Guia american and british

INSTITUTO DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR PEDAGÓGICO PÚBLICO “JOSÉ JIMÉNEZ BORJA” - TACNA

Guía de Autoaprendizaje Curso: Literatura de los Países Anglófonos I

AMERICAN AND BRITISH LITERATURE

Docente Formadora:

Lic. Mariella Elizabeth Chipana Mamani

Tacna- 2013

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INSTITUTO DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR PEDAGÓGICO PÚBLICO “JOSÉ JIMÉNEZ BORJA” - TACNA

LITERATURA DEL SIGLO XX Y XXI

Competencia de la Unidad

Lee y comprende hechos importantes de la historia de la literatura de los países anglosajones y los aportes de diversos escritores a fin de desarrollar la imaginación y sensibilidad por la lectura en un contexto socio-cultural.

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INSTITUTO DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR PEDAGÓGICO PÚBLICO “JOSÉ JIMÉNEZ BORJA” - TACNA

INTRODUCTION

This work is presented in English language because of the purpose of the area that permits to know and learn about Literature in United States and England, historic events were happened during the Civil War, World War I, World War II. Many writers appeared in these periods of American and British Literature telling and protesting about social and economic situation of the country in those years.

This self-learning guide developos on the first part main facts in history in order to introduce ―birth of literature‖.

On the second part explains American literature, British Literature and Canadian Literature in XX and XXI century followed each one by an activity that students must do according to the information given.

Finally, It would be well-received the reader’s criticism and suggestions for revisions to be incorporated in future publications.

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INSTITUTO DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR PEDAGÓGICO PÚBLICO “JOSÉ JIMÉNEZ BORJA” - TACNA

AMERICAN LITERATURE HISTORIC EVENTS

GILDED AGE During the period of Civil War a small number of millionairs and businessmen held great power in American society.

The city homes of the very rick looked like palaces and many people thought of this period as a new ―Golden (Gilded) Age‖. But the gold was only on the surface. American society was filled with crime and social injustice.

After Civil War, the center of the American nation moved westwards and American writers followed this trend.

The new literary era was one of humor and realism.

The new subject matter was the American West.

THE GREAT DEPRESSION In the Great Depression the American dream had become a nightmare. What was once the land of opportunity was now the land of desperation. What was once the land of hope and optimism had become the land of despair. The American people were questioning all the maxims on which they had based their lives democracy, capitalism, individualism. The best hope for a better life was California. Many Dust Bowl farmers packed their families into cars, tied their few possessions on the back, and sought work in the agricultural fields or cities of the West - their role as independent land owners gone forever. Between 1929 and 1932 the income of the average American family was reduced by 40%, from $2,300 to $1,500. Instead of advancement, survival became the keyword. Institutions, attitudes, lifestyles changed in this decade but democracy prevailed.

Democracies such as Germany and Italy fell to dictatorships, but the United States and its constitution survived.

Economics dominated politics in the 1930's. The decade began with shanty towns called Hoovervilles, named after a president who felt that relief should be left to the private sector, and ended with an alphabet soup of federal programs funded by the national government and an assortment of commissions set up to regulate Wall Street, the banking industry, and other business enterprises. The Social Security Act of 1935 set up a program to ensure an income for the elderly. The Wagner Act of 1935 gave workers the legal right to unionize. John L. Lewis founded the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and conditions for blue-collar workers improved. Joseph P. Kennedy, a Wall Street insider, was appointed Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commissions.

The 1930's were a perilous time for public education. With cash money in short supply parents were unable to provide their children with the necessary clothes, supplies, and textbooks (which were not furnished in some states) to attend school. Taxes, especially in rural areas, went unpaid. With the loss of revenue, school boards were forced to try numerous strategies to keep their districts operating. School terms were shortened. Teachers' salaries were cut. One new teacher was paid $40 a month for a five month school year - and was very glad for the job! When a rural county in Arkansas was forced to charge tuition one year in order to keep the schools open, some children were forced to drop out for that year. One farmer was able to barter wood to fuel the classrooms' potbellied stoves for his four children's tuition, thus enabling them to continue their education.

The famous Dick and Jane books that taught millions of children to read were first published in 1931. These primers introduced the students to reading with only one new word per page and a limited vocabulary per book. All who learned to read with these books still recall the "Look. See Dick. See Dick run."

With the reduction of spendable income, people had to look to inexpensive leisure pursuits. President Roosevelt helped make stamp collecting a popular hobby.

Parlor games and board games became the rage. In 1935 Parker Brothers introduced the game of Monopoly and 20 thousand sets were sold in one week. Gambling increased as people sought any means to add to their income. Between 1930 and 1939 horse racing became legal in 15 more states bringing the total to 21. Interest in spectator sports such as baseball grew. Stars like Lou Gehrig and Joe DiMaggio drew fans into the stadium, and 3

INSTITUTO DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR PEDAGÓGICO PÚBLICO “JOSÉ JIMÉNEZ BORJA” - TACNA

those who could not attend the games gathered around their radios to listen to the play-by-play. The 1932 Winter Olympics, held at Lake Placid, New York, renewed interest in winter sports. The Civilian Conservation Corps, a New Deal work project for youths, built ski runs and jumps on public land as well as recreational facilities in the national parks.

Paris fashions became too expensive for all but the very rich, and American designers came into their own.

Hollywood movie stars such as Bette Davis and Greta Garbo set fashion trends in dresses designed by Adrian and Muriel King and hats designed by Lily Dache. Clothes had to last a long time so styles did not change every season. The simple print dress with a waist line and longer hem length replaced the flapper attire of the 1920's.

The use of the zipper became wide spread for the first time because it was less expensive than the buttons and closures previously used. Another innovation of the 30's was different hem lengths for different times of the day - mid calf for day wear, long for the evening. Men's pants were wide and high waisted. Vest sweaters were an alternative to the traditional matching vest of the three piece suit. Hats were mandatory for the well dressed male.

Many of America's most distinguished writers produced works of fiction during the thirties. The list includes such names as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos, and Thornton Wilder. Some of the novels of this period explored what was happening in the country during the Great Depression. John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath chronicled the life of a displaced Oklahoma family who had lost its farm to the drought of the Dust Bowl. James T. Farrell wrote a trilogy of novels about an Irish-American named Studs Lonigan and his attempt to rise above his poor beginnings. Richard Wright took on the issue of racial prejudice and the plight of blacks in Native Son. Erskine Caldwell's novel Tobacco Road described the life of poor whites in the rural South. All four of these works were cited on the recent Modern Library list of the top 100 novels, in English, of the 20th century.

There were notable works in other forms of literature. The poet Carl Sandburg published his poem "The People, Yes" in 1936. Ogden Nash wrote light verse for the New Yorker magazine. Dr. Seuss delighted children with his rhyming books for youngsters learning to read. Wallace Stevens' collection of poetry, The Man With the Blue Guitar was published in 1937. The public speaking instructor, Dale Carnegie, in 1936 penned the book whose title How to Win Friends and Influence People was to become a part of the language.

The Great Depression took place from 1930 to 1939. During this time the prices of stock fell 40%. 9,000 banks went out of business and 9 million savings accounts were wiped out. 86,00 businesses failed, and wages were decreased by an average of 60%. The unemployment rate went from 9% all the way to 25%, about 15 million jobless people.

Causes of The Great depression* Unequal distribution of wealth* High Tariffs and war debts* Over production in industry and agriculture* Stock market crash and finacial panicEffects of The Great depression* Widespread hunger, poverty, and unemployment* Worldwide economic crisis* Democratic victory in 1232 election* FDR's New Deal It was appropriate that the terrible economic slump of the 1930s started in the United States, to which Europe seemed to have surrendered economic leadership during the Great War and on which she had been dependent ever since.

The stock market crash that began on a black Friday in October 1929 and deepened in the ensuing months had immediate repercussion in Europe. Indeed, even before this, the superheated boom in stock prices that marked the bull market of 1928 siphoned money from Europe. The pricking of the bubble sent shock waves throughout the world.

