3 ICTP - Day 1 Presentations by International Time Perspective Network

THE ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO A PH.D. Matt Might matt.might.net

Imagine a circle that contains all of human knowledge:

By the time you finish elementary school, you know a little:

Imagine a circle that contains all of human knowledge:

By the time you finish high school, you know a bit more:

With a bachelor's degree, you gain a specialty:

A master's degree deepens that specialty:

Reading research papers takes you to the edge of human knowledge:

Once you're at the boundary, you focus:

You push at the boundary for a few years:

Until one day, the boundary gives way:

And, that dent you've made is called a Ph.D.:

Of course, the world looks different to you now:

So, don't forget the bigger picture:

KEEP PUSHING.

OBAKU PRIZE

Partners

OTHERNESS.ORG 4

LISA GRÜNWALDT GRAPHIC DESIGN

Celebrating Time DANCE WITH TIME WORKSHOP

How do people express their experience of time? A study based on the analysis of spontaneous conversations on the French social web using Net-conversations®, a web-ethnography tool developed by DCAP Research

Diouldé Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. København, Denmark

Aim of the study

Thesis on the « slow » trend Focus on the connection between the « slow » campaigners’ engagements and the actual way people experience

speed and slowness Participants to the analysis: DCAP - Diouldé Chartier et Frédéric Lefebvre-Naré PSA - Laetitia Ricci, Virgile Charton, Mireille Diestchy (doctorante) November 2013

Diouldé Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. København, Denmark

Study outline

Time scale : content posted until sept 2013 Sources: all public social media discussion threads (forums, blogs, comments on articles or Youtube…)

Sample : 340 messages, 248 000 signs, 18 websites The text clustering analysis

Diouldé Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. København, Denmark

2 main axes

Digital

Analogical

DiouldĂŠ Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. KĂ¸benhavn, Denmark

Conception of human being

Living machine

Part of nature

DiouldĂŠ Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. KĂ¸benhavn, Denmark

Driver

I work for my time: organize, optimize

Time works for me (cosmic time)

DiouldĂŠ Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. KĂ¸benhavn, Denmark

Ideal time management

Balance

Harmony

DiouldĂŠ Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. KĂ¸benhavn, Denmark

Problem  ultimate stage of the pathology

Fragmentation Burn out

ECG flat line Depression

Diouldé Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. København, Denmark

Praised solutions

« How-to » books, part-time work

Love, human relationships

Diouldé Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. København, Denmark

Purpose  image of the body

Feeling useful Articulated members, operating actions

Feeling alive Organs, viscera where life throbs

Diouldé Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. København, Denmark

The 7 Personas of the Time Experience Typology

DiouldĂŠ Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. KĂ¸benhavn, Denmark

Functional quantitative time Time is a spreadsheet

PART-TIME MOTHER

OVERLOADED EMPLOYEE « they steal my time »

12%

Projection

POET & DREAMER

TIME DANCER

FRUSTRATED LOVER « longing for someone to spice up my time »

«Wrong pace is a serious sickness»

« if only our brains could adapt fast enough… »

« I manage my time budget »

Realistic thriving

Reality experience

BURN OUT PATIENT

MULTITASKING CYBORG

Art de vivre « find the right pace and you’ll be happy »

« The real luxury is throwing your watch away »

10% Emotional qualitative time Time is a music score

Diouldé Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. København, Denmark

Aim

DiouldĂŠ Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. KĂ¸benhavn, Denmark

Time perception recap Digital Living machine

Analogical Part of nature

M – driver

I work for my time (organize it, optimize it)

Time works for me (cosmic time: sky, sun, stars and seasons…)

I – ideal time management

Balance

Harmony

P- problem / pathology

Fragmentation

ECG flat line

P+ ultimate stage of the pathology

Burn out

Depression

S – praised solutions

« How-to » books, parttime work Feeling useful

Love, human relationships

O- organism, image of the body

Articulated members, operating actions

Organs, viscera where life throbs

Aim of time codification (agenda, music score…) to be invented

Create a format that merges both conceptions of time, to help individuals manage their daily lives more harmoniously / respectfully of their different needs and perspectives

C -conception of human being

F- Purpose

Feeling alive

Diouldé Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. København, Denmark

What is Net-conversations® ? An exclusive web-ethnography (web listening) tool (1) that collects a sample of spontaneous content (text and visual ie videos and photos) representative of consumer experience accounts, ideas, questions shared with peers on a given subject.  Links this content with source (website: blogs, forums, social media etc.) and individual profile. The profile is qualified with personal data available (date, gender, nature of post…) and other more specific indicators that individuals find relevant to share on the subject (eg. User of a certain service or product, family vs couple or single, number and approx. age of kids if any…)  Generates a typology based on the semantic analysis (text clustering) of the whole spontaneous content (not reduced to a predefined dictionary) that unveils imaginary patterns as well as automatically sorts out the most significant explicit content of each cluster, which is then analyzed qualitatively. This typology provides all the building blocks to create personas (see example) (1) Developped by DCAP. Used for research purposes, for businesses or researchers: market social foresight, exploration of needs, expectations and representations on all subjects that matter to individuals A paper by Diouldé Chartier, Laetitia Ricci & Frédéric Lefebvre-Naré (PhD sociology & maths, X-ENSAE) describing the method was published on Oct. 19, 2010, ISBN: 92-831-0245-2."Web 2.0 capturing real life insights, The Narval method and its application to the automotive industry", ESOMAR Publications, Online Research 2010 Diouldé Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. København, Denmark

Thank you! Diouldé Chartier-Beffa 55 rue Boissonade F-75014 Paris, France +33 16 22 63 68 71 www.dcap-research.fr 16 Diouldé Chartier-Beffa, DCAP Research dioulde.chartier@dcap-research.fr +33 6 22 63 68 71 Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 Aug. 2016. København, Denmark

The varieties of subjective time: in everyday experience and beyond Marc Wittmann

Agenda •

The varieties of subjective time: Philosophy, Psychology, Neuroscience Three aspects: 1. Time perspective, 2. Passage of time, 3. Duration estimation

• My answer on how time’s passage/duration of seconds is processed: Subjective time & emotion & the bodily self

• Linking the three aspects of subjective time with psychopathology, critical life events, personality, speed of life …

Phenomenology of consciousness = phenomenology of time

Phenomenal consciousness consists of an island of presence in the continuous passage of time, related to what is happening right now (Thomas Metzinger, 2004).

Dual aspect of subjective time: (1) I experience always and only in the present moment (presence, now) Island of presence = psychological moment is extended (2) I experience the passage of time (sequence, change, duration) â&#x20AC;&#x153;I experienceâ&#x20AC;&#x153; = self consciousness

Why is the experienced present extended? Experience of movement, change, temporal order only possible in temporally extended present • • • •

Shooting star Perception of melody Spoken language comprehension Duration of spoken “Now“

Phenomenology Edmund Husserl: Extended moment: Retention – Impression – Protention what has just happend – sensory impression – what is about to happen

Future Perspective in Philosophy and Neuroscience Martin Heidegger (1927): Dominant future orientation coupled with mood states: â&#x20AC;&#x17E;caringâ&#x20AC;&#x153; (Sorge) F.T. Melges (1982), Psychiatry: Distortion of control over future & psychopathology Embodied (enactivism) approach in Philosophy: Cognition is an activity of affective sense making as an organism is concerned about its continuation in the future Predictive coding (Neuroscience & Psychology): Perception means future prediction for optimal functioning (minmizing free energy)

Aspect I: Time perspective Personality trait vs. momentary dynamics Trait: 5 dimensions Zimbardo‘s TPI: Past, present, future “I am able to resist temptations when I know that there is work to be done.” “I find myself getting swept up in the excitement of the moment.”

State – Judgment of event: “Please mark on the lower line with two vertical strokes how strong past, present, and the future were represented during the event.”

Past

Present

Future

Aspect II: Passage of time Personality trait vs. momentary dynamics Trait: “I often think that time just does not want to pass” “How does time usually pass for you?”

How fast did time pass for you?

extremely slowly

State:

extremely fast

Aspect III: Duration estimation Comparison with clock time Estimation of interval: “How long was the event in clock time?“ Production of interval: “Tell me when one minute has passed“ Reproduction of interval:

Two time perspectives: Passage of time / Duration estimation Retrospective time perspective (looking back): => Memory contents / amount of changing experiences Vacation/activities: duration expands Everyday routine: duration seems shorter

Prospective time perspective (experienced at the present moment): => Attention to time vs. distraction from time Waiting time/boredom: duration expands Distraction/pleasure: duration seems shorter Mystery of subjective time experience

Agenda •

The varieties of subjective time: Philosophy, Psychology, Neuroscience 1. Time perspective, 2. Passage of time, 3. Duration estimation

• My answer on how the passage/duration of seconds is processed: Subjective time & emotion & the bodily self

• Linking the varieties of subjective time with psychopathology, critical life events, personality, speed of life …

Cognitive modulators of time perception Attention

Pacemaker

Switch

Accumulator

Amount of pacemaker impulses in accumulator = subjective duration â&#x2020;&#x2019; Subjective expansion of duration through 1. Attention

Cognitive modulators of time perception Arousal Attention

Pacemaker

Switch

Accumulator

Amount of pacemaker impulses in accumulator = subjective duration â&#x2020;&#x2019; Subjective expansion of duration through 1. Attention 2. Arousal

Models of Time Perception Functional principles: • Pacemaker-accumulator model (Treisman, Church, Zakay) • Memory decay (Staddon, Wackermann) • Amount of energy expenditure when encoding time (Ernst Mach, Eagleman) • Coincidence detection of oscillations (Meck) • Short-term synaptic plasticity (Buonomano) • … Locations: • Striatum (Meck, Rammsayer) • Right frontal lobe (Lewis & Miall, Harrington, Rubia) • Right posterior parietal cortex (Walsh) • Cerebellum (Ivry) • Anterior insula (Craig) • Multiple sensory areas (Buonomano) • … ⇒ No agreement on processing model ⇒ No agreement on neural substrates

Sources of difficulty in localizing brain areas for a time sense •

Several patient populations impaired in time perception: – Patients with lesions to cerebellum – Cerebral right-hemisphere (fronto-parietal) – Patients with Parkinson’s disease

But: Impairment ≠ brake down of performance •

Effects on different transmitter systems (dopamine, serotonin, GABA)

•

Disruption of several areas of the brain through Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation transiently impairs timing

•

Neuroimaging studies: always multiple brain areas involved

– Dopamine agonists/antagonists speed up/slow down “internal clock” (Meck, Balci) – Serotonin agonists impair temporal processes (Wittmann) – Dopamine and serotonin gene polymorphisms related to time perception (Wiener, Sysoeva)

Where and how in the brain ? â&#x20AC;Ś yet another (my) answer for multiple-second duration

Subjective time & the bodily self

fMRI duration reproduction task

Which brain areas are involved in the perception of multiple-second duration? Duration of 3, 9, 18-s sinus tones Counting prevented through a secondary memory task

encoding phase 9 s Encoding phase 9 s

ROI activation

0.45

tone duration

L p Ins, ST

0.3

0.15

p Ins

z = 14

10 12 14 16 18 20 22

duration [sec] 0.45

ST ROI activation

R p Ins, ST 0.3

0.15

0 0

10 12 14 16 18 20 22

duration [sec]

* projected peak of hemodynamic response

Wittmann, Simmons, Aron, Paulus (2010) Neuropsychologia

encoding phase 18 s Encoding phase 18 s

ROI activation

0.45

tone duration

0.3

L p Ins 0.15 0 0

-0.15 duration [sec]

p Ins

p Ins ROI activation

0.35

0.2

R p Ins

0.05

z = 14

-0.1 duration [sec]

* projected peak of hemodynamic response

Build-up of duration representation: insular cortex?

