Reduction of the Net Harmonic Current Produced by Single-Phase Non-linear Loads Due to Attenuation and Diversity Effects. Electrical Power & Energy Systems 20(4): 259–268. 6. Chang G.W. (2003) Characterizing Harmonic Currents Generated by Fluorescent Lamps in Harmonic Domain. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 18(4): 1583–1585. 7. Teixeira M.D., de Oliveira J.C., Medeiros C.A.G. and Teixeira G.S. (2002) A Power Quality Comparative Analysis Related to Electronic and Electromagnetic Fluorescent Ballast Operation. IEEE 10th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, February, 2002, pp. 424–429. 8. Xu W., Dommel H.W., Hughes M.B., Chang G.W.K. and Tan L. (1999) Modelling of Adjustable Speed Drives for Power System
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Harmonic Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 14(2): 959–601. 9. De Capua C. and Landi C. (2001) Quality Assessment of Electrical Drives with Strongly Deformed Supply Waveform. Measurement 30: 269–278. 10. Didden M., Driesen J. and Belmans R. (2002) Possible Problems and Solutions When Introducing Variable Speed Drives. EEMODS Conference, Treviso, Italy, September, 2002. 11. Chang W.N. and Wu C.J. (1997) The Influence of Voltage Flicker on Residential Lamps. International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 1997, pp. 392–396. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. De Almeida A.T. and Fonseca P. (1997) Characterisation of the Electricity Use in European Union and the Savings Potential in 2010. Energy Efficiency Improvements in Electric Motors and Drives, pp. 19–36, Berlin: Springer. 2. Topalis F.V., Kostic M.B. and Radakovic Z.R. (2002) Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of Compact Fluorescent Lamps with Electronic Control Gear. Lighting Research and Technology 34(4): 279–288. 3. Baggini A. (ed.) (2008) Handbook of Power Quality. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ■
Mr Angelo Baggini
Professor of Electrical Engineering at University of Bergamo and International consultant in the Energy Sector
Mr Franco Bua
Technical Director of ECD, on Energy Management.)
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P
ower quality has gained increased importance in power industry in the last two decades. The proliferation of sensitive electronic devices and sophisticated automation equipment in ICE (Information, Communication & Entertainment) driven modern economy calls for a “Good Quality Power Supply”. The question which immediately comes to our mind is what we mean by “Quality Power Supply”? From a utility point of view it may be defined as reliable and continuous power supply. From a user perspective quality power may be defined as uninterrupted power supply at specified voltage and frequency with minimum distortion from sinusoidal waveform that will ensure proper functioning of his equipment. Users are now more informed of power quality issues as the failure of highly sensitive process control / electronic devices has severe consequences in terms of time and cost. However an utility is a part of large integrated power system spread geographically over vast area and user has to be aware what the utilities can deliver practically considering external disturbances (mostly weather related) and internal failures(equipment forced outages). In brief, utility can’t supply GWs of UPS quality of power and the user must factor this into account when he designs his internal system. In the last two decades vast number of articles have appeared on Power Quality issues covering voltage variations like sags, swells and interruptions, transients, flicker, supply unbalance and of course the most dreaded word – Harmonics. IEEE Std 519 has become a Swiss Army Knife used by customers, regulators and utilities to enforce ‘Harmonics Discipline’ as per their interpretation. The focus of this article is not so much on stating the fundamentals which are well known but on knowledge and practical experience derived from data based on actual measurements done at site.
May 2016
Voltage dips This is one of the frequent problems faced by many users. The user complaint is that the voltage dip in utility supply results in tripping of critical equipment and stoppage of process. However dips caused due to faults in power system can’t be avoided. In highly meshed integrated power network, faults in one part of system causes voltage dips in other neighbouring parts of system. The first step towards mitigation is to measure the dips. Reliance supplies power to Mumbai consumers through Mumbai Distribution Business (MDB). Distribution is done at 11kV and 0.415kV level. Bulk power is brought to Mumbai at 220kV by Mumbai Transmission Business (MTB) of Reliance and further stepped down to 33kV for supply to distribution system. Power Quality Cell was established in MDB in 2005. PQ meters (PQ-ID A-eberle) were installed at strategic stations feeding high end consumers to monitor 11kV voltage. Later PQ meter was installed at 220kV bus of one of the transmission stations of MTB to monitor grid voltage. Any dip exceeding 10% is instantly captured. The readings are downloaded every month, analysed and a report is generated every month. Sample report for 220kV monitoring is shown in Tables 1 & 2. Similar report is generated for dips in 11kV. If any customer complaints regarding dip in supply voltage, the PQ meter data is useful in identifying source of problem. Typically one dip per day can be expected in utility distribution system. The duration of dip depends on quality of protection system functioning in utility. In Reliance network, EHV faults are generally cleared within 80 msec and MV faults are cleared within 120 msec. This gives a clue to the customer that equipment in his premises should have the capability to ride over these transients which are unavoidable. In design stage, the customers should plan for a ride through of at least 300 msec. It may be emphasized that the customers should
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do a comprehensive audit of equipment and identify which part of equipment really needs ride through facility. In a sophisticated production process only the controllers may be vulnerable and may require ride through capability / UPS supply. Conventional autochange over schemes (break before make) may suffice in majority of cases. In this way quality power is ensured at minimum cost. Table 1 Sr No
Dec-2015
Numbers
Remarks
1
No of dips > 10%
13
0.42 dips per day
2
No of dips > 20%
9
69% of total
3
No of dips due to external faults
10
77% of total
4
No of dips due to internal faults
3
23% of total
Harmonics Pre 1980s, ‘Ferro-resonance’ was used as scapegoat to apportion blame on unexplained electrical disturbances. Now this is replaced with ‘Harmonics’. From inadvertent tripping to increase in losses is attributed to harmonics. To really understand what is happening in the field is to deploy the PQ analyser and capture the data. Some of the case studies from field data are presented here. Derating of Transformer capacity for harmonic loading at IDC Two major effects of harmonics are: Increased RMS current and hence increased copper loss.
In some customer installations, it is found that voltage spikes are induced by internal equipment. For example, at a particular location voltage spikes due to APFC switching is shown in Fig 1. Almost 1000 incidents were recorded by PQ meter (Hioki) in 14 hour period, i.e. almost one incident every minute. It is desirable in these cases to increase the ‘dead band’ and reduce APFC switching incidents.
The effective current is significantly higher than only fundamental current. Increased eddy current loss due to flow of induced currents in winding, core and other conducting bodies subjected to magnetic flux. This loss is proportional to
The procedure outlined below is based on “IEEE Std C 57.110 - IEEE recommended practice for establishing transformer capability when supplying non-linear load”. The first step is to establish ‘K factor’. It is defined as follows:
For pure sinusoidal waveform, KF = 1. Higher the value of KF, higher is the harmonic content. Most of the PQ meters directly display KF phase wise. From KF, Eddy current loss factor (PEC) is obtained using standard graphs. The average values of PEC for different values of KF are given in Table 3. Derating Factor (DF) is given by:
Fig 1
Table 2 Sr No
Date
Time
Phase
Prefault Vol in kV
Postfault Vol in kV
% Vol Dip
Duration msec
Location
Remarks
1
08-12-15
00:17:29
R-N
130.96
25.9
80.22
90
Internal
220kV AareyBorvili line fault
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
6
10-12-15
19:52:22
Y-N
130.55
82.84
36.55
70
External
Bus fault at Padge
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
13
31-12-15
18:10:12
B-N
132.49
91.61
30.86
90
External
400kV Kalwa1 – Padge line fault
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â&#x20AC;Ś..(1) Table 3
KF
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PEC 1.0 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.7 0.68
To verify the adequacy of transformer capacity to supply non-linear loads, PQ meter was deployed in an IDC (International Data Centre) at Mumbai which has large population of non-linear loads. Readings were taken on a 11/0.415kV, 2000KVA transformer feeder. The measured K factor is 10. From Table 3, PEC = 0.68. From Eqn (1),
DF = 0.46
Fig 2
The permitted loading on transformer = 2000 x 0.46 = 920KVA. With the existing harmonic loads, the transformer loading is restricted to less than 50% of name plate rating. At site, the readings of WTIs embedded in dry type transformer windings were very high even though the transformer was not fully loaded. Extra fans were installed to augment the cooling. The lesson is that if equipment gets overheated (transformer, busbar, etc) even though operating within name plate rating, the immediate step to rule out harmonic effects is to deploy PQ meter and measure K Factor. If it is below 2, it is not of immediate concern; otherwise further studies are required. When taking the measurements, the loading should be at least 25% to get meaningful results.
Effect of traction load on power quality
Fig 3
Supply to traction for Mumbai Metro is given at 33kV. PQ meter is installed on feeder supplying to traction substation of Mumbai Metro. Single phase traction load is connected between YB phases. Some snap shots of data collected during evening peak load on traction supply are given in Figs 2 to 7 and Table 4. The peak load drawn during monitoring period is 12MW (Fig 5). The fault level of 33kV supply bus is about 833MVA. The expected unbalance in supply voltage is given by the following formula (as per IEC 61000-2-12, Cl 4.6):
â&#x2C6;&#x2020; V = (12 / 833) x 100 = 1.44% The maximum unbalance recorded by meter is 1.8% and is in close agreement with the calculated value (Fig 3). Since reactive power (Fig 5) is fed into the system by traction load (leading power factor), voltage of Y & B phases are higher than R phase (Fig 2). Voltage THD recorded is less than 3% (Fig 6).