Large exports of American capital had helped sustain Europe, besides providing an outlet for American surpluses of capital, during the 1920s. Investment in European bonds now contracted sharply and swiftly, as banks that were "caught short" with too many of their assets invested in securities desperately tried to raise money. By June 1930, the price of securities on Wall Street was about 20 percent, on average, of what it had been prior to the crash; between 1929 and 1932 the Dow-Jones average of industrial stock prices fell from a high of 381 to a low of 41!

The American market for European imports also dropped sharply as the entire American economy went into shock; and, to compound trouble, congress insisted on passing a high tariff law in 1930, against the advice of almost all economists. Effective operation of the international economy required that the United States import 4

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goods to allow foreign governments to pay for American loans. Moreover, the raising of tariffs set off a chain reaction as every government tried to protect itself against an adverse trade balance leading to currency deterioration. The result was a drying up of world trade that further fueled the economic downturn.

These exceptions may seem more numerous than the rule, but the United States and most parts of Europe did enjoy relatively favorable economic conditions between 1924 and 1930. But it turned out that this prosperity rested on American loans and American markets, which now almost vanished. A European economy still recovering from the trauma of the war and its aftermath was too frail to weather this storm.

The business cycle had long had its ups and downs. If this downswing turned out to be words than any previous one, the reason must be sought in the profound structural changes heaped on top of a normal cycle.

Fulcrum of the world economy, the United States had not yet learned how to play that part, as its erratic financial policies and high protective tariffs indicated. Deeper changes were going on in the world. Policies of "autarchy" had developed after the war an were to be perpetuated during the Great Depression; that is, countries that were no longer prepared to trust the international order tried to insulate their economies by tariffs, import quotas, or a managed currency. During the 1920s, while sometimes readjusting the rate at which their currencies were exchanged for gold, most nations clung to the gold standard, which facilitated international trade by permitting currencies to be freely exchanged in terms of gold. But beginning in 1931, when Great Britain was driven off the gold standard, country after country left it in order to protect themselves against a flight of gold leading to deflation and unemployment. The flight from gold was followed by all kinds of nationalist economic policies - exchange controls, import quotas, tariffs. International trade was thus further impaired.

Perfect competition was obviously lacking in an era increasingly prone to both corporate business monopolies or allowance for wars, revolutions, dictatorships, the dismemberment of countries, and all kinds of political factors.

Whatever the causes, panic soon spread through Europe. In 1931, after the World Court refused to allow Austria to enter a customs union with Germany, that economically distressed country collapsed. The central bank failed, touching off a panic that threatened Great Britain next President Herbert Hoover of the United States proposed a moratorium on all war debts and reparations, but French opposition delayed its acceptance.

One of the most punishing features of the depression had been the drastic fall in agricultural prices, together with other primary products. The years from 1925 to 1928 brought good harvests all over the world, the latter a record in wheat. The price of grain tumbled just as the industrial and financial slump hit, compounding the crisis. Loss of urban and international markets afflicted farmers already in trouble from overproduction and, frequently, from a burden of debt incurred in expanding production and buying agricultural machinery. With unemployed workers suffering from hunger, the sight of farmers refusing to harvest crops because the price was too low to make it worthwhile drove home the bitter lesson of poverty in the midst of plenty, the curse of Midas fallen on man. But by 1936 agricultural prices had risen somewhat.

By 1933, 26.6% of people who were wage earners were unemployed. Workers were either fired, laid off, or had extra work to do with less pay if they still had their job. The domestic market was affected and many lost their lands because they couldn't keep up with the payments, and most factory workers had to work twice as had to earn the same amount of money they did before the Depression hit.

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F. SCOTT FITZGERALD "Often I think writing is a sheer paring away of oneself leaving always something thinner, barer, more meager."

"In a real dark night of the soul, it is always three o'clock in the morning, day after day."

"It was an age of miracles, it was an age of art, it was an age of excess and it was an age of satire."

Scott Fitzgerald was born on September 24, 1896, in St. Paul, Minnesota. His first novel's success made him famous and let him marry the woman he loved, but he later descended into drinking and his wife had a mental breakdown. Following the unsuccessful Tender is the Night, Fitzgerald moved to Hollywood and became a scriptwriter. He died of a heart attack in 1940, at age 44, his final novel only half completed.

F. Scott Fitzgerald was born Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald on September 24, 1896, in St. Paul, Minnesota. His namesake (and second cousin three times removed on his father's side) was Francis Scott Key, who wrote the lyrics to the "Star-Spangled Banner." Fitzgerald's mother, Mary McQuillan, was from an Irish-Catholic family that had made a small fortune in Minnesota as wholesale grocers. His father, Edward Fitzgerald, had opened a wicker furniture business in St. Paul, and, when it failed, he took a job as a salesman for Procter & Gamble that took his family back and forth between Buffalo and Syracuse in upstate New York during the first decade of Fitzgerald's life. However, Edward Fitzgerald lost his job with Procter & Gamble in 1908, when F. Scott Fitzgerald was 12, and the family moved back to St. Paul to live off of his mother's inheritance.

The war ended in 1919, before Fitzgerald was ever deployed, and upon his discharge he moved to New York City hoping to launch a career in advertising lucrative enough to convince Zelda to marry him. He quit his job after only a few months, however, and returned to St. Paul to rewrite his novel.

WORKS The novel's new incarnation, This Side of Paradise, a largely autobiographical story about love and greed, was centered on Amory Blaine, an ambitious Midwesterner who falls in love with, but is ultimately rejected by, two girls from high-class families. The novel was published in 1920 to glowing reviews and, almost overnight, turned Fitzgerald, at the age of 24, into one of the country's most promising young writers. One week after the novel's publication, he married Zelda Sayre in New York.

F. Scott Fitzgerald eagerly embraced his newly minted celebrity status and embarked on an extravagant lifestyle that earned him a reputation as a playboy and hindered his reputation as a serious literary writer. Beginning in 1920 and continuing throughout the rest of his career, Fitzgerald supported himself financially by writing great numbers of short stories for popular publications such as The Saturday Evening Post and Esquire. Some of his most notable stories include "The Diamond as Big as the Ritz," "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," "The Camel's Back" and "The Last of the Belles."

In 1922, Fitzgerald published his second novel, The Beautiful and the Damned, the story of the troubled marriage of Anthony and Gloria Patch. The Beautiful and the Damned helped to cement his status as one of the great chroniclers and satirists of the culture of wealth, extravagance and ambition that emerged during the affluent 1920s—what became known as the Jazz Age. "It was an age of miracles," Fitzgerald wrote, "it was an age of art, it was an age of excess, and it was an age of satire."

Seeking a change of scenery to spark his creativity, in 1924, Fitzgerald moved to France, and it was there, in Valescure, that Fitzgerald wrote what would be credited as his greatest novel, The Great Gatsby. Published in 1925, The Great Gatsby is narrated by Nick Carraway, a Midwesterner who moves into the town of West Egg on Long Island, next door to a mansion owned by the wealthy and mysterious Jay Gatsby. The novel follows Nick and Gatsby's strange friendship and Gatsby's pursuit of a married woman named Daisy, ultimately leading to his exposure as a bootlegger and his death.

With its beautiful lyricism, pitch-perfect portrayal of the Jazz Age, and searching critiques of materialism, love and the American Dream, The Great Gatsby is considered Fitzgerald's finest work. Although the book was wellreceived when it was published, it was not until the 1950s and '60s, long after Fitzgerald's death, that it achieved its stature as the definitive portrait of the "Roaring Twenties," as well as one of the greatest American novels ever written.

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ACTIVITY 2 1. What’s the Great Depression?

2. How did the wars influence?

3. What’s ―Gilded Age‖?

4. Describe the photographs below?

5. Explain one of Scott’s Fitzgerald’s quote?

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Victorian literature (1837-1901) The Victorian novel

It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English. Another important fact is the number of women novelists who were successful in the 19th century, even though they often had to use a masculine pseudonym. The majority of readers were of course women.