Wittmann, Simmons, Aron, Paulus (2010) Neuropsychologia

Insular cortex: primary interoceptive area 1. Represents physiological conditions of the body => homeostatic regulation of physiological needs (thirst, hunger, temperature, pain, etc.) 2. “Interpretation” of physiological states: basis of complex human emotions (James-Lange theory; Damasio: Somatic Marker Hypothesis)

Neuroimaging and lesion studies: - Physiological needs: thirst, hunger, pain, touch, drug craving, … - Emotions: affective stimuli, anxiety, empathy, guilt, … - Complex decision making (“gut feeling”) - Music perception (temporal structure, emotion) - Meditative states (concentration on self, body self)

Working hypothesis: Insula and the encoding of duration Body states, interoceptive signals

Pacemaker

Physiological states

encoding of duration

Accumulator Insular cortex

Time is not perceived in the outside world => But through interoception, by the material self Phenomenology: Embodied Cognition Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Modulators of prospective time perception Bodily arousal

Pacemaker Bodily states

Attention Switch

Accumulator Insula

Amount of pacemaker impulses in accumulator = subjective duration â&#x2020;&#x2019; Subjective expansion of duration through 1. Attention to bodily states (meditative states, waiting time) 2. Increased bodily arousal (affective states)

Attention & Arousal

Time fast

Kim & Zauberman 2012

Time slow

Body arousal low

Body arousal high

Emotions, self, the body & time – Psychophysics: Stimuli with emotional content are judged to last longer – Individuals with high body temperature (fever) overestimate time – Time passes more slowly when smokers have a physical urge for nicotine – During body-focused meditation subjective time expands (for beginners) – Surprise/effortful emotional self-regulation correlated with overestimation of duration – Individuals with higher body awareness reproduce duration in the seconds range more accurately (Meissner & Wittmann 2011)

Psychopathology, bodily symptoms & time perception Overestimation of duration / Slowing down of subjective time - Patients with depression - Patients with cancer and anxiety / depression (Wittmann et al., 2006) - Drug dependent patients in rehab: methamphetamine, cocaine (Wittmann et al., 2008)

- Impulsivity as symptom of psychiatric/neurologic syndromes (Wittmann & Paulus, 2008) - Patient Alexandrine (Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Allonnes, 1905): depersonalization syndrome? Loss of sense of body feelings and urges (hunger, satiety, thirst, urinate, fatigue) Loss of emotional feelings Loss of sense of time

Hypothesis:

Self (body) consciousness ↨ = Time consciousness ↨ Intensified awareness of the self (body, feelings): intensified awareness of time Weakened awareness of the self (body, feelings): less awareness of time

⇒ Modulations of „self“ and „time“ in psychopathology

⇒ Altered states of consciousness modulate the „self“ and „time“

Flow: Absorbed in activity => loss of sense of self â&#x2021;&#x2019;Time speeds up dramatically: no feeling of a self and time

Boredom / Waiting time: Particular intensive (negatively experienced) self awareness â&#x2021;&#x2019;Time dilation: intensive feeling of self and time

Self & Time: Altered States of Consciousness Intensified self-experience Slowing down of time

â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Egoâ&#x20AC;&#x153; dissolution Dissolution of time

Meditation Music Rhythm-induced trance Sex Drugs, Hallucinogens Ecstatic epileptic seizures Depression Schizophrenia

Phenomenology & Perceptual timing in schizophrenia: „Stuck in the present“ “What is the future? One cannot reach it. […] Time stands still […]. This is boring, stretched time without an end” (Fischer 1929). “Time is also running strangely. It falls apart and no longer progresses. There arise only innumerable separate now, now, now. It is the same with myself. From moment to moment, various ‘selves’ arise and disappear entirely at random“ (Kimura, 1984) => Time & Self

Agenda •

The varieties of subjective time: Philosophy, Psychology, Neuroscience 1. Time perspective, 2. Passage of time, 3. Duration estimation

• My answer on how the passage/duration of seconds is processed: Subjective time & emotion & the bodily self

• Linking the varieties of subjective time with psychopathology, critical life events, personality, speed of life …

F.T. Melges (1982): Time and the inner future Psychosis: loss of control over future Depression: future seems blocked, plans and actions not effective to reach future goals

Diminished / shortened future perspective? Stuck in the present? Depression: McKay et al. (2016). Personality and Individual Differences 101 Depression/Suicidally: van Beek et al. (2011). Time & Society 20 Mania: Gruber et al. (2012). Emotion 12 Gambling: Hodgins & Engel (2002). The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 190 Aging & lower mental wellbeing; Desmyter & De Raedt (2012). Psychologica Belgica 52

Psychiatric disorders: Increased awareness of present time overestimation of duration discounting of future Present moment

Future

Syndromes: Drug dependence Depression Anxiety ADHD Borderline

Symptoms: - emotional overshooting - impulsivity - aggression - boredom

Linking time perspective & duration estimation Trait impulsivity The more impulsive … … the less pronounced the future perspective … the higher present fatalistic perspective … the stronger overestimation of duration (sec.) The less pronounced the future perspective … … the stronger overestimation of duration (sec.) Wittmann et al. (2011) Brain Research 1406 Wittmann et al. (2007) Drug Alcohol Dependence 90

The higher present fatalistic perspective … the stronger overestimation of duration (min.)

Time & Critical life events Carstensen (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science 312

Critical live events - Unemployment - Death of a relative - Severe illness

 Shortening of future perspective  Stronger present perspective  Focus on family and friends

Now 1 year

1 week

Now

Cancer patients & the subjective experience of time Cancer patients with advanced stages of disease: - dominance of present perspective - subjective time slowed down - overestimation of duration - overestimation correlated with depressed mood / anxiety

Present

Future

Wittmann et al. (2006). Palliative and Supportive Care 4 van Laarhoven et al. (2011). Cancer Nursing 34

Existential time

Why time flies as we get older â&#x20AC;Ś and what to do about it

Subjective speed of time across age groups 2

Subjective Speed of Time

V V

-1

V V

-1

How fast did the last 10 years pass for you?

-2

-2 0-12

13-19

20-29

14-19

30-39

30-39 20-29

Life Periods (ys.)

50-59 40-49

70-79 60-69

80-94

Age Category (ys.)

People > 40 years looking back at their life spans

How fast did time pass over the last 10 years?

-2

-1

Very slowly

Slowly

Neither fast nor slow

Fast

Very fast

Wittmann & Lehnhoff (2005) Psychological Reports

Retrospective estimation of passage of life time Standard interpretation: Increasing routine / loss of novelty in experiences increases with age ⇒ less memorable events stored ⇒ faster passage of time Reproducibility of results: Age effect for “the speed of passage of last 10 years“ 5 studies in Germany, Austria, Netherlands, New Zealand, Japan

How to slow down the pace of our lives?

Balanced time perspective → Subjective speed of time Def. Balanced Time Perspective (BTP) as derived from Zimbardo‘s five dimensions -

Moderately high scores in future and present hedonistic perspective High on past positive perspective Low on past negative and present fatalistic perspective Stolarski, Fieulaine, van Beek (2015). Time perspective theory; review, research, and application. Springer

1. More balanced TP → Slower subjective speed „last 10 years“ 2. Better emotion regulation (emotion scale) → Slower subjective speed “last 10 years”

Balanced time perspective → Subjective speed of time 1. More balanced TP → Slower subjective speed „last 10 years“ 2. Better emotion regulation (emotion scale) → Slower subjective speed “last 10 years”

Balanced TP correlated with mindfulness, less impulsivity, emotion control, friendliness, less neuroticism Balance between immediate pleasure and working for future benefits = competence to voluntarily and actively experience and regulate emotions  Memories of a emotional richer and more diversified life  Expansion of subjective time in retrospect

1. Duration estimation body time : insular time : emotional time Consciousness = self consciousness = time consciousness

2. Understanding of psychopathology Dynamics between future and present perspective => modulations in passage of time and duration estimation

3. How to have a subjectively longer life? Have a balanced time perspective

Collaborations & Sponsors University Freiburg

University Strasbourg

Stefan Schmidt, Han-Gue Jo

Anne Giersch, Luisa Weiner

University Munich

UCSD San Diego

Karin Meissner

Alan Simmons

University Coburg

Laureate Institute for Brain Research Tulsa

Niko Kohls

Martin Paulus, Justin Feinstein

University Zurich

Barrow Neurological Institute Phoenix

Franz Vollenweider, Michael Kometer Lukasz Smigielski

Bud Craig

University Mainz

… and

Sven Thönes

Mark Elliott, Carlos Montemayor, Mauro Dorato, Devin Terhune, Olga Pollatos, Isabell Winkler, …

Celebrating Time ON DEVELOPMENT THROUGH LIFE-SPAN AND AGING

I know there’s gonna be good times! – Contents of adolescents’ Time Perspectives Celebrating Time 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Monday, August 15, 2016 9:00 AM – Friday, August 19, 2016 10:00 PM Nørrebrohallen Nørrebrogade 208, 2200 København, , Denmark

Thomas Neubauer, M.A. Institute for Education Studies Heidelberg University

Time Perspective Time as modality “[assigning] experiences to temporal categories, or time frames, that help to give order, coherence, and meaning to those events” (Zimbardo & Boyd 1999: 1271)

Modal understanding of time

past

future

(of present)

present (of present)

Linear understanding of time past

present

future

Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg / Institut für Bildungswissenschaft / Thomas Neubauer, M.A. / Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter

Time Perspective Time and content

“time perspective is not a pre-existing, ’empty space’, unlike the abstract notion of time; it cannot be conceived independently of its content. Content is an essential element of time perspective, and temporal dimension is an essential element of concrete goals and memories. Therefore, both aspects – content and temporal dimensions – have to be taken into account when studying past or future time perspective.” (Nuttin 1985: 23)

Heidelberg University / Institute for Education Studies / Thomas Neubauer / Researcher, Lecturer

Time Perspective Multidimensional TP (1) optimistic

(4) positive change

(2) balanced

(5) late positive change (ambivalent)

(3) pessimistic

Heidelberg University / Institute for Education Studies / Thomas Neubauer / Researcher, Lecturer

Background

Question: What do individuals think of when being asked about past/present/future? Reformulation of the question: What do individuals think of when being asked about their own past/present/future? Addition to the question What do individuals think of when being asked about their own positive and negative past/present/future?

Study

•

Adolescents (9th grade)

•

Onetime study at two middle schools

How does your present look like?

•

n=17

Imagine your present/future were bad/good. How would it look like?

