3 ICTP - Day 3 Presentations by International Time Perspective Network

Celebrating Time Day 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Wednesday August 17, 2016

TENSIONS IN TIME PERSPECTIVE: CURRENT DEBATES IN THE FIELDâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; THEORY AND DEVELOPMENT ZENA R. MELLO SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY

THEORY â&#x20AC;˘ Is time perspective multi-dimensional? 1. Attitude

Meaning

Negative Feelings

Past

Future

Frequency

Time Perspective

Time Attitudes: Positive and

Orientation

Present

Time Orientation: Emphasis

Time Relation: Relationships

Time Frequency: Intensity

Time Meaning: Definition

Relation

Mello, Z. R., & Worrell, F. C. (2015). The past, the present, and the future: A conceptual model of time perspective in adolescence. In Stolarski M., van Beek W., & Fieulaine, N. (Eds), Time Perspective Theory: Review, Research and Application. Essays in Honor of Philip Zimbardo.

THEORY • How is time perspective associated with or distinguished from behaviors? • Zimbardo & Boyd (1999): Hedonism/Fatalism • Seginer (2008)

DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES

• How does time perspective change across the life-span? • Do time perspective dimensions change at different rates? • How do we measure the same construct in different agegroups? • Does time perspective have a key developmental period?

Tensions in Time Perspective: Current Debates in the Fieldâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; Theory and Measurement Frank C. Worrell Graduate School of Education University of California, Berkeley

Theoretical Issues What is time perspective?  Can time perspective be both domainspecific and domain-general?  If we change the instrument, are we measuring the same construct crossculturally?  Will the increasing number of new instruments facilitate understanding of time perspective or make it more difficult to integrate? 

Measurement Issues 1    

In validation, there are several stages (Benson, 1998): 1. Substantive stage: Theory refinement and instrument development 2. Structural stage: Instrument refinement; internal consistency; structural validity 3. External stage: Criterion-related validity; group differentiation; experimental manipulation; patterns of relationships with other constructs

Measurement Issues 2 



There is a lot of work taking place in Stage 1, theory refinement and instrument development. In Stage 2, instrument refinement has become synonymous with new instrument creation. With instruments that have strong supportive evidence, we need more Stage 3 work. ◦ I am less concerned with invariance of the scores ◦ Are the patterns of findings for subscales and profiles similar across cultures?

Celebrating Time 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Debate „Tensions in Time Perspective: Current Debates in the Field” Copenhagen, August 17th 2016

Profiles of Time Perspective Attitudes: Stability and Change in a German Sample Monika Buhl Heidelberg University

Monika Buhl / Institut für Bildungswissenschaft / Universität Heidelberg

Design BIO-Study time

Grade

2012

2013

750

600

450

300

150

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

600 750

Design BIO-Study time

Grade

MZP I

MZP II

670

527

MZP III MZP IV 2016

Sample at MZP I

2017 50,9 % female

9,83 < age < 16,83; M=12,96 (SD 1,26) 2018 16 < HISEI < 88; M=51,82 (SD 17,10)

586 642

10 3

Profile 1: Positives

PastPos 5 4

FutNeg

PastNeg MZP I (47.3%)

MZP II (42.1%)

MZP III (46.4%) MZP IV (39.6%)

FutPos

PresPos

PresNeg

Profile 2: Balanced

PastPos 5 4

FutNeg

PastNeg MZP I (25.3%)

MZP II (29.7%)

MZP III (24.1%) MZP IV (30.9%)

FutPos

PresPos

PresNeg

Profile 3: Negatives PastPos 5 4

FutNeg

PastNeg MZP I (14.0%)

MZP II (19.2%)

MZP III (21.2%) MZP IV (16,8%)

FutPos

PresPos

PresNeg

Profile 4: Optimists PastPos 5 4

FutNeg

PastNeg MZP I (8.0%)

MZP II (6.7%)

MZP III (6.5%) MZP IV (9.4%)

FutPos

PresPos

PresNeg

Profile 5: Ambivalent/ Extremely Negatives PastPos 5

FutNeg

PastNeg

MZP I (5.6%) MZP II (2.3%)

MZP III (1.9%) MZP IV (3.3%)

FutPos

PresPos

PresNeg

Stability / Change over one year MZP I -> MZP II / MZP II -> MZP III / MZP III -> MZP IV

Stability

(green) 56,4% / 56,1% / 59,3%

Positive Change: in Pos, out Neg (blue)

21,8% / 24,6% / 17,2%

Negative Change: out Pos, in Neg (red)

21,7% / 19,3% / 23,5% 9

Stability / Change over two years MZP I -> MZP III / MZP II -> MZP IV

Stability

(green) 51,1% / 49,5%

Positive Change: in Pos, out Neg (blue)

24,1% / 23,5%

Negative Change: out Pos, in Neg (red)

22,9% / 27,0% 10

Stability / Change over three years MZP I -> MZP IV

Stability

(green) 42,8%

Positive Change: in Pos, out Neg (blue)

25,5%

Negative Change: out Pos, in Neg (red)

31,7% 11

Conclusions  Five different Profiles (Positives, Balanced, Negatives, Optimists, Ambivalent/ExtrNegatives) could be replicated in different samples and for longitudinal samples for different MZP  Stability is highest for Positives and Balanced and lowest for Optimistic and Ambivalent  Stability is about 50% during a two year interval, higher during a one year interval and lower during a three year interval About 25% can be coded for a positive change and about 25% for a negative change  Looking at all four profiles: 23,2% are in the same profile all 4 times 42,7% are in the same profile 3 of 4 times 15,4% are in two different profiles each 2 times 16,7% are 2 times in one profile (different in the others) only 2,0% are in a different profile each of the 4 times

Questions  How can we define profiles using different samples and data from different countries?  What is necessary to call a profile stable? How can we control short term influences?  Can we describe a developmental or educational goal for a specific profile? e.g. Balanced vs. Positives?

Measuring Time Attitudes (ATI-TA) Mello & Worrell 2007

ď&#x201A;§ Cronbachs Alpha varies between .73 and .89

Measuring Time Attitudes Across Cultures

Frank C. Worrell Graduate School of Education University of California, Berkeley

Foundational Principles • Cross-cultural scale development is iterative and takes time. • ATI-TA subscales should be as similar as possible across countries. • Aiming for α > .70 for subscale scores, but recognizing that these fluctuate across samples. • Aiming for good fit (structural validity). • Interested in external validity and Time Attitude profiles across samples.

Versions of Time Attitudes on the Adolescent (and Adult) Time Inventory https://faculty.sfsu.edu/~zmello/content/adolescent-time-inventory

Published or Presented • Chinese • English • Farsi • German • Italian* • Japanese

In Development OR Under Review • Albanian* • Hindi • Polish • Portuguese • Spanish • Swedish • Turkish*

*Future Negative Scale not Finalized

(N)

Alphas (α) by Nation

Past Pos

Past Neg

Pres Pos

Pres Neg

Fut Pos

Fut Neg

US 1 (300)

.80

.79

.77

.83

.81

US 2 (748)

.87

.81

.83

.89

.77

US 3 (1,074)

.88

.90

.89

.87

.92

.84

Germany (316)

.88

.84

.87

.77

.84

.81

New Zeal (561)

.85

.89

.90

.86

.90

.82

Iran (1,200)

.80

.83

.84

.64

.70

China (317)

.77

.76

.75

.80

.75

.76

North Ireland (1,580)

.81

.83

.82

.79

.81

.68

Scotland (813)

.72

.80

.79

.78

.70

Nigeria (190/28 items)*

.74

.80

.75

.70

.73

.65

Albania (312)

.80

.78

.80

.72

.61

.39

Italy (246)

.88

.85

.91

.87

.84

.43

Peru (71)

.81

.85

.82

.71

.82

.62

Sweden (69)

.92

.95

.85

.94

.83

Turkey 1 (244)

.78

.83

.81

.79

.81

.53

Turkey 2 (350; 5 factors)

.85

.72

.87

.76

.85

–

Alphas (Î±) by Ethnic Subgroups: US African Am

Asian

European Am

Latino

Native Am

Other

N = 44

N = 280

N = 80

N = 125

N = 55

N = 90 Pa Positive

.87

.85

.89

.83

.86

.84

Pa Negative

.84

.80

.82

.81

.79

.80

Pr Positive

.72

.81

.83

.82

.75

.85

Pr Negative

.85

.87

.82

.85

Fu Positive

.88

.92

.90

.88

.91

.89

Fu Negative

.73

.79

.80

.79

.80

.61

Alphas (Îą) by Ethnic Subgroups: New Zealand Pakeha

Maori

Pasifika

Asian

Other

N = 289

N = 31

N = 23

N = 181

N = 45

Pa Positive

.85

.84

.71

.86

.82

Pa Negative

.91

.85

.90

.86

.90

Pr Positive

.91

.89

.88

.89

.88

Pr Negative

.87

.75

.84

Fu Positive

.90

.92

.90

.84

Fu Negative

.86

.72

.81

.77

.85

Fit Indices by Country Fit Indices by Country

NNFI > .90

CFI > .90

SRMR < .08

RMSEA < .05

95% C.I.

US 1 (300)

.937

.944

.059

.037

.029, .044

US 2 (748)

.959

.963

.045

.032

.028, .036

US 3 (1,074)

.946

.952

.038

.041

.038, .044

Germany (316)

.960

.965

.050

.033

.025, .040

New Zealand (561)

.950

.955

.045

.041

.037, .045

Iran (1,200)

.926

.935

.061

.043

.040, .046

China (317)

.902

.912

.065

.042

.034, .049

N. Irel (1,580, WLSMV)

.952

.957

–

.057

.055, .060

Scotland (813, WLSMV)

.944

.950

–

.057

.053, .060

Nigeria (28 items)

.895

.907

.074

.040

.029, .050

Albania (312; 28; WLSMV)

.937

.944

–

.048

.041, .055

Italy (246; 28; WLSMV)

.982

.984

–

.049

.041, .056

Turkey 1 (244)

.969

.972

.053

.025

.010, .036

Turkey 1 (244, 5 factors)

.978

.981

.048

.022

.000, .035

Turkey 2 (350, 5 factors)

.938

.943

.060

.040

.034, .046

Omega (Ď&#x2030;) Estimates by Country (N) Past Pos

Past Neg

Pres Pos

Pres Neg

Fut Pos

Fut Neg

US 1 (300)

.80

.79

.78

.77

.84

.81

Germany (316)

.88

.84

.78

.80

.87

.81

New Zeal (561)

.84

.90

.84

.90

.82

Iran (1,200)

.80

.84

.85

.65

.72

China (317)

.78

.76

.75

.80

.75

.81

North Ireland (1,580)

.87

.88

.87

.85

.88

.78

Scotland (813)

.83

.86

.87

.86

.80

Nigeria (190/28 items)*

.74

.80

.77

.70

.75

.67

Albania (312/28 items)

.85

.82

.84

.77

.68

.60

Italy (246/28 items)

.92

.88

.94

.90

.89

.62

Turkey 1 (244/28 items)

.79

.83

.82

.79

.81

.53

Concurrent Validity Correlations: US Hope

Optimism

Perceived Life Chances

Global Self-Esteem

Perceived Stress

Pa Positive

.38

.44

.29

.44

-.32

Pa Negative

-.39

-.51

-.29

-.51

.45

Pr Positive

.59

.58

.34

.58

-.66

Pr Negative

-.38

-.62

-.29

-.56

.80

Fu Positive

.55

.51

.46

-.39

Fu Negative

-.52

-.59

-.51

-.63

.43

Concurrent Validity Correlations: NZ Attitude Toward School

Attitude Toward Teachers

School Marks

Academic Cutting/Mis Self-Evaluation sing Class or School

Pa Positive

.33

.28

.13

.14

-.07

Pa Negative

-.34

-.24

-.14

-.16

.18

Pr Positive

.46

.38

.15

.18

-.12

Pr Negative

-.48

-.31

-.18

-.21

.18

Fu Positive

.34

.24

.06

.09

.07

Fu Negative

-.37

-.27

-.25

-.27

.18

ATI-TA Profiles Germany 2009

US 1 2013

New Zealand 2013

UK 2016

US 2 In Prep

Positives (5/5)

Yes

Optimists (3/5)

Yes

Balanced (4/5)

Yes

Ambivalent (3/5)

Yes

Pessimists (5/5)

Yes

Negatives (5/5)

Yes

Past Negatives (1/5)

Yes

From Andretta et al. (2013)

Differences by Profiles: US

Differences by Profiles: NZ

Thanks for your attention

The experience and the perception of time through questionnaires Mioni G., Melito N., & Stablum F. Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy

INTRODUCTION Time is our window on the world. With time we create order and shape the kind world we live in” (Rifkin, 1987). Everyday we subjectively perceive the passing time. There is no action, feeling, thought outside the sense of time. Day after day we interpret the world through time frames used in encoding, storing and recalling experienced events, as well as in forming expectations, goals, contingences and imaginative scenarios (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). The ability to accurately estimate the passage of time plays an important role in daily activities conditioning our judgments, decisions and actions; therefore, it is important to understand which factors are critical in determining our ability to correctly assess the passage of time. In the present study we investigate time perspective and time experience through four self reported questionnaires. Particularly we analyze (Pearson correlations) the relationship of the time perspective factors (ZTPI) with time management abilities, time personality indicators, and time awareness factors.

METHOD

Participants N=684 AGE: range= 18-92; mean=34.11; d.s.=15.58 Marital status

Gender Employment 4% Male 35%

0% 4% 2%

5% 44%

Female 65%

Education (years)

widowed cohabitant missing divorced

38%

student employed unemployed retired other

24%

married unmarried

40%

5 8 8-12 13 13-17 18 18+

Materials & Results From Dicember 2014 to June 2016 Online modules

Present Hedonistic 15 items α=.75

Zimbardo Time Perspective

Inventory (ZTPI) Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999

56 items Past Negative 10 items α=.81

Time Management Questionnaire Daily use of time management abilities 16 items

Metacognition 10 items α=.82

10 items α=.74 Leisure Time Awareness

Future 13 items α=.789

Near past 5 items α=.736

43 items

8 items α=.66

9 items α=.56

Time Pressure 5 items α=.737 Cognitive Strategies 6 items α=.68

Polychronicity

Planning

Time Personality Indicator (TPI) Francis-Smithe & Robertson, 1999 Individual differences in time personality and time management abilities

9 items α=.658

r=-.224

Present Fatalistic 9 items α=.638

Time perspectives as cognitive frames

Impatience 7 items α=.65

Punctuality Past Positive 9 items α=.68

Metaphors: Slowness 3 items α=.497

Metaphors: Speed 3 items α=.83

Time Expansion 5 items α=.587

Far Past 5 items α=.70

Time Awareness Questionnaire

Wittmann & Lehnhoff, 2005 Time awareness and time perception in present and past periods 26 items

DISCUSSION ZTPI factors could be linked with others time related constructs? Our results showed that Future Time Perspective of the ZTPI correlates significantly and positively (correlations significant at the 0.01 level, 2-tailed, with Pearson coefficient > 0.30) with Punctuality, Planning and Leisure Time Awareness of the TPI, with Time Pressure of the Time Awareness Questionnaire, and with Metacognition and Cognitive Strategies of the Time Management Questionnaire. Future oriented people (people that are conscientious and characterized by planning for and oriented to achieve future goals, considering future consequences) tend to be on time, thinking others should be likewise and feeling comfortable with meeting deadlines (Punctuality), to plan and sequence tasks in advance (Planning), to be aware of time spent outside work easing with schedules and deadlines even on holidays (Leisure Time Awareness), to feel like they never have enough time (Time Pressure), to reflect on his/her time management abilities (Metacognition), to use efficient time saving strategies (Cognitive Strategies). Past Negative and Present Fatalistic Time Perspective correlate less strongly and negatively (Pearson coefficient < .30) with the Metacognition factor of the Time Management Questionnaire. People that focus their attention and energy on a pessimistic view of the past (Past Negative) or with a fatalistic helpless and homeless attitude toward the future and life (Present Fatalistic) are less interested and aware of their daily use of time. References . Francis-Smythe, J. A., & Robertson, I. T. (1999). Time-related individual differences. Time & Society, 8(2), 273-292; Rifkin, J. (1987). Time wars. New York: Henry Holt; Wittmann, M., & Lehnhoff, S. (2005). Age effect in perception of time. Psychological Reports, 97, 921-935; Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77, 1271-1288.