The 1830s and 1840s saw the rise of social novel, also known as social problem novel, that "arose out of the social and political upheavals which followed the Reform Act of 1832".This was in many ways a reaction to rapid industrialization, and the social, political and economic issues associated with it, and was a means of commenting on abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor, who were not profiting from England's economic prosperity. Stories of the working class poor were directed toward middle class to help create sympathy and promote change.

CHARLES DICKENS Monthly serialization was revived with the publication of Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers in twenty parts between April 1836 and November 1837. Demand was high for each episode to introduce some new element, whether it was a plot twist or a new character, so as to maintain the readers' interest.

An early example is Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist (1837-8). Charles Dickensemerged on the literary scene in the 1830s with the two novels already mentioned. Dickens wrote vividly about London life and struggles of the poor, but in a good-humoured fashion, accessible to readers of all classes. One of his most popular works to this day is A Christmas Carol (1843). In more recent years Dickens has been most admired for his later novels, such as Dombey and Son (1846-8),Great Expectations (1860-1),Bleak House (1852-3) and Little Dorrit (1855-7) and Our Mutual Friend (1864-5).

WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY He was early rival to Dickens, who during the Victorian period ranked second only to him, but he is now much less read and is known almost exclusively for Vanity Fair (1847). In that novel he satirizes whole swaths of humanity while retaining a light touch. It features his most memorable character, the engagingly roguish Becky Sharp.

THE BRONTË SISTERS They were other significant novelists in the 1840s and 1850s. Their novels caused a sensation when they were first published but were subsequently accepted as classics. They had written compulsively from early childhood and were first published, at their own expense, in 1846 as poets under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. The sisters returned to prose, producing a novel each the following year: Charlotte's Jane Eyre, Emily'sWuthering Heights and Anne's Agnes Grey. Later, Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) and Charlotte's Villette (1853) were published.

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ELIZABETH GASKELL She was also a successful writer and first novel, Mary Barton, was published anonymously in 1848.

Gaskell'sNorth and South contrasts the lifestyle in the industrial north of England with the wealthier south.

Even though her writing conforms to Victorian conventions, Gaskell usually frames her stories as critiques of contemporary attitudes: her early works focused on factory work in the Midlands. She always emphasised the role of women, with complex narratives and dynamic female characters.

Anthony Trollope's (1815–82) was one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. Some of his best-loved works are set in the imaginary county of Barsetshire, including The Warden (1855) and Barchester Towers (1857). He also wrote perceptive novels on political, social, and gender issues, and on other topical matters, including The Way with Live Now (1875). Trollope's novels portrayed the lives of the landowning and professional classes of early Victorian England.

George Eliot's (Mary Ann Evans (1819–80), first novel Adam Bede was published in 1859. Her works, especially Middlemarch 1871-2), are important examples ofliterary realism, and are admired for their combination of high Victorian literary detail combined with an intellectual breadth that removes them from the narrow geographic confines they often depict.

THOMAS HARDY (1840-1928) An interest in rural matters and the changing social and economic situation of the countryside is seen in his novels. A Victorian realist, in the tradition of George Eliot, he was also influenced both in his novels and poetry

by Romanticism, especially by William Wordsworth. Charles Darwin is another important influence on Thomas Hardy. Like Charles Dickens he was also highly critical of much in Victorian society, though Hardy focussed more on a declining rural society. While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life, and regarded himself primarily as a poet, his first collection was not published until 1898, so that initially he gained fame as the author of such novels as,Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895). He ceased writing novels following adverse criticism of this last novel. In novels such as The Mayor of Casterbridge and Tess of the d'Urbervilles Hardy attempts to create modern works in the genre of tragedy, that are modelled on the Greek drama, especially Aeschylus and Sophocles, though in prose, not poetry, fiction, not a play, and with characters of low social standing, not nobility.

GEORGE ROBERT GISSING (1857-1903) He was another significant late 19th century novelist, who published 23 novels between 1880 and 1903. His best known novel is New Grub Street (1891). Important developments occurred in genre fiction in this era.

Although pre-dated by John Ruskin's The King of the Golden River in 1841, the history of the modern fantasy genre is generally said to begin with George MacDonald, the influential author of The Princess and the Goblin and Phantastes (1858).

WILLIAM MORRIS He was a popular English poet who also wrote several fantasy novels during the latter part of the 19th century.

Wilkie Collins' epistolary novel The Moonstone (1868), is generally considered the first detective novel in the English language, while The Woman in White is regarded as one of the finest sensation novels.

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H. G. WELLS'S (1866-1946) His writing career began in the 1890s with science fiction novels like The Time Machine (1895), and The War of the Worlds (1898) which describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians, and Wells is seen, along with Frenchman Jules Verne (1828-1905), as a major figure in the development of the science fiction genre. He also wrote realistic fiction about the lower middle class in novels like Kipps (1905) and The History of Mr Polly (1910).

By the mid-19th-century, the pre-eminence of literature from the British Isles began to be challenged by writers from the former American colonies. This included one of the creators of the new genre of the short story, and inventor of the detective story Edgar Allan Poe (1809–49). Among the significant American novelists were Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–64), Herman Melville (1819–91), and Mark Twain (1835-1910). The essayists Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–82) and Henry David Thoreau (1817–62) are also included in the Canon of major writers.

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.

In 1837, the young Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864) collected some of his stories as Twice-Told Tales, a volume rich in symbolism and occult incidents. Hawthorne went on to write full-length "romances", quasiallegorical novels that explore such themes as guilt, pride, and emotional repression in his native New England.

His masterpiece, The Scarlet Letter (1850), is the stark drama of a woman cast out of her community for committing adultery. Hawthorne's fiction had a profound impact on his friend Herman Melville (1819–1891), who first made a name for himself by turning material from his seafaring days into exotic and sensational sea narrative novels. Inspired by Hawthorne's focus on allegories and dark psychology, Melville went on to write romances replete with philosophical speculation. InMoby-Dick (1851), an adventurous whaling voyage becomes the vehicle for examining such themes as obsession, the nature of evil, and human struggle against the elements. In another important work, the short novel Billy Budd, Melville dramatizes the conflicting claims of duty and compassion on board a ship in time of war. His books sold poorly, and he had been long forgotten by the time of his death, but Melville was rediscovered in the early decades of the 20th century.

GENRE FICTION

Sheridan Le Fanu was the premier ghost story writer of the 19th century. His works include the macabre mystery novel Uncle Silas (1865), and his Gothic novella Carmilla (1872), tells the story of a young woman's susceptibility to the attentions of a female vampire. Bram Stoker's horror story Dracula (1897), belongs to a number of literary genres, including vampire literature, horror fiction, gothic novel and invasion literature.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Scotland of Irish parents but his Sherlock Holmes stories have typified a fog-filled London for readers worldwide.

Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes is a brilliant London-based "consulting detective", famous for his intellectual prowess. Conan Doyle wrote four novels and fifty-six short stories featuring Holmes, from 1880 up to 1907, with a final case in 1914. All but four Conan Doyle stories are narrated by Holmes' friend, assistant, and biographer, Dr. Watson. The Lost World literary genre was inspired by real stories of archaeological discoveries by imperial adventurers.

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LEWIS CARROLL Literature for children developed as a separate genre. Some works become internationally known, such as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass.

ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON Adventure novels are generally classified as for children. Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), depicts the dual personality of a kind and intelligent physician who turns into a psychopathic monster after imbibing a drug intended to separate good from evil in a personality. His Kidnapped (1886) is a fastpacedhistorical novel set in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745, and Treasure Island 1883, is the classic pirate adventure.

BEATRIX POTTE At the end of the Victorian era and leading into the Edwardian era, she was an author and illustrator, best known for her children’s books, which featured animal characters. In her thirties, Potter published the highly successful children's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit in 1902. Potter eventually went on to published 23 children's books and become a wealthly woman.