May 2016
Fig 4
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12
Active Power- 12MW
9 P (MW) 6 3 0 -3 Q (MVAR)-6
Reactive Power - - 3MVAR
-9 18:00
18:04 P
Q
18:08
18:12
18:16
18:20
Time (HH:MM)
Fig 5 Fig 7
Rating of traction transformer = 20MVA Rated voltage = 33kV Maximum demand Load Current = IL = 20/33 = 0.6kA Short Circuit Level at 33kV = ISC = 15kA ISC / IL = 15 / 0.6 = 25 As per IEEE Std- 519, acceptable limit of TDD for 20 < ISC / IL < 50 = 8% Fig 6
Table 4
In case of voltage harmonics, measured THD is of direct use as the voltage is near rated value irrespective of load current. However, measured THD of current harmonics is not directly interpretable as the current at the time of measurement may vary from small value (almost unloaded feeder) to a maximum (rated current of connected equipment). Hence IEEE Std 519 has introduced a term TDD (Total Demand Distortion) which is a normalized value based on rated current of equipment and fault level of source. If THD of no load current of transformer is measured, it could be even 100% but the fundamental current itself is very low (less than 1% of rated current).
Measurands by PQ Meter Time Current THD (%) Current (A) HR:MT R Y B R Y B
TDD (%) R
Y
B
18:00 11.8 5.8
6.1
30.7 195.6 186.2 0.6
1.89 (*1)
1.86
18:01 11.8 7.0
6.9
30.9 162.8 159.9 0.6
1.87
1.83
……. ……. …… ……. ……. ……. ……. …… …….
……
18:20 10.9 8.3
1.68
7.7
31.9 128.8 132.3 0.57
1.76
(*1) → 5.8x195.6/600 = 1.89
The point is clarified with following example.
LED lights and harmonics
Rated Current of equipment ΙRAT = 200A.
In the last few years LED lighting is introduced in mass scale as part of loss reduction and energy efficiency drive. This is actively supported by both central and state governments. But LED lights without proper inbuilt filters are great harmonic polluters and load power factor is also low. LEDs with large difference in Power Quality are available in market. For sample study, LEDs of different make and rating were selected for testing using a PQ meter. For illustrating the contrast, current waveforms are shown in Fig 8 & 9, one a series of spikes and the other near sinusoidal. The results of test (input power, THD and PF) are summarized in Table 5. There is a wide variation in power quality. It is desirable that statutory bodies assign star ratings to LEDs of different makes and types based on output lumen per Amp, THD and PF. The star ratings can be used for quantum of subsidy if contemplated.
Allowable TDD as per standard, say = 20%
= 0.2 x 200 = 40A
On the day of spot measurement, Current drawn by load, ΙL = 50A Measured THD = 50%. Even though THD appears alarmingly high, it is still with limits. Measured harmonic current = 0.5 x 50 = 25A which is less than allowable limit of 40A. In this case, even THD of 80% permissible. TDD calculation for traction load is shown in Table 4 and time series plot is given in Fig 7. Measured TDD is well within allowable limits.
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Table 6 Supply voltage Acceptable limits Measurement Monitoring Acceptance phenomenon Interval Period Percentage
Grid Frequency
49.5Hz to 50.5Hz 47Hz to 52Hz
Slow voltage 230V ± 10% changes 10 to 1000 Voltage times per Sags or Dips year (under 85% of ( ≤ 1 min) nominal) 10 to 100 Short times per Interruptions year (under 1% of ( ≤ 3 min) nominal) Mostly Voltage 2% but unbalance occasionally 3% 8% Total Harmonic Harmonic Voltages Distortion (THD)
Fig 8
95%
10 S
1 Week
10 min
1 Week
95%
10 ms
1 Year
100%
10 ms
1 Year
100%
10 min
1 Week
95%
10 min
1 Week
95%
100%
Observations based on values given in Table 6 are given below: Regarding grid frequency, implementation of ABT and penal cost for non-compliance has dramatically improved the grid frequency profile in India. Sample frequency profile for Western Region is shown in Fig 10. The frequency is between 49.5 and 50.5 for almost 100% of time.
Fig 9
Table 5
Make
Watt
THD Ct(%)
PF
1
3.7
183
0.45
2
9.4
154
0.50
3
10.7
166
0.50
4
29.7
35
0.94
5
22.4
35
0.93
6
14.8
6
0.96 Fig 10
Power Quality Standard for Utility Supply A very useful standard for practical applications is “BS - EN 50160:2000 Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems”. The limits and tolerances of important phenomena that can occur from supply side are summarized in Table 6.
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The acceptable limits for voltage limits for slow changes as well as permissible number of dips are wide. Customer equipments shall be designed with adequate capability to ride over voltage dips. The measurement interval and monitoring period
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for voltage unbalance and harmonic measurement are substantial. For example, violation over the permissible limits for 5% of time (8.4 hours in a week) is permitted. This is based on the important fact that harmonics is not a transient phenomena but a steady state one and ultimately results in increased heating. Value judgment regarding harmonics should not be based on measurements taken over a few hours but based on performance over a longer period like a week.
Conclusions The deleterious effects of poor power quality have necessitated study and investigation of power quality issues. The main tenet of this article is to bring out the actual facts by making measurements at site. Results of few case studies are presented. Critical remarks are made on the obligations by utility and consumer. If many utilities, railways, large industrial plants (like steel plants) and variety of consumers (like IT parks, Malls, etc) publish data on actual site measurements, these results
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could be the basis for future course of action either for curative solutions or for forming new regulations. Also availability of actual site measurements from a variety of sources can spur researchers to come out with solutions for ‘real life problems’. ■ Dr. K Rajamani
Reliance Infrastructure Ltd., Mumbai
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ower Quality can be defined as the concept of powering and grounding sensitive equipment in a manner that is suitable to the operation of that equipment. The modern power grid is changing globally. Today, solar and wind sources provide inconsistent power. Cloudy and rainy days tend to cause inconsistent supply of solar power, whereas when the wind slows down, it affects the supply of wind power. This sort of an inconsistency leads to rapid changes in the voltage. The reduction of coal plants is causing load on other sources, such as nuclear. In the past, transmission lines were loaded at only about 50%, compared with the current load. Now with the increased load on other sources, transmission lines are loaded up to 95% of its potential. The increase in load, coupled with the intermittent nature of solar and wind energy the voltage stability will suffer. This sort of a change has reduced reliability. In the future, when the number of electric vehicles will increase and smart grid will grow, the peak loading times will change. All of these changes provide challenges to the modern grid. Most importantly, a solution on the horizon seems to be the implementation of the smart grid technology which is designed to makes the grid more efficient. In the future, we will see more efforts invested in system monitoring. We already see synchro-phasers on the transmission side being implemented. It will slowly move down to the distribution side. Globally, growth of distributed generation (DG) is predicted. Already, the number of renewable energy sources is growing. Utilities are managing the load to increase reliability. In due time, the emphasis will grow on the reliability of transmission of energy and be less on the production of energy, as this will come from other sources. The ultimate goal is to have a self-healing grid. The major driving force for the introduction of smart grids is the revenue lost due to poor grid reliability. Sub-Sahara Africa has lost 2% of their gross national product due to
May 2016
power outages. Customer demands for clean energy driving market along with the change in state and local policies are also drivers for the change. Customers and local jurisdiction want to control their energy sources and ecological footprint which is why smart grids are introduced. Enormous rise in billion dollar weather events have along contributed as an important driving force for the change. The smart grid will increase grid reliability not the quality of the power being delivered. As technology advances there will always be new types of loads and sources added to the grid. This will always create new power quality challenges. The most common power quality issues faced today include sags and swells, transients, unbalance as well as harmonics. The major issues of smart grid power quality are imbalanced voltage which is due to single phase PV systems that are installed on 3 phase grids. This will supply power to only one leg of the grid. Another issue is reverse power flow because radial systems are designed for unidirectional power flow. Since renewable energy is not constant voltage levels in the grid can fluctuate substantially, causing voltage regulation problems. Therefore, Rapid voltage change (RVC) is also another major power quality issue. Also, Very high frequency harmonics (2 to 150 KHz) within the communications band width can interfere with PLC communications which is also a power quality issue which needs to be address in due time.
Types of Power Quality Phenomenon hh
Under-Voltage
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Over-Voltage
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Dips (Sags) and Swells
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Transients
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Unbalance
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Flicker
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Harmonics (THD/TDD)
Under-voltage An under-voltage is a decrease in rms voltage less than 0.9 pu for a duration longer than 1 min. Typical values are between 0.8 pu and 0.9 pu. Under-voltages are caused by loads switching on or capacitor banks switching. The under-voltage can continue until voltage regulation equipment on the system can bring the voltage back within tolerances. Overloaded circuits can also result in under-voltages.
Voltage swells are almost always caused by an abrupt reduction in load on a circuit with a poor or damaged voltage regulator, although they can also be caused by a damaged or loose neutral connection.
Transients
Over-voltage An over-voltage is an rms increase in ac voltage greater than 1.1 pu for a duration longer than 1 min. Typical values are 1.1 pu to 1.2 pu. Over-voltages can be the result of the following: hh
Load switching (switching off a large loads such as motors)
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Variations in the reactive compensation (switching of cap banks).
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Poor system voltage regulation capabilities or controls.
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Incorrect tap settings on transformers
Voltage Dips (Sags) and Swells Voltage sags and swells are two of the most common power quality events. Voltage Sags and Swells cannot be prevented on the power system. As impedances change during the course of a day the voltage will momentarily change as well. Even instantaneous short duration sags can cause process shutdowns requiring hours to restart. Voltage swells are one of the most common cause of tripping breakers.The malfunction or failure of this equipment can cause large financial losses to various manufacturers. Common Causes of voltage sags include source voltage changes, inrush currents as well as inadequate wiring. Common Causes of voltage swells can include load switching or utility faults. Another Common Cause includes the wrong voltage for equipment in use coming into the building. These wrong voltages can include 230volt equipment being fed from 208 volts or vice versa, 460 volt equipment being fed from 480 volts. The goal of power quality is to limit the number of sags and swells as well as the magnitude of these events such that they do not cause equipment malfunction or failure.