Present Hedonistic and Future Negative Time Perspectives Lead to Failure in Delay of Gratification Sue-Jung KIM, B.A.a, Kiho KIM, B.A.b, Jang-Han LEE, Ph.D.c Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University asuj0812a@gmail.com, bkihohere@gmail.com, cclipsy@cau.ac.kr

Introduction

Results

Association between Time Perspective(TP) & Delay of Gratification(DG)  The TP reflects implicit or explicit attitudes to time. Preoccupation with a specific time frame is related to problems such as DG failures [1]  Present-hedonisitc and Future were investigated as important predictors of success or failure in DG

The individuals with high present-hedonistic and future-negative TP decrease the ability to DG and increase the psychological distance toward the future

The effects of TP on DG PP, PN, PH, FP, FN: significant predictors of DG (R²=.456, p<.001)  Once PH, FN increase, DG ability decreases  Once PP, PN, FP increase, DG ability increases

The occurrence and maintenance of DG [2] “ Processes of DG ”

DG Success

Value > Effort

Effort to VS future reward control behavior

Table 1. Results of multiple regression analysis of TP as predictors of delay gratification Value

Value of

< Effort

DG Failure

Figure 1. Model of delay gratification

 The value of the delayed rewards would depend on perception of delay length

Construal level theory [3], [4]  The same period are perceived differently through each person and different psychological distance for the future affects the way individuals behave and decision making by changing their mental representation  Psychological distance of construal level theory could explain value of the delayed reward that is important factor in DG Limitation of previous studies  Although the relation between TP and DG was widely researched, there is no known mechanism regarding how the TP affects DG  TP does not directly evaluated psychological distance for the future, we need to evaluate psychological distance for the future Aim & Hypothesis  The aim is to find out mechanism regarding how the TP affects the DG by identifying association between TP and psychological distance  Once TP with distant psychological distance for the future increase, DG decreases. Once TP with close psychological distance for the future increase, DG increases

Methods

Materials Korean Swedish-ZTPI  Korean S-ZTPI consist of past-positive(PP)/negative(PN), presenthedonistic(PH)/fatalistic(PF), future-positive(FP)/negative(FN) Temporal Discounting(TD) task [5]  Preference is evaluated according to 6 delay (1·3week/ 2·5·9·18month)  Repeating a preference between two options

What would you choose?

68,000won

100,000won

Now

2 Months

: immediate small reward VS. delayed large reward Figure 2. Example of TD task Indifference point

→ Immediate reward in next options was varied based on the previous choice  DG is estimated using Area Under Curve → AUC: indifference points against 6 delay → indifference points: immediate reward judged equal in value to a delayed reward  The higher AUC, the greater DG ability

60 40 20

AUC 0

5 10 Delay (months)

Procedure

• measuring TP

527.35

190.12

.25

2.77

p <.01

599.27

175.85

.34

3.41

p <.01

-1176.94

269.71

-.54

-4.36

p <.001

R²

157.18

194.79

.08

.81

p =.42

636.66

210.95

.31

3.02

p <.01

-462.03

232.06

-.19

-1.99

p <.05

F(p)

13.53 .456

Adj R²

.422

6 (<.001)

Relation between TP and psychological distance for future PH, FN are positively correlated with psychological distance for future (PH: r=.27, p<.01, FN: r=.20, p<.05)  Once PH, FN increase, psychological distance for future increases (feel distant) FP is negatively correlated with psychological distance for future(r=-.23, p<.05)  Once FP increase, psychological distance for future decreases (feel close)

The effects of psychological distance for future on DG  Once TP(PH, FN) with distant psychological distance for future increase, DG ability decreases  Once TP(FP) with close psychological distance for future increases, DG ability increases

Temporal Discounting task

• measuring DG

Implication  The results showed that TP affect the DG and we have found that psychological distance is an important role in relation between TP and DG  TP could shows possibility of developing problem related to DG like smoking, addiction and so on  Through psychological distance for future modification, we look forward to offering therapeutic method of preventing problems related with DG

Future study  Future research should examine characteristic of DG according to problems (addiction, binge eating etc.) using a stimuli closely to problem like food, cigar

References

Measuring psychological distance  Self-reported questionnaire: Visual Analog Scales(VAS), 0~100 points  The higher the score, the larger psychological distance for future

Swedish-ZTPI

100

Figure 3. Example of computing AUC

Korean

Discussion

Participants  120 undergraduate(16 outliers). Final sample of 104(Male 37, Female 67), age: M=22.36, SD=2.60

Informed consent

Questionnaire(VAS)

• Measuring psychological distance for future

Debriefing

Data analysis The effects of TP on DG:  Multiple regression analysis: 6 TP (PP/PN, PH/PF, FN/FP) → DG(AUC) Relation between TP and psychological distance for future  Correlation analysis: 6 TP & score of psychological distance for future

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective 2016. 08. 15~19. Nørrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark

[1] Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288. [2] Reynolds, B., & Schiffbauer, R. (2005). Delay of gratification and delay discounting: A unifying feedback model of delay-related impulsive behavior. The Psychological Record, 55(3), 439-460. [3] Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (1998). The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 5-18. [4] Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440-463. [5] O'Connell, G., Christakou, A., Haffey, A. T., & Chakrabarti, B. (2013). The role of empathy in choosing rewards from another's perspective. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1-5.

Acknowledgement This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2013S1A5A2A01019660)

C L I N I C A L N E U R O - P S Y C H O L O G Y L A B. Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University

The Effect of Time Perspective on Construal Level toward Future and Delay of Gratification Hee-Eun PARK, B.A.a, Kiho KIM, B.A.b, Jang-Han LEE, Ph.D.c Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University ahepark0125@hotmail.com, bkihohere@gmail.com, cclipsy@cau.ac.kr

Introduction

Results

Time Perspective (TP) & Psychological distance toward future [1] 



The effect of TP on psychological distance toward future

The time perspective: implicit/explicit attitudes to time (past-positive/negative, present-hedonistic/fatalistic, future-positive/negative). Preoccupation with a specific time frame is related to problems including impulsive behavior and delay of gratification failures Present-hedonistic TP: focus on present event & seek the immediate reward vs. Future oriented TP: focus on and pursue the future success

 Present-hedonistic TP influence on psychological distance toward future. (implicit: R²= .169, p = .001 / explicit: R² = .123, p < .01)  Present-hedonistic TP ↑ → Psychological distance toward future ↑ (implicit: p < .001 / explicit: p < .03) Table 1. The effect of TP on implicit construal level toward future

Construal level theory [2]

Same Event

Concrete, Low-level construal

Perception FAR

The same period are perceived differently through each person and different psychological distance for the future affects the individuals decision making

The occurrence and maintenance of Delay Gratification (DG) [3]  

Present-hedonistic

6.499

2.897

.264

2.243

< .03

Future-negative

4.693

2.764

.168

1.697

.093

Future-positive

-1.699

3.226

-.062

-.527

.600

Time Perspective

Present-hedonistic

-.388

190.12

-.445

-3.878

<.001

Future-negative

.135

175.85

.142

1.468

.146

Future-positive

-.123

269.71

-.131

-1.134

.260



Aim: to identify the implicit change of psychological distance depending on TP & the effect of TP on psychological distance Hypothesis: People who have present-hedonistic TP have higher-construal level on future than those who have future-positive TP

Adj R²

.169

.142

Time Perspective

Present-hedonistic

139.649

221.041

.077

.632

.529

Future-negative

-147.216

209.18

-.075

-.704

.484

Future-positive

606.836

255.415

.289

2.376

< .03

R²

Adj R²

.072

.039

Discussion

 

Participants  100 undergraduate students (Male 39, Female 61), age: M=22.7, SD=2.6 • TP-explicit/implicit psychological distance: remove Cook’s D (N=6) • TP-DG: remove those who report over 80% of economic state or Cook’s D (N=13)



 Korean S-ZTPI consist of past-positive/negative, present-hedonistic/fatalistic, future-positive/negative

Implicit Association Task (IAT) [4]  Assess the strength of the association between presented object & attitude  The reaction time of ‘near future-concrete/ far future-abstract’ < ‘far future-concrete’ → the psychological distance for future ↑ Temporal Discounting (TD) task [5]  Evaluate the preference according to 6 delay (1·3week/ 2·5·9·18month)  Repeating a preference between two options : immediate small reward vs. delayed large reward  AUC of TD task ↑ → DG ability ↑

concrete

abstract

Far event

Near event

tomorrow

Figure 2. example of IAT Which condition do you want to choose?

100,000

68,000 now

2 months later 2

Figure 3. example of TD task Measuring explicit psychological distance  Self-reported questionnaire: Visual Analog Scales(VAS), 0~100 points  Score of questionnaire ↑ → Psychological distance for future ↑

Procedure Temporal Discounting task • measuring DG

Questionnaire

• measuring psychological distance toward future

The results showed that present-hedonistic TP affect the psychological distance toward future, and the effect TP on DG was not that powerful. There is a possibility that participants could have constructed judgement rather than automatic attitude on explicit measure because of the social desirability This study could be a base of making the therapeutic programs preventing and promoting problems related with DG through modifying the psychological distance toward future.

Future study 

Materials Korean-Swedish ZTPI

distance toward future

R²

Implication

Methods

Informed consent • measuring TP

.094

Table 3. the effect of TP on delay of gratification

Although the relation between TP and DG was widely researched ,there is no known mechanism regarding how the TP affects DG Since previous studies measured explicit psychological distance toward future only, participants could have constructed judgment

Implicit Korean Association task Swedish-ZTPI • measuring implicit

.123

 Present-hedonistic, future-negative/positive TP non-significantly explain 7.2% of DG. (R²= .072, p = .100)  Future-positive TP ↑ → DG ability ↑ (p < .03)

The ability of DG: made by comparing the value of future reward and the effort to control compulsive behavior to seek immediate pleasure Value of future reward ← explained by the psychological distance for future

Aim & Hypothesis 

Adj R²

The effect of time perspective on delay of gratification

Limitation of previous studies 

R²

Table 2. The effect of TP on explicit construal level toward future

Abstract, High-level construal

Figure 1. Model of Construal level theory



Time Perspective

Future research should examine the effect of TP on problematic behavior due to DG failure using a problem-specific stimuli (e.g., alcohol, cigarette, etc.).

References [1] Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288. [2] Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440-463. [3] Reynolds, B., & Schiffbauer, R. (2005). Delay of gratification and delay discounting: A unifying feedback model of delay-related impulsive behavior. The Psychological Record, 55(3), 439-460. [4] Bar-Anan, Y., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2006). The association between psychological distance and construal level: evidence from an implicit association test. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135(4), 609622. [5] O'Connell, G., Christakou, A., Haffey, A. T., & Chakrabarti, B. (2013). The role of empathy in choosing rewards from another's perspective. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1-5.

Debriefing

Acknowledgement

Data analysis The effect of TP on psychological distance toward future & DG ability : Multiple regression analysis

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective 2016. 08. 15~19. Nørrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2013S1A5A2A01019660)

C L I N I C A L N E U R O - P S Y C H O L O G Y L A B. Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University

EXPLORING THE CONNECTION BETWEEN MAIN TIME PERSPECTIVE ORIENTATIONS AND CIALDINI’S PRINCIPLES OF PERSUASION Massimo Agnoletti, Ph.D. Centro Benessere Psicologico Venice (Italy)

Introduction Aim of this study is to explore the possible connection between past, present and future time orientation in relation with psycho-social behaviors expected by Cialdini’s persuasion principles (Reciprocity, Commitment and Consistency, Social proof, Authority, Scarcity, Liking). Time Perspective Approach is the scientific study of time orientation’s connections with our psycho-social behaviors. In particular Time Perspective Orientation study correlations between psychological (cognitive/emotional/motivational) and social behaviors and specific time dimensions proneness (past negative, past positive, present fatalistic, present hedonistic, future). From these studies we now know that, for example, Past focused people are more prone to express some specific behaviors as aren't likely to take financial risks (compared to people that show mean measure of this psychological time orientation).

Boyd, J.N., & Zimbardo, P.G. (2005). Time Perspective, Health, and Risk Taking, in A. Strathman and J. Joireman (eds) Understanding Behavior in the Context of Time: Theory, Research, and Application (pp. 85-107). Cialdini, R. B. (2001). The science of persuasion. Scientific American, 284, 76-81. Cialdini, R. B. (2001). Influence: Science and practice (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Cianciabella, S. (2014). Siamo uomini e caporali. Psicologia della dis-obbedienza. Franco Angeli, 2014. Clement, N., Zimbardo, P.G. (2014). Time Personality & Financial Health Study. ( http://www.magnifymoney.com/) Fieulain, N., Martinez, F. (2015). Time and the Misfits: Temporal Framing and Priming, in Persuasive Communication, in Stolarski, M, Fieulaine, N., van Beek, W. (Eds.)

Hypothesis From coherences of these two approaches it follows some hypothesis about the possible interactions between time perspective and principles of social influence. Specifically, if there are theoretical coherences between Time Perspective and Influence’s principles we should find that: •  Past Oriented (Positive, Negative or both) people are more prone to be influenced by Scarcity’s principle, •  Present Oriented (Fatalist, Hedonist or both) are more prone to be influenced by Social Proof and Liking; •  Future Oriented people are more prone to be influenced by Cialdini’s principle of Commitment and Consistency.

Cialdini’s principles of influence are a scientific synthesis of psycho-social processes through which people interact with others in order to to see their demands fulfilled. These social influence’s principles are: Reciprocity, Commitment and Consistency, Social proof, Authority, Scarcity, Liking. Every principle underlies a specific psychological process that we all have but that may be more or less prevalent according to the psychological style and past experiences.

Bibliography

Methodology and instruments

Expected results

Past Oriented people should be correlated positively with “high” values of Scarcity’s influence. Present Oriented people should be correlated positively with “high” values of Social Proof and Liking’s influence. Future Oriented people should be correlated positively with “high” values of Commitment and Consistency’s influence.

Gupta, S. et. al. (2016). The behavioral responses to perceived scarcity–the case of fast fashion. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research. Volume 26, Issue 3. Sagarin, B. J., Cialdini, R. B., Rice, W. E., & Serna, S. B. (2002). Dispelling the illusion of invulnerability: The motivations and mechanisms of resistance to persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 526-541. Trivedi, P., (2016). Customer behavior in market. What makes customers say “yes”?. International education and research journal; Vol 2, No 1. Ying, X., et. al. (2016). Neural Basis of Two Kinds of Social Influence: Obedience and Conformity. Front Hum Neurosci; 10: 51. Zimbardo, P.G., & Boyd, J.N. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York: Free Press. Zimbardo, P.G., & Boyd, J.N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individualdifferences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288. "

Potential research development Once defined a reliable tool to measure personal configuration of influence’s principles characterizing each time orientation and confirming hypothesis presented here there could be many interesting psychological and commercial implications.