•

6 Interviewers, 2 per Interview

•

Data analysis: content analysis (Mayring 2008)

•

Explorative, inductive approach

Institut / Thema / Verantwortliche(r) / Position

•

Semi-structured Interviews

What do you think of when you think about your past?

prespos

presneg

futpos

futneg

58,82%

wish

64,71%

family of origin

47,06%

school

58,82%

school

52,94%

47,06%

actuality

58,82%

loss

52,94%

41,18%

future

58,82%

loneliness

47,06%

35,29% 29,41%

present past family of origin phantasy profession

58,82% 52,94%

phantasy fear

41,18% 41,18%

personal fulfilment distant future autonomous living situation phantasy actuality

47,06%

future

41,18%

change

41,18% 41,18% 41,18%

ex negativo actuality peers

41,18% 41,18% 35,29%

29,41% 29,41% 23,53%

76,47%

profession

past

actual present

58,82%

profession

35,29%

negative

70,59%

school

41,18%

joblessness

23,53%

time period

47,06%

school graduation

41,18%

phantasy

17,65%

school

47,06%

future

35,29%

social situation

17,65%

positive

41,18%

positive

35,29% 35,29%

family of origin actuality

17,65% 17,65%

event problems

35,29% 29,41%

contentedness discontentment

35,29%

distant future

11,76%

change

23,53%

past

peers 35,29% immediate futre 29,41% school 29,41%

restraints loss loneliness

11,76% 11,76% 5,88%

present change childhood

17,65% 17,65% 17,65%

family of origin wish continuity

17,65%

school graduation

35,29%

change

35,29%

family of origin

29,41%

change

5,88%

social isolation 17,65%

peers

17,65%

positiv

29,41%

school graduation

35,29%

monetary / financial

29,41%

hope

5,88%

peers

17,65%

negative

17,65%

monetary / financial

29,41%

job situation

35,29%

start own family 29,41%

avoidance

11,76%

profession

17,65%

living situation 29,41%

social isolation 23,53%

continuity

23,53%

social isolation

11,76%

change

17,65%

peers

profession

partnership

23,53%

monetary / materially

11,76%

Imperativ

17,65%

autonomous 23,53% living situation

living situation 11,76%

present

23,53%

school

11,76%

Leisure activity

17,65%

security

23,53%

homelessness

11,76%

past

17,65%

personal fulfilment

23,53%

past

11,76%

negative

11,76%

peers

17,65% 17,65%

present continuity

11,76% 5,88%

automobile religion

11,76% 11,76%

11,76%

monetary

11,76%

5,88%

religion

5,88%

failure present Immediate future past

5,88%

Leisure activity

11,76% 11,76%

no clear concept continuity

23,53%

Heidelberg University / Institute for Education Studies / Thomas Neubauer / Researcher, Lecturer

Results Predominant realms

school: actual present , past , prespos/neg , futpos/neg  family of origin: presneg , prespos~futpos~futneg profession: prespo~presneg , futpos~futneg 

Heidelberg University / Institute for Education Studies / Thomas Neubauer / Researcher, Lecturer

Results Observations •

future in prespos

•

living situation

•

futpos: autonomous living situation

•

future related to distant future

•

Answers to negative dimensions imply affective categories whereas positive answers display descriptions of certain states and realms

•

loss and loneliness as typical description in negative dimensions in combination with joblessness and homelessness

•

prespos: wish 

•

prespos: regret

Heidelberg University / Institute for Education Studies / Thomas Neubauer / Researcher, Lecturer

Results Emerged observations

phantasy vs. actuality prespos more phantasy, others stable level of both

continuity vs. change no change in prespos but in presneg, futpos and futneg

Heidelberg University / Institute for Education Studies / Thomas Neubauer / Researcher, Lecturer

Discussion and prospects

•

Careful with transfering contents directly to pedagogy! -> adequate interpretation!

• •

Loss and loneliness indicate the wish for companionship (as also seen in childrens‘ drawings) Autonomous living situation indicates the other pole of that continuum, the aim of autonomy and self-dependance

•

Individuals do always have ideas of their positive and negative TP - although they seem to be e.g. hedonists etc.

•

BTP: not only „switch flexibly“, but know your past, take part in your present and develop and pursue projections for your future self

•

Relating results to those from questionnaires (ATI)

Heidelberg University / Institute for Education Studies / Thomas Neubauer / Researcher, Lecturer

Time Transitions: Time Perspectives Across the Lifespan A Thematic Analysis

Lisa Murphy

University College Cork, Ireland

@lisaEmurphy lisaEmurphy.org lisa.murphy@ucc.ie

Kellie Morrissey

Newcastle University, UK

Samantha Dockray

University College Cork, Ireland

Background • Time in Developmental Psychology – Lifespan Changes in Future Thinking • Future Orientation Declines from Middle Adulthood (Toshiaki, 1996)

• Time-Since-Birth Vs. Time-Left-To-Live (Neugarten, 1968)

– Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) (Carstensen & Colleagues, 1999)

• Time Horizons – End of Life is the Ultimate Time Horizon

• Future As Open – Knowledge Acquisition Goals

• Future As Closed – Emotional Goals

• Older Adults Perceive the Future As More Limited (Lockenhoff & Caretensen, 2007)

Background • Time in Health Psychology – TP & Health Risk / Health Protection (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) (Hensen & Colleagues, 2006)

• Health Concern / Behaviours & Development – Interest in Own Health Increases with Age (Nurmi & Colleagues, 1992)

– Less Healthy Behaviours Decrease with Age (Laaksonen & Colleagues, 2003)

– Older Populations Lead Healthier Lifestyles (Becker & Arnold, 2007)

Rationale • Health-related Developmental Shifts in TP • Social Developmental Shifts in TP • TP & Health Motivation • TP & Social Motivation

Methods • Participant Recruitment: – Social media – Public flyers – Snowball Sampling

• Three Focus Groups: Young, Middle & Older Adults • Data Collection Period: April – August, 2015 • Thematic Analysis – Braun & Clark (2006 ) • Flexibility: Not tied to pre-existing theoretical framework unlike IPA / GT

Participants Young Adults • • • •

19 – 29 Years Old (N = 7) 5 Males / 2 Females 5 Students (4 Undergraduates, 1 in College of Further Education) 2 Full-time Employment

Middle Adults • • • • •

31 – 49 Years Old (N = 9) 3 Males / 6 Females 1 Student (Postgraduate) 6 Full-Time Employment; 1 Unemployed 1 Stay at Home Parent

Older Adults • • • •

55 – 72 Years Old (N = 5) 3 Males / 2 Females 3 Retired 2 Full-time Employment

Disclaimer: SEP

Results Young Adult Themes

Middle Adult Themes

Society Over Time

Immediacy Social Norms Awaren -ess of Aging Risk & Respon s-ibility

The Natural Time Horizo n

Social & Peer

Older Adult Themes The Natural Time Horizo n

Influenc e

Then Vs. Now Immedi -acy

Health Protect -ion

Social & Peer

Influenc e

Society Over Time Middle Adults

Older Adults

Then Vs. Now

Society Over Time

No Awareness = More Risk

Nostalgia

Health Behaviour Barriers

“We weren’t aware of skin cancer like we are now-adays.”

“…I have great memories of it. (natural activity)” “No longer do people feel there’s an age barrier.”

“Putting on your seatbelt? You wouldn’t even think of it.” “When I was a kid, there was no sun-screen…”

“…and that’s how we earned a few shillings you know?” “It was expected that once you retire, that was it…”

“…we'd be putting baby oil on and everything” (re: tanning)

Society Over Time

- Present Day Social Norms and Peer Influence Young Adults

Middle Adults

Older Adults

Healthy Norms

“I suppose, you know from society you know what’s bad for you…” “When I was growing up it wasn’t available. Later on it appeared, some people used it others didn't, now everybody's doing it.” “Now you see people hopping up on a bike at 60 and 70 years of age and doing 120K…”

Pressure to Conform

Too Much Vigilance

Pushing Boundaries

“…it's just after taking off so much and all my friends are constantly at the gym…and it’s like ”aw God, I really should start going…” “ [Today] everything is bad for us and we've just stop doing everything” “I'm a bit weary of advertising be cause certain dangers are overhyped.” “(Older people) are doing challenges that they mightn't have thought of 20 years ago.” “(We’re) taking on massive challenges…”

Photography Botany Hillwalking Diploma Swimming

The Natural Time Horizon...

Young Adults

Awareness of Aging

Middle Adults

The Natural Time Horizo n

Older Adults

The Natural Time Horizo n

Health Aspiration

“Sure I'm grand now like I've another ten years before I'm- I'll stop when I'm older”

Anxiety & Dread

“I’ve been to more funerals than I have weddings now like, you know?”

Extending Time

“I want to live some more years and I'm going to take whatever health actions or behaviours will, will help me…”

“At that age of my life…I’ll be more health conscious”

“I am so aware of my own mortality now”

“I think I will become more health conscious”

“I’m older than Princess Diana as when she died, and Elvis died at 42!”

“I found the couch to the 5K, and ask myself ‘can I get it done in under 30 minutes?”

The Natural Time Horizon - Time as a Resource

Time As An Excuse

“I‘ll have a bit more sense when I'm a bit older…you know?”

Time As Scarce

“I’ve got less time left than I’ve lived haven’t I?”

Taking Control of Time

“I've entered an age group where people are very health conscious…and they are out on bikes and they are walking and they are running…”

The Future Might Not Happen

The Natural Time Horizon - The Pattern of Fatalism

“…most of us can give an example of somebody who died young, who lived that perfect healthy life…” “I’m not gonna argue with Christ!” “…is it worth making so much of an effort if there’s so many other factors impinging on the end result?”

Discussion • Increasingly Health Conscious Society – Subjective Norms Promoting Health Protection

• Salience of Time as Finite – Expanding Horizons?

• Health Motivation Vs. Social Motivation

What’s Next? • Exploring Contextual Differences in TP • Measuring Health-Related Time Variables – Time Orientation

• Testing Changes in Health-Related TO Across the Lifespan to Determine Health Motivations – Immediate Versus Future Benefit

Time Transitions: Time Perspectives Across the Lifespan A Thematic Analysis

Lisa Murphy

University College Cork, Ireland University College Cork, Ireland

@lisaEmurphy lisaEmurphy.org lisa.murphy@ucc.ie

Kellie Morrissey

Samantha Dockray

Newcastle University, UK

Olga Strizhitskaya, Ph.D. Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Supported by grant from President Council MK-3345.2015.6



In the modern society, challenged by growing life expectancy and changes in the structure and characteristics of family bonds, the phenomenon of intergenerational relationships is gaining new sense and importance. These relationships can be a source of motivation, goals and a wide range of psychological outcomes that have already been hypothesized but yet to be empirically proved. On the other hand, the Time perspective is traditionally associated with motivation and has its impact on psychological well-being and life satisfaction.