Generally there are two different types of transient over voltages: low frequency transients with frequency components in the few-hundred-hertz region typically caused by capacitor switching, (Oscillatory transients) and high-frequency transients with frequency components in the few-hundred-kilohertz region typically caused by lighting and inductive loads. (Impulsive Transients) Transient voltages can result in degradation or immediate dielectric failure in all classes of equipment. High magnitude and fast rise time contribute to insulation breakdown in electrical equipment like switchgear, transformers and motors. Repeated lower magnitude application of transients to equipment can cause slow degradation and eventual insulation failure, decreasing equipment mean time between failures. Transients can damage insulation because insulation, like that in wires has capacitive properties.
Sag and Swells Voltage sags are caused by abrupt increases in loads such as short circuits or faults, motors starting, or electric heaters turning on, or they are caused by abrupt increases in source impedance, typically caused by a loose connection.
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Techspace
Both capacitors and wires have two conductors separated by an insulator. The capacitance provides a path for a transient pulse. If the transient pulse has enough energy it will damage that section of insulation. This can be understood by examining the basic formula for Capacitive Reactance.
It can now be seen that as the value of the frequency increases, the lower the reactive capacitance and therefore the lower the impedance path. Lightning is a major cause of transients. A bolt of lightning can be over 5 miles long, reach temperatures in excess of 20,000 degrees Celsius.
These typically will cause issues in areas with short cable runs, such as off shore platforms
Unbalance
Unbalance is a condition in a poly-phase system in which the RMS values of the line voltages (fundamental component), or the phase angles between consecutive line voltages, are not all equal per IEEE 1159 and IEC 61000-4-27. Voltage unbalance more commonly emerges in individual customer loads due to phase load imbalances, especially where large, single phase power loads are used, such as single phase arc furnaces. hh
A small unbalance in the phase voltages can cause a large unbalance in the phase currents.
Lightning strikes or high electromagnetic fields produced by lighting can induce voltage & current transients in power lines & signal carrying lines. These are typically seen as unidirectional transients. When capacitor banks are switched on there is an initial inrush of current.
Unbalanced voltages can effect equipment on the power system, such as induction motors and adjustable speed drives. In addition unbalance voltages can cause heating effects in transformers and neutral lines.
This will lead to a low-frequency transient that will have a characteristic ringing. These types of transients are referred to as oscillatory transients. Oscillatory transients can cause equipment to trip out and cause UPS systems to turn on and off erroneously. hh
Voltage unbalanced can be described as a set of symmetrical components. In a balanced three phase system the three line-neutral voltages are equal in magnitude and phase and are displaced from each other by 120 degrees.
(Extremely fast transients, or EFTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, have rise and fall times in the nanosecond region. They are caused by arcing faults, such as bad brushes in motors, and are rapidly damped out by even a few meters of distribution wiring. Standard line filters, included on almost all electronic equipment, remove EFTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.)
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Techspace
Pst is based on a 10 minute interval. Long Term flicker or Plt; is calculated based on the Pst. Plt is based on a 2 hour interval. Any change in voltage magnitudes and/or a shift in the phase will cause an unbalanced
Flicker Flicker is a very specific problem related to human perception and incandescent light bulbs. It is not a general term for voltage variations. Humans can be very sensitive to light flicker that is caused by voltage fluctuations. Human perception of light flicker is almost always the limiting criteria for controlling small voltage fluctuations.
The basic criteria is simple. If the Pst is less than 1.0 then flicker levels are good. If Pst is greater than 1.0 then the flicker levels could be causing irritation. This applies to incandescent lighting ONLY. Other types of lighting cannot be tested using this curve. Since it uses a weighting curve it applies only to 120V 60Hz and 230V 50Hz.The basic criteria is simple. If the Pst is less than 1.0 then flicker levels are good. If Pst is greater than 1.0 then the flicker levels could be causing irritation.
The figure illustrates the level of perception of light flicker from a 60 watt incandescent bulb for rectangular variations. The sensitivity is a function of the frequency of the fluctuations and it is also dependent on the voltage level of the lighting.
This applies to incandescent lighting ONLY. Other types of lighting cannot be tested using this curve. Since it uses a weighting curve it applies only to 120V 60Hz and 230V 50Hz.
Harmonics
In general today, flicker is measured using the IEC method (IEC61000-4-15). In this method we take the instantaneous voltage and compare it to a rolling average voltage. The deviation between these two is multiplied by a value in a weighted curve. This curve is based on the sensitivity of the human eye at 120V 60Hz or 230V 50Hz. The end value is called a percentile unit. The percentile units go through a statistical analysis in order to calculate 2 values. Short Term flicker or Pst; is calculated based on the Flicker percentile unit.
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IEEE 519 defines a harmonic as a component of order greater than one of the Fourier series of a periodic quantity. For example, in a 60 Hz system, the harmonic order 3, also known as the “third harmonic,” is 180 Hz. IEC 61000-4-30 Defines a harmonic frequency as a frequency which is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. IEC 61000-4-30 Defines a harmonic component as any of the components having a harmonic frequency. Linear Loads such as incandescent light and motors draw current equally throughout the waveform. Non-Linear loads such as switching power supplies draw current only at the peaks of the wave. It is these non linear loads that cause harmonics.
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Techspace
THD Total harmonic distortion (THD) is the measure of the sum of the harmonic components of a distorted waveform. THD can be calculated for either current or voltage. THD is the RMS (root-mean-square) sum of the harmonics, divided by one of two values: either the fundamental value, or the RMS value of the total waveform. THD is typically, represented as a percentage of fundamental amplitude.
Typically current harmonics will not propagate through a system. Voltage harmonics will propagate through a system, as they will pass through transformers. When non-linear loads get high enough they can cause harmonics in the voltage. Harmonics can be characterized based on their order. Odd Harmonics are harmonics with odd order numbers. Even Harmonics are harmonics with even order numbers. Non-symmetrical due to faulty rectifiers. Triplens are odd harmonics that are multiples of 3. These will not cancel out and will add and cause high neutral currents.
Harmonics can characterized in different sequences, based on the rotation of their magnetic field. Positive sequence harmonics creates a magnetic field in the direction of rotation. The fundamental frequency is considered to be a positive sequence harmonic. Negative sequence harmonics develop magnetic fields in the opposite direction of rotation. This reduces torque and increases the current required for motor loads. Zero sequence harmonics create a single-phase signal that does not produce a rotating magnetic field of any kind. These harmonics can increase overall current demand and generate heat. In three-phase systems, the fundamental currents will cancel each other out, add up to zero amps in the neutral line. Zero sequence harmonic (such as the third harmonic) will be in phase with the other currents of the three-phase system. Since they are in phase they will sum together and can lead to high neutral currents.
The positive, negative, and zero sequence harmonics run in sequential order (positive, negative, and then zero). Since the fundamental frequency is positive, this means that the second order harmonic is a negative sequence harmonic. The third harmonic is a zero sequence harmonic.
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THD can be misleading when analyzing current harmonics. THD can be referenced to the amplitude of the fundamental. The voltage fundamental value is always present in non-faulted conditions. Not necessarily true for current. The current amplitude will fluctuate with the loads impedance. As loads turn off, the fundamental current amplitude decreases. If the current being drawn by the load is low (near zero) then the THD value will appear to be very high. If the total harmonic current is 0.2A and the fundamental current being drawn by the load is 200A then the THD will equal 3.16%.
If the fundamental current being drawn by the load then drops to 200mA then the THD will equal 100%.
This is deceiving because the current THD level appears to be high, but this is only because there is little to no current being draw. Total demand distortion (TDD) measurements should be used for total current harmonic measurements. The total demand distortion references the total root-sum-square harmonic current distortion, to the maximum average demand current recorded during the test interval. Therefore, the reference value is the same throughout the test interval and it is a valid value. Total Demand Distortion should be calculated in accordance with the IEEE 519 document: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systemsâ&#x20AC;?), published by the IEEE Standards Association. The power quality industry has developed certain index values to assess the distortion caused by the presence of harmonics. The two values most frequently indexed are total harmonic distortion and total demand distortion. Individual harmonic values are also indexed in different specifications, such as the North American IEEE 519 document and the European Standard EN50160 on power quality; issued by the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). Andrew Sagl
Product Manager, Megger USA
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InFocus
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ixty-eight years after independence, more than 30% Indians still lack reliable access to grid electricity. Alongside, the Government has also addressed the generation-side challenges by securing fuel linkages, both coal and gas, to stranded power plants thereby ensuring power supply. While this largely takes care of the quantity side, the Government has also, quite rightly, stressed on the quality side by striving to create costeffective infrastructure which is sustainable and inclusive of clean energy solutions. Affordability, accessibility and sustainability are the three pillars for achieving quality power. India has already addressed the sustainability factor by setting ambitious goals to set up a mammoth 175 Gigawatt (GW) of renewable power capacity by 2022, including 100 GW of Solar and 60 GW of Wind, all of which require an investment of around $150 billion in the next seven years. The country has also committed to reduce emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35% by 2030 from the 2005 level, and aims to achieve about 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources in the same timeframe as shared in its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) submitted to the UNFCCC. Coming to accessibility, India needs innovative solutions that are cost effective, technology-enabled and provide equal opportunity to all. In this regard, the country will do well to look at smart-technology enabled solutions such as smart grids including self sufficient sustaining Micro grids for un-electrified villages and smart meters to improve energy access for ensuring that power reaches all in the country. Smart grids are crucial to the governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s key projects be it plans to provide 24x7 power, developing smart cities, setting up 175 MG of
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renewable energy or promotion of electric vehicles. Meeting electricity needs in a cost-effective way has always remained a challenge. While some innovative and environmental friendly ways of generating electricity have been discovered, the world still needed a smart solution to achieve reliable energy supply; a solution that is capable of meeting higher electricity demand in low costs and achieving reduced CO2 emissions. Since industrial and business processes depend greatly on constant supply of electricity, the global society looks up to the smart grid for a better, efficient, sustainable and reliable future. We need electricity to run home appliances, electronic devices, and to charge batteries, etc. This implies greater need of electricity. Smart Grid carries the potential to support increased demand with increased efficiency since it adds communication and computer intelligence to the electricity distribution network and everything that is connected to it be it smart appliances, plug-in cars or solar panels. In short, just like other smart technologies, this invention also offers great benefits and serves the needs in versatile ways. Unlike other grids and power distribution systems that do not provide any control to the users over energy usage, smart grids and smart meters enable people to feel empowered. They allow you to track your usage and avoids energy wastage. When you have control over power usage, you are definitely able to save energy and costs. Simply put, it can provide real-time pricing information helping customers to use electricity in reduced rates. Moreover, unlike other meters and electric systems that are unable to provide broad-scale charging
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InFocus
to vehicles or other devices, the smart grid allows both, charging and recharging, anytime.