Acknowledgment

Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application Time (pp. 385-402). Goldstein, N., Martin,S., and Cialdini, R. (2008). Yes! 50 Scientifically Proven Ways to be Persuasive. Simon and Schuster.

From a methodological point of view, hypothesis could be tested using ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory) to identify time orientations. In order to identify influence’s principles variables there is not a defined instrument but we can project a way to measure them with a three degree’s scale (low, medium, high) for each Cialdini’s principle. A possible good scenario to build this instrument is analizing “real life” financial/shopping behavior as buyer choices can be very informative about influence’s principles. In this context buyer behavior can be measured (for example for “social proof” principle we could measure how much information as number of “likes” or number of “people that have already bought” people see in a webpage influence probability of choose to buy that product or service or, for “scarcity principle”, we could measure how information like “only 5 items remaining…” that appears on the web interface when a person is doing his/her buy choice change the probability to choose that product or service).

More information

I want to thanks both authors of these two main theories object of this research project, prof. Phil Zimbardo and prof. Robert Cialdini, for their support in cultivating idea presented here. Also thanks to my dear colleague dr. Salvatore Cianciabella for his precious and stimulating conversations on social influence.

If you are interested to receive more information about this project research please contact me at:

info@massimoagnoletti.it or call me at:

+39 338 33.55.77.9

Teen perpetration of internet sexual harassment as a correlate of present hedonistic time perspective and pornography use Avigail Moor, Ph.D. Tel Hai College, Israel . Email: mooravigail@gmail.com Introduction 



  

Fig. 1. Rates of Pornography Use ---------------------------------------------------------



The participants completed several self-report measures



These included: Perpetration of internet sexual harassment (scale created for present study, ZTPI (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), Inclination towards sexual objectification and pornography consumption (Ward, 2002), and Conformity to masculine norms-machismo (Parent & Moradi, 2009).



The results reveal that perpetration of internet sexual harassment is linked to present hedonistic time perpetrate among young males aged 13-18.



Particularly if they consume high doses of pornography, have internalized a sexual objectifying stance towards women, and have internalized stereotypic masculinity norms.



Present hedonistic TP is also related in itself to high pornography consumption in this age group.



Apparently, present hedonistic TP may lead youngsters to care primarily about their own instantaneous pleasure, with little regard for others.



It is suggested that internet sexual harassment can be minimized by the elimination of sexual objectification in general and as manifest in pornography in particular.



Prevention programs should take into account that present hedonistic TP



predisposes towards internet sexual harassment.

They should encourage individual responsibility concerning respect for others and delayed gratification in this realm. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Findings Table 1. Simple relations between predictor and outcome Present hedonistic TP

weekly

never

The sample consisted of 109 male youngsters, aged 13-18, who participated in the study on a voluntary basis



daily

monthly

Discussion

Method

The present study seeks to determine whether present-hedonistic time perspective plays a role in the perpetration of internet sexual harassment. Internet SH refers to acts such as posting nude photos of fellow girls, sexual acts performed on or by fellow girls, etc. It is assumed that an individual who commits such sexual violation is likely to be characterized by a presenthedonistic time perspective This is because he would be orientated toward present pleasure, while having very little consideration for future consequences of his behavior, as well as for others’ feelings Above all, he is expected to have low impulse control and to be focused on immediate gratification. Additional predictors of internet sexual harassment are tested as well Among them, sexual objectification of women, pornography consumption and conformity to masculinity norms.

Perpetration of internet sexual harassment

.349**

Porn Use

.339**

Sexual objectification

.312**

Masculine norms conformity

.371**

Table 2. Independent Contribution of all predictors to perpetration of internet sexual harassment Expressed as regression coefficients Predictor

Beta

Sig

Present hedonistic TP Pornography consumption Sexual objectification of women Conformity to masculinity norms

.192 .222 .206 .337

.01 .01 .01 .01

Reliability and validity of Temporal Focus Scale (TFS) scores in Japanese samples Yuta

1 Chishima

1University

& Tatsuya

2 Murakami

of Tsukuba, JAPAN & 2Kochi University of Technology, JAPAN

E-mail: chishima@human.tsukuba.ac.jp

●Background

The extent to which people devote their attention ◆Temporal focus ＝ to the past, present, and future ・It affects how people incorporate perceptions about their attitudes and behaviors towards past, present, and future. ・Shipp et al. (2009) developed the Temporal Focus Scale (TFS), which comprise three factors with 12 items. ・McKay et al. (2012) showed the same factor structure among Northern Irish adolescents.

① To show the reliability and validity of TFS scores in Japanese samples ② To examine the structural validity including adolescents

●Purpose

【Study 1】 Reliability and validity in young adults ●Method ・Participants were 975 Japanese undergraduate students aged 18 to 25 years. ・Eighty-seven participants responded to the same questionnaire again after 7 weeks for test–retest reliability. ・They indicated 1) temporal focus (Shipp et al., 2009), 2) time perspective (ZTPI; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), 3) life satisfaction (Diener et al., 1985), 4) self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965), and 5) career efficacy (Sakayanagi & Shimizu, 1990).

●Result 1

Confirmatory factor analysis

・The hypothesized three-factor structure was confirmed; however, there were problems with item 10 (loading = .33) as McKay et al. (2012) reported. Model 1. Full-item 2. 11-item

χ 483.61 * 228.31 *

●Result 2

df 51 41

χ /df 9.48 5.57

CFI SRMR RMSEA 90% CI .88 .10 .09 .09 .10 .94 .06 .07 .06 .08

BIC 37951.86 34377.65

Past Past Present Present positive negative hedonistic fatalistic

Convergent validity

・Variables showed almost the same relationships with Past focus -.08 TFS subscales as Shipp et al. (2009) reported. Current focus .23 **

●Result 3 ●Result 4

Future focus

Internal reliability

.23 **

.60 *** -.20 ** .01

-.08 .15 * .43 *** -.01 .19 ** -.04

Future .15 * .12 .25 ***

Past focus α = .89; Current focus α = .74; Future focus α = .79

Test–retest reliability Past focus r = .67; Current focus r = .56; Future focus r = .55

【Study 2】 Age invariance between adolescents and young adults ●Method ・Participants were 1030 Japanese junior high and high school students aged 12 to 18 years. ●Result

Simultaneous analysis of multiple age groups

・Metric invariance, which has equality constraints in loading, was adopted.

Model 1. Configual invariance 2. Metric invariance 3. Scalar invariance

χ 754.31 * 773.36 * 863.23 *

df 82 90 98

χ /df 9.20 8.59 8.81

CFI SRMR RMSEA 90% CI .93 .93 .92

.07 .07 .07

.09 .09 .09

.09 .10 .08 .09 .08 .09

BIC 73068.17 73026.44 73055.52

●Discussion ◆ The TFS-Japanese without item 10 has reliability and validity. ◆ We need to examine the Japanese characteristics through cross-cultural research.

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

Developing the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version and Assessing its Psychometric Soundness

Houchao Lyu

School of Psychology, Southwest University, China

Abstract: In this study, we attempted to develop the Chinese version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and examine its reliability and validity in samples of undergraduates across China. This revised 25-item scale has five dimensions with a similar factor structure to the original instrument as well as those in other languages. The “Present Hedonistic” dimension was renamed “Present Impulsive.” Scores on dimensions were examined by demographic characteristics and were found to vary by gender, number of siblings, and place of residence. The Chinese version provides a reliable and valid instrument for testing time perspective in Chinese populations, thereby facilitating both the study of time perspective in China and cross-cultural comparisons. Keywords: reliability, time perspective, validity, ZTPI

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

Introduction Time is the context of our whole life, yet it often goes unnoticed. However, psychological and physical time

differ considerably and the former has recently garnered research interest. Time perspective (TP) plays an important role in understanding psychological time. Lewin (1951) describes TP as “the totality of the individual’s views of his psychological future and psychological past existing at a given time” (p. 75). Zimbardo and Boyd (1999)defined TP as “the often nonconscious process whereby the continual flows of personal and social experiences are assigned to temporal categories, or time frames, that help to give order, coherence, and meaning to those events.” All in all, time perspective remains one of the most powerful influences on human daily behaviors (Zimbardo, 2012). For example, time perspective predict numerous fundamental life outcomes, including health (Hall et al, 2015), happiness (Cunningham et al, 2015), financial (Klicperava et al, 2015) and pro-environmental behaviors (Milfont and Demarque, 2015). Time perspective has proved in general to be a good predictor of students’ learning behavior and academic achievement (Husman & Lens, 1999; Lens, Simons, & Dewitte, 2001; Peetsma, 2000). Zhang et al (2011) even shown that time perspective dimensions are better predictors of well-being than are any of the famous Big Five personality traits. Based on research of time perspective, many researchers sought for ways to apply time perspective theory to resolve social problems, including homeless (Epel et al. 1999 ), substance abuse (Keough et al. 1999 ), and risky driving (Zimbardo et al. 1997). Time perspective theory proved useful also in other psychological disorders (Kazakina; 2015; van Beek and Chistopolskaya, 2015), as well as in positive interventions among healthy individuals (Boniwell and Osin, 2015). To measure TP, Zimbardo and Boyd (1999) developed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) comprising five subscales: a) past negative (PN), a pessimistic and negative attitude towards past. PN is associated with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and aggressiveness ; b) present hedonistic (PH), a preference for

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

immediate gratification and spontaneity, and a dislike towards planning. PH is associated with novelty and sensation seeking [2]; c) future (F), clear aims and specific plans to achieve goals, and a predominance of thoughts about the future. F is correlated with conscientiousness, consistency, and reward dependence; d) past positive (PP), a positive, joyful, and nostalgic attitude towards the past. PP is linked to high self-esteem, satisfaction, agreeableness, and high energy levels; e) present fatalistic (PF), helplessness, and a fatalistic attitude towards the future, because of which the individual fails to make an effort. PF is correlated with depression and anxiety. TP reflects individuals’ attitudes and coping styles, and can be used to guide their outlook to foster psychological well-being(Lv, 2014). This suggests that research on TP can significantly contribute to mental health. The original version of ZTPI was tested on an American sample; the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was .83, the five factors explained 36% of the total variance, and the scale demonstrated good reliability and validity. Globally, the ZTPI has been widely used because it is a powerful instrument. Several countries have revised and adapted the ZTPI for different cultures. For example, the Brazilian ZTPI—tested with a sample of 247 Brazilian undergraduates— (Milfont, Andrade, Belo, & Pessoa, 2008)revised the ZTPI with a sample of 247 Brazilian undergraduates, and it turns out to havehad the same structure as the original scale and demonstrated good fit. The Lithuanian version (Liniauskaite & Kairys, 2009) used was tested on four samples, and five factors explained 34.7% of the total variance, although some dimensions were revised. The Polish version(Przepiorka, 2011)—tested on 516 participants—comprised 15 items and replicated the original five-factor structure. However, the fourth factor in EFA consisted of mixed PH, PF and F items, and internal consistency was low in three scales: PH (α = .45), PP (α = .54) and PF (α = .60). The Swedish version (Carelli, Wiberg, & Wiberg, 2011)extended the original inventory with a “future negative” dimension. The Hungarian version (Gábor OROSZ， 2011) comprised 36 items, and the factors explained 45.9% of the total variance. For the 54-item Greek ZTPI

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

(Anagnostopoulos & Griva, 2012), the revised factors explained 33.2% of the total variance. Similarly, in the German version (Ziegler, Funke, Drevensek & Reuschenbach,2013), the revised factors explained 36% of the variance; Cronbach’s alpha was lower than that in the original scale (α = .70), however. For the five-factor Japanese version (下島裕美, 佐藤浩一, & 越智啓太. 2012), the factors explained 37% of the total variance. Sircova et al. (2014) collected 26 data sets from 24 countries to develop a cross-cultural version of the ZTPI. It comprises 36 items and has the same structure as the original inventory. Zhang (2013) developed a 15-item short version of ZTPI for ease of responding and scoring; the selection of three items from each of the five dimensions was based on a literature review. However, McKay, Worrell, Temple, Perry, and Cole et.al(2014) examined the psychometric properties of Zhang’s (2013) short and cross-cultural version of the ZTPI with British, American, and Australian samples, and found that the reliability and validity of both versions were not very high, leading them to conclude that they should only be used after rigorous testing. Collectively, these studies suggest that the ZTPI is an important instrument to test TP as it has a stable structure and can be replicated in different countries and cultures (with a few changes). In China, while there is growing interest in TP, only a few measurement tools are currently available. Lv’s (2014) 28-item Future Time Perspective Inventory has six dimensions regarding the future including attitudes and behavioral tendencies. Luo and Lv (2011)developed the Adolescent Time Perspective Inventory to measure adolescents’ past, present, and future TP in a Chinese context. Lv and Huang (2007) developed the 53-item Undergraduates’ Past Time Perspective Inventory that demonstrates psychometric soundness, and Song (2004) developed the General Future Time Perspective Inventory and Specific Future Time Perspective Inventory. Even though these reliable and valid instruments are useful, a central scale to test variance, especially across global populations, is lacking. A Chinese version of the widely used ZTPI, adapted to the specific culture and policies in

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

China, would allow cross-cultural comparisons with other versions of the ZTPI, implying wider applicability. Further, it can be compared with other Chinese TP scales. Therefore, we conducted two studies involving several samples; the ZTPI was first translated into Chinese, following standard translation procedures. EFA and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were then performed to determine its factor structure and assess the model’s fit. Subsequently, its reliability and validity were assessed. 2. Exploratory Factor Analysis 2.1. Participants A convenience sample of 559 undergraduates recruited from Chongqing University, Southwest University, and Chongqing Technology College in China were administered the translated version of the ZTPI. The response rate was 79%; therefore the responses of 180 male (32.2%) and 379 female students (67.8%), aged 17–24 years (Mean: 20.3±1.083 years), were analyzed. All students were in their first to third year of university. The majority of participants (90%) completed the inventory in their classrooms, taking at most 20 mins, and 10% of the participants returned the completed inventory by e-mail. Each participant volunteered to participate in this study, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee. 2.2. Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) A Chinese version of the ZTPI (C-ZTPI) comprising five subscales and 56 items was used. After obtaining permission from the original author of the ZTPI, the original items of ZTPI was translated into Chinese by a bilingual psychological researcher using the back-translation method. Then, two experienced researchers reviewed the translated version and provided feedback. The translated version was modified until it was comparable to the original English version. The subscales were PN (10 items; e.g., “Painful past experiences are replayed in my

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

mind”), PH (15 items; e.g., “I try to live my life as fully as possible, one day at a time”), F (13 items; e.g., “I complete projects on time by making steady progress”), PP (9 items; e.g., “Happy memories of good times come readily to mind”), PF ( 9 items; e.g., “You can’t really plan for the future because things change so much”). Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very uncharacteristic) to 5 (very characteristic). 2.3. Procedure The C-ZTPI was administered collectively to participants in their classrooms, most of whom completed it in 10 mins. Those who received the inventory via e-mail were not timed. Instructions were listed at the beginning of the inventory, and participants were required to also provide demographic information. 2.4. Statistical Analyses SPSS 19.0 was used to conduct item analysis. Items 9, 24, 25, 41, and 56 were first reverse-coded, and total scores of all items were calculated. Scores were then grouped into two groups: the highest and lowest 27% of scores were defined as high- and low-score groups, respectively. Items 9, 24, and 41 were removed because the independent samples t-tests showed that those items did not demonstrate differentiability. Subsequently, EFA was conducted, using principal component analysis and varimax rotation. The number of factors was not assigned, instead a scree-plot was used to determine the appropriate number of factors. Items that did not meet the standard were excluded. The structure of the inventory was clarified: the factor analysis yielded 25 items under five dimensions. 2.5. Results The data were suitable for conducting a factor analysis as the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was .802 and Bartlett's test of sphericity was statistically significant (p＜.001). The five factors explained 47.89% of the total variance (Factor 1: 17.10%; Factor 2: 10.97%; Factor 3: 8.58%; Factor 4: 5.84%; Factor 5: 5.37%). The scree plot

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

indicated that 5 or 6 factors were optimal; thus, based on a literature review, five factors were deemed appropriate (see Table 1). The resulting 25-item C-ZTPI comprised five dimensions: (1) PN (7 items), a tendency to dislike the past and hold pessimistic and negative attitudes towards it; (2) Present-Impulsive (PI; 4 items), a tendency to act and make decisions impulsively, without considering the consequences. This dimension’s name was revised from “Present Hedonistic” to “Present Impulsive,” as the four items primarily assess impulsivity rather than hedonism and enjoyment (see Table 1); (3) F (5 items), a tendency to plan for the future and work towards achieving goals; (4) PP (6 items), a tendency to be nostalgic and perceive the past as delightful and positive; and (5) PF (3 items), a tendency to have a hopeless, fatalistic, and helpless attitude, and perceive the future as predestined and unchangeable, regardless of effort. The structure of the C-ZTPI was very similar to the original, with the exception that one dimensions’ name was revised. The results also indicate that the ZTPI has a stable structure across cultures. Table 1 Results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (n = 559)

Factor loadings Item no.