VICTORIAN POETRY ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON The leading poets during the Victorian period were Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-1892), Robert Browning (1812– 89), Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–61), and Matthew Arnold (1822–88). The poetry of this period was heavily influenced by the Romantics, but also went off in its own directions. Particularly notable was the development of the dramatic monologue, a form used by many poets in this period, but perfected by Browning.

Literary criticism in the 20th century gradually drew attention to the links between Victorian poetry and modernism.

Tennyson was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom during much of Queen Victoria's reign. He was described

by T. S. Eliot, as "the greatest master of metrics as well as melancholia", and as having "the finest ear of any English poet since Milton". Tennyson was also a pioneer in the use of the dramatic monologue, in "The LotusEaters" (1833), "Ulysses" (1842), and '"Tithonus" (1860).

Browning main achievement was in dramatic monologues such as "My Last Duchess", "Andrea del Sarto" and "The Bishop Orders his Tomb", which were published in his two-volume Men and Women in 1855. In his introduction to the Oxford University Press edition of Browning's Poems 1833-1864, Ian Jack comments, that Thomas Hardy,Rudyard Kipling, Ezra Pound and T S Eliot "all learned from Browning's exploration of the possibilities of dramatic poetry and of colloquial idiom". While Elizabeth Barrett Browning was the wife of Robert Browning she had established her reputation as a major poet before she met him. Her most famous work is the sequence of 44 sonnets "Sonnets from the Portuguese" published in Poems (1850). Matthew Arnold's reputation as a poet has declined in recent years and he is best remembered now for his critical works, like Culture and Anarchy (1869), and his 1867 poem "Dover Beach". This poem depicts a nightmarish world from which the old religious verities have receded. It is sometimes held up as an early, if not the first, example of the modern sensibility.

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WILLIAM WORDSWORTH The influence of William Wordsworth, both in ideas and in diction, is unmistakable in Arnold's best poetry, and Arnold has been seen as a bridge between Romanticism and Modernism, because of his use of symbolic landscapes was typical of the Romantic era, while his skeptical and pessimistic perspective was typical of the Modern era.

DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI He was a poet, illustrator, painter and translator. He founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 with William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais, and was later to be the main inspiration for a second generation of artists and writers influenced by the movement, most notably William Morris and Edward BurneJones. Rossetti's art was characterised by its sensuality and its medieval revivalism. Poetry and image are closely entwined in Rossetti's work and he frequently wrote sonnets to accompany his pictures. He also illustrated poems by his sister Christina Rossetti such as Goblin Market.

WHILE ARTHUR CLOUGH He was a more minor figure of this era, he has been described as "a fine poet whose experiments in extending the range of literary language and subject were ahead of his time".

Towards the end of the 19th century, English poets began to take an interest in French Symbolism and Victorian poetry entered a decadent fin-de-siècle phase. Two groups of poets emerged, the Yellow Book poets who adhered to the tenets ofAestheticism, including Algernon Charles Swinburne, Oscar Wilde and Arthur Symons and the Rhymers' Club group, that included Ernest Dowson, Lionel Johnson and Irishman William Butler Yeats.

WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS He went on to become an important modernist in the 20th century. Also in the 1890s A. E. Housman published at his own expense A Shropshire Lad, a cycle of 63 poems, because he could not find a publisher. At first selling slowly, it rapidly became a lasting success, and its appeal to English musicians had helped to make it widely known before World War I, when its themes struck a powerful chord with English readers. A Shropshire Lad has been in print continuously since May 1896. The poems are pervaded by deep pessimism and preoccupation with death, without religious consolation. Housman wrote most of them while living in Highgate, London, before ever visiting that part of Shropshire (about thirty miles from his birthplace), which he presented in an idealised pastoral light, as his 'land of lost content'.

The nonsense verse of Edward Lear, along with the novels and poems of Lewis Carroll, is regarded as a precursor of surrealism. In 1846 Lear published A Book of Nonsense, a volume of limericks that went through three editions and helped popularise the form. In 1865 The History of the Seven Families of the Lake PipplePopple was published, and in 1867 his most famous piece of nonsense, The Owl and the Pussycat, which he wrote for the children of his patron Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby. Many other works followed. Lewis Carrroll's most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky".

Writers of comic verse included the dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator W. S. Gilbert(1836-1911), who is best known for his fourteencomic operas produced in collaboration with the composer Sir Arthur Sullivan, of which the most famous include H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and one of the most frequently performed works in the history of musical theatre, The Mikado.

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In the 21st century two Victorian poets who published little in the 19th century, Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) and Gerard Manley Hopkins(1844–89), are now regarded as major poets. While Hardy first established his reputation the late 19th century with novels, he also wrote poetry throughout his career. However he did not publish his first collection until 1898, so that he tends to be treated as a 20th century poet. Hopkins Poems were published posthumously by Robert Bridges in 1918. Hopkins' poem "The Wreck of the Deutschland", written in 1875, first introduced what Hopkins called "sprung rhythm."As well as developing new rhythmic effects, Hopkins "was also very interested in ways of rejuvenating poetic language" and frequently "employed compound and unusual word combinations". Several 20th century poets, including W.H. Auden, Dylan Thomas, and American Charles Wright, "turned to his work for its inventiveness and rich aural patterning".

America also produced major poets in the 19th century, such as Emily Dickinson (1830–86) and Walt Whitman (1819–92). America's two greatest 19th century poets could hardly have been more different in temperament and style. Walt Whitman (1819–1892) was a working man, a traveler, a self-appointed nurse during the American Civil War (1861–1865), and a poetic innovator. His major work wasLeaves of Grass, in which he uses a free-flowing verse and lines of irregular length to depict the all-inclusiveness of American democracy.

Whitman was also a poet of the body, or "the body electric," as he called it. In Studies in Classic American Literature, the English novelist D. H. Lawrence wrote that Whitman "was the first to smash the old moral conception that the soul of man is something 'superior' and 'above' the flesh". Emily Dickinson (1830–1886), on the other hand, lived the sheltered life of a genteel, unmarried woman in small-town Amherst, Massachusetts.

Within its formal structure, her poetry is ingenious, witty, exquisitely wrought, and psychologically penetrating. Her work was unconventional for its day, and little of it was published during her lifetime. Many of her poems dwell on death, often with a mischievous twist. One, "Because I could not stop for Death", begins, "He kindly stopped for me." The opening of another Dickinson poem toys with her position as a woman in a male-dominated society and an unrecognized poet: "I'm nobody! Who are you? / Are you nobody too?"

VICTORIAN DRAMA A change came in the Victorian era with a profusion on the London stage of farces, musical burlesques,extravaganzas and comic operas that competed with productions of Shakespeare's plays and serious drama by dramatists like of James Planché and Thomas William Robertson. In 1855, the German Reed Entertainments began a process of elevating the level of (formerly risqué) musical theatre in Britain that culminated in the famous series of comic operas by Gilbert and Sullivan and were followed by the 1890s with the first Edwardian musical comedies. The length of runs in the theatre changed rapidly during the Victorian period. As transportation improved, poverty in London diminished, and street lighting made for safer travel at night, the number of potential patrons for the growing number of theatres increased enormously. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits and improved production values.

ACTIVITY 3 1. Make a summary of Victorian Period.

2. Who were the writers in this period?

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BRITISH LITERATURE The 20th Century in Britain began bath the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, she was succeeded by her son Edward VII (1901-1910) and this marked the beginning of the Edwardian Period of peace and prosperity; however, this was not too last for long, Edward died in 1910 and his successor George V (1910-1936) saw the outbreak of the first World War in history which lasted 1914 to 1918 and which cost Britain a great deal, consequently the 1920's were a period of general depression, both social and economical which culminated in the Wall Street Crash in the USA in 1929 and let to world wide economic chaos.

The 1930's were not only a period of economic tension, but also vast political changes, Stalin came to power in Russia and Germany saw the development of Nazism ant the Hitler. These two factors were also in part responsible for the Spanish Civil War (1936-39). This war influenced many English intellectuals who came to Spain to fight for the republicans and to demonstrate their opposition to the Fascism. Almost as soon as the war in Spain has ended with Franco's victory, Britain, on the 3rd of September in 1939 was forced to go to war with Germany after she invaded Poland. This war, the Second World War lasted almost 6 years and saw various changes in Britain. The principal being the resignation of prime minister Chamberlain to make way for Winston Churchill in 1940, he was responsible for leading Britain and the allies to victory in 1945, however, despite this succeed Britain was almost economically ruined, and her people voted for a labour government headed by Attle, who proceeded to carry our the party program for a better world. By the time, Elizabeth the Second came to the throne in 1952, British life had already improved considerably and continue to do so until the end of the 1960's.

Literature in the United Kingdom after World War II is also difficult to generalize. Maybe the only clear group is the ―Angry Young Men‖, a group of dramatists and novelists (among them Harold Pinter, John Osborne, Kingsley Amis, Allan Sillitoe and Tom Stoppard) who in the 1950s expressed their discontent with traditional English society in anti-establishment works that have also been described as ―Kitchen Sink Realism‖ (with its audiovisual correspondence in film—the British New Wave and Free Cinema—and television—Coronation Street, Eastenders). George Orwell (1903-1950) was also a left-wing writer who criticized social injustice in his novels, like Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen-Eighty-Four (1949). Doris Lessing (1919-), a recent Nobel Prize, has written both left-wing radical novels and science fiction. Graham Greene (1904-1991) was both a popular writer and well received by the critics. He wrote ―Catholic‖ novels, like The Power and the Glory (1949) and espionage novels like The Third Man (1950, after the script for the film) and The Human Factor (1978).

Other more experimental novelists are Malcolm Lowry (1909-1957), who wrote Under the Volcano (1947) a modernist novel with complex symbolism; John Fowles (1926-2005), author of The French Lieutenant’s Woman (1969), which is frequently mentioned as an example of a metafictional post-modern novel; Iris Murdoch (19191999), who wrote novels about sexual relationships and the power of the unconscious (Under the Net, 1954); and Anthony Burgess (1917-1993), A Clockwork Orange (1962).

The field of popular literature has been extremely fruitful in England during the twentieth century: - Agatha Christie (1890-1976): detective novels - Ian Fleming (1908-1964): James Bond novels - J. R. R. Tolkien (1892-1973): Lord of the Rings - C.S. Lewis(1898-1963): The Chronicles of Narnia - Sea Adventure: Patrick O’Brian’s Master and Commander - Historical novels. Robert Graves (1895-1985), I, Claudius novels. Ken Follet (1949-) The Pillars of the Earth (1989) - Confessional writing: Helen Fielding’s Bridget’s Jones’s Diary, Nick Hornby’s High Fidelity (1995), Fever Pitch (1992) - In the field of Children’s literature, English literature has provided the world with the most famous books and characters: Enid Blyton (1897-1968), the fifth most translated author worldwide (The Famous Five series, Malory Towers; J. K. Rowling (Harry Potter); Roald Dahl (1916-1990), born in Wales to Norwegian parents. James and 15

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the Giant Peach, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda, Revolting Rhymes. Unsentimental, dark humour.

Also stories for adults, like Tales of the Unexpected.

- D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930). Author of Lady Chatterley’s Lover(1928), Sons and Lovers (1913). He showed physical love and human passion in his novels, which meant that some of his novels could not be published in the UK for a long time.

- E. M. Forster (1879-1979) wrote ironic, well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy and also the attitudes towards gender and homosexuality in early 20th-century British society. A Room with a View (1908), A Passage to India (1924),Howard's End (1910).

- Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) is another important literary figure, frequently considered a precursor of Modernist literature. Born inPoland, he learned English as an adult and managed to write excellent novels like Lord Jim (1900) and Nostromo (1904). Heart of Darkness (1902) is a symbolic novella of a journey into the Congo river as well as into the human psyche. It is the origin of the filmApocalypse Now. - Evelyn Waugh (1903-1966) wrote satires of British high society. ALDOUS HUXLEY (1894-1963) is the author of the dystopia Brave New World (1932). KATHERINE MANSFIELD (1888-1923) was born in New Zealand but developed her short literary career in England. A very good short-story writer.

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MODERN ENGLISH LITERATURE INTRODUCTION Postwar depression and the rise of Communism were abundant in the 1920's and Modernism was a product of this. The Modernism movement is generally categorized as having existed between 1922-1925 and it was a reaction against the past, Newness became essential as beat the necessity for change; this is reflected in the work of James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound and Virginia Woolf amongst other.

There was not direct link between politics and literature but the leaders of the modernism movement were biased towards the Right, although in different ways. W.B.Yeats' politics focus on Ireland, Lawrence referred to the need for aristocracy and the threat of the Jews; TS Eliot was an Anglo-catholic Tory and Ezra Pound identified with Italian Fascism. For the first time there seemed to be a unity between all modernist novels and poetry.

Another aspect of novels during this period was the satirisation of English society, particularly the social class system. This can be seen to its effects in the works of Aldows Thuxley and later Evelyn Vaugh.

PREDECESSORS

THOMAS HARDY(1840-1928) Hardy was born in Dorchester, in the South West of England in 1840, and began his literary career as a novelist.

His novels were extremely pessimistic, and were dedicated to the life of his native county of Dorset. They were full of the sense of man's bond with nature and with the past. Man never seems to be free of the forces of time and fate, which control his life. There is rarely any message of hope. His first novel was produced in 1871, and his last in 1896.

This last novel Jude the Obscure received such a hostile reception for its pessimism that Hardy turned from the novel to verse and this coincided with the beginning of the 20th century. Much of his verse, like his novels, expresses the irony of life and the need for resignation in the face of hostile fate. But he also began to express lighter moods, and produced enchanting nature, poems and even love lyrics. His skill at showing nature, and his eye for close detail, which is apparent in his novels, is even better exploited in his verse.

Hardy's greatness in verse is said to lie in his short Lyrics, which present such an anomaly to 20th century poetry as a whole, because they move between so many different classification: narratives, dramatic lyrics and imitations of folksongs and ballads, for example. Many of these poems are personal evocations of sorrow or bitterness, although they also occasionally celebrate or distrust local and international experiments with forms, and uses archaic vocabulary in advanced ways.

Many of Hardy's poems were written during, and about The First World War: Channel Firing, In time of the Breaking of Nations, and reiterate the pessimism of his novels. His ability to produce a verse-composition of epic length is shown in The Dynasts, a vast un-actable drama meant to be presented on the stage of the reader's own imagination. It deals with the Napoleonic Wars as seen from the viewpoint not only of men but also of the Immortal Fates, who watch, direct, and comment. That is to say the gods who control Man's destiny.

Hardy's standing as a poet is considerable, but he will be remembered both as a poet and a novelist.

HENRY JAMES (1843-1916) Henry James is regarded as one of the two pioneers of the modern novel, the other being Joseph Conrad. He is one of the greatest personalities to be found in English fiction between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.

He was born an American, but spent most of his life in Europe, the last 20 being in London, because his native country seemed to immature for the production of great literature, and he preferred the ―old world‖ which was richer in tradition and culture.

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His three phases as a writer begin with the idea of the impact of Europe on the American abroad and the conflict between the old world and the new, particularly between Europe's tolerant (and often corrupt) sophisticated civilization, and America's rigid Puritanism and fervent idealism.The Portrait of a Lady (1881) is his best novel in this period.

In the novels of his second phase, James turned away from the international thing and concentrated mainly on English characters and the English scene, in for example, The princess Casamassirna (1886) for The Awkward Age (1899). However, it is James' third and final phase, which is considered to be his greatest. Here, he resumed the thing of his first phase, the international scene, but with greater maturity vision and style. His style is very personal but also occasionally too complicated, this believed was that the holy reason for the existence of the novel is that if should attempt to represent life.

He was a great observer both of social scene and of the inner life of man. His masterpieces of this period were The wings of the Dove (1902);The Ambassadors (1903) and The Golden Bowl (1905). James is also famous as a writer of short stories and as a critic. His favorite method was the dramatic method, the direct presentation of events and the minds of the characters without comment explanation.

He died in London in 1916, shortly after becoming a naturalized British subject.

JOSEPH CONRAD (1857-1924) Teodor Josef Konrad Korzeniowski was the real name of Joseph Conrad. He was a Pole born in Ukraine, and in love with the Sea from an early age. He studied at the University of Cracow but also travelled extensively through the world. First in the French and the in the British merchant marine, and this gave him the material for most of his books. He gave up the sea at the age of 37, in 1894, and began his career as a novelist.

Conrad is a unique case of a foreigner writing in English, a language that he had not learnt until his twenties, and acquiring such a knowledge of the language as to come to be regarded as one of the supreme masters of English prose fiction. He entered his best creative period with The Nigger of Narcism (1898) which was the first of a lacy series of short or medium length narratives, dealing mainly with life at sea and which also includes Heart of Darkness (1902). His first great novel was Lord Jim (1900). This play is about the well-known story of a young English officer who, in a moment of panic, deserts his ship, which he believes to be sinking, and finally finds redemption in an honorable death. Lord Jim was followed by Conrad's great trio of political novel Nostromo (1904) The secret agent (1907) and Hunder western eyes (1911)in which he describes the gloomy world of revolutionaries. He turned again to stories of the sea in novels such as Chance (1914), Victory (1915), The shadow line (1917) and the last novels The arrow of gold (1919), The rescue (1920) and The Rover (1929).

Clearly show at decline in his creative power and cannot stand comparison with the great novels of his central period. Generalization of Conrad's work is difficult but two things may be said: The first, Conrad's fiction is related with unusual closeness to his own experience; and the second, he was from the beginning an artist, never accepting conventional forms, or conventional judgments. No writer did more to establish in the English novel the strict necessity to find new forms for every act, and he shared with James the central position in the development of the modern novel In his most interesting experiments in technique he gave up the traditional third person narrator and position of omniscient novelist, who knows everything about the characters and events. Instead, he made use of a multiplicity of points of view, so that, one and the same event is seen from different angles and the complete design of the story is put together through the intervention of several witnesses, each of whom knows only a fragment of the whole.

HG WELLS. (Herbert George, 1866-1946) Wells was deeply preocupated by the social and political problems of his time. Hi is considered t be a brilliant and highly imaginative writer who published about 50 novels.

These can be arranged in three groups: -

The first of which contain his Scientifics fantastic romances. For example, The time machine (1895), The invisible man (1897) and The war of the worlds (1898) were all outstanding in their ideas of extremely advanced for their era.

-

The second group were comic novels such as Ripps (1905) and The history of Mr. Polly (1905). This also attained success and popularity, and continued to do so.

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-

The final group failed to achieve the success of the other two, and its novels such as The New Machiavelle (1911), Mr. Brithing sees it through (1916), The world of William Chissold (1926) contained ideas which haven't the topical value that the have when they first appear at the beginning of the 20th century.

On the whole hand, Wells is probably the most famous and respected for his first group of novels which explored the effects of Modern Science an Technology on men's lives and thoughts, although his humorous and often satirical novels of realistic contemporary life are also widely acclaimed.

JOHN GALSWORTHY

Born at Kingston Hill in Surrey to a wealthy solicitor and a Midlands manufacturer's daughter, John Galsworthy spent his childhood in the very sort of upper-middle-class family he would one day skewer in his novels. In the British tradition of using the novel for social propaganda, Galsworthy believed it was the duty of an artist to bring a problem to light but up to society to find a solution.

Educated at Harrow and New College, Oxford, Galsworthy studied law but found his true interest in literature, reading Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, Rudyard Kipling, Herman Melville, Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, and Emile Zola. Instead of settling into practice as a barrister, he chose to travel, in part to forget an unrequited love for his country neighbor Sybil Carlisle. On a South Sea voyage in 1893, a chance meeting with Joseph Conrad (Heart of Darkness) convinced Galsworthy to give up law for good and become a writer instead. At the age of 28, he began writing stories under the pseudonym John Sinjohn, publishing his first collection, From the Four Winds, in 1897 at his own expense.

In 1904, he published the novel The Island Pharisees under his own name. That same year, his father passed away and Galsworthy became financially independent. He immediately married Ada Person Cooper, with whom he had lived in secret for nearly 10 years to escape his father's disapproval. Her previous, unhappy marriage to Galsworthy's cousin, Arthur, formed the basis for The Man of Property (1906), the novel that was to become the first installment of The Forsyte Saga, his epic chronicle of three generations of the British middle-class. The Times Literary Supplement hailed The Man of Property as "a new type of novel," one unafraid to take satiric swipes at social privilege.

The year 1906 also marked Galsworthy's first real success as a dramatist with The Silver Box (1906). While his fiction focused on the society of the drawing room, his plays focused on the man in the street, often dealing with the themes of poverty, class, and injustice. His most famous play, Justice (1910), led to English prison reform.

Too old to serve in the first world war, Galsworthy signed over his family house as a rest home for British Army wounded and went to work at a French hospital for disabled soldiers. Charles Masterman, head of the War Propaganda Bureau (WPB), recruited him to write pro-British articles that appeared in the New York Times, the New York Tribune, and Scribner's magazine. Unlike other writers, Galsworthy refused to incite public hatred of Germany, encouraging instead the support of disabled and wounded soldiers. His WPB articles were collected in A Sheaf (1916) and Another Sheaf (1917).

His opinions about the Great War were also aired on stage in The Mob (1914) and The Skin Game (1920), which was adapted into a 1931 film by Alfred Hitchcock. Two of his later plays were also filmed: Loyalties (1922), a study of anti-Semitism produced for television; and Escape (1926), first made into a movie in 1930 and again in 1948 by director Joseph L. Mankiewicz and starring Rex Harrison. In 1917, Prime Minister Lloyd George 19

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planned to confer knighthood on Galsworthy, but he refused the honor, believing that writing should be its own reward.

At war's end, 15 years after The Man of Property was published, Galsworthy resumed the Forsytes' story. After reading the short story "Indian Summer of a Forsyte," his goddaughter inquired, "Why not go on with them -give us more Forsytes?" Inspired, Galsworthy planned a grand trilogy. In a letter to a friend he noted, "This idea, if I can ever bring it to fruition, will make The Forsyte Saga... the most sustained and considerable piece of fiction of our generation at least."

His idea did come to fruition: In Chancery (1920) was followed by To Let (1921). While Galsworthy had at first cast a jaundiced eye on the world of his novels, with age he came to identify with it, to the point that he began to sympathize with Soames Forsyte. In 1922, the three books of The Forsyte Saga were collected in a single edition that cemented Galwsworthy's literary fortunes. The story would eventually become the 1949 film That Forsyte Woman, starring Errol Flynn and Greer Garson, and the 1967 BBC miniseries that led to the launch of Masterpiece Theatre.

The White Monkey (1924), The Silver Spoon (1926), and two more trilogies, A Modern Comedy and End of the Chapter, gave Galsworthy a wide audience keen on remembering the Victorian era with both curiosity and nostalgia.

As his popularity rose, however, his literary fortunes fell. A younger generation of writers, including D.H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf, attacked his work, accusing Galsworthy of embodying the values he supposedly criticized. In the 1919 article "Modern Fiction" in The Common Reader, Woolf proclaimed that the broad social novels of Edwardian writers such as Galsworthy, H.G. Wells, Joseph Conrad, and Arnold Bennett were no longer relevant.

In 1921, Galsworthy founded PEN (with Catherine Dawson Scott), an international organization of writers which would later be financed by his Nobel Prize money. He named the organization PEN after a colleague pointed out that the initial letters on "poet," "essayist," and "novelist" were the same in most European languages. The group aimed to promote intellectual cooperation and understanding among writers, create a world community of writers, and defend literature against threats to its survival.

In 1932, Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for Literature for "his distinguished art of narration, which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga." His good luck, however, was short-lived: He died the following year from a brain tumor. During his career Galsworthy produced 20 novels, 27 plays, three collections of poetry, 173 short stories, five collections of essays, and 700 letters. Today he is remembered as a faithful documentarian who captured the spirit of an era.

ACTIVITY 4 British Literature

( )

American Literature ( )

Gilded Age

( )

Victorian Era

( )

XX century

( )

1. War a small number of millionairs and businessmen held great power in American society.

2… involves writings in Anglo-Norman, AngloSaxon, Cornish, Guernésiais, Jèrriais, Latin, Manx, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Irish and other languages.

3… women novelists had to use a masculine pseudonym.

4… the necessity for change was reflected in the work of James Joyce.

5…Skepticism dominate the early part, then The Great Depression.

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CANADIAN LITERATURE Some criticism of Canadian literature has focused on nationalistic and regional themes, although this is only a small portion of Canadian Literary criticism. Critics against such thematic criticism in Canadian literature, such as Frank Davey, have argued that a focus on theme diminishes the appreciation of complexity of the literature produced in the country, and creates the impression that Canadian literature is sociologically-oriented.

While Canadian literature, like the literature of every nation state, is influenced by its socio-political contexts, Canadian writers have produced a variety of genres. Influences on Canadian writers are broad, both geographically and historically.

Canada's dominant cultures were originally British and French, as well as aboriginal. After Prime Minister Trudeau's "Announcement of Implementation of Policy of Multiculturalism within Bilingual Framework," in 1971, Canada gradually became home to a more diverse population of readers and writers. The country's literature has been strongly influenced by international immigration, particularly in recent decades.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADIAN LITERATURE Canada’s literature, whether written in English or French, often reflects the Canadian perspective on: (1) nature, (2) frontier life, and (3) Canada’s position in the world, all three of which tie in to the garrison mentality.

Canada's ethnic and cultural diversity are reflected in its literature, with many of its most prominent writers focusing on ethnic life.[citation needed] CATEGORIES OF CANADIAN LITERATURe Because of its size and breadth, Canadian literature is often divided into sub-categories. The most common is to categorize it by region or province.  

Another way is to categorize it by author. For instance, the literature of Canadian women, Acadians, Aboriginal peoples in Canada, and Irish Canadians have been anthologized as bodies of work.

A third is to divide it by literary period, such as "Canadian postmoderns" or "Canadian Poets Between the Wars."

TRAITS OF CANADIAN LITERATURE Traits common to works of Canadian literature include:   



   

Failure as a theme: Failure and futility feature heavily as themes in many notable works; for instance, Not Wanted on the Voyage by Timothy Findley or Kamouraska by Anne Hebert.

Humour: Serious subject matter is often laced with humour. See also: Canadian humour.

Mild anti-Americanism: There is marked sentiment of anti-American often in the form of gentle satire.

While it is sometimes perceived as malicious, it often presents a friendly rivalry between the two nations Multiculturalism: Since World War Two, multiculturalism has been an important theme. Writers using this theme include Mordecai Richler (author of The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz), Margaret Laurence (author of The Stone Angel), Rohinton Mistry, Michael Ondaatje (author of The English Patient) and Chinese Canadian writer Wayson Choy.

Nature (and a "human vs. nature" tension): Reference to nature is common in Canada's literature.

Nature is sometimes portrayed like an enemy, and sometimes like a divine force.

Satire and irony: Satire is probably one of the main elements of Canadian literature.

Self-deprecation: Another common theme in Canadian literature.

Self-evaluation by the reader

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Canadian writer Robertson Davies, author of The Deptford Trilogy which included the famous book, Fifth Business. 

 



Search for Self-Identity: Some Canadian novels revolve around the theme of the search for one's identity and the need to justify one's existence. A good example is Robertson Davies's Fifth Business, in which the main character Dunstan Ramsay searches for a new identity by leaving his old town of Deptford.

Southern Ontario Gothic: A sub-genre which critiques the stereotypical Protestant mentality of Southern Ontario; many of Canada's most internationally famous authors write in this style.

The underdog hero: The most common hero of Canadian literature, an ordinary person who must overcome challenges from a large corporation, a bank, a rich tycoon, a government, a natural disaster, and so on.

Urban vs. rural: A variant of the underdog theme which involves a conflict between urban culture and rural culture, usually portraying the rural characters as morally superior. Often, as in Stephen Leacock's Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town or Alistair MacLeod's No Great Mischief, the simplicity of rural living is lost in the city.

FRENCH-CANADIAN LITERATURE In 1802, the Lower Canada legislative library was founded, being one of the first in Occident, the first in the Canadas. For comparison, the library of the British house of commons was founded sixteen years later. It should be noted the library had some rare titles about geography, natural science and letters. All books it contained were moved to the Canadian parliament in Montreal when the two Canadas, lower and upper, were united. On April 25, 1849, a dramatic event occurred: the Canadian parliament was burned by furious people along with thousands of French Canadian books and a few hundred of English books. This is why some people still affirm today, falsely, that from the early settlements until the 1820s, Quebec had virtually no literature. Though historians, journalists, and learned priests published, overall the total output that remain from this period and that had been kept out of the burned parliament is small.

It was the rise of Quebec patriotism and the 1837 Lower Canada Rebellion, in addition to a modern system of primary school education, which led to the rise of French-Canadian fiction. L'influence d'un livre by PhilippeIgnace-Francois Aubert de Gaspé is widely regarded as the first French-Canadian novel. The genres which first became popular were the rural novel and the historical novel. French authors were influential, especially authors like Balzac.

In 1866, Father Henri-Raymond Casgrain became one of Quebec's first literary theorists. He argued that literature's goal should be to project an image of proper Catholic morality. However, a few authors like LouisHonoré Fréchette and Arthur Buies broke the conventions to write more interesting works.

This pattern continued until the 1930s with a new group of authors educated at the Université Laval and the Université de Montréal. Novels with psychological and sociological foundations became the norm. Gabrielle Roy and Anne Hébert even began to earn international acclaim, which had not happened to French-Canadian literature before. During this period, Quebec theatre, which had previously been melodramas and comedies, became far more involved.

French-Canadian literature began to greatly expand with the turmoil of the Second World War, the beginnings of industrialization in the 1950s, and most especially the Quiet Revolution in the 1960s. French-Canadian literature also began to attract a great deal of attention globally, with Acadian novelist Antonine Maillet winning the Prix Goncourt. An experimental branch of Québécois literature also developed; for instance the poet Nicole Brossard wrote in a formalist style. In 1979, Roch Carrier wrote the story The Hockey Sweater, which highlighted the cultural and social tensions between English and French speaking Canada.

CONTEMPORARY CANADIAN LITERATURE: LATE 20TH TO 21ST CENTURY Following World War II, writers such as Mavis Gallant, Mordecai Richler, Norman Levine, Margaret Laurence and Irving Layton added to the Modernist influence to Canadian literature previously introduced by F.R. Scott, A.J.M. Smith and others associated with the McGill Fortnightly. This influence, at first, was not broadly 22

INSTITUTO DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR PEDAGÓGICO PÚBLICO “JOSÉ JIMÉNEZ BORJA” - TACNA

appreciated. Norman Levine's Canada Made Me [1], a travelogue that presented a sour interpretation of the country in 1958, for example, was widely rejected.

After 1967, the country's centennial year, the national government increased funding to publishers and numerous small presses began operating throughout the country.[2] In the late 1970s, science fiction fan and scholar of Canadian literature Susan Wood helped pioneer the study of feminist science fiction, and (along with immigrant editor Judith Merril) brought new respectability to the study of Canadian science fiction, paving the way for the rise of such phenomena as the French-Canadian science fiction magazine Solaris.

By the 1990s, Canadian literature was viewed as some of the world's best. [1] Canadian authors have won international awards:     

In 1992, Michael Ondaatje became the first Canadian to win the Booker Prize for The English Patient.

Margaret Atwood won the Booker in 2000 for The Blind Assassin and Yann Martel won it in 2002 for Life of Pi. Alistair MacLeod won the 2001 IMPAC Award for No Great Mischief and Rawi Hage won it in 2008 for De Niro's Game.

Carol Shields's The Stone Diaries won the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and in 1998 her novel Larry's Party won the Orange Prize.

Lawrence Hill's Book of Negroes won the 2008 Commonwealth Writers' Prize Overall Best Book Award.

Notable figures Because Canada only officially became a country on July 1, 1867, it has been argued that literature written before this time was colonial. For example, Susanna Moodie and Catherine Parr Traill, English sisters who adopted the country as their own, moved to Canada in 1832. They recorded their experiences as pioneers in Parr Traill's The Backwoods of Canada (1836) and Canadian Crusoes (1852), and Moodie's Roughing It in the Bush (1852) and Life in the Clearings (1853). However, both women wrote until their deaths, placing them in the country for more than 50 years and certainly well past Confederation. Moreover, their books often dealt with survival and the rugged Canadian environment; these themes re-appear in other Canadian works, including Margaret Atwood's Survival. Moodie and Parr Traill's sister, Agnes Strickland, remained in England and wrote elegant royal biographies, creating a stark contrast between Canadian and English literatures.

However, one of the earliest "Canadian" writers virtually always included in Canadian literary anthologies is Thomas Chandler Haliburton (1796–1865), who died just two years before Canada's official birth. He is remembered for his comic character, Sam Slick, who appeared in The Clockmaker and other humorous works throughout Haliburton's life.

Arguably, the best-known living Canadian writer internationally (especially since the deaths of Robertson Davies and Mordecai Richler) is Margaret Atwood, a prolific novelist, poet, and literary critic. Some great 20th century Canadian authors include Margaret Laurence, Gabrielle Roy, and Carol Shields.

This group, along with Alice Munro, who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English,[2] were the first to elevate Canadian Literature to the world stage. During the post-war decades only a handful of books of any literary merit were published each year in Canada, and Canadian literature was viewed as an appendage to British and American writing.

Much of what was produced dealt with extremely typical Canadiana such as the outdoors and animals, or events in Canadian history. A reaction against this tradition, poet Leonard Cohen's novel Beautiful Losers (1966), was labelled by one reviewer "the most revolting book ever written in Canada".[3] Canadian poet Leonard Cohen is perhaps best known as a folk singer and songwriter, with an international following.

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Canadian Author Farley Mowat, best known for his work "Never Cry Wolf", also author of "Lost in the Barrens" (1956), Governor General's Award-winning children's book.

HISTORIES OF CANADIAN LITERATURE There are numerous histories of Canadian literature, written in different languages. The vast majority of these deal exclusively with English-Canadian or French-Canadian literature, while only extremely few works discuss Canadian literature written in English and Canadian literature written in French in a balanced way, for instance: Reingard M. Nischik (ed.): History of Literature in Canada: English-Canadian and French-Canadian.

Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2008.

Awards There are a number of notable Canadian awards for literature:                        

      

The Atlantic Writers Competition highlights talent across the Atlantic Provinces.

Books in Canada First Novel Award for the best first novel of the year Canadian Authors Association Awards for Adult Literature | Honouring works by Canadian writers that achieve excellence without sacrificing popular appeal since 1975. [3] CBC Literary Awards Canada Council Molson Prize for distinguished contributions to Canada's cultural and intellectual heritage Dayne Ogilvie Prize for an emerging writer in the lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender communities Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Awards for best Canadian play staged by a Canadian theatre company Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction for best work of nonfiction Marian Engel Award for female writers in mid-career Matt Cohen Award to honour a Canadian writer for a lifetime of distinguished achievement Shaughnessy Cohen Award for Political Writing Gerald Lampert Award for the best new poet Lieutenant-Governor's Award for High Achievement in the Literary Arts Giller Prize for the best Canadian novel or book of short stories in English Governor General's Awards for the best Canadian fiction, poetry, non-fiction, drama, children's literature (text), children's literature (illustration) and translation, in both English and French Griffin Poetry Prize for the best book of poetry, one award each for a Canadian poet and an international poet Milton Acorn Poetry Awards for an outstanding "people's poet" National Business Book Award Pat Lowther Award for poetry written by a woman Prix Aurora Awards for Canadian science fiction and fantasy, in English and French Prix Athanase-David for a Quebec writer Prix Gilles-Corbeil for a Quebec writer in honour of his or her lifetime body of work (presented every three years) Prix Trillium for the best work by a Franco-Ontarian writer Quebec Writers' Federation Awards for the best fiction, poetry, non-fiction, children's & young adult literature, & first book by English Quebec writers, and the best translation (English & French alternate years) RBC Bronwen Wallace Award for Emerging Writers Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize for the best work of fiction Stephen Leacock Award For Humour Trillium Book Award for the best work by an Ontario writer W.O. Mitchell Literary Prize for a writer who has made a distinguished lifetime contribution both to Canadian literature and to mentoring new writers Room of One's Own Annual Award for poetry and literature 3-Day Novel Contest annual literary marathon, born in Canada 24

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     

Danuta Gleed Literary Award for a first collection of short fiction by a Canadian author writing in English Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize for the best novel or collection of short stories by a resident of British Columbia Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize for the best collection of poetry by a resident of British Columbia The Doug Wright Awards for graphic literature and novels Writers' Trust Engel/Findley Award for a distinguished writer in mid-career Writers’ Trust / McClelland & Stewart Journey Prize

Awards For Children and Young Adult Literature:                   

Young Adult Novel Prize of the Atlantic Writers Competition R.Ross Annett Award for Children's Literature Geoffrey Bilson Award for Historical Fiction Ann Connor Brimer Award Governor-General's Awards for Children's Literature Canadian Library Association Book of the Year Award for Children CLA Young Adult Canadian Book Award Sheila A. Egoff Children's Literature Prize Elizabeth Mrazik-Cleaver Canadian Picture Book Award Floyd S. Chalmers Award for Theatre for Young Adults Amelia Frances Howard-Gibbon Illustrator's Award Information Book of the Year I0DE Book Award Manitoba Young Reader's Choice Award Max and Greta Ebel Memorial Award for Children's Writing Norma Fleck Award for children's non-fiction Governor General's Awards for the best Canadian fiction, poetry, non-fiction, drama, children's literature (text), children's literature (illustration) and translation, in both English and French QWF Prize for Children's and Young Adult Literature Vicky Metcalf Award for Children's Literature

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ACTIVITY 5

I.

Match writers and Works.

1. Herbert George Wells 2. Lewis Carrroll 3. Margaret Atwood 4. George Orwell 5. Agatha Christie 6. Thomas Hardy 7. Charles Dickens 8. John Galsworthy 9. Joseph Conrad 10. Nathaniel Hawthorne

II.

___ Far from the Madding Crowd ___ Moby-Dick ___ Oliver Twist ___ The Forsyte Saga ___ Heart of Darkness ___ Nineteen Eighty-Four ___ The Handmaid's Tale ___ The invisible man and The war of the worlds ___ The Murder of Roger Ackroyd ___ Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

What do they mean?

1.

2.

"All creative art is magic, is evocation of the unseen in forms persuasive, enlightening, familiar and surprising." "... one wonders that there can be found a man courageous enough to occupy the post. It is a matter of meditation. Having given it a few minutes I come to the conclusion in the serenity of my heart and the peace of my conscience that he must be either an extreme megalomaniac or an utterly unconscious being".

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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES -

Kern and M. Needleman (1955), Barnes and Noble American Literature, V.Crawford, USA.

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Oxford (2002), Oxford dictionary, Editorial Oxford, Inglaterra.

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Wyatt, Rawdon (2004), Test your Vocabulary for FCE, Penguin English Edit., England.

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Murphy, Raymond (2002), Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain.

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Fenimore Cooper (2003), James, The last of the Mohicans, Express Publishing, Newbury.

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VIRTUAL WEBPAGES

www. usahistory.info/American-Revolution www.wsu.edu/campbelld/howells/hbio.html www.apva.org/history/index.html

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