Smart grid is also a vital tool to address carbon emissions and fossil fuels which are a threat to the environment. Smart grid aims to deliver environmentally friendly energy to users and businesses. This is possible because this technology allows integration of renewable energy sources such as wind farms, hydro stations and solar plants whenever and wherever it is required. This smart technology also facilitates smooth, uninterrupted and constant flow of electricity and even in case of blackouts; smart grid applications are capable of managing them quickly.
A smarter grid accommodates seamless integration of distributed renewable energy which will partially takes off the local demand from the grid. This is efficient way of energy usages because most of the energy is consumed where it is produced eliminating long distance T&D losses.
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The smart grid is a giant leap in the field of power generation and supply. India has already begun to make the switch to smart grids. One of the significant advantages of this technology is it is benefiting power suppliers as well. Where the users achieve flexibility in terms of cost savings and constant power supply, distributors and suppliers find it easier to handle too. Due to all these factors, in India today there is a growing conviction among power utilities, policy makers and other stakeholders to leverage the evolving smart grid technologies in resolving some crucial lacunas in electricity delivery. It is now being realised that these technologies are a key enabling infrastructure to develop smart solutions to resolve India’s energy woes, and address troublesome issues such as massive transmission and distribution losses and power thefts.
India has already addressed the sustainability factor by setting ambitious goals to set up a mammoth 175 Gigawatt (GW) of renewable power capacity by 2022, including 100 GW of Solar and 60 GW of Wind, all of which require an investment of around $150 billion in the next seven years.
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Mr Anil Kadam
Senior Manager Energy Business, Schneider Electric India.
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Interaction
In conversation with IEEMA Journal, Mayank Ashar MD & CEO of Cairn India, talks about the challenges in oil and gas sector and also reveals Cairn India’s vision on sustainable development, its community outreach initiatives above all, the idea of giving back…
Skill development In alignment with the government’s Skill India initiative the Cairn Enterprise Centre (CEC) has provided skill training, career counselling and linkage to employment opportunities to over 12,000 youth including women since 2007. Barmer District (Rajasthan) with its low literacy rate, lack of quality education and poor community awareness are contributing to unemployment, poor health and low income in the region. While Cairn India has triggered economic growth in the region through its operations, it has also enabled large scale community development to ensure inclusive growth. Through the Cairn Enterprise Centre (CEC), various income generation activities have also been introduced to empower women. CEC also provides financial support to help these women start their own businesses. Mr Mayank Ashar MD & CEO of Cairn India says, “The Cairn Enterprise Centre (CEC) with its 7 satellite centres has provided skill training, career counselling and linkage to employment opportunities to over 12,000 youth since 2007. In an area such as Barmer, with limited economic opportunities, this training has helped thousands of youth. Cairn India has set up the Cairn Center of Excellence (CCoE) a skills development and vocational training center in Jodhpur. CCoE activities range from imparting skill development to make the local community employable, building capacities for self-employment and
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providing general awareness and motivation to the local youth for entrepreneurship.” Recently the company established third Cairn NASSCOM Knowledge Centre (CNKC), in collaboration with NASSCOM Foundation in rural Andhra Pradesh. Through CNKC, the company seeks to bridge the gap and open channels between the youth from under-privileged communities and reputable organizations, and enable access to employment opportunities, at par with citybred youth.
Corporate Social Responsibility Talking the CSR activities by the company he said, “Cairn India is committed to the highest standards of corporate social responsibility (CSR). It is our conviction that continuous business growth, sustainable communities and the creation of value for our stakeholders, are all complementary to each other. Our goal is to make a positive social impact wherever we operate. Our vision may be encapsulated in what we call the 3R’s Respect – People make Cairn India’s key asset and the attitude of the Cairn team is critical to its business culture. Cairn’s entrepreneurial spirit is underpinned by a depth of knowledge and a strong set of cultural core values, including integrity, social and environmental responsibility, team work and nurturing of individual
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Interaction
creativity, risk management and developing alliances with key partners. Relationships – These are key to developing any business and Cairn’s success in India for close to 20 years would not have been possible without the consistent support of all stakeholders – governments, regulators and JV partners, to the people living near our sites. The level of support and understanding on the ground is something we have worked hard to bring about in our business development activities and we are proud of what we have achieved – and continue to achieve – wherever we are operational. RESPONSIBILITY – Cairn India is operating in many areas that face economic, social and environmental challenges. It has the responsibility to understand these complex socio-economic challenges, identify the potential impact of its activities and through engaging with stakeholders, look for opportunities for mutual benefit.”
Challenges What are the challenges, if any, the company is facing in the Indian market? He replied, “Given the global economic headwinds, the new oil order and the Prime Minister’s vision of reduced imports, Cairn India was expecting fundamental step change in the Budget towards its approach to the oil and gas industry. One of the most critical pieces of reform for the oil and gas industry was to convert the existing specific cess levy to an ad valorem. The Budget announcement of a 20% ad valorem cess is directionally a right step. However, a lower rate of cess — 5% to 8% of realised price of crude oil —would have likely helped stimulate the oil & gas sector; particularly fields which are already producing crude oil. Lower cess rate was imperative as, given the geological landscape, the fiscal burden on the Indian oil & gas sector is very high vis-a-vis other countries. But the company accepts this as a first step and we hope that not just Cairn but other producers as well will continue to have dialogues with the ministry and the government for a continued improvement in investment climate.” Sharing the role that Cairn India will play in the industry in the coming years, Mr Ashar opined, “ In his address at the ‘Advancing Asia Conference’ organised by IMF and the government, the honourable Prime Minister enunciated that his government has opened up nearly all sectors of our economy to FDI. He added that his government has also made other reforms that will help create wealth and economic opportunity. It is heartening to see the government playing an enabling role in reforming the policy landscape to seek more
May 2016
investments in the hydrocarbon sector too. Numerous reforms have been introduced in the recent past by the GoI which highlight the focus of the government towards ensuring energy security. The announcement by the CCEA on policies for the Indian hydrocarbon sector is a step in right direction. By providing clarity on future contractual model, gas prices and license extension, the government has made a bold and decisive move. Investors will now have better visibility on such key determinants for planning their investments. Allowing access to all forms of hydrocarbons, marketing and pricing freedom for gas and moving towards an open acreage licensing system are a quantum change in the E&P sector governance in the country. We hope the government will also extend this to existing producing acreages where similar hydrocarbon potential can be tapped into. Existing operators are most-suited to develop both the unconventional and the conventional resources given their knowledge of the basins they are operating. The government has, directionally, taken the right step by announcing the gas price reforms. Deep-water projects are technically complex and challenging. As an industry, we welcome this, as it can fast-track development. We are hopeful, going forward such reforms shall also be extended to other difficult fields including more complex geological formations like Tight Oil, Tight Gas and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EoR) projects. The License extension policy for 28 discovered fields brings in predictability and clarity for existing investors who can now take informed decisions on the future of their producing blocks. This is a timely move and we appreciate government’s efforts to address this issue which the industry has been awaiting for some time. The industry will get more clarity on the exact contours of the policy once further details are available. In wake of these developments, we are hopeful for an early resolution of PSC extension of Rajasthan block and realization of fair price for our crude. This will also help India take a step closer to energy security.” ■
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SMETalks
Issues / Problems faced by MSME Chairman advised members to identify impact of problems and collectively address the same towards solution. Important issues would be represented to the Government once a quarter in an appropriate form. hh
Submitted a separate representation on Problems faced by Electrical Equipment MSME in dealing with Power Utilities / DISCOMs to Development Commissioner, MSME.