Item 1

50 I think about the bad things that have happened to me in the past

.765

-.125 -.084 .088 .044

16 Painful past experiences keep being replayed in my mind

.759

-.143

34 It's hard for me to forget unpleasant images of my youth

.725

-.189 -.037 .066 .097

54 I think about the good things that I have missed out on in my life

.562

.192

25 The past has too many unpleasant memories that I prefer not to think about

-.535 .272

27 I’ve made mistakes in the past that I wish I could undo

.504

.190

-.015 .156 .013

33 Things rarely work out as I expected

.450

-.128

.007 .059 .391

.070 .025 .023

-.186 .023 .202

-.102 -.181 -.173

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

20 Happy memories of good times spring readily to mind

-.007 .721

15 1 enjoy stories about how things used to be in the â&#x20AC;&#x153;good old timesâ&#x20AC;?

.168

29 I get nostalgic about my childhood

-.039 .672

.017

.058 -.096

7 It gives me pleasure to think about my past

-.116 .598

.118

-.033 .053

2 Familiar childhood sights, sounds, smells often bring back a flood of wonderful memories

-.172 .535

.097

.032 .051

11 On balance, there is much more good to recall than bad in my past

-.343 .514

.268

.002 -.070

40 I complete projects on time by making steady progress

-.017 .060

.751

-.058 .006

13 Meeting tomorrow's deadlines and doing other necessary work comes before tonight's play

.018

-.015 .699

-.052 .093

.696

.130 .029 .066

-.003 .019 .004

10 When I want to achieve something, I set goals and consider specific means for reaching those goals -.044 .148

.640

.074 -.131

51 1 keep working at difficult, uninteresting tasks if they will help me get ahead

.069

.083

.554

-.111 -.224

21 I meet my obligations to friends and authorities on time

-.147 .212

.513

-.045 -.027

8 I do things impulsively

-.092 -.016 -.005 .762 .008

23 I make decisions on the spur of the moment

.151

-.099 -.049 .701 .173

46 I find myself getting swept up in the excitement of the moment

.132

.121

.017

44 I often follow my heart more than my head

.007

.107

-.249 .543 .261

.665 -.010

39 It doesn't make sense to worry about the future, since there is nothing that I can do about it anyway .068

-.001 -.005 .122 .719

37 You can't really plan for the future because things change so much

.105

.064

-.186 .008 .704

38 My life path is controlled by forces I cannot influence

.190

.024

-.026 .141 .701

Factor loadings > .40 are displayed in the table. Factor 1: Past Negative, Factor 2: Past Positive, Factor 3: Future, Factor 4: Present

Impulse, Factor 5: Present Fatalistic.

3. Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

3.1. Participants The sample of 819 participants from Chongqing (southwest), Shaanxi (west), Guangdong (east), Henan (central), and Liaoning (northeast) provinces of China, comprised 278 male (27.5%) and 541female undergraduates (72.5%), aged 17–24 years (Mean: 20.08±1.438 years). 3.2. Procedure AMOS 17.0 was used to perform the data analysis of the five dimensions yielded by the EFA. The maximum likelihood method yielded good results: χ2 = 226.937, df = 193, p < .048, χ2/df = 1.176, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = .0147, Root Mean Square Residual = .034, Comparative Fit Index = .9923, Goodness of Fit Index = .9780, Tucker-Lewis Index = .9880. However, these did not meet the p < .05 criteria because of the large sample size (n = 819). As Zimbardo and Boyd [2] point out, chi-square critical values are sensitive to larger degrees of freedom, implying that traditional goodness-of-fit indices are not appropriate [19]; in their study they used the relative chi-square value, the ratio of χ2/df [20]. In the present study, the χ2/df results confirmed that the model of the 25-item C-ZTPI demonstrated good fit for the data. 4. Internal Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability SPSS 19.0 was used to examine the internal consistency reliability of the 908 data sets. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for each subscale are shown in Table 2; the highest value was obtained for the PP subscale (α = .766). Table 2 Internal Consistency and the Test-Retest Reliability of the ZTPI Subscales Past-Negative Past-Positive Present-Impulse

Future

Present-Fatalistic

Internal Consistency

.748

.766

.702

.672

.568

Test-Retest

.754

.735

.692

.758

.568

Test-retest reliability coefficients were significant at p < .01.

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

Test-retest reliability was examined by comparing scores between the two test administrations, separated by a two-week interval. Reliabilities ranged.56–.76 and the highest test-retest reliability coefficient was for the F subscale (α = .758, p < .01; see Table 2). 5. Convergent and Discriminant Validity Well-established scales were used to assess the convergent and the discriminant validity of the C-ZTPI. We expected that the five dimensions would be associated with several variables. 5.1. Participants Seven samples distributed across northeast, southwest, south, and central China were used in the validation study. See Table3. Table 3 Seven samples used in the validation study Samples

Number of undergraduates

University Southwest University

Sample 1

Sample 3

Sample 4

124

121

134

Ling Nan Normal University

Shanxi Normal University

Henan University

Age range

Mean age(SD)

17–23 years

19.51±0.940 years

18–22 years

19.29±0.948 years

18–22 years

19.88±0.933 years

58 males (37.18%),

156 Pingdingshan College

Sample 2

Gender

98 females (62.82%) 20 males (16.13%) 104 females (83.87%) 21 males (17.36%) 100 females (82.64%) 23 males (17.16%), 109 females

19–24 years

21.55±1.149 years

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

(82.84%), 2 (1.49%) who did not report their gender

Sample 5

Sample 6

115

118

Chongqing University

Liaoning Normal University

85 males (73.91%) 30 females (26.09%)

aged years

17–21

14 males (11.86%)

18.33±0.814 years

17–21 years

18.33±0.814 years

16–24 years

19.78±1.119 years

104 females (88.13%) 57 males (40.71%)

Sample 7

140

Southwest University

83 females (59.28%),

5.2. Instruments Eleven scales were used to examine the C-ZPTI’s convergent and discriminant validity. 5.2.1. Chinese Internet Addiction Scale Internet Addiction Scale (Bai & Fan, 2005) comprises 19 items and two dimensions: network core addiction symptoms, with two factors (compulsive internet use and withdrawal symptoms, and internet addiction tolerance symptoms), and internet addiction issues, with two factors (interpersonal and health-related problems and time management problems). In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha of the overall scale, network core symptoms, and internet addiction issues were .885, .835, and .809, respectively. 5.2.2. Barratt Impulsiveness Scale

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

Li and Fei (2011) adapted and revised the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale for Chinese populations. It contains 30 items and three dimensions: attentional, motor, and non-planning impulsiveness. In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha of the overall scale was .850, and was .806, .829, and .725, respectively, for the three dimensions. 5.2.3. Satisfaction With Life Scale Pavot and Diener’s (1993) scale has five items and Cronbach’s alpha in the present study was .853. 5.2.4. The Big Five Inventory The 44-item Chinese version of the inventory developed by John, Donahue, and Kentle (1999) has five facets: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness. Cronbach’s alpha for the entire scale in the present study was .612, and that of the five facets was .752, .769, .769, .685, and .550, respectively. 5.2.5. Future Time Perspective Inventory Lv’s (2014) 28-item inventory has six dimensions: future negative, future positive, future confused, future persistence, future clarity, and future planning. In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha of the whole scale was .392 and those of the six dimensions were.392, .781, .743, .644, .539, .534, and .595, respectively.

5.2.6. Future Time Perspective Scale The Chinese version of Carstensen and Lang’s (1995) scale contains 10 items (α = .686, in the present study). 5.2.7. Beck Depression Inventory-IA The Chinese version (Zhang, Wang, & Qian, 1990) of the inventory. wherein participants report the degree of depression they experienced in the week prior to testing, was used in this study (α = .823). 5.2.8. Self-Esteem Scale The 10-item Chinese version of Rosenberg’s (1965) scale was used (α = .785). 5.2.9. Self-Concept Clarity Scale

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

The 12-item Chinese version of Campbell’s (1996) scale was used (α =.788). 5.2.10. Aggression Questionnaire Buss and Perry’s (1992) scale was adapted into Chinese by Li and Fei (2011). It contains 30 items and five dimensions: hostility, anger, physical aggression, verbal aggression, and self-oriented aggression. Cronbach’s alpha of the questionnaire was .920 in the present study, and for the five dimensions was .783, .829, .771, .748, and .774, respectively. 5.2.12. Short Grit Scale The Chinese version of Duckworth and Quinn’s (2009) 8-item scale has two dimensions: consistency of interests and perseverance of effort. Cronbach’s alpha of the whole scale in the present study was .746, and that of the two dimensions was .808 and .680, respectively. 5.3. Results Based on the theoretical underpinnings of TP, comparisons were made between these scales and each C-ZTPI dimension. 5.3.1. Past Negative PN reflects a pessimistic, negative attitude, and a dislike of the past. We therefore expected that PN scores would be associated with low self-esteem, impulsivity, neuroticism, and depression. The results show that PN scores were significantly associated with impulsiveness (r = .310, p < .01), neuroticism (r = .367, p < .01), depression (r = .453, p < .01), and self-esteem (r = -.403, p < .01), as predicted. Unexpectedly, PN scores were significantly correlated with internet addiction (r = .310, p < .01). Regarding discriminant validity, we expected that PN scores would not be significantly correlated with conscientiousness and the future time perspective inventory. The results show that both these scales were strongly

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

associated with F scores, but were not related to PN scores. Table 3 Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the C-ZTPI (n = 819) Past

Present

Scale

Past

Present

Future Negative

Impulsive

Internet Addiction Scale

.310**

.316**

- .278**

- .075

.258**

Barratt Impulsiveness Scale

.310**

.596**

- .449**

- .218*

.273**

Satisfaction with Life Scale

Positive

Fatalistic

- .166

- .081

.243**

.231*

- .269**

.149

- .020

.345**

.076

.012

- .305**

- .063

.249**

.150

- .321**

.453**

.175

- .317**

.285**

Self-Esteem Scale

- .403**

- .272**

.372**

.209**

- .408**

Self-Concept Clarity Scale

- .463**

- .406**

.307**

.090

- .500**

Short Grit Scale

- .304**

- .390**

.461**

.233**

- .386**

Extraversion

- .101

.017

.154

- .117

- .319**

- .100

Future Time Perspective Inventory

Future Time Perspective Scale

Beck Depression Inventory

Neuroticism

.367**

.106

.256**

- .173

.181*

Openness

- .131

- .123

.215*

.158

- .167

Agreeableness

- .264**

- .289**

.265**

.327**

- .053

Conscientiousness

- .160

- .447**

.621**

.068

- .220*

Aggression Questionnaire

.453**

.434**

- .138

- .068

*p < .05, **p < .01. C-ZTPI: Chinese version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Scale.

5.3.2. Past Impulsive

.428**

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

PI is characterized by impulsivity, carelessness, and disregard for consequences. Our hypothesis that high PI scores would be associated with impulsiveness, neuroticism, internet addiction, and a lack of conscientiousness was supported. PI scores were positively correlated with impulsiveness (r = .596, p < .01), neuroticism (r = .256, p < .01), and internet addiction (r = .316, p < .01), and was negatively correlated with conscientiousness (r = -.447, p < .01). PI was not significantly correlated with any future-oriented constructs, as assessed by future TP measures. 5.3.3. Future F is characterized by future planning and working towards goal achievement. Our predictions that F scores would be associated with life satisfaction, clear self-concept, determination, and conscientiousness were supported as F was significantly correlated with satisfaction with life (r = .243, p < .01), self-concept clarity (r = .307, p < .01), grit (r = .461, p < .01), and conscientiousness (r = .621, p < .01). In this study, it was not significantly related to depression and aggression. 5.3.4. Past Positive PP is characterized by a positive, happy, and nostalgic orientation towards the past. It was expected that PP scores would have strong associations with factors that are negatively associated with PN scores. Unsurprisingly, PP scores were negatively correlated with impulsiveness (r = -.218, p < .05) and depression (r = -.317, p < .01), and was positively associated with self-esteem (r = .209, p < .01). PP was not significantly correlated with present- or future-oriented constructs, such as future TP and internet addiction. 5.3.5. Present-Fatalistic PF is characterized by hopelessness, helplessness, and perceptions that oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fate is predetermined and cannot be changed through effort. We predicted that PF scores would be associated with aggression, depression, low levels of future TP, confused self-concept clarity, and dissatisfaction. As expected, PF was positively correlated with

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

aggression (r = .428, p < .01) and depression (r = .285, p < .01), and negatively correlated with future TP (r = -.321, p < .01), self-concept clarity (r = -.500, p < .01), and life satisfaction (r = -.269, p < .01). It was not significantly correlated with future time perspective inventory, extraversion, openness, and agreeableness. 6. Discussion In this study, the ZTPI was adapted for use in Chinese populations. The EFA yielded 25 items and five dimensions—past negative, present impulsive, future, past positive, and present fatalistic—that explained 47.89% of the total variance. We revised the “Present Hedonistic” factor to “Present Impulsive,” as the revised version did not contain items that reflected hedonism. The CFA results suggest that the theoretical model fit the data well. Because of the large sample size (n = 819), the χ2/df ratio (1.176) was used instead of the χ2 value to test model fit. Regarding internal consistency reliability, Cronbach’s alpha for four factors ranged .766 –.672, while Cronbach’s alpha for PF was .568. Similarly, for the test-retest reliability, Cronbach’s alpha ranged .758–.692, while that of PF was .568. These are acceptable values, although the coefficient is lower than the average. The low PF coefficients may be attributable to the small number of items. Alternatively, this may have been a result of the sample’s demographics. Considering that the participants were undergraduates, they were likely to believe that effort could influence their future; moreover, as young adults, they may have been more hopeful of the future, especially since for most of them, education would give them a promising future. However, low PF coefficients have been found when revising inventories. For example in McKay et al.’s (2014) evaluation of the short version of the ZTPI, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were very low (UK: .21, US: .43, Australia: .48) and the CFA showed that none of the PF items had factor loadings greater than .55 in any sample. Further, Cronbach’s alpha for PF of the Brazilian version was .46, the lowest among the five factors (Milfont, Andrade, Pessoa, & Belo, 2008). Sircova, Sokolova, and Mitin (2014) observed that the lowest internal consistency reliability estimates were for PF (α = .53)