Growing life expectancy leads to more generations living at the same time Intergenerational relationships were usually seen as “parent-child” (including parent – adult child) and “grandparent – grandchild” relationships Still, to understand the whole process we need to account for three generations, at least



Participants: 30 families (90 adults) aged 1877, divided into three generations: ◦ G1 (aged 55-77) ◦ G2 (aged 35-45) ◦ G3 (aged 18-23)



Methods:

◦ Intergenerational Conflict Scale (4-item Likert scale, Cronbach’s alpha .80) ◦ Generativity Scale (Loyola generativity scale, Russian version O. Strizhitskaya, M. Polyakova) ◦ ZTPI by Zimbardo (Russian version A. Sircova) ◦ Semantic differential for intergenerational relationships (designed M. Montero, O.Strizhitskaya)

Semantic differential for intergenerational relationships (designed M. Montero, O.Strizhitskaya) good

strong

active

loving

joyful

warm

needed

frequent

supporting

interesting

reliable

constructive

simple

significant

Semantic differential for intergenerational relationships (designed M. Montero, O.Strizhitskaya)

frequent

interesting significant

reliable

Semantic differential for intergenerational relationships (designed M. Montero, O.Strizhitskaya) For each variable we calculated D – difference in scores within relevant generations D may vary from 0 to 4, where 0 – estimation of the quality of relationships is identical 4 – maximum difference in the estimation of the relationships

significant

reliable

frequent

interesting



Intergenerational conflict G2



Generativity – no correlations

(p=0.06) G3

ď ˝

ZTPI:

Future G3

Negative past G2

Present Hedonist G1

Future G1 Present fatalism G1

Future G2

Present Hedonist G2

Positive past G3

Present Hedonist G3

Significance (D) G1-G2 Significance (D) G1-G3 Close (D) G1-G3 Frequent (D) G1-G3 Close (D) G2-G3 Reliable (D) G2-G3 Frequent (D) G2-G3

Conflict G1

Generativity G1

Negative past G1

Positive past G1

Close (D) G1-G2 Reliable (D) G1-G2 Interesting (D) G1-G2 Frequent (D) G2-G3

Conflict G2 Negative past G2

Positive past G2

Present fatalist G2

Significant (D) G2-G3 Conflict G3

Interesting (D) G2-G3

Generativity G3

ď ˝

ď ˝ ď ˝

The estimation of intergenerational conflict of G2 and G3 are closely related while there was no correlations for G1 No correlations were found for generativity within three generations Time perspective shows complicated picture within the generations: interestingly negative past scores of G2 are positively correlated with present scores of G1; future scores of G1 are positively correlated with future scores of G3



Analysis of correlations of intergenerational relationship’s characteristics and time perspective showed that

◦ G1 is affected by the relationships between all the generations (G1-G2, G1-G3, G2-G3) – i.o.w. even by those, they are not involved personally ◦ G2 is mostly affected by the relationships they are involved in (G1-G2, G2-G3) ◦ G3 – with regard to the characteristics studied – are affected only by the relationships with G2

ď ˝

mailto:o.strizhitskaya@spbu.ru

Celebrating Time CHILDREN AND YOUTH THROUGH THE TIME PERSPECTIVE LENS

Mental Lines Development of mental time line and mental number line in school aged children and the relation with aggressive and pro-social behavior.

LPsy. Felipe Lazo Eiraldi PsyD. Alejandro VĂĄsquez EcheverrĂa

Uruguay

Temporal eventâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s organization analog to number organization.

Culturaly mediated, literacy

Time

Background Space

Number

For event’s location in a lineal secuency:  Chronestesy: Recognize yourself in the past, present and future  Episodic memory and Episodic prevision  Episodic prevision  Benefits in the future, gratification, planification, secuencing and event ordering

Episodic prevision, auto-regulation and autocontrol  Influenced by the component of expectation and imagination for the future  Cognitive strategies and «front facing»  Lack of this hability, aggressivity and low levels of pro-sociality

Questions and hypotheses  Do the mental lines (time and number) exist in childhood?  How are both lines working in the child’s development?

Questions and hypotheses  The mental number line is the base for mental time line  The mental time line is organized from left to right – past to future  Children with high levels of aggressivity have a less consolidated mental time line  Children with high levels of pro-social skills have a more consolidated mental time line

Design, participants, instruments  Transversal study, 87 participants from primary school  1st – 6,7 years old  3rd – 8,9 years old  6th – 11,12 years old  2 Experiments: episodic events organizating and number organizating  Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation (SCBE -30)  Analysis on SPSS from IBM software

30%

SCBE - 30

30% 30% NIVELES Alto

SCBE - 30

Medio

Bajo

Organizating events experiment video

Organizating numbers experiment video

Event and number relation chart Number

Event

Distant past

Close past

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Todayâ&#x20AC;?

Close future

Distant future

General results: • Results estimated by the registry of the positioning in axes X and Y • All the groups: • Mean of X and Y: from left to right and from up to down • Contingency tables • Negative correlation of X and Y

• Episodic events X r=0,14; Y r=-0,80 • Numeric X r=0,19; Y r=-0,12

Contingency table â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Episodic Events Event Distant past Close past Close future Distant future Total

Left

Right

Down

Count

105.00

69.00

60,3%

39,7%

46,6%

53,4%

Count

108.00

66.00

62,1%

37,9%

44,8%

55,2%

Count

70.00

104.00

40,2%

59,8%

55,7%

44,3%

Count

78.00

96.00

44,8%

55,2%

51,1%

48,9%

Count

361.00

335.00

345

351

51,9%

48,1%

49,6%

50,4%

Contingency table of events distribution by temporal condition

Descriptive statics of the number distribution by course Numbers Grade

(2, 6) X

1 3 6 TOTAL

(13, 15) Y

(17, 19) Y

-0,10 (0,29) 0,07 (0,53) -0,07 (0,26) -0,01 (0,42)

X 0,00 (0,25)

(26, 30) Y

TOTAL

0,12 (0,48) 0,10 (0,31)

0,11 (0,45) -0,02 (0,29) 0,07 (0,47)

-0,06 (0,31) 0,20 (0,49) -0,01 (0,25)

0,01 (0,41) -0,02 (0,28) -0,12 (0,36) 0,00 (0,27)

0,01 (0.57) -0,02 (0,28) 0,03 (0,48)

-0,11 (0,30) 0,15 (0,49) -0,02 (0,21)

0,11 (0,29)

0,05 (0,25)

-0,09 (0,30) 0,13 (0,51) -0,04 (0,25)

0,03 (0,51)

0,01 (0,26) -0,01 (0,49) 0,06 (0,30)

0,00 (0,30) 0,07 (0,32) -0,19 (0,42) 0,04 (0,45)

0,00 (0,28) 0,02 (0,40)

By group:  1st:  In numeric experiment:  Positive correlation axis X (r=0,25)  3rd:  In numeric experiment:  Negative correlation axis Y (r=-0,17)  In episodic experiment:  Positive correlation axis X (r=0,18)  6th:  Correlations from both axes in both experiments  Episodic axis X r=0,20; axis Y r=-0,27  Numeric axis X r=0,22; axis Y r=-0,32

1 1,00 00

3 W

WW W WW W W WW W

W W W W W W W

WW W

W W

0,50 00 WW W

W W

y_n

W W

W W WW

W W

W W W

W W

W W WW

W W

W W W

W W

W W W

W W

y_n

W W WW W

-0,5 000

W W

W WW

W W

W WW W WW W W W W W WW WW WW W WW WW W W W WW W WWW W W WWW W W W WW W WW W W WW W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W WW W W W W W W W W W W W W W W WW W W W

W W W W W

W W WW W W W

W W

-1,0 000 -0,5 000

0,00 00

x_n

W WW WW WW

W W W

0,50 00

W W

W W W WW W

W W

W W WW W WW

Futuro

W W

W W W WW

W WW W W W

0,00 00

W W WW W WW W W WW WW W W W WW WW W WW W W W W W W WW W W WW WW W W WWW W W W W W W WW W W W W W W WW W W WW W W W W

W W W W

WW W

W WW W W W WW W W W

1,00 00

W W

WW WW W

-1,0 000

W W W

0,50 00

WWW W W W W WWW WW W W W W

W W

WW WW W W

W W W

Pasado

W W

WW W

W WW

W W W WW WW WWW W W W W WW W W W WW WWWWW W W WW W W WW WW W WW W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W

-0,5 000

W W

W W W WW W W W W W W W W W

W W

W W W W W W W W W W W

0,00 00

WW W W W W

W WWW W

Número

W WW

W W W

Los puntos/líneas muestran Medias

1 W W W W

W W WW W W

0,50 00

y_t

W W WW WW

W W

W W W W W WW

W W W

-0,5 000

W W W W

W W

WW W W W

W W

0,50 00

W W

y_t

W WW W WW W

W WWW W W W

W W

W W W

W W

W W W W W

W W W

W WW

W W W

W W

WW W W W W W W W W W W W W W WW

W W

W WW W W

W W

W W W

-0,5 000

W W

0,00 00

W W

W WW

W W W W

-1,0 000 -0,5 000

-0,2 500

0,00 00

x_t

W W

0,25 00

0,50 00

W W

W W W

W W WW W WW W

W W

W WW W W W

W W W

W W

WW W W

WW W

W W W W W W W W WW

W W

WW W W

W W W W

WW W W W WW W W W W W WW W W W W W WWWW W W WW W W W W W WW W W W W W W

W W

W WW

WW WW

Futuro

W W

1,00 00

W W WW

W W W W W

-1,0 000

WW W W W W W W W W W

W WW W

W W

W W W W

W W

WW W W W W W W

W W

W W W

W WW W W W W

W W

Pasado

W W

W W W WW

W W

W W W W W WW W W W

WW W W W W WW WW W W W W W W W W W W W W

WW W

W W

W W W

W W

W W W

W W

W WW W

W W

WW W

W W W

W W

Tiempo

W W

WW W

W W

0,00 00

3 W

1,00 00

WW W W W

Los puntos/lÃneas muestran Medias

Aggressivity levels: Episodic experiment by group (all in one) y

Aggressivity levels: Numeric experiment by group (all in one) y

Pro-social competence levels in number experiment y

Discussion  Trend of mental time line (left-right, up-down)  Gradual acquisition of mental lines on axis  Higher levels of aggressivity dosen’t follow the general trend, particulary in future, in children of 9-10 years old  Lower levels of pro-social competence dosen’t follow general trend, particulary in future, in children of 9-10 years old  Higher levels of pro-social competence go along with general trend, like the lower level of aggressivity

Open questions  How are the up and down associations?  How is the relation with the development of literacy?  Is mental number line the base of time line?  Is it possible to modify the levels of aggressivity and pro-sociality by education and training of the mental time and number lines?

Thank you very much! ยกMuchas gracias!

The interplay between vocational identity and time perspective: A study in high school students A. Kairys1, I. Urbanavičiūtė2, A. Liniauskaitė3, B. Pociūtė1 – Vilnius University, Department of General Psychology; 2 - Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology; 3 – Klaipėda University, Department of Psychology. 1

2016 08 15

Time perspective and identity • Two birds of the same nest? – They are important factors helping to define oneself – leading to a more consistent self-image – and thus enabling people to cope with current or future challenges in their lives.

The aim of the study â&#x20AC;˘ Addressing the issue of adolescentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; vocational identity, this study aims to link it to time perspective.

Why time and career planning? • Time perspective refers to a “fundamental dimension in the construction of psychological time” (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999, 1271). • It is thus another underlying factor in career planning. • Career planning contains a very strong “time component”.

Subjects • The sample consisted of 513 secondary school students from several regions in Lithuania • 40.7% male • Age from 14 to 19 years

Measures – Time perspective • The Lithuanian version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) was used • (You know it…) • Cronbach alphas: 0.79-0.66

Measures – Vocational identity • Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale (U-MICS). • In its Lithuanian version, the items were slightly reformulated to address vocational identity specifically. • Three subscales: – In depth exploration (α = 0.74) – Commitment (α = 0.77) – Reconsideration of commitment (α = 0.81)

Correlational analysis (boringâ&#x20AC;Ś) Future Present hed. Present fat. Past positive Past negative

In depth exploration Commitment Reconsideration of commitment

Correlational analysis Future

0.33*** 0.12**

Present hed.

0.18*** 0.16** 0.25***

Past positive

0.19***

In depth exploration Commitment

Reconsideration of commitment

Next step: regressions Future Present hed.

Î˛ = 0.35*** Î˛ = 0.11*

R2 = 0.13

In depth exploration

Future

β = 0.30***

Present hed. β = 0.22***

Present fat. Past positive

β = -0.15**

Commitment

β = 0.20**

R2 = 0.19

Future R2 = 0.18 β = 0.16**

Present fat. Past positive Past negative

β = 0.33***

β = -0.16** β = 0.13*

Reconsideration of commitment

And the final step: clusters • Multivariate outliers were omitted (n = 9) • Two stage clustering: hierarchical clusters + MANOVA • Decision made on the basis of jump off distance and R2 > 0.4

1.5 Negative

Low time projection

PP oriented

All high

1.0 .5 .0

Future

Past neg.

Past pos.

Present fat.

Present hed.

-.5 -1.0 -1.5 Negative

Low time projection

PP oriented

All high

BTP

1.5

Diffusion / moratorium

Achievement

Search moratorium

Early closure

1.0 .5 .0 -.5

Diffusion / moratorium

Achievement

Search moratorium

Early closure

-1.0 -1.5 Commitment

In depth exploration

Reconsideration of commitment

50.0

Ď&#x2021;2 = 80.4; p < 0.001; Cramerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s V = 0.29

45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0

Negative

Low time projection

Diffusion / moratorium

PP oriented

Achievement

All high

Search moratorium

BTP Early closure

To sum up • Is time perspective important for vocational identity? – Not so much, if you look in to correlations – Yes, if you use person oriented approach.

• More adaptive TP profiles was related with more mature identity statuses.

Thank you for attention Contacts: antanas.kairys@fsf.vu.lt

Temporality and addictive behaviors Tianna Loose, Didier Acier, Jean-Luc Pilet, Jade Sysaykeo

Time and addiction

An introduction

• Problem: Alcohol, cannabis, tobacco, and problematic internet use • Many, many determinants of use, including dispositions (e.g. impulsivity) • Subjective time (vs. Objective) • Time Orientation ≈ Time Perspective

Time perspective • 5 dispositions:

• Predictive of many behaviors, including addictive

Protective factors

• Future

• (-) tobacco, drugs, cannabis, alcohol, binge drinking…

• Past positive

• (-) pathological gambling, psychiatric disorders

Vulnerability factors

• Present hedonist and Present fatalist • (+) alcohol, tobacco, drugs…

• Past negative

• (+) binge eating and drinking, problematic internet use, pathological gambling

Temporal orientation test

• French psychologists working with troubled youth (14-25 y.o.) • Goal

• Create a questionnaire/model designed specifically for troubled youth and substance use • Transcribe their clinical observations

• Iterative Process (2000-today) • • • • •

Literature review Focus groups Dimensions and items Questionnaire administration Statistics, revision, repeat….

TOT-Revised

 7 Dimensions : 5 point scale 1.

Anticipation: foresee a future context and engage in adaptive behavior in order to accommodate

• Ex: I rarely get bored because I have a ton of projects in mind

Uncertain future (Avenir): conception of distant future events that are abstract, unforeseeable, imaginary

• Ex: The future is completely unforseeable

Temporal Rupture: disengagement from the passing of time in order to avoid a psychological overload

• Ex: I evade everyday life when I consume

Immediate, 5. Acceleration, 6. Future, 7. Short term

Aims

1. Time Questionnaires • Validate TOT and the ZTPI-SF • factor analyses, internal coherency…

• Compare the two measures 2. Temporality and addictive behaviors • Describe addictive behaviors in our sample • Correlate Time dimensions with addictive behaviors

Measures • Subjective time

• Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory Short Form French (ZTPI) • Temporal Orientation Test Revised (TOT-R)

• Addictive behaviors • • • • •

Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS) Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ) Ad hoc question assessing frequency of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use < 1 year (7 pt scale)

Validation of the TOT-R • Internal coherency (Cronbach’s alpha)

High school (N=256) University (N=263) Age: M=18, SD= 3,45 78% woman

• 4 dimensions inacceptable (<.5) • Uncertain future (α=.70), Anticipation (α=.55), Rupture (α=.60)

• Principal component analysis (no rotation; KMO=.69; χ2(45) = 892.31, p < .001) • 2 items taken out : cross saturations • 57% variance explained, 3 dimensions extracted

• Confirmatory factor analysis (maximum likelihood, factors allowed to covary) • Good model fit • χ2/ddl=53,91/32=2,04, p=0,009; TLI=0,96; CFI=0,98 ; RMSEA=0,04 • Configurable invariance: High school vs. University: • χ2/ddl=101,17/64=1,58, p<.001 ; TLI=0,93; CFI=0,96 ; RMSEA=0,03

Validation of ZTPI • Principal component analysis

• 5 dimensions extracted; 61% variance explained • Dimensions can be identified but cross saturations problematic

• Confirmatory factor analysis • Model fit (χ2/df=197,24/80=2,47, p<0,001; TLI=0,88; CFI=0,91; RMSEA=0,06)

Correlations ZTPI-TOT

Addictive behaviors • Never used (<1 year) • Cannabis: 74% • Tobacco: 53% • Alcohol: 18%

• Problematic and at risk behaviors • 13% at high risk of tobacco dependancy. 6% at risk • 38% at risk alcohol use. 4% with problems or abuse. 3% dependent • Cannabis: 14% dependent, 8% at risk • 20% small problems related to Internet use. 1% with problems

Addictive behaviors and TP • AUDIT/ Alcohol frequency

• Rupture (.58/.56), Present hedonist (.41/.39), Anticipation (-.18/-.20) • Present fatalist (.16/ns), Past negative (.13/ns)

• CAST/Cannabis Frequency

• Rupture (.36/.36), Present hedonist (.21/.20), Anticipation (-.13/-.18) • Future (-.12/ns), Past postive (-.10/ns)

• CDS/Tobacco Frenquency

• Rupture (.36/.58), Present hedonist (.20/ .25) • Anticipation (ns/-.19), Past positive (ns/-.13)

• PIUQ : problematic internet use

• Past negative (.31), Present hedonist (.26), present fatalist (.26), anticipation (-.18), uncertain future (.15)

Pearson correlations in parentheses, p<0,05; TOT-R scales in italics

Limitations and future works • ZTPI-SF French

• Model fit: More than 15 items necessary?

• TOT-R: A work in progress…

• Deleted dimensions • Missing dimensions (e.g. past) • Internal coherency

• Statistics and interpretations

• Small correlations between measures  other variables • Multiple correlations  increased experiment wide error

• Generalization: Young French woman

Implications • Research

• Further opens the field to French speakers • Objective, statistical indicators of concepts, psychometric proprieties

• Practice • Time perspective as a mediator for discussion with troubled youth (with addictive behaviors)

• Research-Action • Use our knowledge about time perspective to create new interventions (preventions, psychotherapy…)

 Time is vast and research is in its beginnings.

Thank you for your time!

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

References

Acier D, Pilet JL, Chaillou C, Bertin D, Broussard M, Facy JL. Élaboration et validation du test d’orientation temporelle. Psychol Fr. 2015; Apostolidis T, Fieulaine N, Soulé S. Future time perspective as predictor of cannabis use: exploring the role of substance perception among French adolescents. Addict Behav. 2006;31:2339–43. Chittaro L, Vianello A. Time perspective as a predictor of problematic Internet use: A study of Facebook users. Personal Individ Differ. 2013 Nov;55(8):989–93. Daugherty JR, Brase GL. Taking time to be healthy: Predicting health behaviors with delay discounting and time perspective. Personal Individ Differ. 2010 Jan;48(2):202–7. Etter J-F, Le Houezec J, Perneger TV. A self-administered questionnaire to measure dependence on cigarettes: the cigarette dependence scale. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003 Feb;28(2):359–70. Henson JM, Carey MP, Carey KB, Maisto SA. Associations Among Health Behaviors and Time Perspective in Young Adults: Model Testing with Boot-Strapping Replication. J Behav Med. 2006 Jan 19;29(2):127–37. Hodgins DC, Engel A. Future time perspective in pathological gamblers. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002 Nov;190(11):775–80. Klingemann H. The Time Game: Temporal perspectives of patients and staff in alcohol and drug treatment. Time Soc. 2001 Sep 1;10(2-3):303–28. Kern L, Acier D. Adaptation française de l’échelle Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. Evol Psychiatr (Paris). 2013 Juillet;(Vol.78, n°3):357–71. Laghi F, Liga F, Baumgartner E, Baiocco R. Time perspective and psychosocial positive functioning among Italian adolescents who binge eat and drink. J Adolesc. 2012 Oct;35(5):1277–84. Legleye S, Piontek D, Kraus L. Psychometric properties of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) in a French sample of adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011 Jan 15;113(2-3):229–35. Sircova A, Vijver FJR van de, Osin E, Milfont TL, Fieulaine N, Kislali-Erginbilgic A, et al. Time Perspective Profiles of Cultures. In: Stolarski M, Fieulaine N, Beek W van, editors. Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application. Springer International Publishing; 2015. Zimbardo, Philip G., and John N. Boyd. 1999. “Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable IndividualDifferences Metric.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (6): 1271–88. doi:10.1037/00223514.77.6.1271.

Temporal Attitudes Profile Transition Among Adolescents: A Longitudinal Examination Using Mover-Stayer Latent Transition Analysis Michael McKay Department of Psychological Sciences University of Liverpool

Background 

Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999 – ideal of a “balanced” profile



Boyd & Zimbardo, 2005 – described 5 profiles based on PH, PF & F scores



Vast majority of research still bivariate/correlational and cross-sectional



Cognition, Affect and Behaviour (e.g., Lasane & O’Donnell, 2005)



Psychometric concerns with the ZTPI



Development of other measures, including ATI-TA (Worrell & Mello, 2009)



Vast majority of research still bivariate/correlational and cross-sectional



However, a move towards person-centered analyses has gained momentum

The Present Study 

Participants were recruited from schools in Scotland and Northern Ireland



Participants completed the ATI-TA at times 1, 2, and 3 of the study



Mean ages 12.5, 13.5, 14.5 years



Time 1 is the first year of High school – developmentally important and turbulent time



Other measures included Self-Efficacy (3 domains), Sensation Seeking, and a range of Alcohol-use indicators.



The present study is for results from T1-T2



Strengths include: Person-centered, longitudinal, and robust analyses

Analyses – Latent Transition/Profile Analysis 

Finite mixture modeling is a family of statistical procedures for creating homogeneous subpopulations of cases from one large, heterogeneous data set (Collins & Lanza, 2010; McLachlan & Peel, 2000). The analysis assumes that an observed dataset is a mixture of observations collected from a finite number of mutually exclusive classes, each with its own characteristics; hence the term finite mixture modeling. Models that contain continuous indicators are commonly referred to as latent profile analysis (LPA) models (Nylund, Asparouhov, & Muthén, 2007), which is the terminology used in this paper.



In LPA models, membership in one of the underlying populations is conceptualized as a latent, categorical variable that is not directly observed. Instead, class membership must be measured using two or more observed, or indicator, variables, taken as a manifestation of latent variables. The number of latent profiles underlying a dataset is not known a priori, and thus, has to be uncovered (Collins & Lanza, 2010).



The process typically involves fitting models that specify different numbers of profiles in order to determine which model best approximates the heterogeneous set of data. Generally, cases are assigned to the profile to which they have the highest probability of belonging, which is called modal assignment (Collins & Lanza, 2010). Ideally, the classification probability for each person will be high for one and only one profile. An optimal solution will have high classification probabilities for each class, illustrating that the classes are distinct.

Analyses continuedâ&#x20AC;Ś ď ľ

The longitudinal extension of LPA is latent transition analysis (LTA), which allows researchers to examine the stability of a LPA solution across time. Said another way, LTA allows researchers to explore the transition patterns between latent profiles across time using one of several strategies. One strategy is to regress latent profile membership at time t+1 on latent profile membership at time t, which is akin to a multinomial regression.

ď ľ

A second option is to include a second-order latent class variable that identifies those participants who are most likely to switch profiles (i.e., movers) or remain in the same profile (i.e., stayers) across time. For this reason, such models have been referred to as a mover-stayer LTA model.

Results ď ľ

Sample 1 consisted of 1,580 adolescents (40% female, 1.7% unreported) attending secondary schools in Northern Ireland. Sample 2 consisted of 813 adolescents (46.7% female, 1.4% unreported) attending secondary schools in Scotland.

ď ľ

The time attitudes CFA models at Waves 1 and 2 returned good model-data fit. At Wave 1, the estimated CFI, TLI, and RMSEA values were .95, .95, and .06, respectively. At Wave 2, the estimated CFI, TLI, and RMSEA values were .96, .96, and .06, respectively.

Profiles Latent Profile Time Attitude Standardized Means Positives

Ambivalents

Negatives

Negative Futures

1 0.8

Standardized Mean

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1

Past-Positive

Past-Negative

Present-Positive

Present-Negative

Future-Positive

Future-Negative

Moving or Staying? Latent Profile â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Wave 1 Positives

Ambivalents

Negatives

NegativesFutures

Latent Profile â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Wave 2 Positives Ambivalents Negatives Negative-Futures Positives Ambivalents Negatives Negative-Futures Positives Ambivalents Negatives Negative-Futures Positives Ambivalents Negatives Negative-Futures

Frequency 241* 106 94 39 125 306* 173 42 77 200 239* 80 29 39 96 82*

Percentage of Wave 1 Profile 50.2% 22.1% 19.6% 8.1% 19.3% 47.4% 26.8% 6.5% 12.9% 33.6% 40.1% 13.4% 11.8% 15.9% 39.0% 33.3%

Most common transitions were “downward” 

Of the 480 participants classified as Positives at Wave 1, the most common transition was to the Ambivalents profile (n = 106, 22.2%) at Wave 2.



Of the 646 participants classified as Ambivalents at Wave 1, the most common transition was to the Negatives profile (n = 173, 26.8%) at Wave 2.



Of the 596 participants classified as Negatives at Wave 1, the most common transition was to the Ambivalents profile (n = 200, 33.6%) at Wave 2.



Of the 246 participants classified as Negative-Futures at Wave 1, the most common transition was to the Negatives profile (n = 96, 39.0%) at Wave 2.

Analyses with criterion variables

Academic Self-Efficacy ď ľ

On average, staying in the Positives profile was associated with positive academic self-efficacy (M = 0.38, p < .001, d = .65), whereas staying in the Negative profiles was associated with negative academic self-efficacy (M = 0.20, p < .001, d = -.35).

ď ľ

Among the movers, positive academic self-efficacy was associated with a transition from Ambivalents to Positives (M = 0.28, p <.001, d = .49), but negative academic self-efficacy was associated with a transition from Ambivalents to Negatives (M = -0.10, p = .03, d = -.17), Negatives to Ambivalents (M = -0.18, p < .001, d = -.32), or Negative-Futures to Negatives (M = -0.20, p = .003, d = -.35).

Social Self-Efficacy ď ľ

On average, staying in the Positives profile was associated with positive social self-efficacy (M = 0.25, p < .001, d = .56) whereas staying in the Ambivalents (M = -0.07, p = .003, d = -.16) and Negatives (M = -0.16, p <.001, d = -.36) profiles had statistically significant negative social self-efficacy.

ď ľ

Among the movers, transitioning from Ambivalents to Positives was associated with positive social self-efficacy (M = 0.17, p <.001, d = .38). Negative social self-efficacy was associated with transitions from Ambivalents to Negatives (M = -0.14, p = .001, d = -.31), Negatives to Ambivalents (M = -0.14, p < .001, d = -.14), or Negative-Futures to Negatives (M = -0.11, p = .03, d = .25).

Emotional Self-Efficacy ď ľ

On average, staying in the Positives profile was associated with emotional self-efficacy (M = 0.35, p < .001, d = .61) whereas staying in the Negatives profiles was associated with negative emotional self-efficacy (M = -0.20, p < .001, d = -.35).

ď ľ

Among the movers, positive emotional self-efficacy was associated with transitioning from Ambivalents to Positives was associated with (M = 0.28, p <.001, d = .49) or from Negatives to Positives (M = 0.21, p =.02, d = .36). Negative emotional self-efficacy was associated with transition from Ambivalents to Negatives (M = -0.20, p < .001, d = -.35) or Negatives to Ambivalents (M = -0.14, p = .002, d = .24).

Sensation Seeking ď ľ

On average, the stayers in the Positives profile had statistically significant negative sensation seeking (M = -0.16, p < .001, d = -.31), which is a reversal of the relationship between Positive stayers and the other outcome measures. Stayers in the Negative-Futures profile had statistically significant positive sensation seeking (M = 0.12, p = .04, d = .23).

ď ľ

Among the movers, negative sensation seeking was associated with transitioning from Positives to Ambivalents (M = -0.12, p = .017, d = -.23) and Ambivalents to Positives (M = -0.12, p = .045, d = -.23). Positive sensation seeking was associated with transitions from Positives to Negative-Futures (M = 0.29, p = .014, d = .56) and Negatives to Negative-Futures (M = 0.22, p = .002, d = 42).

Attitudes towards Alcohol (lower score = better score) ď ľ

On average, staying in the Positives profile was associated with lower (better) attitudes towards alcohol (M = -0.46, p < .001, d =-.60), whereas staying in the Negative (M = 0.12, p < .05, d =.15) and Negative-Future (M = 0.33, p < .01, d =.43) profiles was associated with higher attitudes toward alcohol scores.

ď ľ

Among the movers, a decrease in alcohol attitudes score was associated with transitioning from Ambivalents to Positives (M = -0.20, p < .05, d = -.26), and a move from Negative to Positive (M = -.19, p < .05, d = -.25), but an increase in alcohol attitudes score was associated with transitioning from Ambivalents to Negatives (M = -0.16, p < .01, d = -.21), Negatives to Ambivalents (M = 0.15, p < .01, d = .20), or Negatives to Negative-Futures (M = 0.27, p < .05, d = .35) and Positives to Negative-Futures (M = .35, p < .05, d = .46).

Lifetime consumption of a full drink ď ľ

Participants were asked whether they had ever consumed a full drink. The overall percentage of the participants having had a full drink was 28.8%.

ď ľ

For the stayers, 14.2% of the Positives profile, 33.0% of Ambivalents, 31.1% of Negatives and 33.3% of Negative-Futures reported having a full drink in their lifetime.

ď ľ

Among the movers, 18.0% of those transitioning from of Ambivalent to Positive reported ever having consumed a full drink along with 50.8 % of Positives transitioning to Negative-Future, 47.6% of Negatives transitioning to Negative-Future, and 43.1% of those transitioning from Negative-Futures to Ambivalent.

Subjective Life Expectancy ď ľ

The overall mean percentage for Subjective Life Expectancy was 85.2%. For the stayers, Positives had a higher mean percentage, 89.27% (t = 2.58, df = 241, p = .01, d = 0.23), indicating they believed they would live to 35 years old compared with the grand mean.

ď ľ

The average Subjective Life Expectancy reported by movers who were classified as Negative-Future was statistically significant for all transitions. That is, the mean Subjective Life Expectancy for those transitioning from Negative-Future to Positive was 93.40% (t = 4.73, df = 28, p <.001, d = 0.46), which was higher than the grand mean. The transitions from Negative-Future to Negative and from Negative-Future to Ambivalent had profile means of 78.59% (t = -3.24, df = 37, p =.003, d = -0.33) and 79.29% (t = -2.33, df = 97, p = .02, d = -0.37), respectively. These mean Subjective Life Expectancy percentages were lower than the grand mean.

Conclusions



ATI-TA scores psychometrically valid and reliable



Four meaningful profiles emerged



Profile membership relatively unstable over time



Positive profile optimal across a range of indicators



Further analyses under way for Time 1 to Time 3

Collaborators 

James R. Andretta, Child Guidance Clinic, Superior Court of the District of Columbia, USA



Grant B. Morgan, Baylor University, USA



Harry R. Sumnall, Liverpool John Moores University, UK



Kevin C. Wells, Baylor University, USA



Frank C. Worrell, University of California, Berkeley, USA Manuscripts due for publication in: Psychological Assessment & International Journal of Behavioral Development

Celebrating Time SELF-REGULATION

Maciej Stolarski Gerald Matthews Balanced Time Perspective as an indicator of socioemotional adaptation: Towards a theory of temporal self-regulation

Adaptation over time

General idea • Adaptation always take place in time • The evolutionary processes are terribly SLOW • But: – if one is able to perform mental time travel… (Suddendorf & Corballis, 2007)

– and is able to switch their time perspectives to effectively respond to situational demands… (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2002)

– …then the adaptation may become more revolutionary than evolutionary, and may be effectively managed through intentional acts

Definition • TP is “the often nonconscious process whereby the continual flows of personal and social experiences are assigned to temporal categories, or time frames, that help to give order, coherence, and meaning to those events” (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999, p. 1271)

• Process vs. stable individual difference (trait/bias) (Stolarski, Fieulaine & Zimbardo, in preparation)

TP and adaptation • Time Perspective (TP) may be analyzed as a mechanism of adaptation • E.g., Life History Strategy (LHS) (see Dunkel & Kruger, 2015)

– Fast LH = Present-Hedonistic – Slow LH = Future / Future-Positive

• Thus, in a rapidly changing environment Present-Hedonism is an optimal strategy, whereas in a stable environment FuturePositive is the most adaptive orientation

(B)TP and adaptation

Balanced Time Perspective (BTP) (Zimbardo i Boyd, 1999)

• The ability “to switch effectively among TPs depending on task features, situational considerations, and personal resources, rather than be biased towards a specific TP that is not adaptive across situations” • Two conditions for BTP: – Availability of the „positive” time horizons – The (cognitive) ability to switch between the TP

BTP: availability of „positive” time horizons • This is what ZTPI measures • Correlates: – well-being (Boniwell et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2013) – relationship satisfaction (Stolarski et al., 2016a) – mindfulness (Stolarski et al., 2016) – cortisol levels (Olivera-Figueroa et al., 2015) – PTSD (Stolarski & Cyniak-Cieciura, 2016) – …

Assumption 1

Past

Future

TP & aggression (Stolarski, Zajenkowski & Zajenkowska, 2016)

• Past-Negative and Present-Hedonistic result influence aggressive feelings, and – indirectly – aggressive behaviors • Past-Positive and Future act as inhibitors of the aggressive reactions, allowing to overcome the destructive tendencies resulting form Past-Negative and Present-Hedonistic

TP & Mood

(Stolarski et al., 2014)

Protective role of BTP (Stolarski, 2016)

â&#x20AC;˘ The destructive effects of intorversion and neuroticism is much weaker in individuals with a more balanced TP

Protective role of BTP (Stolarski, 2016)

BTP: switching between time horizons • „… to switch effectively among TPs depending on task features, situational considerations, and personal resources…” • BTP estimated via ZTPI does not measure this temporal flexibility directly • However, some results show that BTP is clearly related to temperamental and cognitive plasticity: – Briskness (Stolarski & Cyniak-Cieciura, 2016) – Executive fuctions (Zajenkowski et al., under review)

Assumption 2

Past

Future

The problem of consciousness • TP is „the often nonconscious process…” • Zimbardo and Boyd (2008) list the problem of lack of awareness of the role of TP among three major „time paradoxes” • They claim that learning to effectively manage one’s own TP is a key to successful life • We assume that to do that one needs to become aware of their currently activated temporal horizon („mindful TP”; Stolarski et al., 2016) • That is possible only via taking a metacognitive persepctive on one’s own TP

Metacognition • Metacognition is… – higher-level cognition (Flavell, 1979) – "cognition about cognition" – "thinking about thinking" – "knowing about knowing"

• Meta = beyond • Contains two major components: – Knowledge about cognition – Regulation of cognition

Metacogntion in TP • People may:

– become aware of their current time horizon focus (metacognitive awareness) – actively choose their time horizon focus (matacognitive regulation) – develop knowledge about adaptiveness of taking particular TPs in various situations (metacognitive knowledge)

• These features could be considered as manifestations of specific time-related type of meatcognition

Temporal Metacognition • Temporal MetaCognition Scale (TMCS) (Stolarski & Witowska, in preparation)

• 26 items • Three scales: – Metacognitive control & flexibility (.86) – Strategic intertemporal connectedness (.82) – Cognitive reconstruction of the past (.80)

• The first paper will be published in the forthcoming book edited by Chadee & Kostic

Assumption 3

Past

Future

Towards a theory of temporal self-regulation (Stolarski & Matthews, in preparation)

• Broad & Flexible vs. Narrow/restricted time horizons reflect Antecedent vs. Response-focused strategies of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002) and may infact serve as a core mechanisms of these startegies • Flexible time horizons may allow for reinterpretation of one’s experiences and expectations and deal with dysfuctional metacognitive beliefs (Wells, 2009; Wells & Matthews, 1994) • Emotion-as-information theory: to properly interpret the informational aspect of emotion and make use of these information one needs a broad temporal horizons (Schwartz, 2011; Hustinger et al., 2014)

Summary 1. The „positive”, broad TP profile allows to avoid being biased towards a specific TP 2. The ability to switch between particular time horizons allows to take advantage of the „positive” TP profile 3. People may adapt to circumstances through active metacognitive management of their current time horizon focus Time Perspective may serve as a key mechanism of emotional self-regulation

Thank you!

Magdalena Marszal-Wisniewska University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warsaw, Poland

Time Perspective and Mood Effects on Creative Problem Solving

III International Conference on Time Perspective Copenhagen, 15 -19 August, 2016

The Aim of the Presented Study: ď ś to analyze the effect - of mood, and - individual attitudes to time (time perspectives) on the effectiveness of divergent task solving [Financed by National Science Center, Poland: grant 2014/13/B/HS4/01533]

The Point of Departure 1) Still inconclusive data concerning mood effect on creativity 

Positive mood states trigger more creativity than do negative mood states (e.g., Grawitch, Munz, & Kramer, 2003; Hirt, Levine, McDonald, Melton, & Martin, 1997; Hirt, Melton, McDonald, & Harackiewicz, 1996)

But also …  Positive mood promote creative performance, but only: - in simple divergent tasks (Davis, 2009; Vosburg, 1998), and in fluency and flexibility of generated ideas, not in originality, Vosburg, 1998)  Negative mood promote creative performance more than does

positive and neutral mood (e.g., Carlsson, 2002; Gasper, 2003; Kaufmann & Vosburg, 1997; Madjar & Oldham, 2002)

 No difference in creativity for positive and negative mood (e.g., Bartolic, et.al., 1999; see also meta-analysis: Baas, de Dreu, & Nijstad, 2008)

The Point of Departure (cont.) 2) The shortage of sufficient and direct evidence for the influence of individual time perspectives on divergent task solving ď ś Time perspectives and cognitive performance ď ś Personality traits and creativity

The Point of Departure (cont.) (A) Future TP: 

is positively correlated with intelligence (e.g., Zajenkowski, et.al., 2015);



is positively correlated with the level of imagination in high school students (Tsai, 2015);



future oriented subjects score higher during creative problem solving (Zimbardo, Boyd i Harber, 2003);



future oriented subjects who are product-oriented create works of the highest technical value (Zimbardo & Boyd, 2009);



future oriented subjects are more concentrated on the tasks (Simons,2004), they consider the problems more broadly and have a higher motivation to perform (Shell & Husman, 2008); [high positive correlation between Future TP and Conscientiousness (Kairys & Lianuskaite, 2015)]

The Point of Departure (cont.) (B) Present hedonistic TP: 

present oriented subjects are more involved in both internal and external experience while performing, which may encourage creative problem solving (Zimbardo i Boyd, 2009);)



present hedonistic oriented subjects are creative, mainly when they are process-oriented as opposed to product-oriented (Zimbardo & Boyd, 2009);



Present hedonistic TP is positively related with novelty (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), and curiosity and exploration (Kashdan et al., 2004);



Openness (as personality trait) is primary predictor of creativity (Kandler, Rieman et al., 2016) [positive correlation between Present Hedonistic TP and Openess (Kairys & Lianuskaite, 2015)].

Theoretical Background 1. Egalitarian approach to creativity: a) creativity divergent thinking = to come up with many different ideas about an open-ended problem (Guilford, 1978); b) three basic creativity criteria: fluency, flexibility, and originality of thinking (Guilford, 1978): - fluency = creative production (the number of generated nonredundant ideas); - flexibility = ability to change the direction of thinking (the number of different cognitive categories of generated ideas); - originality = the uncommonness or infrequency of the ideas, that are being generated ; c) individual differences in effectiveness of divergent thinking.

Theoretical Background (cont.) 2. Three dimensional model of mood (Matthews, Deary, & Whiteman, 2003; Matthews, Jones & Chamberlain, 1990):

hedonic tone (HT; pleasant - unpleasant), tense arousal (TA; tense – relaxed), and energetic arousal (EA; active- passive).

3. Time Perspective Theory (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999, 2008): 

 

individual time perspective - a relatively stable characteristics; the preference to rely on particular temporal frames (i.e. past, present, or future); individuals differ in the extent to which they overemphasize one particular time perspective; time perspectives influence on cognition.

HYPOTHESES  H.1 Positive mood causes higher effectiveness of divergent tasks solving according to three basic creativity criteria (fluency, flexibility, and originality of thinking)  H.2 Future and present hedonistic time perspectives increase the effectiveness of divergent tasks solving according to fluency, flexibility, and originality of thinking

QUESTION  Do individual time perspectives moderate mood effect on the divergent thinking performance? (effect of interaction?)

METHOD



SUBJECTS

N = 140 (70 women; 70 men; bank employees, high school teachers); a mean age of 31.5 years, with a SD = 5.41 years 

PROCEDURE

Two stages: 

STAGE I – experiment



STAGE II – questionnaire-based study

Procedure: Stage I - Experiment Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions (positive vs. negative mood); All subjects were required to perform three divergent tasks (Creative Thinking Test; Rutkowska – Diduk, 2005 Walach & Kogan, 1965) :  to come up with as many uses of a given object (pencil) as possible;  to come up with as many meanings of an abstract word (kolczubus) as possible;  to come up with as many relations between two objects (paper – pencil) as possible. Three minutes. Time limit for each task – three minutes.

Indicators of Effectiveness of Divergent Task Solving 1) Number of generated ideas in three tasks altogether (fluency of thinking index); 2) Number of categories of generated ideas in three tasks altogether (flexibility of thinking index); The answers of each subject were rated by three judges, who classified them according to whether they belong to the same or to different categories.

3) Percentage of occurrence of ideas in three tasks altogether (the lower the percentage, the higher the originality of thinking index) The answers of subjects were counted, then their percentage of occurrence was calculated in the whole group. On this basis the average percentage of occurrence of ideas of a given subject was calculated.

Experimental Procedure Positive/Negative Mood Induction

Masking Task

Mood Adjective Check List

Distractor Task

Divergent Tasks

Mood Adjective Check List (UMACL; Matthews, Jones & Chamberlain, 1990; Polish adaptation by Gorynska, 2005)

To assess actual mood after induction on three dimensions of mood: hedonic tone (HT; pleasant unpleasant), tense arousal (TA; tense – relaxed), and energetic arousal (EA; active- passive). The question: ”Does this adjective describe your present mood?” 4-point scale of answers from „definitely not” to „definitely yes”

Procedure: Stage II The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999; Polish version (Kozak, Sobolewski, Mażewski, 2006; Marszał-Wiśniewska & Siemiątkowska, 2013) - individual time perspectives

[five scales: Past Negative (PN), Past Positive (PP), Present Hedonistic (PH), Present Fatalistic (PF), and Future (F)]

RESULTS

The Efficiency of Mood Induction Mood Dimensions Hedonic Tone (HT) Tense Arousal (TA) Energetic Arousal (EA)

Experimental Groups Positive Negative Mood Mood Induction Induction M = 34.7 SD = 3.2

M = 22.5 SD = 7.6

> M = 14.5 SD = 4.2 M = 33.3 SD = 3.8

M = 24.1 SD = 6.5

M = 23.8 SD = 6.2

ANOVA

F(1, 138) = 148.05 ; p < .001, η2 = .52 F(1, 138) = 106.89 ; p < .001 ; η2 = .44 F(1, 138) = 116.73; p < .001 ; η2 = .46

The Efficiency of Mood Induction (cont.) The group after positive mood induction (compared to the group after negative mood induction) rates its own actual mood higher in Hedonic Tone (HT) and Energetic Arousal (EA), and lower in Tense Arousal (TA).

The Effect of Mood on All Indicators of Effectiveness of Divergent Tasks Solving 1) Fluency of thinking index: The main effect of mood in three-way ANOVA: 2 (mood) x 2 (time perspective) x 2 (sex):

- when future TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 15.28; p< .001; η2 = .10; - when present hedonistic TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 17.1; p< .001; η2 = .11; - when present fatalistic TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 12.8; p< .001; η2 = .09; - when past positive TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 13.8; p< .001; η2 = .09; - when past negative TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 14.8; p< .001; η2 = .10.

Fluency of thinking index Positive mood M = 23.9 SD = 9.3

Negative mood M = 18.0 SD = 8.9

The Effect of Mood (cont.) 2) Flexibility of thinking index: The main effect of mood in three-way ANOVA: - when future TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 13.9; p< .001; η2 = .10; - when present hedonistic TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 20.0; p< .001; η2 = .13; - when present fatalistic TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 12.1; p< .01; η2 = .08; - when past positive TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 15.5; p< .001; η2 = .11; - when past negative TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 14.7; p< .001; η2 = .10.

Flexibility of thinking index Positive mood M = 12.9 SD = 4.6

Negative mood M = 9.4 SD = 5.8

The Effect of Mood (cont.) 3) Originality of thinking index: The main effect of mood in three-way ANOVA: - when future TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 99.3; p< .001; η2 = .43; - when present hedonistic TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 101.8; p< .001; η2 = .44; - when present fatalistic TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 99.9; p< .001; η2 = .43; - when past positive TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 99.6; p< .001; η2 = .43; - when past negative TP was controlled: F(1,132)= 97.2; p< .001; η2 = .42.

Originality of thinking index Positive mood M = 7.4 SD = 4.8

Negative mood M = 16.0 SD = 5.1

Regardless of individual time perspectives, positive mood (compared to negative mood) causes a higher level of fluency, flexibility, and originality of thinking.

Time Perspective Effect on the Effectiveness of Divergent Task Solving 1) Originality of thinking index - Future time perspective: (a) the main effect: F(1, 132) = 5.23; p < .05 ; Îˇ2 =.04. Subjects high in Future TP are more effective according to originality (M=10.6; SD=6.3) than subjects low in Future TP (M=13.1; SD=6.2).

(b) the effect of interaction of future time perspective and gender: F(1,132) = 5.30 ; p < .05 ; Îˇ2 =.04.

Originality of Thinking Index in Relation to Future Time Perspective and Gender

Men generate more original ideas than women, but only when they are high in Future TP. Moreover, women high in Future TP generate more original ideas than women low in Future TP.

Time Perspective Effect (cont.) 2) Fluency of thinking index - the effect of interaction of present hedonistic time perspective and gender: F(1,132) = 5.50 ; p < .05 ; Îˇ2 = .04

Fluency of Thinking Index in Relation to Present Hedonistic Time Perspective and Gender

Only women (not men) low in Present Hedonistic TP are more â&#x20AC;?fluentâ&#x20AC;? (have a higher fluency index) than women high in Present Hedonistic TP.

Time Perspective Effect (cont.) 3) Flexibility of thinking index - the effect of interaction of present hedonistic time perspective and gender: F(1,132) = 6.09 ; p < .01 ; Îˇ2 = .04

Flexibility of Thinking Index in Relation to Present Hedonistic Time Perspective and Gender

Women are more flexible (have a higher flexibility index) than men, but only when all they are low in Present Hedonistic TP. Moreover, women low in Present Hedonistic TP are more flexible than women high in Present Hedonistic TP.

Conclusions 1) H.1 was confirmed Positive mood (compared to negative mood) causes higher effectiveness of divergent task solving according to three basic creativity criteria (fluency, flexibility, and originality of thinking) 1) Compatibility with results of previous studies - positive mood promotes creative problem solving, mainly in simple and time-limited divergent tasks [e.g., Vosburg, 1998; see also meta-analysis by Davis (2009)]; moreover 2) Extension of existing results to the demonstration of the influence of positive mood on â&#x20AC;?originalityâ&#x20AC;? (not only on fluency and flexibility); 3) Consideration of the dimension of energetic arousal in the subjective characteristic of positive mood, overlooked so far.

Conclusions (cont.) 2) H.2 was only partly confirmed Regardless of actual mood state, only Future Time Perspective (not Present Hedonistic) increases the effectiveness of divergent task solving, and only according to originality of thinking. Future and Present Hedonistic TPs can promote creative problem solving, yet in two different conditions (different mechanisms?): (a) present hedonistic oriented subjects are creative, mainly when they are process-oriented, whereas (b) future oriented subjects - when they are effect/product-oriented (Zimbardo & Boyd, 2009).

Our experiment: tasks are time-limited and presumably enhance effect/product orientation.

Conclusions (cont.) 3) No interaction effect between time perspectives and mood. but The influence of Present Hedonistic TP on the level of fluency and flexibility of thinking is dependent on gender. High Present Hedonistic TP lowers fluency and flexibility of thinking, mainly in women. When tasks enhance product orientation, high Present Hedonistic TP lowers the effectiveness of divergent task solving mainly in women, who are less success oriented (Greene & DeBacker, 2004; Wigfield & Eccles,2002).

Conclusions (cont.) 4) Future work  new, more complex, and not time-limited tasks,  consideration of the group with neutral mood;  new index of originality (not based solely on frequency of generated ideas);  new experimental design enabling to analyze the effects of each mood dimension separately.

Thank you for your attention

Alan Bec M.Ed. (Psych.Ed), PGCE (PECT), FRSA

Current Time - living well with a chronic illness. www.tpcph2016.com 15 Aug Norrebrohallen, Kobenhavn N, Denmark

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Time is the gap between birth & deathâ&#x20AC;?

Irene Daly 1929 - 2011 Current Time - living well with a chronic illness. www.tpcph2016.com 15 Aug Norrebrohallen, Kobenhavn N, Denmark

Past

Present

Future

www.tpcph2016.com 15 Aug Norrebrohallen, Kobenhavn N, Denmark

My Time Biases ZTPI

www.tpcph2016.com 15 Aug Norrebrohallen, Kobenhavn N, Denmark

2011 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)

Time Problem One: The British National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for CFS symptoms: • • • • • • •

Difficulty thinking, concentrating, remembering, finding the right words, planning & organizing Un-restful sleep, dizziness or nausea, general flu-like symptoms Muscle or joint pain in many areas of the body without inflammation Sore throat, Painful lymph nodes Fast heartbeat (palpitations) without heart problems Worsening of symptoms with little physical exertion

2016- (http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/chronic-fatigue-syndrome)

Current Time - living well with a chronic illness. www.tpcph2016.com 15 Aug Norrebrohallen, Kobenhavn N, Denmark

2011 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)

Time Problem Two: There is no accepted cure and no universally effective treatment for CFS-ME. Those treatments which have helped reduce particular symptoms in some people have unfortunately proved ineffective or even counterproductive in others. 2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; (http://www.meassociation.org.uk/about/what-is-mecfs/)

Current Time - living well with a chronic illness. www.tpcph2016.com 15 Aug Norrebrohallen, Kobenhavn N, Denmark

2011 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)

Time Problem Three: The use of the word â&#x20AC;&#x153;fatigue,â&#x20AC;? invites a misapprehension:

we presume to know what it feels like, when in fact the fatigue that affects ME/CFS patients is as different from regular, end-of-the-day tiredness as Ebola is from the common cold. 2016- (http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-iom-report)

Time Problem Four: Even after diagnosis, patients may be met with disbelief.

This matters, because recognition from others is an important part of learning to live with an illness: it is harder to focus on getting better and to cope with a distressing new reality when you have little or no support. Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness 2015 The National Academies Press ISBN 978-0-309-31689-7

Current Time - living well with a chronic illness. www.tpcph2016.com 15 Aug Norrebrohallen, Kobenhavn N, Denmark

2011 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)

Time Problem Five: Up to 125,00 people in Denmark have CFS (depending on diagnostic criteria) http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0132421

Up to 2.5 million Americans are estimated to have CFS-ME (Jason et al., 1999, 2006b).

Up to 250.00 people in the UK have CFS, other UK organisations use wider definitions CFS-ME-PVFS and come up with 650,00 (ME Association UK 2016).

Worldwide figures suggest 17 million have CFS

(combined criterion of patients presenting symptoms - ME Association UK 2016).

Current Time - living well with a chronic illness. www.tpcph2016.com 15 Aug Norrebrohallen, Kobenhavn N, Denmark

Time Solution: Reality Check Time Report & WIB

Current Time - living well with a chronic illness. www.tpcph2016.com 15 Aug Norrebrohallen, Kobenhavn N, Denmark

Time Solution: Reality Check Time Report & WIB

Current Time - living well with a chronic illness. www.tpcph2016.com 16 Aug Norrebrohallen, Kobenhavn N, Denmark

Time Solution: Reality Check Time Report & WIB

Wellbeing Indicator Badge - 10 point scale1

Weak energy

Strong energy

Over 4 month period of texting WIB scale 307â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s average scores are : 42% of time = 1-4 58% of time = 5-7 Current Time - living well with a chronic illness. www.tpcph2016.com 15 Aug Norrebrohallen, Kobenhavn N, Denmark

Time Solution: Reality Check Time Report & WIB

Wellbeing Indicator Badge - 10 point scale1

Low stress

High stress

Current Time - living well with a chronic illness. www.tpcph2016.com 15 Aug Norrebrohallen, Kobenhavn N, Denmark

Time Solution: Focus on Current Time & increase well being

Current Time - living well with a chronic illness. www.tpcph2016.com 15 Aug Norrebrohallen, Kobenhavn N, Denmark

Time and Money August 2016

Agenda • Time Perspective & Financial Health • Present Hedonists…. • Why Credit Cards are the Perfect Weapon • How to Defend Yourself • How the Credit Card Industry Can Improve

2014 Six-Nation Study â&#x20AC;˘ Traditional financial literacy training looks like this:

2014 Six-Nation Study â&#x20AC;˘ But financial marketing looks like this:

2014 Six-Nation Study â&#x20AC;¢ In six nations

2014 Six-Nation Study â&#x20AC;¢ We administered the ZTPI (36 questions):

2014 Six-Nation Study • We administered a “financial health” survey

2014 Six-Nation Study â&#x20AC;˘ And we administered a traditional financial literacy exam

2014 Six-Nation Study • Over 3,000 people • The results were clear: – Traditional financial literacy (acumen) can not be used to predict financial health – Time perspective is correlated to financial health

2014 Six-Nation Study

Present Hedonists â&#x20AC;˘ Our work continued â&#x20AC;˘ Present hedonists are especially susceptible to credit cards

Present Hedonists

Credit Cards â&#x20AC;¢ Credit card debt is a BIG problem

Credit Cards

40% of Americans will spend more than $1,000 in the next 12 months on credit card interest alone

Credit Cards • Present hedonists: – Want it now (instant gratification) – Do not want to think about the consequences of their actions

• Credit cards are like a loaded gun in the hands of a present hedonist

Credit Cards 1. A credit limit that is much higher than your monthly income

Credit Cards 2. There is no “pain of paying”

Credit Cards 3. e-Statement and Auto-Pay removes consequences (and any tactile reminder)

How to Defend Yourself • Financial literacy training should include a ZPTI assessment • Present hedonists need to understand their vulnerabilities • And we think present hedonists should….

And the Credit Card Industry • Make it easier for people to reduce their credit limits • Make it easier to “turn off” certain categories of spend • Get creative: enable setting to have all bar purchases after 10PM declined….

Conclusion â&#x20AC;˘ Your time perspective has a big influence upon your financial health â&#x20AC;˘ We will continue to look at additional financial products to create concrete, actionable advice for individual consumers

HELEN PILCHER

LAUGHTER, LEGO AND LEAVING THE LAB

@helenpilcher1

Philip Zimbardo

The Stanford Prison Experimentâ&#x20AC;Ś â&#x20AC;Ś showed how ordinary college students were capable of doing terrible things.

CORDUROY THICKNESS (mm)

3 2 1 5

NUMBER OF YEARS IN ACADEMIA

WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?

LIFE IS BETTER IN LEGO