Workshop / Seminar / Interaction IEEMA SME Division in coordination with MSME Development Institute conducted a day long Workshop titled “Awareness Building and Interactive Session” on 07th August 2015 at MSME Development Institute, Sakinaka, Mumbai. Following sessions were conducted by the Experts in the field: Development Commissioner Schemes (DC-MSME) for Micro, Small & Medium Sector Enterprises – Mr. R. B. Gupte, Director, MSME Development Institute
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division for addressing concerns, driving policy issues and pursuing mutual interest areas was formed in May 2015. Shri JG Kulkarni, Past President was appointed as the Chairman of the division. Since its formation, the division has seen active participation by members. Initially, the division set out to formulate action areas. From the beginning, the approach has been collaborative with inputs sought from the entire membership of IEEMA. Till date, seven meetings have been held during the year 2015-2016. A visit to the Nashik Engineering Cluster (NEC) was also arranged by the division to provide an insight into the available test and incubation facilities, best practices and advantages of cluster formation. During discussions at the meetings, following key result areas were established by the division:-
(a) Finance (b) Sales and marketing (c) Raw material (d) Infrastructure and testing (e) Skills and competency (f) Policy matters (g) Technology and partnership Based on the above, specific inputs were sought from the entire membership and each input deliberated in detail on its impact on the overall segment. These were thereafter represented with the Ministry of MSME and also presented in the pre-budget memorandum. A brief summary of the activities taken by the division placed below:-
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Mr. Gupte explained the role of MSME Development Institute in pursuing interests of MSME sector and informed about various services the Institute offers. He emphasised on how their services like Cluster Development Programme, Export Promotion Programmes, offering Technical Consultancy etc. can help grow the business of micro, small and medium enterprises. Electrical Testing & Certification services, Division of MSME Development Institute – Mr Vijay Kumar Sonkar, Additional Industrial Advisor, MSME Testing Centre, Mumbai Mr. Vijay Kumar briefed on the testing and certification services provided to SMEs by MSME Testing centre. He said, the testing centre also provides guidance and assistance for implementation of national & international Standards, provides hand-holding support to MSMEs for quality up gradation for supplies to various Government Organisations, Central & State owned public sector enterprises. He has invited all IEEMA SME members to visit the Testing Centre to be aware of all the facilities that are available in the Centre and also welcome members’ suggestions to add more standards to cover more and more electrical products that are manufactured by them. Lean Manufacturing Cluster – Mr. Abhay P Daptardar, Assistant Director (Mechanical), MSME Development Institute, Mumbai Mr .Daptardar talked about the need for Lean Manufacturing Cluster in ever changing globalized business environment which is posing challenges of competitiveness and survival. He presented the module of Lean Manufacturing Cluster explaining the concept of Cluster in detail and the process of identifying and formation of Cluster and how it helps MSMEs in capacity building by enhance productivity and always remain competitive. He also explained by adopting various Lean
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SMETalks
Manufacturing Tools how MSMEs can save their time and resources from day-to-day management issues and focus on strategizing business processes as per the time. He has invited IEEMA Members to come up with Cluster proposals at various places including Mumbai. Calibration of Electrical Measuring Instruments – Mr. Nishant Pawaskar & Mr. Anirudha Ambolkar, Institute for Design of Electrical Measuring, Instruments (IDEMI), Division of MSME Mr. Pawaskar and Mr. Ambolkar briefed about IDEMI and its facilities for SMEs in Design and Development of Electrical & Electronics equipment and their Calibration & Testing. They explained the Tests conducted in their Electrical Testing laboratory such as EMI / EMC Testing, Safety Testing etc. that are required for electrical and electronic equipment. Wind of change in Industrial R&D in India & Role of DSIR in promoting R&D – Mr. Dr. Suman Mazumdar, Scientist-‘C’ Department of Scientific & Industrial Research - Ministry of Science & Technology Mr. Mazumdar presented his subject of Wind of change in Industrial R&D in India to make his point that research and development is not only meant for big companies, but also is essential for MSMEs in India. He further explained since SMEs in India employ around 40% of workforce and contribute 37.5% to country’s GDP, R&D becomes essential for them too. He said, Government of India also has increased its funding towards R&D to MSMEs and Venture Capitalists too recognize smaller entrepreneurs engaging in research activities. He explained how the R&D Policy in India has evolved since its independence to develop synergies between science, technology and innovation and has now become the 8th largest nation in the world in terms of investment in R&D. He also explained the role of DSIR in promoting and encouraging R&D via various incentives, policies and funds.
Mr CA Anto and Mr Negandhi shared their business stories - problems faced, success achieved, development throughout the years, adoption of germen technologies, establishment of new units in Pune, growth of their business. Mr. Rajesh S Agarwal, Managing Director of Leebo Metals Pvt. Ltd. Shared their journey from trading to manufacturing, Research and development in the process, Technical upgradation, additional units.
Knowledge Sharing Presentations / Interactions Presentation on “Marketing – Practical Approach thru Distribution Management and its Policies” by Mr. H. Parikh, MD, Hardchem Electronics Presentation on “Innovation - How? and Why? - for SMEs” by Mr. Soeb Fatehi,Director, COSMA Presentation on Lean Manufacturing Competitiveness Scheme by Mrs. Priya Iyer, General Manager, TUV SUD South Asia Pvt. Ltd Presentation on MSMED Act 2006 by Mr. Kiran Kakatkar, Chairman, Siraga India P Ltd
Dissemination of information to SME Division members hh
Information on launching of a portal http://ee4ind. com by the Development Commissioner, SME to create an online Employment Exchange facility.
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IEEMA Secretariat presented the proposed draft Amendment on MSME definition and circulated with the minutes
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Circulated details of Consultancy Services at MSME-DI, Mumbai on the topics : Enterprenuership, Marketing, Project Identification, Project Report Preparation, Finance, Technical, Management related issues, Overseas Market, Information related to trade fairs, Lean Manufacturing, Intellectual Property Rights.
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Booking details for ELECRAMA-2016 , BIEC, BANGALORE
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Information on Indian Engineering Sourcing Show 2015 scheduled from 24 to 26 November 2015 in Mumbai
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Participation of SUBCON THAILAND 2016 which will be held from 11th May to 14 May 2016 at Bangkok MAI.
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African Utility Week 2016 Exhibition & Conference: 17 - 19 May 2016 Cape Town International Convention Centre, South Africa
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2 Days Workshop on “Smartly Managing Organization for ZED Quality at Competitive Cost” on Friday - Saturday, 11th & 12th December, 2015 at IEEMA Mumbai. ■
RoHS Compliance & Introduction to Safety Testing & Certification – Mr. Mukti Upadhyaya & Mr. Vinod Suryavanshi, SGS India Pvt. Ltd. Mr. Upadhyaya of SGS India Pvt. Ltd, a world’s leading provider of testing, verification, inspection and certification, technical assistance and process assessment services, explained all aspects of RoHS compliance in great detail. He notified the economic as well as social impact of noncompliance of RoHS Mr. Suryavanshi explained the need for Safety Testing and Certification and how it is applicable to manufacturers of electrical & electronic equipment locally as well as globally. The Worshop / Semainar on Finance, Cluster formation also planned. Also decided to conduct awareness programmes such as Seminar / Conference on funds, logistics, etc.
Success Stories by SME Division Members Directors of Terminal Technology (I) Pvt. Ltd,
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InternationalNews
INTERNATIONALNEWS GMR raising $1.5 bn for Nepal hydel project Indian infrastructure major GMR is in talks with global lenders to raise $1.5 billion to develop the 900 MW Upper Karnali hydel project in Nepal. Coordinated by the Investment Board Nepal (IBN), representatives from GMR, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Finance Corporation (IFC), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC), DEG — a subsidiary of German Development Bank, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) arrived in Kathmandu and started tripartite talks. GMR signed the power development agreement in 2015. Sources familiar with the development told IANS that as financial closure for GMR is going to end by September, it is imperative for the Indian company to raise funds from various lenders to ensure investment. After raising the necessary fund, a separate company will be set up to develop the project in western Nepal, spread across three districts — Surkhet, Dailekh and Achham. Another Indian firm, Sutluj Jal Vidhyut Nigam, is also developing another hydroelectric project, Arun III, with the same capacity.
JinkoSolar to supply 49 MW of solar modules to China Resources Power JinkoSolar announced that it will supply 49 MW of solar modules to China Resources Power Investment, a subsidiary of China Resources (Holdings), a state-owned enterprise, for three solar PV plants. China Resources Power is China Resources Power’s business includes PV power generation, wind power generation, and etc.“As one ofChina’s leading integrated energy companies, China Resources Power is very active in the nation’s energy structural adjustments and is focused on the development of green PV power plants,” said Xiande Li, chairman of JinkoSolar.
Canada’s SkyPower says seeking partners for India solar projects Canadian solar company SkyPower is looking for partners for its India projects and will start building them in the fall of this year, its chief executive told Reuters on Tuesday, adding it was rapidly expanding its team and activities in seven states. Kerry Adler denied a report in the business daily Economic Times that the company could exit India, saying SkyPower considers the country to be one of its core markets. “We do plan to announce in the days ahead the award of the (engineering, procurement, construction) contracts for 7 projects in India and are excited to commence construction of these projects we successfully won in the fall of this year,” Adler said in an email.
Chinese team invents solar panels for rainy weather Power generation from solar panels stops during rains, an issue that has plagued the sector for several decades. Not anymore. A group of Chinese researchers have developed a system which can generate power from solar panels even when it’s cloudy and raining. In a science journal, Angewandte Chemie, the researches claimed to have developed a technology that would make solar cells all weather. The solar panels would be covered with a layer of liquid graphene -- a form of carbon. During sunny days, the panels will use existing technology for generating power while during rain it will use the graphene-based energy transformation system thus keeping the power flow un-interrupted. This could raise the capacity utilisation of solar panels to a great extent which, at present, cannot generate during rains.
JinkoSolar said it has already built a solar product capacity of 3 GW for silicon ingots and wafers, 2.5 GW for solar cells, and 4.3 GW for solar modules. JinkoSolar sells electricity in China, and had connected approximately 1,006.6 MW of solar power projects to the grid, as of December 31, 2015.
90
May 2016
NationalNews
NATIONALNEWS India appeals against WTO solar ruling India has appealed against the WTO panel’s ruling that its power purchase agreements with solar firms were “inconsistent” with international norms. India filed a notice of appeal in the dispute with the United States concerning certain measures relating to solar cells and solar modules. The appeal follows the WTO’s February ruling in the US’ favour and against India’s domestic content requirements for solar products under the national solar mission saying that the measures India has taken are “not justified” under the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Rulings of the dispute settlement panel can be challenged at the WTO’s Appellate Body which has up to three months to conclude its report.
India headed for top slot in global LED light market India is poised to emerge as the largest market for lighting systems based on LEDs ( light-emitting diodes), thanks to the Narendra Modi led government’s UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) scheme for replacing all inefficient bulbs with these energy-efficient lamps. “With India selling 770 million LED bulbs every day, the country will soon become the LED capital of the world. Prices of LED bulbs have come down to 55 pence (Rs 52) from over 3.5 pounds (Rs 332) two years ago,” a government statement quoted power minister Piyush Goyal as telling investors in London. Today, 12% of all LED lighting systems sold in the world is consumed in India, according to Saurabh Kumar, managing director of Energy Efficiency Services. The company, promoted by state-run power utilities, is the nodal agency for implementing the UJALA scheme.
92
UJALA has brought down the price of an LED bulb to Rs 85 for a 9-watt on an average.
Wind energy capacity growth to decline in FY17: ICRA The wind energy segment could see a decline in fresh capacity addition from 3.3 GW in FY2016 to around 2.5 GW in FY2017 estimates ICRA. The rating firm says that the reasons for fall in wind energy capacity addition include substantial reduction in preferential tariff - from Rs 5.92 per unit to Rs 4.78 per unit for new wind energy projects to be commissioned in Madhya Pradesh and slowdown in signing of fresh power purchase agreements and delays in payments by state owned utility in Maharashtra. Nevertheless, overall, capacity addition in the renewable energy sector will touch 8.8 GW in FY2017 against 6.9 GW added during FY2016, primarily led by higher capacity addition in solar segment. As a result, the share of installed RE-based capacity increased to 14.1% of the overall installed capacity in the country as on March 31, 2016 from the level of 13.2% as on March 31, 2015
DVC to form JV with Neyveli Lignite for Raghunathpur plant Multipurpose project Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC), now reeling under losses, would hive off its stake in the Raghunathpur thermal plant in Purulia by forming a JV with state-owned Neyveli Lignite BSE 1.26 % Corporation (NLC). “The talks with NLC are at an advanced stage. SBI Caps will submit its report shortly,” DVC chairman Andrew W Langstieh told reporters. For the 2X600 MW plant at Raghunathpur, DVC was able to secure PPAs for 550 MW only. NLC, on the other hand, was having PPAs for 650 MW which it secured from a Karnataka power plant which had got delayed. “It is a perfect fit as DVC has the power but no PPAs and vice-versa for NLC. The Karnataka government had also given its no-objection to the deal with DVC,” the chairman said. NLC will have 74 per cent stake in the JV while the remaining 26 per cent will be with DVC.
May 2016
CorporateNews
CORPORATENEWS Gamesa India bags 40 MW order from ReNew Power
has been tested to have one of the highest generation performance per kilowatt of all WTG variants in India.
Wind turbine manufacturer Gamesa India has bagged a contract from ReNew Power for supply of 20 custommade G97 turbines of 2 MW each for a project in Karnataka.
NPCIL to get nuclear liability policy soon: Official
“Gamesa India has entered into an agreement with ReNew Power for a 40 MW turnkey order consisting of 20 units of former’s custom-made G97-2 MW class S with tower height of 104 m that will be commissioned in Ron district in Karnataka,” the company said. According to the contract, Gamesa will develop the entire infrastructure needed to operate the project including supply, erection and commissioning of 20 units of wind turbines which are custom designed for tapping low wind sites in the country. The project will be commissioned by September this year. “We are well placed to cater to the growing demand for renewable energy and we are confident that orders like this will help reinstate our commitment towards meeting renewable energy goals set by the government,” Gamesa India Chairman and Managing Director Ramesh Kymal said.
India’s atomic power company, Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) is confident of getting the public liability insurance policy in 10-15 days time, said a senior official. Once the policy is received, then the company can go ahead in full steam to start its project in Haryana, said the official, speaking to IANS on the condition of anonymity. “The negotiations as to the risk coverage conditions with the insurers are over and issues have been sorted out. We are confident of getting the policy in 10-15 days time,” the official said. He categorically said the policy would be on reinstatement basis - that is the coverage will be reinstated to the original level on payment of same premium after a claimable nuclear accident.
Inox Wind bags two orders of 100 MW capacity in MP, Gujarat
While the official declined to comment on the premium to be paid to get the policy to cover public liability up to Rs.1,500 crore per year, per accident industry sources had earlier told IANS that it will be around Rs.70 crore. The proposed policy would cover the liability towards public as a consequence of any nuclear accident in the plants covered under the policy and also the right of recourse of NPCIL against equipment suppliers.
Inox Wind Ltd has bagged two orders for a cumulative capacity of 100 MW from country’s one of the leading renewable energy independent power producers.
Fortum wins 100 MW project in Pavagada solar park
“The turnkey orders comprise a 50 MW project to be set up in Gujarat and another 50 MW project to be set up in Madhya Pradesh,” the company said in a regulatory filing. The projects once commissioned will provide power to 50,000 households, curtail 0.15 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions annually and further consolidate Inox Wind’s leading position in the two states, it said. Further, the work involves supply and installation of 25 units of firm’s 100 meter rotor dia wind turbine generator for the Gujarat project and 25 units of the company’s 113 meter rotor dia WTG for the project in Madhya Pradesh. The 113 meter rotor diameter WTG is the newest variant of the company’s market leading 2 MW platform and
May 2016
Finnish utility firm Fortum said it has secured a 100 MW solar power project from NTPC under an auction for 500 MW grid, which will connect solar Photovoltaic (PV) projects in district Tumkur of Karnataka. Fortum has won a bid in reverse auction process conducted by NTPC on April 12, 2016, for the selection of 500 MW grid connected solar PV projects under Batch II Tranche I of JNNSM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission) Phase II, the company said in a press release. According to the statement, Fortum secured 100 MW in this bid. The solar power plant will be built in Pavagada Solar Park in Tumkur District Karnataka with a fixed tariff of Rs 4.79 per unit for 25 years.
93
CPRINews
Comprehensive routine, type & special test facilities available at CPRI and its units across the country Current Transformer Sl. No.
Name of Test
Subclause no of IEC 61869-2 : 2012 Standard
Location of CPRIsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Test Facility
Temperature â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rise test
7.2.2
2
Impulse Voltage withstand test on Primary terminals
7.2.3
3
Wet test for outdoor type transformers
7.2.4
4
Electromagnetic compatibility tests (RIV test)
7.2.5
5
Tests for Accuracy
7.2.6
Bangalore: upto 3600A, 800kV Bhopal:upto 20000A Hyderabad:10000A
6
Verification of the degree of Protection by enclosures Enclosure tightness test at ambient Temperature Pressure test for the enclosure Short-time current tests
7.2.7
Available
7.2.8
Available for oil immersed
7.2.9
Not available
7 8 9
Routine tests 1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8 9
94
Power- frequency voltage withstand tests on Primary terminals Partial discharge measurement
Power- frequency voltage withstand tests between sections Power frequency voltage withstand tests on secondary terminals Tests for Accuracy
7.2.201
Bangalore : upto 6000A Bhopal: upto 20000A Hyderabad : 10000A Bangalore: upto 400kV Bhopal: upto 132 kV Hyderabad:1200 kV system Bangalore: upto 400kV Bhopal: upto 132 kV Hyderabad:1200 kV system Hyderabad: Upto 1200kV System
Bhopal: Available upto 800kV, 200kA for 1 s subject to the limitations of the routine tests Bangalore: upto 63 kA for 1.25 s
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.202
Available
11
Test for rated knee point emf and exciting current and rated knee point emf Inter turn overvoltage test
7.3.203
Available
7.3.204
Available
Special tests Chopped impulse voltage withstand test on primary terminals Multiple chopped impulse test on primary terminals
7.4 7.4.1
7.4.3
8 9
Measurement of capacitance and dielectric dissipation factor Transmitted overvoltage test Mechanical test Internal arc test Enclosure tightness test at low and high temperatures Gas dew point Corrosion test
10
Fire Hazard test
7.4.10
1
2
3
4 5 6 7
Sample test 1 2
7.3 7.3.1
Determination of secondary loop time constant
12
Type Tests 1
10
Bangalore: upto 400kV Bhopal: upto 132 kV Hyderabad:1200 kV system Bhopal:upto 33kV Bangalore: upto 132kV Will be available on completion of indoor lab Available
7.3.4
Available
7.3.5
Verification of markings Enclosure tightness test at ambient temperature Pressure test for the enclosure
7.3.6
Bangalore: upto 3600A, 800kV Bhopal: upto 20000 A Hyderabad: upto 10000A Available
7.3.7
Available for oil immersed
7.3.8
Not available
Determination of the secondary winding resistance
7.3.201
Available
7.4.2
Bangalore: upto 400kV Bhopal: upto 132 kV Hyderabad:1200 kV system Bangalore: upto 400kV Bhopal: upto 132 kV, but Capacitance and tan delta after test not possible Hyderabad: upto 1200 kV system Bangalore : upto 220kV Hyderabad: upto 1200kV system
7.4.4
Hyderabad: Available
7.4.5 7.4.6 7.4.7
Bangalore: Available Bangalore:40 kA for 0.3 s Not available
7.4.8 7.4.9
Not available Bhopal: Salt mist test is feasible except for painted surface test Bangalore: Will be established soon Not Available
7.5
Determination of remanence factor Determination of the Instrument security factor (FS) of measuring current transformers
7.5.1
Feasible
7.5.2
Available
Note : Thermal Stability and Temperature Coefficient will be available after commissioning of new indoor lab at Hyderabad. Forthcoming CPRI Technical Programmes http://www.cpri.in/events.html Sl No
Name of the Event
Dates
1)
One Day Training Programme on High Voltage Testing of Electrical Equipment
July 22, 2016
2)
Tutorial Programme on High Voltage August 26, 2016 Testing and Measurement Techniques
3)
Condition Assessment and Failure Analysis of Plant Components
August 26, 2016
4)
Training Programme on Insulating Fluids (New and In-Service) and their Acceptance Tests and standard test methods
September 19, 2016
For details, contact: Shri Prabhakar Hegde, Joint Director (Information and Publicity Division) CPRI, Bangalore. Tel: 080 23602329 Email: hegde@cpri.in
May 2016
IEEMAActivities
Interface with government and agencies
IEEMA Activities
On 14th March 2016, a delegation of IEEMA Power Generation Systems Division called on Shri Anirudh Kumar, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Power, regarding extension of advisory on Phased Manufacturing Program and to discuss issues related to Conventional Generation industry. On 17th March 2016, Shri Adarsh Jain and Shri Anand Thakur, Economic & Taxation Committee Members, along with Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Deputy Director, IEEMA, attended a meeting on tax incidence on various industries. The meeting was chaired by Shri B N Sharma, Additional Secretary (Revenue), Ministry of Finance. The Ministry of Finance is having a study on the likely impact of Goods & Services Tax on various industry sectors, in comparison to the present tax system. The Ministry sought inputs from the industry sectors on their tax incidences during FY 2014-15, in the form of a questionnaire. IEEMA has circulated this questionnaire among its membership and sought inputs from members. On 30th March 2016, Shri Sunil Misra, Director General and Smt. Reema Shrivastava, Deputy Director, IEEMA, called on Shri Mahesh Sachdeva, President of India-UAE Business Council; along with Shri Ravi Capoor, Joint Secretary, Department of Commerce, to discuss issues related to promotion of products for energy sector. Shri Capoor also discussed IEEMA’s engagement with Ministry of New & Renewable Energy to help solar and other renewable equipment manufacturers in enhancing efficiency and revenue for the sector. On 1st April 2016, Shri Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA, had a meeting with Smt. Radhika Jha, Executive Director (IPDS), Power Finance Corporation Ltd., to discuss issues related to power theft and revenue enhancement. On 1st April, 2016, Shri Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA, called on Shri R K Singh, Joint Secretary, Department of Heavy Industry, to discuss Electrical Transformer Quality Control Order. On 5th April 2016, Members of IEEMA Rotating Machines Division, met Shri Shailendra Singh, Joint Secretary, DIPP,
to discuss the need for mandating IS 12615 for Energy Efficient Motors. The Joint Secretary informed that the Department is working on the subject and matter is pending with the Department of Commerce. On 7th April, 2016, Shri Manish Agarwal, Chairman, Shri Kalpesh Shah, Vice-Chairman, Shri Chaitanya Desai, Former Chairman of IEEMA Conductor Division; and Shri Sunil Misra, Director General, IEEMA along with other senior members of the industry, met Shri Balvender Kumar, Secretary and Shri Nikunja Bihari Dhal, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Mines to discuss industry concerns over increase in basic customs duty on primary aluminium and proposed Safeguard Duty on the same. On 18th April 2016, Shri Pawan Jain, Chairman; Shri Alok Agarwal, Vice-Chairman, IEEMA Distribution Transformer Division; Shri Sunil Misra, Director General and Shri J. Pande, Senior Director, IEEMA and other members of the industry met Shri R. K. Singh, Joint Secretary, DHI to discuss concerns over implementation of Electrical Transformer Quality Control Order. Representatives from CEA, BIS, CPRI and ERDA were also present during the meeting.
IEEMA Representations On 24th February 2016, IEEMA submitted a representation to Ministry of Power, Government of India, regarding its follow-up action of the meeting organised by Ministry of Power on constraints faced by Indian exporters due to non-acceptance of CPRI Certificates in some foreign countries. On 7th January 2016, IEEMA submitted a representation to Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, requesting consideration of deemed exports status and equivalent benefits to Indian Supplies whenever Government grants tariff concessions in any project and permits such imports to be made under Chapter 98.
Fifth Meeting of IEEMA Executive Council The fifth Meeting of Executive Council 2015-16 was held on 9th April 2016 at Udaipur. During the meeting, President briefed the Council on activities of IEEMA since the last Executive Council Meeting. The Annual Convention at Mumbai in September 2016 will be held with the theme ‘Prosperity through Electricity”. The decision to organise !ntelect 2017 at India Expo Center at Noida between 9-11 February 2017 was also taken by the council. Setting up of IEEMA Zonal Chapters was discussed and approved setting up of Zonal Chapters in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. The Committee approved a PAN India social Awareness Campaign against theft on electricity.
Readers are requested to send their feedback about content of the Journal at editor@ieema.org May 2016
95
PowerStatistics
Investment share SouthEastAsia WEO2015
Source - WEO2015
96
May 2016
PowerStatistics
Power Supply Position (Energy & Peak) in February 2016 Energy (MU) Region
Requirement
Availability
Deficit (%)
Feb ‘15
Feb ‘16
Feb ‘15
Feb ‘16
Jan ‘15
Jan ‘16
Northern
23549
25115
22371
23926
-5.0
-4.7
Western
23457
28603
23269
28579
-0.8
-0.1
Southern
23035
24443
22567
24232
-2.0
-0.9
Eastern
8417
9515
8310
9493
-1.3
-0.2
North Eastern
1044
1111
982
1087
-5.9
-2.2
79502
88787
77499
87317
-2.5
-1.7
All India
Power (MW) Region
Requirement
Availability
Deficit (%)
Feb ‘15
Feb ‘16
Feb ‘15
Feb ‘16
Jan ‘15
Jan ‘16
Northern
40474
41547
38586
39842
-4.7
-4.1
Western
42966
45110
42750
45070
-0.5
-0.1
Southern
37602
37053
35818
37053
-4.7
0.0
Eastern
16020
17456
15892
17456
-0.8
0.0
North Eastern
2318
2401
2155
2328
-7.0
-3.0
All India
139380
142146
135201
140346
-3.0
-1.3
All India PLF (%) sector-wise Sector
Central
State
Feb ‘16
76.47
55.89
Feb ‘15 78.98 62.64
2014-15
65.4
64.95
56.96
65.72
65.72 64.95
64.79 63.2
65.14 61.75
65.69 60.34
65.01 66.86
59.07 63.63
59.58 57.6
63.8 58.36
66.31 59.43
67.06 64.27
75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40
All India
All India PLF (%) sector-wise
68.64 62.05
Private
2015-16
Source – CEA
May 2016
97
IEEMADatabase
Rs/MT
BASIC PRICES AND INDEX NUMBERS Unit
as on 01.02.16
IRON, STEEL & STEEL PRODUCTS
OTHER RAW MATERIALS
BLOOMS(SBL) 150mmX150mm
`/MT
23330
BILLETS(SBI) 100MM
`/MT
23598
CRNGO Electrical Steel Sheets M-45, C-6 (Ex-Rsp)
`/MT
54000
CRGO ELECTRICAL STEEL SHEETS a) For Transformers of rating up to 10MVA and voltage up to 33 KV
`/MT
b) For Transformers of rating above 10MVA or voltage above 33 KV
`/MT
as on 01.02.16
Unit
Epoxy Resin CT - 5900
`/Kg
380
Phenolic Moulding Powder
`/Kg
93
PVC Compound - Grade CW - 22
`/MT
123250
PVC Compound Grade HR - 11
`/MT
124250
`/KLitre
49124
Transformer Oil Base Stock (TOBS)
246250
OTHER IEEMA INDEX NUMBERS
316500
IN-BUSDUCTS (Base June 2000=100) for the month December 2015
199.13
IN - BTR - CHRG (Base June 2000=100)
271.70
NON-FERROUS METALS Electrolytic High Grade Zinc
`/MT
131300
IN - WT (Base June 2000=100
205.38
Lead (99.97%)
`/MT
140300
IN-INSLR (Base: Jan 2003 = 100)
222.29
Copper Wire Bars
`/MT
341914
Copper Wire Rods
`/MT
352772
Aluminium Ingots - EC Grade (IS 4026-1987)
`/MT
129017
Aluminuium Properzi Rods EC Grade (IS5484 1978)
`/MT
135439
Aluminium Busbar (IS 5082 1998)
`/MT
Wholesale price index number for ‘Ferrous Metals (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month December 2015 Wholesale price index number for’ Fuel & Power (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the month December 2015
136.10
176.80
All India Average Consumer Price Index Number for Industrial Workers (Base 2001=100) December 2015
185300
269
# Estimated, NA: Not available
Aluminuium Properzi Rods - EC Grade (IS5484 1978)
200000
(Rs./MT)
160000
(Rs./MT)
180000
140000
Mar 2014 - Feb 2016 120000 02-16
01-16
12-15
11-15
`09-15
10-15
`08-15
`07-15
`05-15
`06-15
`04-15
`03-15
`01-15
`02-15
`11-14
`12-14
`10-14
`08-14
`09-14
`07-14
`06-14
`05-14
`03-14
`04-14
The basic prices and indices are calculated on the basis of raw material prices, exclusive of excise/C.V. duty wherever manufactures are eligible to obtain MODVAT benefit. These basic prices and indices are for operation of IEEMA’s Price Variation Clauses for various products. Basic Price Variation Clauses, explanation of nomenclature can be obtained from IEEMA office. Every care has been taken to ensure correctness of reported prices and indices. However, no responsibility is assured for correctness. Authenticated prices and indices are separately circulated by IEEMA every month. We recommend using authenticated prices and indices only for claiming price variation.
98
May 2016
IEEMADatabase
1200
AC Generators
Nos
1000
800
600
April 10 - Jan 16
400 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
Name of Product
Accounting Unit
Production For the Month From Feb 15 to Highest Annual January 2016
Jan 16
Production
Electric Motors* AC Motors - LT
000' KW
722
9931
11217
AC Motors - HT
000' KW
386
3600
4647
DC Motors
000' KW
33
392
618
000' KVA
850
11128
10676
Contactors
000' Nos.
681501
8276728
8527
Motor Starters
000' Nos.
139789
1656233
1909
Nos.
49612
587377
947878
000' Poles
10760
132073
116151
Circuit Breakers - LT
Nos.
182791
1831324
1825044
Circuit Breakers - HT
Nos.
5424
70904
72155
Custom-Build Products
Rs. Lakhs
31049
223900
265267
HRC Fuses & Overload Relays
000' Nos.
1211
14522
16875
KM
44870
514053
464826
000' KVAR
3562
48692
53417
Distribution Transformers
000' KVA
3782
47044
43346
Power Transformers
000' KVA
21254
175168
178782
Current Transformers
000' Nos.
58753
701326
660
Voltage Transformers
Nos.
8537
103559
114488
000' Nos.
2687
28880
26390
000' MT
84
973
1250
AC Generators Switchgears*
Switch Fuse & Fuse Switch Units Miniature Circuit Breakers
Power Cables* Power Capacitors - LT & HT* Transformers
Instrument Transformers
Energy Meters* Transmission Line Towers* * Weighted Production
May 2016
99
ProductShowcase
which has pre-determined levels and can be custom adjusted. The TG54 and TG56 allow users to view their current temperature reading along with their last two readings together on one screen. This makes comparing temperature differences convenient without having to memorize or write them down.
“Kusam-Meco” Milliamp Type Process Clampmeter Model – KM 071
Air Coolers segment with ‘SNOW SERIES’ – Desert Coolers Riding high on Innovation, Zebronics, India’s leading supplier of IT peripherals, Audio/Video and Surveillance products now expands its trustworthy product portfolio, entering the consumer Durables Market with ‘Desert Coolers’ exclusively launching a range of Coolers which offers intelligent air cooling experience with the least manual operations - Ise kehte hain Thanda! With several advanced features; maximizing cooling efficiency, utilizing a honeycomb design cooling medium & Wood wool pads, both the coolers are highly advanced specially designed to give very high performance in economical price. Wearing the state-of-the-art sturdy design, the Desert Coolers, 45L – ZEB 45DS and 70L – ZEB 70DS gives the best cooling performance to even larger spaces, both at office or at home.
FLIR’s TG54 & TG56 FLIR launched the new TG54 and TG56 Spot IR Thermometers, which allow professionals to quickly and easily take measurements in places that are out of reach for most IR thermometers.These thermometers let users take non-contact temperature measurements with a distance-to-spot ratio of 24:1 (TG54) and 30:1 (TG56).That means that with a TG56, they can measure a one-inch sized target from up to 30 feet away! A built-in laser and powerful LED work light help pinpoint the problem area, even in poor lighting conditions. Both thermometers have a large, color display and a graphical menu structure so the high and low alarms are easy to set and can’t be missed. Every temperature setting is simple to find and select, including emissivity,
100
“KUSAM-MECO” the leader in portable electronic Test & Measurement Technology, has introduced a new MilliAmp (mA) Process Clampmeter designed to help technicians test critical automation & control circuits without breaking the circuit or interrupting operations. The new KUSAM-MECO mode KM 071 Clampmeter adds to the large range of clamp meters. Now technicians in process plants, industrial plants, commercial buildings & automation commissioning teams can choose exactly the range of capabilities they need, at a very competitive price. The meters are designed to accurately measure the low current (4 to 20 mA signals) that flow through control system circuits with high accuracy, without having to shut down the system, break the circuit & insert a test instrument.
Meco Multifunction Power & Energy Monitor - Trms “MECO” Multifunction Power & Energy Monitor, Model: “MFM-96AF” Microcontroller based with MODBUS RTU Protocol is indigenously designed, tooled and manufactured by the R & D Department of MECO and Competitively Priced. “MFM-96AF” TRMS is 23 Parameters on 46 pages, 4 Rows of 4 Super Bright Red LED Displays, 3 Phase 3 Wire / 3 Phase 4 Wire System (User Selectable) Programmable CTR, PTR, Instrument Address, Password & MD Period are main features. It Displays Voltage, Current, Active Power, Reactive Power, Apparent Power, Frequency, Power Factor, Active Energy, Reactive Energy & Apparent Energy (Import / Export - 4 Quadrant operations) Energy Retention & Password Protected Energy Reset Facility, Max. Demand for KW or KVA with user Selectable Demand Interval (5-30 Minutes) are Key features of “MFM-96AF” TRMS. THD for Voltage & Current, Run Hours, On hours, Phase Angle & Phasor Angle Measurement, Auto / Manual Scroll Display are additional features.
May 2016
leading electrical and electronics monthly
PLUG INTO THE RIGHT CONNECTION ADVERTISEMENT TARIFF W.E.F.1ST APRIL 2016 the leading electrical & electronics monthly
VOLUME 7 ISSUE NO. 5 JANUARY 2016 PGS. 126
ISSN 0970-2946 Rs. 100/-
Cover Story Electrical Equipment Industry - Half Yearly Industry Review - FY15-16
Special Features T&D Conclave 2015 SWICON-2015
SME Talk
Mr Hartek Singh Hartek Power Private Ltd
The countdown begins... 13-17 February, 2016, Bengaluru, India
CH ce TE feren ers RO Con rrest EP onal e A 16 RG rnati Surg il 20 Delhi SU Inte ls on th Apr New
a n, 5 nd 11 co tori & 29 idie Se m Tu 28th Mer No. ge Le cu el Hot
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IEEMA Journal is the leading electrical and electronics monthly and an official organ of Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association (IEEMA). IEEMA Journal is the publication registered with Registrar of Newspapers
for India (RNI). IEEMA Journal is member of the Indian Newspaper Society (INS) whose circulation is audited by Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC). IEEMA Journal covers original techno-commercial articles, interviews, international, national and corporate news, statistics, product showcase, country profile, seminars, exhibitions and services.
Publication Date
1st working day of the month of the issue
Cover Pages
210 GSM Art Paper *
Inside Pages
70 GSM LWC Paper *
Magazine Size
A - 4, 297 mm x 210 mm
ADVERTISEMENT TARIFF W.E.F. 1ST APRIL 2016 HEIGHT X WIDTH Cover Positions
RATE PER INSERTION (Rs.) Rates for 4 colours and non bleed
Front (GateFold)
260 mm x 390 mm
1,37,500
Front (GateFold) - Half
260 mm x 180 mm
88,000
Inside Front
260 mm x 180 mm
93,500
Inside Back
260 mm x 180 mm
88,000
Back
260 mm x 180 mm
93,500
BackFold
260 mm x 390 mm
1,21,000 Rates for 4 colours and non bleed
Special Positions Page 3 (5)
260 mm x 180 mm
71,500
Page 4 (6)
260 mm x 180 mm
60,500
Since its inception in the year 1981, this Journal is published and posted on its scheduled dates. At present 10,300 copies of this journal are posted on 1st working day of every month. It is the only trade journal in India that enjoys readership of around 1,00,000.
Page 5 (7)
260 mm x 180 mm
66,000
Page 9 (11)
260 mm x 180 mm
55,000
Page 15 (17) & onwards each
260 mm x 180 mm
52,800 Rates for 4 colours and non bleed
Ordinary Positions Full Page
260 mm x 180 mm
44,000
Half Page
130 mm x 180 mm
24,750
Advertisers stand to benefit considerably through advertising in IEEMA Journal being a very cost effective medium.
Double Spread
260 mm x 360 mm
88,000
Insert
305 mm x 215 mm
In India, it is circulated to Ministries of Power, Finance, Commerce, Defense, Railway, Information Technology; Utilities like NTPC, NHPC, DVC, PGCIL, etc, all State Electricity Boards, Engineering Colleges, Research Institutes, Foreign Missions in India, Indian embassies in overseas countries etc.
Full Page
210 mm x 165 mm
27,500
Half Page
100 mm x 165 mm
13,200
The overseas circulation includes all Indian Missions abroad, counterpart electrical associations of IEEMA in countries like Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Germany, Spain, China, Italy, Malaysia, Korea, US, France, UK etc and also to a number of technical institutes, libraries and other subscribers in overseas countries.
88,000 Rates for 4 colours and non bleed
Appointments:
Extra Charges: Full Bleed
: 20 % Extra
Specific position
: 20 % Extra (other than page numbers mentioned above)
Special Colour
: Rs 5,000/- for every special colour
Series Discounts: Applicable on the basis of number of advertisements released in 12-month period counted from first release. Series Discount not applicable for cover pages. For 6 or more releases - 7.5 % discount For 12 or more releases - 15 % discount *Subject to change at the sole discretion of Publisher, without notice.
March 2014 May 2016
103 79
104 80
March May 2014 2016