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

in the revised Russian version. In the Japanese version, 下島裕美, 佐藤浩一, & 越智啓太. (2012) got Cronbach’s alpha for PF was the lowest (α = .65). Thus, the low alpha coefficients for PF in the present study are not an anomaly. Convergent and discriminant validity indicate the extent to which the five factors are correlated with related and unrelated variables. PN was associated with internet addiction, impulsiveness, aggression, and depression; moreover, high scorers were more likely to have low self-esteem, lack grit and determination, and experience confusion about their self-concept. Individuals who scored high on PP tended to be agreeable and have high levels of self-esteem and life satisfaction. Those with high F scores tended to be responsible and satisfied with their lives; they also tended to have high self-esteem, determination, a clear self-concept, all of which contribute to success. Individuals with high PI were more likely to be impulsive and aggressive. They tended to have internet addictions, and were more likely to have low self-esteem and a confused self-concept. Those with high PF scores tended to be easily depressed and unsatisfied with their lives. They also tended to have low self-esteem, a confused self-concept, and a lack of grit and conscientiousness. ZTPI-C scores were assessed according to participants’ demographic characteristics. Most notable were gender difference in scores: male participants tended to have more negative TP towards the past compared to female participants (t (871) = 2.106, p = .035) and female participants tended to be more impulsive in the present than their male counterparts, (t (871) = -2.437, p = .015). A characteristic of China’s demographic—the single-child policy for population control—was examined. The one-child policy has been shown to significantly influence psychological variance despite the large number of families with multiple children. In this study, participants who were the only child tended to have lower scores on F compared to those with siblings (t(873) = -2.245, p = .025). This may be attributable to family environments; single children receive their parents’ and grandparents’ undivided

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

attention, leading them to feel greater security and think less about the future. Regarding residence, participants who lived in rural areas were significantly more fatalistic than those from urban areas (t(873) = -2.480, p = .013). This may be explained by the lower education levels and socioeconomic status in the former; further, families may encourage their children to lead simple lives because of the lack of resources. Despite these findings, the study has a few limitations. Although participants were recruited from rural and urban areas across the country (universities in northeast, southeast, southwest, and central China), all of them were undergraduates; their high education level and age may limit the generalizability of the results. Moreover, the skewed sexual ratio, in favor of male undergraduates, may have also affected the results, despite our efforts to control the gender ratio. In conclusion, the C-ZTPI demonstrates good reliability and the model fits the data well. The scaleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s validity in relation to other psychological constructs was confirmed. The variance in scores according to demographic characteristics was also explored. Considering that the C-ZTPI demonstrates psychometric soundness, it can be reliably used among Chinese populations and for cross-cultural studies on TP. Moreover, the C-ZTPI can be used in various healthcare and work settings to help individuals adapt and grow.

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

References Anagnostopoulos, F., & Griva, F. (2012). Exploring time perspective in Greek young adults: Validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and relationships with mental health indicators. Social Indicators Research,106(1), 41-59. Carelli, M. G., Wiberg, B., &Wiberg, M. (2011). Development and construct validation of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 220. Carstensen, L. L., & Lang, F. R. (1995). Future Time Perspective Scale. Unpublished manuscript. Stanford University. Cybis, N., Rowinski, T., &Przepiorka, A. (2012). Development of the Polish version of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory.WystąpienienaIst International Conference on Time Perspective, Coimbra, Portugalia. Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009). Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (GRIT– S). Journal of personality assessment, 91(2), 166-174. Goldberg, J., & Maslach, C. 1996. Understanding time: Connections between the past and future. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, San Jose, CA. Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science: selected theoretical papers (Edited by Dorwin Cartwright.). Liniauskaitŷ, A., &Kairys, A. (2009). The Lithuanian version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Psichologija/Psychology, 40. McKay, M. T., Worrell, F. C., Temple, E. C., Perry, J. L., Cole, J. C., & Mello, Z. R. (2015). Less is not always more: The case of the 36-item short form of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 68-71. McKay, M. T., Worrell, F. C., Temple, E. C., Perry, J., & Cole, J. C. (2014). A critical examination of the reliability and validity of the SZTPI-15 in British, American and Australian samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 168-172. Milfont, T. L., Andrade, P. R., Pessoa, V. S., & Belo, R. P. (2008). Testing Zimbardo time perspective inventory in a Brazilian sample. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 42(1), 49-58. Orosz, G., & Roland-Lévy, C. (2012). Hungarian Validation of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment (under review).

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese Version

Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 2, 164-172. Sircova, A., van de Vijver, F. J., Osin, E., Milfont, T. L., Fieulaine, N., Kislali-Erginbilgic, A., ...&Davydova, I. (2014). A Global Look at Time A 24-Country Study of the Equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. SAGE Open, 4(1), 2158244013515686. Strathman, Alan (Ed); Joireman, Jeff (Ed), (2005). Understanding behavior in the context of time: Theory, research, and application. , (pp. 85-107). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, xix, 356 pp. Wang, Y., Chen, X. J., Cui, J. F., & Liu, L. L. (2015). Testing the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory in the Chinese context. PsyCh journal, 4(3), 166-175. Zhang, J. W., Howell, R. T., & Bowerman, T. (2013a). Validating a brief measure of the Zimbardo time perspective inventory. Time and Society, 22 , 391–409. Ziegler, N., Funke, J., Drevensek, A., &Reuschenbach, B. (2013).Testing a German Version of the ZimbardoTime Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Psychologica, (6), 16-28. Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of personality and social psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288. Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2008). The time paradox. New York, NY: Free Press. 下島裕美, 佐藤浩一, &越智啓太. (2012). 日本版 Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) の因子構造の検討. パーソナリティ研究, 21(1), 74-83.

Contractive and Expansive Mental Horizons Yaacov Trope New York University

Celebrating Time Conference, Copenhagen 2016

Contractive Mental Horizons People are often myopic, entrapped in the “here-andnow” Classic studies (Asch, Milgram, Zimbardo) show how readily people are led to think “inside the box”

Contractive Mental Horizons • Communication and comparison with similar others (Festinger, 1950, 1954) • Friendship with spatially close others (Newcomb, 1956) • In-group bias (Tajfel, 1974) • Status quo bias (Tversky & Kahneman, 1979) • • • • •

Substance abuse Unsafe sex – unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases Credit card debt, overspending, under saving Obesity epidemic Environment harmful behavior

Expanding Mental Horizons • It might be Sisyphean, but humans have also evolved a unique ability to transcend the present • Humans can think of themselves in the past, future, other places, from others’ perspective, and in hypothetical situations

Variants of Psychological Distance: The Collage • • • • • • • • •

Soon-later Recently-long ago Here-there Self-other 1st-3rd person perspective We-they Real-unreal Factual-counterfactual Probable-improbable

Egocentric Psychological Distance

• Where: Spatial distance • When: Temporal distance

• Who: Social distance • Whether: Hypotheticality/probability Liberman & Trope (2008), Science. Trope & Liberman (2010) , Psychological Review.

Egocentric Psychological Distance • All distances are egocentric, with self as the reference point • They are interchangeable ways of undoing one’s direct experience • Like value, psychological distance is a natural assessment

Mental Horizons â&#x20AC;˘ Contractive Mental Horizons: Predictions, plans, and actions focused on the psychologically proximal â&#x20AC;˘ Expansive Mental Horizons: Predictions, plans, and actions that traverse temporal, spatial, social, and hypotheticality distances

What Supports Expansive and Contractive Mental Horizons?

Functional Construal Level Theory (fCLT) Mental Horizons-Construal Level Co-Evolution • Human phylogeny, ontogeny, and history have evolved cognitive supports for expanding and contracting mental horizons • Contractive mental horizons are supported by lowlevel, concrete, individuating mental construals • They specialize in the individuating details that afford malleable regulation in the “here-and-now”

Functional Construal Level Theory (fCLT) â&#x20AC;˘ Expansive mental horizons are supported by highlevel, abstract, big-picture mental construals â&#x20AC;˘ High level construals extract invariant core features that transcend the present

Modulating Mental Horizons: Variants of Construal Level • Category - Exemplars (Bar-Anan et al., 2007; Fujita et al., 2006) • Whole - Parts (Henderson et al., 2006; Wakslak et al., 2006) • End - Means (Gilead et al., 2013; Smith et al., 2008; Todorov et al., 2007) • Cause - Effects (Rim et al., 2014) • Words - Pictures (Amit et al., 2008) • Amodal, Disembodied - Modal, Embodied (Maglio et al., 2014)

Low-Level Construal

High-Level Construal

The Relativity of Psychological Distance • Low-level construals don’t transfer well beyond one’s own immediate experience • Low-level construals act like mass that warps psychological space into “egocentric holes” • High-level construals wrap around psychological space, counteracting “egocentric holes”

Illustrative Research • Communication: Verbal and Pictorial • Imitation: Literal and Conceptual • Innovation: Where does it come from?

Expanding Words, Contracting Pictures • Pictorial images are icons that physically resemble the referent object • Words are symbols that carry the essence of the object • Processing advantage of visualizing proximal objects • Processing advantage of verbalizing distal objects Amit, Algom, & Trope (JEP: G, 2009)

Speeded Identification: Temporal distance Medium: pictures, words Distance: - Temporally proximal (car, pilot-

car

pen, lamp)

carriage

- Temporally pen, oil-lamp)

distal (carriage, quill-

Task: speeded identification

Amit, Algom, & Trope, 2009, Jep: G.

Speeded Identification: Temporal distance proximal

600

distal

Reaction Time (ms)

590 580 570 560 550 540 530

picture

word

F(1,13)=6.13, p < .05 Amit, Algom, & Trope, 2009, Jep: G.

Speeded Identification: Social Distance football

Medium: pictures, words Distance: - socially proximal (soccer-ball, Israeli Shekel, Israeli parliament building),

soccer

- socially of Pisa)

distal (football, dollar, tower

Task: speeded identification

Amit, Algom, & Trope, 2009, JEP:General

Speeded Identification: Social distance

Reaction Time (ms)

650

proximal distal

630

610

590

570

picture

word

F(1,13)=7.63, p < .05 Amit, Algom, & Trope, 2009, JEP: G.

Expanding Words, Contracting Pictures • Pictures are better processed when near • Words are better processed when far • So, • Pictures may support contractive communication • Words may support expansive communication Amit, Wakslak, & Trope (PSPB, 2012)

Medium-Dependent Recipient Choice Which of the following do you like more?

Which of the following do you like more?

Apple ToTowhich whichperson personwould wouldyou youlike liketotosend send the thechosen chosenitem? item?

Banana

To which person would you like to send the chosen item?

Apple Banana To which person would Marry Annyou like to send the chosen item? Manhattan NY Miami, Florida

Marry Manhattan NY

Ann Miami, Florida

Recipient Choice 0.75

% distant target

0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4

picture

word

Expansive and Contractive Communication • Concrete language supports communication within close, small, and homogeneous groups • Abstract language supports communication across distant, large, and heterogeneous groups (Joshi et al., 2016) • Informal (concrete) language supports contractive communication • Polite (abstract) language supports expansive communication (Stephan et al., JPSP, 2008)

Expansive and Contractive Emulation • Humans and animals learn by imitation (Bandura, 1977) • What do we imitate, the low level or high level? • Is imitation of distal models less literal? • Towel-Dog experiment: Imitating a model folding a dog out of towels in 1990/2012, in NYC or LA. Hansen, Alves, & Trope (JEP:G, 2016)

Imitation of Folding a Towel Dog % of Movements Imitated

60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20

Near

Far

Hansen et al. (2016)

Goal Errors and Movement Errors in Imitation • Ps asked to imitate a model pressing one of two keys using either the right or the left hand as fast as possible • Model’s action were presented in an arrow pointing to either a spatially near or a spatially distant location in a picture with depth cues • Measure: Imitation errors of hand use and key press

Error Rate in Speeded Imitation Hand

12% 10%

Key

Error rate

8% 6% 4% 2% 0%

Proximal

Spatial Distance

Distant

Conclusion: Expansive and Contractive Emulation • Concrete construal subserve contractive emulation • Abstract construal subserve expansive emulation • “Good artists copy, great artists steal” (Picasso)

Where Does Innovation Come From (and Where Does it Go)?

Where Innovation Does Not Come From

Where do Innovations Come From? • Marco Polo imported pasta from China • Newton’s discovered the Law of Gravity under the apple tree • Archimedes exclaimed “eureka” in the bath • Galileo discovered the earth is round by observing Jupiter moons • Rutherford’s model of the atom came from observing the solar system

So, Where do Innovations Come From? • Innovations do not occur deus ex machina • They are often based on remote analogies • Innovations come from afar

And, Where Do Innovations Go? • Innovations often go far, not nearby • Jesus wasn’t very popular with the Israelites • Copernicus, Galilleo, Mendel, El Greco, Van Gogh, and Kafka were recognized posthumously • Innovation incurs steep short-term loss for longterm gain, sacrificing exploitation for exploration

Innovation and Expansive Mental Scope Innovation transcends what is already known by us, here, now, and with certainty. It involves: • Anticipating the future • Learning from the distant past • Emulating geographically and socially far people • Imagining improbable and counterfactual situations

Abstract Construal Supports Innovation • Abstraction affords far-reaching analogical transfer across: • • • •

Time: Past and future Space: Here and there Sociality: Ingroup and outgroup Hypotheticality: Real-imaginary

Examples • Global processing promotes creative thinking (Forster) • Positive affect promotes abstraction and creativity (Aisen) • Abstract mindsets promotes numerical translation of word math problems (Fujita) • Exposure to social diversity promotes innovations (Galinsky) • Distancing facilitates transcending local optima (Liberman & Trope) • Abstract mindset promotes social dissent (Packer)

Conclusion • Humans have evolved cognitive supports for contractive and expansive mental horizons • Concrete construals support contractive mental horizons • Abstract construals support expansive mental horizons • Concrete construals afford malleable immersion in the present • Abstract construals afford stability

Thank you

Collaborators in fCLT • • • • • • • • • • •

Nira Liberman Alex Todorov Eva Walter Shiri Nussbaum Mike Sagristano Ken Fujita Marlone Henderson Pam Smith Ido Liviatan Alison Ledgerwood Cheryl Wakslak

• • • • • • • • • • •

Yoav Bar-Anan Elena Stephan Tal Eyal SoYon Rim Elinor Amit Jochim Hansen Tali Kleiman Sam Maglio Michael Gilead David Kalkstein Daniel Yudkin

Celebrating Time The Treasure Hunt: Funding Opportunities for Your Creative and Scientific Endeavors

Creative Europe â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Culture Europe for Citizens Bradley Allen EU Development Consultant

About me 39 countries in Creative Europe 32 countries in Europe for Citizens

What does Creative Europe support?

Five priorities 1. Transnational mobility of artists and professionals 2. Audience development

Time travel? -> Cultural production

3. Capacity building – Digitisation 4. Capacity building – Training and education 5. Capacity building – New business models

Photo: Back to the Future

Art & Science

European digital art and science network Ars Electronica (Linz, Austria)

Trust me, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m an artist Arts, science ethics

On right now! Medicinsk Museion, Bredgade 62, Copenhagen K

Trust me, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m an artist Arts, science ethics

On right now! Medicinsk Museion, Bredgade 62, Copenhagen K

Trust me, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m an artist Arts, science ethics

On right now! Medicinsk Museion, Bredgade 62, Copenhagen K

Trust me, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m an artist

Arts, science, ethics Waag Society (Netherlands) On right now! (until 28 August) Medicinsk Museion, Bredgade 62, Copenhagen K

Who can apply for funding through Creative Europe?

No mad scientists

= no individuals, ONLY organisations

Pitch 2: Swinging Europe PLAY!GROUND LIVE NORDIC Mette Pilgaard Nielsen

Photo: Back to the Future

No babies

= at least two years as organisation

Photo: shutterstock

No Lone Ranger

= at least three partner organisations from three countries (EU, neighbour, candidate)

Photo: LWT

At least three countries All exist for two years

Time travel? -> Cultural production

Match priorities

Contact your desk!

Photo: Back to the Future

Creative Europe - Culture Bradley Allen EU Development Officer bal@slks.dk t. 3373 3322

Creative Europe - Media Maiken HĂ¸jgaard Danish Film Institute maiken@dfi.dk t. 3374 3442

What does Europe for Citizens support?

European remembrance Democratic engagement and civic participation

Some priorities / strands European remembrance Fx Commemoration of specific events

Mind reading? - >Remembrance and Civic participation

Town twinning Network of towns Civil society projects

Photo: Back to the Future

My Europe Claiming more democracy in a more social Europe Sonnenberg-Kreis e.V (DE)

Who can apply for funding through Europe for Citizens?

No mad scientists!

= no individuals, ONLY organisations

Pitch 2: Swinging Europe PLAY!GROUND LIVE NORDIC Mette Pilgaard Nielsen

Photo: Back to the Future

Some (experienced) babies may apply

= no â&#x20AC;?ageâ&#x20AC;? demand on most strands

Photo: shutterstock

Yes to The Lone Ranger Sometimes Priority given to transnational projects Non-profits only

= at least one organisation (EU + a few others)

Photo: LWT

At least one EU country Match priorities / strands All non-profit

Mind reading? - >Remembrance and Civic participation

Contact your desk!

Photo: Back to the Future

What do we do? • Counselling • Point you in the right direction • Creative Europe Desks in your country • Europe for Citizens in your country • Partner search / matchmaking • Competency building • Pitch-sessions, fundraising, application workshops • Newsletter: EU STØTTE NYT

What can you do? • Experience art, science and democracy! • Change the model! Play a role! • Science AND art, not art INSPIRED BY science • Danish organisations: • Click Festival • Hotel Pro Forma • International organisations • Ars Electronica and partners

Creative Europe Bradley Allen EU Development Officer bal@slks.dk t. 3373 3322

Europe for Citizens Gitte Smed Senior Advisor gsm@slks.dk t. 3373 3318

Horizon 2020 Morten Gylling National Contact Point Denmark mgy@fi.dk

Find funding for your ideas and bring them to life!

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

EU funds innovative ideas through Horizon 2020

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

With Horizon 2020 good ideas get to market faster, boost the economy, create jobs and improve lives

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

Funding to projects that for example keep us healthy, help us get around, or protect our environment

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

But isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t it too complex to apply and participate?

Streamlined Simplified Cutting red tape

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

Everyone can participate

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

Bigger, simpler and smarter

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

The three ‘pillars’

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 – Morten Gylling

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

Marie S.-Curie Actions (Excellent Science) Research networks to develop new researchers Individual fellowships Mobility is key Bottom-up approach Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

Project examples

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

Europe in a changing world (Societal Challenges) Collaborative research projects Cultural, economical, social, human, public administration, artistic and international topics Top-down approach Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

Project examples

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

Coupling blue-sky thinking and innovative approaches

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

How to apply?

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

More information at

Copenhagen, 17.08.2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Morten Gylling

Transforming ideas and knowledge to value Thomas Mathiasen August 17, 2016

Growth and employment through knowledge

Transforming ideas into value for business, science and society

Value proposition

We want to make it as easy as possible for you to secure co-investment for your talent, concept or project We want interaction to be straightforward and efficient

An integral part of the Danish innovation system Value chain

Basic research

Applied research

Development

Commercialisation & implementation

Innovation Fund Denmark

Publicsector system

Development and demonstration programmes

The Danish Council for Independent Research National Research Foundation

Market Development Fund Danish Growth Fund Innovation incubators Business development centres

Private funds

Privatesector

Non-financial enterprises Financial institutions

How do we assess your application ?

Quality and novelty/originality

• Clear objectives • Excellence in science and technology • Quality of scientific hypothesis

Strategic significance and impact

• Solutions to unmet needs • Value for society, academia and industry

Efficiency and implementation • • • •

Project execution and organisation Economic efficiency Implementation Beneficiary/user 5

Three entry points

Talent InnoBooster Grand Solutions

Talent - Industrial Researcher

Duration: 1-3 Years Application: March 7th & September 19th (incl public projects) IFD funds 50% of salary, university fee and travel/conferences

Talent â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Entrepreneurial Pilot

Aspiring entrepreneur â&#x20AC;&#x201C; newly graduated Monthly grant and coaching Open for all tematic areas

Talent - Entrepreneurial Pilot

Focus on graduates 40 entrepreneurial pilot grants per year

A monthly grant of DKK 14,500 for up to 12 months

Success rate approx. 7 pct

A subsidy of DKK 35,000 for materials, equipment and consulting services

Application: April 1st & October 12th

Workshops and individual counseling A personal mentor. E.g a successful company owner and entrepreneur Access to office and meeting facilities

Roccamore

Comfortable high heels

Comundu

Social platform for backpackers

Sitpack

Compact foldable chair

InnoBooster

A tool targeting SME, Startups or University Spin-outs Simple application - up to DKKm 5 No deadlines â&#x20AC;&#x201C; fast answers Success rate: approx 25%

InnoBooster

CVR Turnover of 2 mio. DKK (latest financial year), or external capital of at least 500,000 DKK Start-ups (max 3 years old) • Team with strong and relevant competencies • Significant results Larger amount – higher expectations!

Innobooster - assessment

Novelty/originality

• New knowledge • Innovation activities • Clearly differentiated idea Business potential and impact • Impact of project • Business model • Unmet need/established demand • Likelihood of competitive advantage for company

Efficiency • • • •

Project execution Team competence/experience Realistic budget Investment/potential 15

Grand Solutions Characteristics

The entire value chain IFD investment from DKKm 5 and up Ambitious

Keywords worth knowing Summary

Research/Innovation Follow up Benefit for society

The recieving end

Risk management

Dream Team First in Denmark ?

Value chain

Realisation

Business

Value creation Ambition

Annual budgetting

Implementation/Commercialization 18

International colaborations

Foreign partners in projects funded by IFD Co-financed projects: Euro Stars & ERA-Net International networks and bilateral cooperation (countries such as China, Korea, India and Brazil)

Cases

Waste oil becomes biodiesel Danish product converts the whole worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s used frying oil into biodiesel Waste oil becomes diesel oil which replaces black oil Marketed worldwide by Novozymes in 2015 Collaboration with DTU, AU and Emmelev A / S 21

Buses will emit 84% less NOx Less pollution from diesel exhaust fumes Converts carcinogenic NOx into water and harmless nitrogen Movia has upgraded +300 buses in Copenhagen Amminex is ready for increased exports 22

The world's first “pearl necklace bridge” The first real bridge was built by ABEO in Ringkøbing-Skjern Construction is assembled beside the road and lifted into place in only 24 hours Far fewer genes for traffic and fewer traffic jams in the building process 23

Asphalt reduces CO2 emissions A quarter of Denmark's total CO2 emission comes from the road transportation Danish research shows that rolling resistance between tires and the road can be reduced by a new type of road surface The development work is now continuing on the new coatings 24

Danish super laser is world class The world's largest infrared wavelength is designed in Denmark It is the first soft glass optical fiber ever in Denmark The laser has a great sales rate with annual growth of 30% NKT Photonics +100 new employees

Danish equipment helps childless people around the world Has increased the success rate of pregnancy by 20-25 percent 7% of all fertility treatments in the world now uses the method From 6 to 80 employees in Unisense FertiliTech (now Vitrolife) 26

Handyman – The “Fynske” robot adventure Early F&U-investment opens up for investment in knowledge Universal Robots sold for 1.9 billion DKK in May 2015 Grew during the project from 2 to 30 employees (currently 150)

Drones check the high-voltage grid Image recognition and processing Camera platform streamlines inspection Heliscope - with AU, Business Academy Aarhus and Aalborg University Â˝ million DKK from Innovation Fund Denmark 28

Get rid of dental phobia Combining play and learning Test in three city areas Prototype and end user tests Cope IT and the Alexandra Institute Â˝ million DKK from Innovation Fund Denmark

Cultural Praxis: Mobile Cultural Consultation and Referral Service Tomas Jurcik 1, Lening A. Olivera-Figueroa 2, G. Eric Jarvis 3, Nicolas Fieulaine 4, Anna Sircova 5, Maria Espinola 6, Natalie Odisho 7

1 Concordia

University-Centre for Clinical Research in Health, MontrĂŠal, Canada, 2 Yale University School of Medicine-Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 3 Cultural Consultation Service, McGill University & Jewish General Hospital, MontrĂŠal, Canada, 4 University of Lyon-Department of Applied Social Psychology, Lyon, France, 5 Cross-Cultural Psychology, DIS, Copenhagen, Denmark, 6 University of Cincinnati-Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, United States, 7 Florida State University-School of Communication, Tallahassee, FL, US

OVERVIEW â&#x20AC;˘ The current presentation describes a funding proposal for the development and evaluation of a Mobile Cultural Consultation and Referral Service (MCCRS) in Denmark, a clinical service designed to assist in the capacity building of local mental health clinicians who are treating and assessing refugees and immigrants. â&#x20AC;˘ It is inspired by an existing service in Montreal, Canada, but also represents an extension and adaptation.

OVERVIEW â&#x20AC;˘Unemployed or underemployed migrants and refugees with professional backgrounds (e.g., nursing, social work, psychology, medicine) will be trained as cultural consultants. These consultants will assist local clinicians with: A. Interpretation and translation services B. Diagnostic evaluations (i.e., interpretations of cultural idioms of distress and culturally bound expressions of symptoms) C. Treatment planning for local clinicians in the field.

OVERVIEW â&#x20AC;˘ The service will be mobile, hence allowing for consultants to travel to local clinics and hospitals in need of assistance. â&#x20AC;˘ It will also include a referral service, by offering local clinicians with contact information of clinicians or consultants in the community who have experience assessing and treating refugees and migrants. â&#x20AC;˘ A central aim of the service is thus capacity building in the local clinical community.

OVERVIEW â&#x20AC;˘ The MCCRS will be carefully evaluated, including clinical and cost saving benefits. â&#x20AC;˘ It is anticipated that this service will reduce misdiagnosis, facilitate referral to appropriate treatments, improve the well-being of patients and satisfaction of referring clinicians.

BACKGROUND â&#x20AC;˘A Cultural Consultation Service (CCS) was developed in the year 2000 to remove service barriers for diverse populations seeking psychiatric and general practice care in Montreal â&#x20AC;˘This service uses cultural consultants or culture brokers to assist clinicians in the community in developing informed diagnoses and treatment planning for their linguistically and culturally diverse clients (Jarvis, 2014) â&#x20AC;˘Cultural brokers have specialized knowledge that allows them to make bridges between the culture of origin of the patient or family and the culture of medicine, psychiatry, psychology, and social work

BACKGROUND • The consultants were trained in using the DSM-IV-TR outline for a cultural formulation (APA, 2000), an interview and evaluation guide, which been found to be helpful in facilitating consultants' clinical impressions of their culturally diverse patients (Kirmayer et al., 2008) • The CCS continues to receive referrals, support clinicians in hospitals and community institutions, and train practitioners and students from around the world (Kirmayer et al., 2014). • Similar services exist in other European countries such including UK, France, Sweden, the Netherlands, but not yet in Denmark to the authors’ knowledge

BACKGROUND • The recent refugee crisis has made such a service especially relevant in the European context. • Immigrants need services that can address their needs in a language they can understand. • In addition, a cultural consultation service trains and empowers clinicians to help immigrants adapt to life in a new country, while directing them to available supports that will protect them from depression and marginalization (Kirmayer et et al., 2014)

AIMS • We aim to adapt the CCCS model to the Danish context, by adding a mobile and referral component. • Specifically, we will recruit and train multi-lingual asylum seekers and mental health care professionals to act as cultural consultants at local clinics and hospitals. •They will assist mainstream treatment terms to deliver culturally appropriate treatment to patients from diverse backgrounds. •The CCS will be extended to be mobile and to include a telehealth and referral service.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES •H1: We expect patients to show an improvement in symptoms and adaptive functioning following consultation compared to the pre-consultation phase •H2: We expect patient and clinician satisfaction with the clinical encounter to be greater at post-consultation compared to a similar group of clinicians in the community and patients who underwent treatment as usual •H3: We expect the group of culture brokers to show an increase in mainstream acculturation and sociocultural adaptation from a pre-training phase to 1-year post-training (i.e., after they have worked as consultants) •H4: We expect the cultural consultation service to lead to cost savings when compared to treatment as usual over a one-year time span

METHOD â&#x20AC;˘ See adjacent figure for the procedural overview on how we plan to develop the capacity of the MCCRS, operational requirements, evaluation of the service, and dissemination of findings â&#x20AC;˘ Progress evaluations will be completed by referring clinicians, culture brokers, and patients at pre- and post-consultation stages. â&#x20AC;˘ The service will also be compared to patients that are receiving treatment (TAU) as usual at a similar clinical facility in the region

METHOD •Measures used will be clinician satisfaction measures, patient symptom measures, patient functioning measures, acculturation and adaptation measures (completed by culture brokers and patients), and cost savings compared to the TAU group. • The questionnaires listed below are examples of potential pre- and post self-report measures to evaluate the MCCRS. • This list is not exhaustive or fixed

MEASURES a. Demographic questionnaire (e.g., languages spoken, training, profession in origin country) b. Vancouver Index of Acculturation (VIA; Ryder, Alden, & Paulhus, 2000) Assesses heritage and mainstream acculturation. (Ryder et al., 2000) -Heritage: e.g., I often participate in heritage culture traditions -Mainstream: e.g., I believe in mainstream d. Family Crisis Oriented Personal (F-COPES; McCubbin et al., 1996) Assesses effective ways for families to respond to problems e.g., Asking neighbours for assistance and favours e. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12; Goldberg, 1989) Assesses general psychiatric distress e.g., worry keeps me up at night f. Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SCAS; Ward et al., 1999) Assesses perceived ability to function in new social context g. Clinician and Patient Satisfaction Questionnaires (TBD)

PROCEDURE

REQUIREMENTS • Estimated Budget • A starting budget of approx. 500,000 Euro for 3 years would be needed for office space and supplies, basic training, outreach, salaries for training staff and brokers, coordinator/director, research staff, and communications infrastructure. • We also hope that there will be some pro bono efforts from local and international partners and community members.

REQUIREMENTS • Infrastructure Needs • Office space from where the referral service will operate, along with computers, internet, telehealth platform and a telephone line • A conference room, and multimedia equipment, in which the consultants will be trained based on training guidelines developed at the Montreal CCS.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS â&#x20AC;˘ The Mobile Cultural Consultation and Referral Service (MCCRS) is an innovative service that will adapt and expand on some of the ideas of the Cultural Consultation Service (CCS) in Montreal to Danish realities. Similarities and differences exist between the two services. â&#x20AC;˘ MCCRS shares important goals with the CCS to: A. Assist local clinicians in making culturally informed mental health assessments and treatment planning via the use of trained cultural consultants or brokers. The DSM-5 Cultural Formulation will be used to guide assessments B. Educate local clinicians and build capacity C. A built in evaluation and follow-up service

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS • The main difference is that the MCCRS will include: A. An outreach service – that is, consultants will go directly to the clinical site in need of the service (i.e., it is “mobile”) B. A “referral” service of culturally knowledgeable clinicians and telehealth service for less accessible regions (i.e., referral will be facilitated following capacity building) C. It will be reflexive and adapt itself to Danish realities and the local multicultural context D. It will focus on hiring educated yet unemployed or underemployed refugees and migrants to help staff the service

CLINICAL & SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS • The MCCRS utilizes a tailored rather than “one size fits all” approach to assessment, intervention and tertiary prevention. • Overall, local clinicians will enhance their cultural competence, while cultural brokers will obtain a salary and transferable skills, facilitating their cultural integration and making them more marketable in other settings (e.g., as technical interpreters). • Similarly, the overall healthcare system, which has experienced a burden in recent years due to the influx of migrants seeking services, will be partly relieved through the MCCRS.

CONSIDERATIONS, LIMITATIONS & FUTURE DIRECTIONS â&#x20AC;˘ The MCCRS for healthcare settings aims to recruit and train multilingual asylum seekers, medical and mental health care professionals with migration backgrounds to act as cultural consultants at local clinics and hospitals, assisting in the assigning of correct diagnoses or treatment planning when encountering cultural and linguistic barriers. â&#x20AC;˘ This practice requires adherence to policy and guidelines for the safety of all parties involved.

CONSIDERATIONS, LIMITATIONS & FUTURE DIRECTIONS • Initial phases of the project be costly and laborious. • However, we expect the resources invested by funding sources will decrease costs in the long run, facilitate the work of clinicians, and the well being of their patients. • Refugee cultural consultants will be empowered and develop transferable skills. • Different roles and positions may be added after the initial adoption of the infrastructure in Northern Denmark.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS • How can we better determine the demand for the MCCRS? • How can we involve community stakeholders and funding agencies in Denmark? • How might we adapt our model to the Danish context? *Any feedback to make this project more tenable would be much appreciated

SELECTED REFERENCES • Jarvis, G. E. (2014). Cultural Consultation in General Hospital Psychiatry. In Cultural Consultation (pp. 291-311). Springer New York. • Kirmayer, L. J., Rousseau, C., Jarvis, G. E., & Guzder, J. (2003). The cultural context of clinical assessment. Psychiatry, 2nd. Ed. Chichester, UK: John Wiley. • Kirmayer, L. J., Jarvis, G. E., & Guzder, J. (2014). The process of cultural consultation. In Cultural Consultation (pp. 47-69). Springer New York. • Kirmayer, L. J., Thombs, B. D., Jurcik, T., Jarvis, G. E., & Guzder, J. (2008). Use of an expanded version of the • DSM-IV outline for cultural formulation on a cultural consultation. service. Psychiatric Services, 59(6), 683-686.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS â&#x20AC;¢ The authors gratefully acknowledge the International Network of Time Perspective, and the City of Copenhagen, and Liza Solopieieva for her feedback.

CONTACT • Dr. Tomas Jurcik (t_jurcik@live.concordia.ca) • Dr. Lening Olivera (lening.oliveira@gmail.com) • Dr. Anna Sircova (anna.sircova@gmail.com)

Measuring Future Time Perspective: Developing a new scale Edina Dombi1, Gรกbor Orosz2,3 1University

of Szeged, Department of Applied Pedagogy and Psychology, Hungary 2Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungary, Budapest 3Eรถtvรถs Lรณrรกnd University, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Hungary, Budapest

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Research team

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

What we have done so far… • The Factor structure of the short Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Orosz, Dombi, Tóth-Király & Roland-Lévy, 2015)

• Academic Cheating and Time Perspective (Orosz, Dombi, Jagodics & Zimbardo, 2016)

• Balanced Time Perspective and Ego-resiliency (Orosz, Dombi, Farkas & Zimbardo, 2015)

• Putting the Self in the Future (Dombi et al., 2016) • Our future: Time Perspective intervention programme/training 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Outline Study 1: Future Time Perspective Scale

Study 2: Developing a new scale â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SFS Study 3: Relationship between ZTPI future dimension and SFS factors

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

The aim of the study • To create a short and valid questionnaire: measure the most important facets of Future Time Perspective • To examine the relationship between the factors of SFS and the Future factor of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999)

• To explore aspects of the future time perspective and broaden this concept 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Future orientation â&#x20AC;˘ Future time perspective (FTP) refers to the perception of forthcoming time (Husman & Shell, 2008) Four main dimensions: 1. Valence: can be interpreted as delay discounting 2. Connectedness refers to the ability to make connections between present and future goals 3. Extension: how far ahead people project their thoughts 4. Perceived speed: how time passes (Holt, Greet, & Myerson, 2003; Simpson & Vuchinich, 2000)

(Husman & Shell, 2008)

(Daltrey & Langer, 1984)

(Husman & Shell, 2008)

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

FTP Scale • 27-item, four subscales, 3-12 items per factor • Valence e.g. “In general, six months seems like a very short period of time.” • Connectedness e.g. “It is important to have goals for where one wants to be in five or ten years.” • Extension/Value e.g. “What happens in the long run is more important than how one feels right now.” • Speed e.g. “I always seem to be doing things at the last moment.” 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Study 1 • We intended to assess the psychometric properties of the Future Time Perspective scale created by Husman and Shell (2008) • N = 605 (51.2% female) aged between 18 and 60 years (M = 38.99 years, SD = 12.505) • We conducted CFA following the guidelines of Brown (2015) 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Results of Study 1 • The original structure of the Future Time Perspective Scale did not have appropriate model fit (χ (N = 605) = 1328.89, χ /df = 4.179, 2

CFI = .780, TLI = .757, RMSEA = .076 [90% CI =.072-.081])

• The Hungarian version of FTP does not have as good factor structure as previously demonstrated by Husman and Shell (2008) 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

The factor structure of FTP

Study 2 • We intended to create a multidimensional measure – Self in the Future Scale – which grasps the involvement of the present self in the future • Has both positive and negative aspects: not only by anticipating goals or achievement but future can be seen uncertain without targeting goals • New aspects: self-efficacy, perceived control, time management 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Dimensions of SFS 1. Positive future time perspective: oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s positive attitudes towards the future

2. Control of the future: perceived impact of the self on future events

3. Time management: the magnitude of one consciously organizes future events and plans ahead

4. Lack of self-efficacy refers to those beliefs that the self is not capable influencing the future events

5. Uncertainty about the future: everything can change at any moment, suddenly and forever 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Item construction • • • • •

associations for the word “future” grouped into five categories created theory-based items focus group: 6 items per categories were created five triplets of the students were asked to generate six items for each dimension • authors wrote items then these items were reviewed: to select the best 3 items for the factors • authors chose on the basis of the Q sorting results 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis • 242 participants (74.4 % female) between the age of 14 and 58 (Mage = 26.22; SDage = 8.60) • Fit indices indicated good fit for both the first-order [χ (80, N = 242) = 124.88, p < .001; CFI = .974; TLI = .966; RMSEA = .048 (90% CI .031-.064); AIC = 234.88; BCC = 242.70] and the hierarchical model [χ (85, N = 242) = 134.86, p < .001; CFI = 2

.971; TLI = .964; RMSEA = .049 (90% CI .033-.065); AIC = 234.86; BCC = 241.97].

Both solutions confirm the proposed structure of this scale 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Descriptive statistics of the scale The scale appears to be reliable in terms of internal consistency. Scales

14.98

4.07

-.54

.04

.89 —

2. Control of the Future

15.95

3.56

-.86

.56

.73 .38**

—

3. Uncertainty about the Future

10.53

4.63

.40

-.43

.86 .18**

.13*

4. Time management

11.90

5.04

-.02

-1.04 .81 -.59**

5. Lack of SelfEfficacy

16.02

3.85

-.84

.34

6. Self in the Future

69.38

9.88

-.46

-.07

1. Positive Future

Skew Kurt

—

-.34** -.09

—

.73 .62**

.42**

.26**

-.57**

—

.59**

-.16*

.69**

.67**

.61**

Notes. *p < .05; **p < .01; M = mean scores; SD = standard deviation; Skew. = skewness; Kurt. = kurtosis; α = Cronbach’s alpha

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Factor structure of the Self in the Future Scale

â&#x20AC;˘ The hierarchical model appears to be more adequate: it shows that the factors belong to a general Future Time Perspective factor â&#x20AC;˘ This new scale has better factor structure than the FTP scale of Husman and Shell (2008)

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Study 3 • How the most widely used time perspective scale (ZTPI) is related to these new factors of future time perspective measure? • To assess the convergent validity of the Self in the Future Scale by correlating it with the ZTPI (Boyd & Zimbardo, 1999) • The same sample was used as in Study 2. and we used the ZTPI Hungarian shortened version (Orosz, Dombi, Tóth-Király, & Roland-Lévy, 2015) 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Correlations between the dimensions of the ZTPI and the SFS subscales Scales

1. Positive Future

—

2. Control of the Future 3. Certainty about the Future

.38**

—

-.59**

-.34**

—

.18**

.13*

-.09

—

.62**

.42**

-.57**

.26**

—

.24**

.20**

-.23**

.69**

.35**

—

7. ZTPI Present Fatalistic

-.44**

-.48**

.48**

-.33**

-.54**

-.51**

—

8. ZTPI Present Hedonistic

.07

.06

.17**

-.23**

.03

-.42**

.35**

—

-.46**

-.29**

.47**

-.16*

-.49**

-.23**

.49**

.17**

—

.27**

.17**

-.22**

.08

.22**

.11

-.12

.14*

-.41**

4. Time management 5. Lack of SelfEfficacy 6. ZTPI Future

9. ZTPI Past Negative 10. ZTPI Past Positive Notes: ** p < .01; * p < .05

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Relationships between the Future dimension of the ZTPI and the SFS subscales

Future dimension of the ZTPI

.72

.50

Î˛

-.01

.01

-.03

-.52

.01

.04

.70

-.02

.01

-.12

-1.95

4. Time management

.08

.01

.65***

13.68

5. Lack of Self-Efficacy

.02

.01

.12

1.80

1. Positive Future 2. Control of the Future 3. Certainty about the Future

Notes: *** = p < .001

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Results of the regression analysis • Gender differences in the case of the Time Management factor t(240) = 4.13, p < .001 (M = 9.69, SD male

male

5.03; Mfemale = 12.66, SDfemale = 4.83)

• Age was positively but weakly related to Time Management r(240) = .18, p < .01; Lack of Self-efficacy r(240) = .16, p < .05; and Certainty of the Future r(240) = -.13, p < .05.

• The total explained variance was 50.2% • The strongest and only significant predictor was the Time management factor (β = .65, p < .001), the other SFS dimensions were not related to the Future dimension of the ZTPI 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

General discussion • Our first goal was the examination of the most promising measure, the Future Time Perspective Scale of Husman and Shell (2008) • The results were discouraging and served as a reason to create a new short scale – SFS • ZTPI does not grasp completely how individuals conceptualize future and alternative dimensions can also be separated (ZTPI is related only to Time management but unrelated to the other four dimensions) 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Future plans, limitations • How the SFS factors are related to different personality dimensions and individual differences • Longitudinal studies grasping temporal stability of the scale are needed • Convergent and divergent validity of this scale can also be topics of future research • Age differences can also matter, our sample included basically young respondents 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

References •

• •

• • • •

•

• •

Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22(5), 453-474. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(86)900454 Bandura, A. (1978). Reflections on self-efficacy. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 1(4), 237-269. Boniwell, I. (2005). Beyond time management: How the latest research on time perspective and perceived time use can assist clients with time-related concerns. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 3(2), 61-74. Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (second edition). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Carelli, M. G., Wiberg, B., & Wiberg, M. (2011). Development and construct validation of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 220-227. doi: 10.1027/10155759/a000076. Daltrey, M. H., & Langer, P. (1984). Development and evaluation of a measure of future time perspective. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58(3), 719-725. doi: 10.2466/pms.1984.58.3.719 De Volder, M. K., Lens, W. (1982). Academic achievement and future time perspective as a cognitive–motivational concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(3), 566-571. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.42.3.566 Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications Holt, D. D., Green, L., & Myerson, J. (2003). Is discounting impulsive?: Evidence from temporal and probability discounting in gambling and non-gambling college students. Behavioural Processes, 64(3), 355-367. doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(03)00141-4 Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118 Husman, J., & Shell, D. F. (2008). Beliefs and perceptions about the future: A measurement of future time perspective. Learning and Individual Differences, 18(2), 166-175. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.08.001 Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

•

• •

•

• • •

Macan, T. H., Shahani, C., Dipboye, R. L., & Phillips, A. P. (1990). College students' time management: Correlations with academic performance and stress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(4), 760-768. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.760 Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2d ed.). McGraw-Hill series in psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Orosz, G., Dombi, E., Tóth-Király, I., & Roland-Lévy, C. (2015). The Less is More: The 17Item Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Current Psychology, 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s12144015-9382-2 Prenda, K. M., & Lachman, M. E. (2001). Planning for the future: a life management strategy for increasing control and life satisfaction in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 16(2), 206216. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.16.2.206 Rappaport, H., Enrich, K., & Wilson, A. (1985). Relation between ego identity and temporal perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(6), 1609-1620. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.48.6.1609 Simons, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., and Lacante, M. (2004). Placing motivation and future time perspective theory in a temporal perspective. Educational Psychology Review. (16)2, 121-139. doi: 1040-726X/04/0600-0121/0 Simpson, C. A., & Vuchinich, R. E. (2000). Reliability of a measure of temporal discounting. The Psychological Record, 50(1), 3-16. Trommsdorff, G. (1994). Future time perspective and control orientation: Social conditions and consequences. Germany: Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz. Zimbardo, P. G., Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: a valid, reliable individualdifferences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271–1288. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_2

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Thank you for your attention!

edinadombi@yahoo.com

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Aug 15-19, 2016; Copenhagen, Denmark

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory for Children (ZTPIâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;C): proposition of a measure for children Umbelina do Rego Leite

- This study shows a construction and validation of an instrument meant to measure childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s time perspective: the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory for children, ZTPI-C.

Introduction

- Little is known about how and when children develop their concepts of time perspective. - One of the reasons for the lack of studies might be the absence of a reliable measure. - It was not found any scale for use with children (7 to 12 years old). - Without appropriate methodologies, this reflects the lack of studies on the PT in children. Introduction

- Gomes and Leite (2013 ) and Leite and Gomes (2014) initiated the adaptation of ZTPI for children. - With the application of the adult ZTPI individually, the researchers performed the reading of the questionnaire slowly, clarifying the words that the child did not know, and writing down their comments. - Conclued that the ZTPI - self administered - is suitable for the use of children over seven years old,

Introduction

- In the study the authors found a relationship between parents and childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s PT. - Children were more focused on the present, while their parents, especially the father was very much geared to the future. - These results bring light to the understanding of PT in children and the development of an appropriate methodology. (Gomes & Leite, 2013) Introduction

-Improve Leite and Gomes (2014) adaptation of ZTPI for Children, from the adult version. - Check the factorial structure and psycometrics quality of the items.

Objetive

Four successive steps: 1) Judge analysis for the adaptation of the original items for adult ZPTIÍž 2) Semantic analysis 3) Pilot studyÍž 4) Validation study.

Method

A version ZTPI version initiate by Leite and Gomes (2014), plus original of ZTPI and items of negative future subscale Carelli, Wiberg and Wiberg (2011) Experts were psychologists, pedagogues, teachers and working with children and child development experience It was synthesized a ZPTI-C version from experts evaluating and suggestions of the semantic, idiomatic, conceptual, linguistic and contextual differences from the adult version.

Judge analysis

We used the ZTPI-C items distributed in playing cards. - Children aged 7-13 years, of both sexes, raffle the cards, which should read , explain the item and give an example. - The final version ZTPI -C for self application was answered by 45 children, in order to observe the appropriate format, the instructions and the application time. As also noted consistency in performing the task, since the version for validating was long. Semantic analysis / Pilot Study

- 693 children (51,5% girls) participated, aged 7 to 12 years (M = 10.4, SD = 1.2), from public (58,7%) and private (41,3%) schools in Rio Verde GO. - Exploratory factor analysis was performed using the principal components (PC) with the three dimensions separately.

Validation Study

Method

Past Negative

(8 items, Îą=0,66)

I think of the bad things that happened to me in the past. I always remember the bad things that happened to me. I think I have suffered a lot when I was younger and could not bear to suffer more. It is difficult for me to forget unpleasant things that happened to me. I did things when I was younger that, if I could go back in time, I would not do again. Many bad things have already happened to me, so I prefer not to think about my past. Even when I'm enjoying the present, I remember similar situations in the past. I think about the good things that I didnÂ´t do.

Results

Past Positive

(8 items, Îą=0,63)

,75

I like to remember when I was younger.

,73

,63

I miss the time when I was younger

,73

,60

I like the traditions that happen in my family.

,58

2- Images, sounds, and smells of when I was ,54 younger bring me many wonderful memories. I like stories that make me imagine how things were ,53 a long time ago Good memories of things in the past easily pop into ,52 my mind. In general, there are much more good things than ,32 bad ones in my past. Life today is too complicated; I would prefer the ,31 simpler life of the past.

,50 ,48 ,39 ,30

,55

Present fatalistic (PF) 15 items, Îą=0,77 I do not think on the consequences before doing things. I get emotional about things that happen to me In my day I do whatever comes up, without trying to plan it. I do things without thinking. Often luck works better than hard work I am discouraged to do my activities when I have to think of goals. If things don't get done on time, I don't worry about it My decisions are mostly influenced by people and things around me

Results

,63 Things rarely happen as I hope it will

,43

,54 Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s more important to me to enjoy life than to think about the future ,49 Things in my life are controlled by forces I cannot change. ,48 Spending what I earn on pleasures today is better than saving for tomorrow. ,46 35-NĂŁo gosto de planejar o futuro porque as coisas podem mudar. ,45 There is no point in thinking about tomorrow if I cannot do much to change it. ,44 It's more important to enjoy what I am doing than to get work done on time ,44

,43

,43 ,42 ,40 ,40 ,35

Present hedonist (PH) 11 itens, Îą=0,65 I try to live my life as fully as possible, one day at a time

,64

I like my friends to be very close.

,48

I do not see time go by when I'm listening to my favorite music.

,46

I like adventures, new things, and getting out of the routine.

,46

If I could, I would live each day as if it were my last one.

,46

I often follow my heart more than my head

,41

You canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t count on luck, it is best to deserve things.

,41

I take risks so to put excitement in my life.

,40

I think fate guides many things in my life.

,30

I think many things in life happen for a reason.

,30

No matter what I do, what has to happen will happen.

,30

Results

Future positive (FP) 10 items, Îą=0,61 I will always have time to do my chores on time. I keep doing difficult and boring things if I know they will be good for me in the future. I complete my tasks on time. I make lists of things I have to do I do my duties with friends, parents and teachers on time. I have an idea of what I will do after vacation. I think it's cool to think about what Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m going to do the day before. I resist the fun when I know I have chores to do. In my personal life I have plans for several years. The tasks for the next day and other important work must come before tonight's play When I want to attain something, I think of how to do it and try to do each part.

Results

,69 ,61 ,57 ,50 ,47 ,46 ,45 ,44 ,39 ,38 ,30

Future Negative FN, 11 items, Îą=0,74 I feel smothered when Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m pressured for not finishing the tasks on time.

,56

I often think that I do not have time for everything I wanted to do in one day.

,53

I often feel that I will not be able to fulfill my duties with friends, parents and teachers. I am discouraged to do my activities when I have to think of goals.

,51

When I have to make a quick decision, I worry if I made the wrong one.

,45

I usually donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know how I will be able to do the things I want to do in the future.

,45

At night I think on the challenges and on how tomorrow will be.

,42

I get upset when I'm late for appointments.

,41

Before making a decision I consider what the good or bad things that can happen are. There are many boring decisions in the future that I do not want to think about.

,39

Results

,51

,34

4.5 4

3.9

3.86

3.67

3.5

3.21

3.14

3.13

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

Present Hedonistic Past Negative

Past Positive Future Negative

Figure 1: Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s PT profile

Future Positive Present Fatalistic

- No difference in sex was found. - Difference was found between the type of school if private or public in the factors PF and FN, and children of public schools had higher scores in both. - Correlations were found between age and PP, FP and PH

Metological issues

- ZPTI C showed good psychometric properties. - ZTPI-C is a promise on clinical and others use as observed by the author during the data collection

Conclusion

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

MEASUREMENT OF TIME PERSPECTIVE (TP) AND LANGUAGE: WHY LANGUAGE MATTERS IN MOROCCO AS A CASE OF MULTI-LINGUAL SOCIETY

Alexander Unger University of Appl. Sciences Ludwigshafen, Germany

Karim Gassemi Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion, Casablanca , Morocco

Julie Papastamatelou University of Appl. Sciences Ludwigshafen, Germany

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Outline • Introduction • Hypotheses • Methods • Results • Summary / Conclusion

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Introduction I • Morocco is a multi-lingual society • The population speaks • Moroccan Arabic (Daija) • Standard Arabic • Berber Dialects of Tamazight and • French

• This fact could cause some methodological problems • Differences in the language of the questionnaire could activate different cognitions and frames of references

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Introduction II • We have examined the effects of language on the

measurement of Time Perspectives in Morocco • Three alternative explanatory mechanisms were considered: • The activation of different contents by the use of different

languages (priming) • Fluency vs. interrupting effects of foreign languages (fluency) • The facilitating self-control effects resulting from the use of a foreign language (construal level)

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Introduction III • Priming by language • The use of the mother-language might facilitate memories of the

past, resulting in enhanced Past Negative and Past Positive orientations

• Procedural fluency • A more fluent spoken language could lead to a higher

acquiescence tendency • A less familiar second-language could result in lower acquiescence tendency • First lowered fluency (in the case of Standard Arabic) could result in lower scores on all five Time Perspectives

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Introduction IV • Higher Construal Level in case of a Standard Arabic

questionnaire • The use of a Standard Arabic questionnaire could induce a higher

Construal Level and thus change responses regarding Time Perspectives • The effects might be more enhanced for those participants using French more frequently in their everyday-life • The connection to the Past and the Future could be associated to a higher construal-level • The connection to the Present dimensions (Present Fatalistic and Present Hedonistic) could be associated to a lower construal-level

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Introduction V â&#x20AC;˘ The construal-assumption is also related to higher self-

control due to the use of a second-language â&#x20AC;˘ Feelings of high self-control could lead to higher scores on the

Future dimension and lower scores on the Present Hedonistic and Present Fatalistic dimensions

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Hypotheses • H1:

• H2:

• H3:

• H4:

The scores on the Present Hedonistic dimension will be lower in the Arabic questionnaire due to the activation of traditional values Those participants who deal with French in everyday-life, will show a differing accentuation on the five time perspectives compared to those who don´t A questionnaire in a person’s mother language will result in higher scores on the Past Negative and Past Positive dimensions due to the activation of cognitions related to childhood A French questionnaire may activate a higher score on the Future as well as on the Present Hedonistic dimension

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Method I: Measures • Measurement used in the current study: • The French validated version of the ZTPI Apostolidis & Fieulaine, 2004) and • The Arabic validated version of the ZTPI (Djarallah &, Seghir Chorfi, 2009)

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Method II: Participants â&#x20AC;˘ Sample: A total sample of 133 (female and male)

students of the ENSG (Ecole Nationale de de Gestion) located at Casablanca

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Results I ANOVA • H1: The scores on the Present Hedonistic dimension will

be lower in the Arabic questionnaire • The overall score on the Present Hedonistic dimension was higher in

the French language-version compared to the Standard-Arabic language-version • The main effect was predicted by all three alternative models (content-

priming, effects of construal-level on self-control; fluency-disinhibition hypothesis) • Neither the factor French-predominance nor the interaction languageversion x French-predominance reached significance

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Results II ANOVA • H2: Those participants who deal with French in everyday-

life, will show a differing accentuation on the five time perspectives compared to those who don´t • Participants with a high French-predominance in every-day-life had

a lower score on the Present Fatalistic perspective compared to those with a low French-predominance • When the ZTPI was filled out in Standard-Arabic, higher Present Fatalistic values were reported • The higher values in the Standard-Arabic condition could be explained by content-priming and facilitation-inhibition

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Results III ANOVA • H3: A questionnaire in a person’s mother language will

result in higher scores on the Past Negative and Past Positive dimensions • The participants who filled out the French language-version

showed significant higher values on the Past Negative dimension • Those with a low French-predominance in every-day-life showed higher values on the Past Negative dimension • The interaction of language-version x French-predominance reached no significance • The main effects of the language-version can only be explained by the facilitation-inhibition hypothesis

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Results IV ANOVA • The French language-version showed significant higher values on

the Past Positive dimension • Neither the main effect of French-predominance nor the interaction reached significance • This is in line with the fluency-inhibiting approach

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Results V ANOVA • H4: A French questionnaire may activate a higher scoring

on the Future perspective • No significant main effects were observed • The interaction language-version x French-predominance reached

significance • Within the group of high French-predominance the French language- version showed higher values, compared to the Standard Arabic version • Within the group of low French-predominance the opposite pattern was observed

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

Summary of main findings / Conclusion â&#x20AC;˘ The study has shown that the use of different language of

the ZTPI can result in score differences on the five time perspectives â&#x20AC;˘ If the variations in two language versions cannot be understood as a measurement error, we have to consider that there could exist a situational variation of time perspectives

Alexander Unger, Karim Gassemi, & Julie Papastamatelou

MANY THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

The role of Time Perspectives for the Greek Referendum Results 2015:

The â&#x20AC;&#x153;Noâ&#x20AC;? was driven by fearful thinking about future not by low future orientation

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

Outline • • • • •

Introduction Hypotheses Methods Results Summary / Conclusion

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

Introduction I • The future dimension of the ZTPI seems to be biased in favour of a positive future orientation • Studies have paid far less attention to the construct of “negative Future” (NF) and its effects on individuals and their actions (Carelli et al., 2014: 88) • With respect to the Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC), findings show that • individuals with a high score on the CFC scale are able and willing to make sacrifices regarding immediate benefits in order to profit from long term consequences (Robbins & Burleson, 2015: 1)

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

Introduction II • Because of the unclear question of the referendum and since the Greek and international media translated the “No” vote into a vote against the Eurozone, people who favoured “No” were taking a risk • The current study investigates how • Time perspectives (TP) of individuals, • the Negative Future orientation and • the Consideration of Future Consequences are related to decision making in the Greek referendum

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

Hypotheses • H1: People who voted “No” will score higher on the Present Hedonistic and Present Fatalistic dimensions of the ZTPI • H2: People in favor of „No“ will score higher on the Negative Future Scale • H3: People who voted “No” will score lower on the Future orientation and lower on the Consideration of Future Consequences scale • H4: There exists a relationship between unemployment and Negative Future

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

Method I: Measures • The participants completed:

• a validated Greek translation (Anagnostopoulos & Griva, 2012) of the ZTPI (Zimbardo & Boyd 1999), • a Greek translation of the FN and the CFC scales

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

Method II: Participants • General population in Athens (n= 138) on the day of the referendum and on the day following the referendum • The data was collected randomly by a co-worker outside the voting centres in central Athenian districts • Gender ratio: 76 of the respondents were female and 62 were male • Mean age: Mage = 33.82 years; SD = 11.14 years

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

Results I: Independent samples T-tests • H1: People who voted “No” will score higher on the Present Hedonistic and Present Fatalistic dimensions of the ZTPI

• A difference between the two groups considered as significant was identified in case of PH (t(126) = 2.63, p = .010) and PF (t(126) = 2.21, p= .029) • Present Hedonistic and Present Fatalistic oriented people opted more often for “No”

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

Results II: Independent samples T-tests H2: People in favor of „No“ will score higher on the Negative Future orientation

• A difference between the two groups considered as significant was identified in case of NF orientation (t(126) = 3.56, p = .001). • Negative Future oriented people opted more often for “No”

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

Results III: Independent samples T-tests H3: People who voted “No” will score lower on F and lower on CFC

• The results showed no significant difference between the two groups in case of Future orientation (t(126) = 1.00, p = .317) and CFC (t(126) = 0.90, p = .366)

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

Results IV: Independent samples T-tests H4: There exists a relationship between employment and NF

â&#x20AC;˘ The two groups differed regarding the NF orientation (t(136) = 2.05, p = .042). Negative Future oriented people were more often unemployed

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

Results V: Overview of the results: Table 1. Differences in TP, NF and CFC between “No” and “Yes” voters Decision on the Referendum

No (n=88)

Time perspective

Yes (n=40)

t(126)

Present hedonistic

3.40

0.69

3.03

0.78

2.63

.010

Present fatalistic

2.74

0.70

2.45

0.63

2.21

.029

Future

3.58

0.61

3.70

0.61

1.00

.317

Negative future

3.17

0.50

2.81

0.60

3.56

.001

Consideration of future consequences

2.53

0.65

2.41

0.70

0.90

.366

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

Results IV: Independent samples T-tests Table 3. Differences in TP, NF and CFC between employed and unemployed persons

Employment No (n=43) Time perspective

Yes (n=95)

t(136)

Present hedonistic

3.33

0.62

3.25

0.76

0.60

.543

Present fatalistic

2.67

0.65

2.64

0.70

0.21

.829

Future

3.57

0.55

3.67

0.63

Negative future

3.21

0.56

3.00

0.54

Consideration of future consequences

2.44

0.70

2.53

0.65

-0.91 2.05

- 0.76

.360 .042

.444

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

Summary of main findings  The findings suggest that Present and Negative Future oriented people were mostly in favour of a “No”  The relationship between Negative Future and “No”vote was the most significant  Negative Future oriented people were more often unemployed

Julie Papastamatelou & Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen

MANY THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION