3 ICTP - Day 4 Presentations by International Time Perspective Network

Celebrating Time Day 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Thursday August 18, 2016

Celebrating Time Death and Time Attitudes: Benign and Adverse

TIME PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICAL STUDENTS: PAST POSITIVE AS A DEFENSE FROM CLOSENESS TO DEATH Ksenia Chistopolskaya, Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Russia

Ilya Mechnikov (1845 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1916) The awareness of inevitability of death, of which the animals are deprived and which often makes people unhappy, is a reparable wrong and precisely because of science. It is more than possible that it will teach us to live according to the principles of ortobiosis and will lead life to the moment of breaking of the instinct of natural death, when there will be no fear of inevitability of the end.

Erast Salischev (1851 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1901) ...one cannot trust doctors who studied anatomy only by textbooks... These are not doctors. These are liars or superhumans. A normal medic is a person, who passed a mortuary. Who worked there independently and fearlessly. The most important is independently.

Hypothesis 1 ď&#x201A;¨

ď&#x201A;¨

So these are the doctors themselves, who should be the first people to look death fearlessly into the eyes. Still, there is a hypothesis that medics suffer from close and frequent encounters with death and show lowered well-being, as it is in human nature to fear death.

Samples   

Medical students (N = 205) Social sciences students (N = 156) Engineering students (N = 283)

Instruments     

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory Experience in Close Relationships Revised Hardiness Survey Death Attitudes Profile Revised Fear of Personal Death Scale

ANOVA post hoc analysis (GamesHowell) 



The healthiest attitude was found in engineering students: they feared death less and had high scores on Hardiness and Future time perspective. Students of social sciences showed the dismissal of the fear of death: they had the highest Present Hedonistic, the lowest Future, Death Avoidance and Fear of Consequences for Aspirations. Medical students had low scores on Hardiness and heightened scores of Anxious and Avoidant Attachment as well as high Past Negative and Present Fatalistic, Fear of Death and Fear of Being Forgotten, which in other studies proved to be the most adverse of the death attitudes.

Hypothesis 2 ď&#x201A;¨

ď&#x201A;¨

But there was no difference between medical and engineering students in Past Positive time perspective. Probably in medics it plays the role of defense from adverse death attitudes?

Past Positive in Medical vs. Engineering Students: A Correlation Analysis Engineers PP

Medics PP

Approach Acceptance of Death

.21**

Death Avoidance

.42***

Fear of Death

.27***

Escape Acceptance of Death

-.15*

-.26***

Consequences for Personality

.14*

For Body

.21**

For Aspirations

.2*

Transcendental Conseq.

.26***

For Family and Friends

.24**

.29***

Results: 



The most benign attitudes toward life and death was found in engineering students. It may be explained by the fact that engineering students don’t deal with death in their professional setting, but work with inanimate materials and high abstractions, which repress their death concerns, make them seem far and insignificant. Social sciences students were most careless, though fatalistic: they appear aware of death, but willfully neglectful, maybe even defiant, living in the moment. Medical students showed lowest psychological well-being, but with an aggravated importance of a particular defense mechanism – nostalgia: their high score on Past Positive is tightly connected with death attitudes and fears, it counterbalances, assuages them, holds them on the side of life values.

Discussion 



Death is an undeniable evil, especially for doctors, who fight it daily, so they need to fear it. Still, strong fears of death may become a problem when handling a dangerously ill or dying patient. But medics don’t need to endure ill-being in order to help others effectively. It is important to be aware of suffering, but still be able to step back from it and let oneself be open and secure with other people. This study speaks for the necessity to include the thanatology course into the medical students’ curriculum. Medics have to be aware of their fears and triggers of those fears and know how to alleviate them, for example by measuring up to heroes – great medics of the past as positive examples of people, who overcome death by their craft.

Accepting Death by Connecting with Nature through Engagement with its Beauty

Dogma-Based strategies • Religious beliefs: There is a heaven; There is reincarnation • ‚Death does not concern us, because as long as we exist, death is not here. And when it does come, we no longer exist‘ (Epicurus)

Dogma-free strategy • Open to everyone, independent of individual beliefsystem • Not related to worldview defense and unhealthy social and environmental behavior • Based on consicous awareness of mortality

Death and mortality related thoughts Unconscious

Conscious, striving for suppressing them

Conscious

Death and mortality related thoughts Unconscious (TMT, distal defense) Conscious, striving for suppressing them (TMT, proximal defense) Conscious (PTG, death reflection,(NDE))

Unconscious Coping with Death-related Content â&#x20AC;˘ Mortality Salience (distal defense: aimed at maintaining selfesteem) (e.g., Greenberg et al., 1994, Pyszczynski, Solomon, & Greenberg, 2015) - Mortality related cognition is highly

accessible but outside of focal attention

=> increased worldview defense => increased inter-group hostility => heightened willingness to deplete natural cultural rewards

resources for

Death and mortality related thoughts Unconscious (TMT, distal defense) Conscious, striving for suppressing them (TMT, proximal defense) Conscious (PTG, death reflection,(NDE))

Consequences

Death and mortality related thoughts

Consequences

Unconscious (TMT, distal defense)

unhealthy (social, environmental), â&#x20AC;&#x161;I will not dieâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

Conscious, striving for suppressing them (TMT, proximal defense) Conscious (PTG, death reflection,(NDE))

Conscious coping with Death Awarenes (while aiming at suppression) • Mortality Salience (proximal defense: aimed at reducing the conscious impact of MS) (e.g., Pyszczynski, Greenberg & Solomon, 2000; Routledge, Arndt, Goldenberg, 2004)

– Mortality related cognition is present within focal attention, yet participants try to push death far away into the future ⇒Heightened intention to engage in health-oriented behaviors (Arndt, Schimel, Goldenberg, 2003; Routledge, Arndt, Goldenberg, 2004)

Death and mortality related thoughts

Consequences

Unconscious (TMT, distal defense)

unhealthy (social, environmental), â&#x20AC;&#x161;I will not dieâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

Conscious, striving for suppressing them (TMT, proximal defense) Conscious (PTG, death reflection,(NDE))

Death and mortality related thoughts

Consequences

Unconscious (TMT, distal defense)

unhealthy (social, environmental), ‚I will not die‘

conscious, striving for suppressing them (TMT, proximal defense)

not unhealthy, ‚I will die, but I don‘t want to think about it, so I do something to live longer‘

Conscious (PTG, death reflection,(NDE))

Conscious Mortality Awareness • Post Traumatic Growth (e.g., Tedeschi, Park, & Calhoun, 1998; Calhoun, Tedeschi, 2014)

Experiencing the finiteness and/or vulnerability of life ⇒ intensified appreciation of life ⇒ intensified meaningful relationships ⇒ realizations of own strengths ⇒ discovering new possibilities in life ⇒ intensified spiritual consciousness

Conscious Mortality Awareness • Death Reflection (e.g., Cozzolino, Staples, Meyers, Samboceti, 2004; Blackie, Cozzolino, Sedikides, 2016; Blackie & Cozzolino, 2011)

Experimentally induced in-depth reflection on death, life led up to that point and feelings about one’s family's reaction to own death ⇒ Shift from extrinsically (fame, money, status) to intrinsically (self-knowledge, intimacy, connectedness) motivated behavior ⇒ Reduced avarice and selfish behavior ⇒ heightened identity integration (integrating divergent identities into a coherent self-concept and seeing self-oriented and other-oriented interests as equally important)

Conscious Mortality Awareness ď&#x201A;§ Near Death Experiences (Mauro, 1992; Ring, 1984, Holden at al., 2009) Real-life encounter with own death often combined with the subjective impression that there is some kind of afterlife => increased appreciation of life => increased empathy => increased environmental concern => heightened sense of purpose and self-knowledge

Death and mortality related thoughts

Consequences

Unconscious (TMT, distal defense)

unhealthy (social, environmental), ‚I will not die‘

conscious, striving for suppressing them (TMT, proximal defense)

not unhealthy, ‚I will die, but I don‘t want to think about it, so I do something to live longer‘

Conscious (PTG, death reflection,(NDE))

Death and mortality related thoughts

Consequences

Unconscious (TMT, distal defense)

unhealthy (social, environmental), ‚I will not die‘

conscious, striving for suppressing them (TMT, proximal defense)

not unhealthy, ‚I will die, but I don‘t want to think about it, so I do something to live longer‘

Conscious (PTG, death reflection,(NDE))

Healthy (individually, socially, environmentally), ‘I know I will die so I focus on what’s really relevant’

We suggest that conscious death awareness is good for three reasons: • Acknowledging own mortality is a necessary condition for an authentic life which is not based on avoidance coping with reality • Acknowledging own mortality reduces the need for applying socially and environmentally unhealthy defense mechanisms against mortality awareness • In-depth contemplation of life‘s finiteness can have positive implications for individual, social and environmental wellbeing and could promote pro-social and pro-environmental behavior

So, what does nature connectedness have to do with all of this?

So, what does nature connectedness have to do with all of this? â&#x20AC;˘ Nature affiliation = Creatureliness = Mortality

So, what does nature connectedness have to do with all of this? â&#x20AC;˘ Nature affiliation = Creatureliness = Mortality â&#x20AC;˘ The attempt to deny own mortality is contradictory with feeling part of nature => Individual sense of being part of nature (nature connectedness) implies some degree of death awareness which is contradictory with death denial

Hypotheses • Nature Connectedness and Engagement with Nature’s Beauty are positively related to Death Acceptance and negatively to Death Denial • Probably Engagement with Nature’s beauty leads to increased Nature Connectedness which leads to increased Death Acceptance

Participants and Measures

Participants

• N=390 Canadian undergrad students(mean age: 20.12 years, SD = 3.55; 81.17% female), online questionnaire

Measures

• Connectedness to Nature Scale (Mayer & Frantz, 2004) • Engagement with Beauty Scale (Diessner, 2008) • Death Attitudes Profile – Revised (Wong, Reker, & Gesser, 1994)

Item Examples      

Connectedness to Nature Scale

‚I often feel a sense of oneness with the natural world around me.‘ ‚I think of the natural world as a community to which I belong.‘ ‚I often feel disconnected from nature.‘ (reverse) ‚I often feel a kinship with animals and plants.‘ ‚I often feel part of the web of life.‘ ‚When I think of my place on Earth, I consider myself to be a top member of a hierarchy that exists in nature.‘ (reverse)

Item Examples 1. 2. 3. 4.

Engagement with Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s Beauty scale

I notice beauty in one or more aspects of nature When perceiving beauty in nature I feel changes in my body, such as a lump in my throat, an expansion in my chest, faster heart beat, or other bodily responses When perceiving beauty in nature I feel emotional, it â&#x20AC;&#x153;moves me,â&#x20AC;? such as feeling a sense of awe, or wonder or excitement or admiration or upliftment When perceiving beauty in nature I feel something like a spiritual experience, perhaps a sense of oneness, or being united with the universe, or a love of the entire world

Item Examples Death Attitude Profile - revised 

Neutral Death Acceptance − − − −

Death should be viewed as a natural, undeniable, and unavoidable event Death is a natural aspect of life Death is simply a part of the process of life Death is neither good nor bad

 Death Avoidance -

I avoid death thoughts at all costs Whenever the thought of death enters my mind, I try to push it away I avoid thinking about death altogether I always try not to think about death

Additional Measures

 Presence of Meaning in Life scale (Steger, Frazier, Oishi, & Kaler, 2006)  Mental Health Continuum – Short form (Lamers et al., 2011)

Results Nature Engagement Connectedness with Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Beauty Death Acceptance

.22***

.20***

Death Denial

-.14**

-.15**

Death Anxiety

-.12*

-.11*

N= 390; *** p < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05

Results Nature Engagement Connectedness with Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Beauty

Meaning in Life Mental Health

Death Acceptance

.22***

.20***

-.02

.01

Death Denial

-.14**

-.15**

.00

Death Anxiety

-.12*

-.11*

-.13*

-.07

N= 390; *** p < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05

Results Nature Engagement Connectedness with Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Beauty

Meaning in Life Mental Health

Death Acceptance

.22***

.20***

-.02

.01

Death Denial

-.14**

-.15**

.00

Death Anxiety

-.12*

-.11*

-.13*

-.07

Escape Acceptance

-.12*

-.01

-.24***

-.32***

N= 390; *** p < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05

Results

Nature Connectedness .28

EWNB

.28

Total effect: .14 Direct effect: .07

Indirect effect: .08, 95 % CI [.02, .14] K2 = .08, 95 % CI [.02, 15]

Death Acceptance

Conclusions

- Nature Connectedness and Engagement with Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s Beauty are positively related to Death Acceptance and negatively to Death Denial -Probably Engagement with Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s Beauty fosters Nature Connectedness which in turn facilitates Death Acceptance - Now we need experimental research investigating whether Death Acceptance and Denial can be affected by nature-based interventions

Conclusions

- Now we need experimental research investigating whether Death Acceptance and Denial can be affected by nature-based interventions, which would be great.

Thanks for your attention!

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective

Relationships between time attitudes, implicit selfassociations with death, and explicit death images among emerging adults in each identity status Ryo Ishii Nagoya University, JAPAN / Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Contact: nxt001@gmail.com) Pre-arranged Symposium â&#x20AC;&#x153;Death and time attitudes: benign and adverseâ&#x20AC;?

09:50-11:00 (August 18th, 2016)

Introduction

Introduction Time Perspective The totality of the individual’s views of his psychological future and psychological past existing at a given time (Lewin, 1951). ◆Tsuzuki (1994): Time perspective is the basis of identity formation.

Previous Research on Time Perspective and death ◆ Matsuda (1996) ⇒ Time perspective is related to anxiety of death. ◆ Matsushita (2009) ⇒ Future orientation is related to anxiety of death.

Introduction Shortcomings of Previous Researches 1 Previous researches did not focused on development. â&#x2020;&#x2019; Higata (2011) showed developmental differences in the relationships between time perspective and consciousness of death in middle age.

It is important to investigate developmental differences among emerging adults because the emerging adultsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; developmental task, identity formation, is deeply related to consciousness of death (Lavoie and Vries, 2003-2004).

Introduction Identity Erikson (1963, 1968) had conceptualized the primary psychosocial task of adolescence as one of finding an optimal balance between identity achievement and role confusion.

Introduction Marcia (1966) proposed four identity statuses that are differentiated by the degree to which a person has explored and the degree to which a person has committed to a sense of self.

Introduction Developmental difference Time perspective

Death

Different by identity status

Time perspective

Death

Introduction Shortcomings of Previous Researches 2 Previous researches only focused on explicit attitude toward death. â&#x2020;&#x2019; Terror management theory (Solomon, Greenberg, & Pyszczynski, 1991) showed the influence of implicit conscious process on various psychological aspects. â&#x2021;&#x2019; It is important to investigate both implicit and explicit aspects of death.

Introduction Purpose & Hypotheses

Death (explicit)

Time perspective Death (implicit)

Different by identity status Death (explicit) Time perspective Death (impricit)

Methods

Methods ď ŽProcedure Online questionnaire survey & Online experiment ď ŽParticipants 191 undergraduates (63 males, 128 females) (average age: 19.2 / age range: 18-26)

Methods ď ŽMeasurements Identity Measure DIDS-J (Nakama et al., 2014) was used. This scale is Japanese version of the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (Luyckx et al., 2008). (25 items rated on 5-point Likert scale) Subscales: Commitment making Identification with commitment Exploration in breadth Exploration in depth Ruminative exploration

Methods *Grouping. Cluster analysis using this measure can reveal individual identity status. The cluster structure showed in this study was the same as that in original study.

DIDS-J SCORE

Foreclosure

(n=38)

Achievement

(n=16)

Searching moratorium (n=56) Carefree diffusion

(n=21)

Diffused diffusion

(n=60)

Nakama et al. (2015)

Diffused diffusion Foreclosure (with exploration)

Searching moratorium

Carefree diffusion Achievement (without exploration)

Methods Time attitude The Japanese version of ATAS (Chishima, 2015) was used. This scale is Japanese version of the Adolescent Time Attitude Scale (Worrell, Mello, & Buhl, 2013). (five-point scale)

Subscales: Past Positive, Past Negative Present Positive, Present Negative Future Positive, Future Negative

Methods Explicit death images. Adjective-pairs using a semantic differential method was used. The 27 adjective-pairs (Lee, 1990) was used.

(e.g.) comfortable near fortunate lively

1----2----3----4----5----6----7 1----2----3----4----5----6----7 1----2----3----4----5----6----7 1----2----3----4----5----6----7

uncomfortable distant unfortunate tired

Methods Implicit self-associations with death measure Death/suicide Implicit Association Test (Nock et al., 2010)

was used. The IAT is a brief computer-administered test that uses peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reaction times when classifying semantic stimuli to measure the automatic mental associations they

hold about various topics, in this case, life and death/suicide.

Death Others

Life Mine

Dead (example)

Death Mine

Life Others

Dead (example)

Results & Discussion

Results & Discussion How to read the scores Explicit death images High score means individual has negative death images. Low score means individual has positive death images.

Implicit self-associations with death High score means a short distance between self and death. (High Risk) Low score means a long distance between self and death. (Low Risk)

Results & Discussion 4.50

Implicit associations with death (0.20)

4.40

4.30

(0.30)

4.20 (0.40)

4.10 4.00

(0.50)

3.90 (0.60)

3.80 3.70

(0.70)

3.60 (0.80)

3.50

Explicit death image

Achievement Foreclosure Searching moratorium Diffused diffusion Carefree diffusion

Results & Discussion ď ° Explicit death images negative ------------------------------------------------------------> positive

Carefree diffusion

Diffused diffusion

Moratorium

Foreclosure

Achievement

ď ° Implicit associations with death short ------------------------------------------------------------------> long

Carefree diffusion

Diffused diffusion Foreclosure

Moratorium

Achievement

Results & Discussion ď&#x192;&#x2DC; Along with the identity development, (1) explicit death images become positive. (2) implicit associations with death become weak. ď&#x192;&#x2DC; Difference between explicit and implicit death was showed among emerging adults in searching moratorium. - Searching moratorium have positive death images. - But implicit associations with death among them are relatively strong. => Ruminative exploration might influence negatively on the implicit associations with death.

Results & Discussion Achievement

Foreclosure

Moratorium

D Diffusion

C Diffusion

Implicit Explicit

Past Positive

.34

.04

.20

-.05

-.21

.13

.24

.06

-.33

-.02

Negative

.20

-.02

-.01

-.19

.03

.16

.15

-.04

.24

-.61

Positive

.20

-.12

.30†

-.10

-.12

.26†

-.04

-.12

.18

-.14

Negative

.17

.02

.11

-.19

-.02

.11

.18

-.14

.11

-.37

Positive

-.06

.13

.05

.13

-.04

.21

.11

-.08

-.29

-.15

Negative

.45†

-.30

.13

-.40**

.04

.11

.15

-.19

-.13

-.42

Present

†

Future

†

p <.10, *p <.05, **p <.01

Equivalence test was conducted.

Results & Discussion Achievement

Foreclosure

Moratorium

D Diffusion

C Diffusion

Implicit Explicit

Past Positive

.34

.04

.20

-.05

-.21

.13

.24

.06

-.33

-.02

Negative

.20

-.02

-.01

-.19

.03

.16

.15

-.04

.24

-.61

Positive

.20

-.12

.30†

-.10

-.12

.26†

-.04

-.12

.18

-.14

Negative

.17

.02

.11

-.19

-.02

.11

.18

-.14

.11

-.37

Positive

-.06

.13

.05

.13

-.04

.21

.11

-.08

-.29

-.15

Negative

.45†

-.30

.13

-.40**

.04

.11

.15

-.19

-.13

-.42

Present

†

Future

†

* ** p <.10, p <.05, p <.01 p<.05) and Explicit

Relationship between Past negative (4) = 10.79, death images differs in each identity status. (χ2

†

Results & Discussion Achievement

Foreclosure

Moratorium

D Diffusion

C Diffusion

Implicit Explicit

Past Positive

.34

.04

.20

-.05

-.21

.13

.24

.06

-.33

-.02

Negative

.20

-.02

-.01

-.19

.03

.16

.15

-.04

.24

-.61

Positive

.20

-.12

.30†

-.10

-.12

.26†

-.04

-.12

.18

-.14

Negative

.17

.02

.11

-.19

-.02

.11

.18

-.14

.11

-.37

Positive

-.06

.13

.05

.13

-.04

.21

.11

-.08

-.29

-.15

Negative

.45†

-.30

.13

-.40**

.04

.11

.15

-.19

-.13

-.42

Present

†

Future

†

* ** p <.10, p <.05, <.01 = 8.06, p<.10) pand

Relationship between Future negative (4) Explicit death images differs in each identity status. (χ2

†

Results & Discussion ď&#x192;&#x2DC; Among emerging adults in carefree diffusion, the more past is negative, the more death image is positive. ď&#x192;&#x2DC; Among emerging adults in foreclosure and carefree diffusion, the more future is negative, the more death image is positive. - Positive death images among carefree diffusion and foreclosure may be different from those among achievement. Carefree diffusion and foreclosure think death as freedom from suffering.

Conclusion

Conclusion Time attitude and death â&#x2013;Ą For moratorium, implicit and explicit death is different. It is important to pay attention to moratoriumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s implicit death. â&#x2013;Ą The relationship is different depends on identity development. Positive death image is not always adaptive. If it is with negative death image, it only means the escape from present life. Especially, carefree diffusion and foreclosure are apt to think so.

ABOUT TIME: FILMS IN EDUCATION, TRAINING, COACHING, AND THERAPY Kinga Tucholska, Jagiellonian University in Cracow & Anna Tylikowska, Pedagogical University in Cracow kinga.tucholska@gmail.com antylikowska@gmail.com Movies represent time like no other media. They happen and change in time, displaying complex human concepts, such as time’s linearity or circularity, and revealing or inducing emotions connected with the flow of time. Taking advantage of special techniques, films can present time as condensed, loosened and jumpable. Using anachrony, ellipsis, and slow or fast motion, films can play with time [1]. Quite regular or special cinematic means allow to show dreams and fears referring to our experiences and concepts of time, psychologically significant time metaphors, and last but not least, main temporal perspectives in which people live their lives. That is why motion pictures may be used in processes of building awareness of personal time orientations, and improving understanding of social environment and its temporal dimensions. Movies can be effectively employed to develop more conscious time experience and more balanced time perspective. In the contemporary culture that has increasingly utilized visual media products, it is not surprising that films (feature ones, as well as experimental, documentary or animations) have been widely incorporated into number of educational and psychological interventions. We propose four detailed scenarios of psychologically meaningful and productive work on the base of several films dealing with the theme of time (there are many more such films [2]). The scenarios might be used in education (e.g. in „edutainment” and „cinemaparenting”), prevention, self-help, life-management, counselling, coaching and therapy, carried out in the group or individual form, with children, youth, and adults. There are many possible variations of usage of films or scenarios presented below. For example, the Scenario 1 shows the possibilities of the usage of a film during child’s playtime with his/her parent(s) or caregiver(s), but it might be easily adapted for the work with a group of children as well.

Scenario 1. Educational activity with a preschooler based on the Peppa Pig: The Time Capsule Topic: THE TIME CAPSULE; Key words: time, time capsule, clock, future Age: 4-5 years old; Length: 1-2 hours (in several stages) Objectives:  Extend child’s time perspective – help them realize future time perspective.  Make connections between past events and present outcomes and present ones with predicting their future outcomes; stimulate cause and effect thinking.  Stimulate future-related imagination.  Improve language skills, expand the vocabulary related to time experience.  Time-telling practice.

Materials:  Peppa Pig: The Time Capsule (2004, Series 2., Episode number: 61, length: 5 minutes). Peppa Pig is a preschool animated television series which follows the adventures of the title, anthropomorphic animal along with her family and friends. In this episode, Madame Gazelle at daycare tells the kids what a time capsule is, and buries one, filled with special things chosen by Peppa and her friends.  Paper and drawing materials.  Puppets, dolls, stuffed animals.  Box or big can as a time capsule container.

Plan: 1. Start with a riddle (choose the one from the given, consider the child’s cognitive skills): (a) This thing runs but cannot walk, sometimes sings but never talks. Lacks arms, has hands; lacks a head but has a face. (b) What has two hands, but no arms, and a face but no nose? (c) What flies by, has two arms, but no beak, wings, or eyes? (d) What is it? It has hands and with them it shows us what time it is. (e) What is it? It starts with a letter ‘C’ and shows what time it is. 2. Ask the child: Can you tell me what time it is now? What is the time of day? Explain, if it is necessary. 3. Introduce to the activity: It is time for us to watch a cartoon. We are going to watch Peppa Pig which makes time capsule with her friends. Do you know what time capsule is? Explain it shortly. 4. Watch a cartoon with the child, notice carefully his/her reactions. 5. Start conversation about the cartoon with open questions: Why Peppa and their friends made time capsule? What did they put into it? Why did they bury it in the ground? What did Daddy Pig put into the time capsule when he was young? What did his daughter Peppa Pig put there? How did they imagine the future would be? Did you notice the clock on the wall in Peppa’s play group? What is it for? etc. 6. Play with stuffed animals and toys. Encourage your child to select dolls, puppets or action figures to represent characters from the cartoon (they don’t need to look similar) and use them to act out the scenes from the animation or additional scenes that the two of you make up. Play out situations which refer to the theme of the story and use words that will help expand child’s vocabulary. 7. Retell the story together. Start to repeat the story of an episode after a while (maybe as a bedtime story). Let the child correct you if you make a mistake and encourage him/her to tell you the story. 8. Draw pictures with the child that include scenes from the cartoon or find coloring books with its characters. As you draw or color, talk about the characters, scenes and themes of the story using new words related to time (e.g., time capsule, future, face/hands of the clock etc.) 9. Ask the question: What things that you use and like would you like to put in your time capsule to show people in the future? Make with the child his/her own time capsule.)

Scenario 2. Training or encounter group activitity on the basis of the film Procrastination (2007) Topic: PROCRASTINATION; Key words: procrastination, urgent, delay, deadline, last minute Age: teenagers, adults; Length: 1 hour (including 5 minutes of the film projection) Objectives:  Introduce the notion of procrastination.  Familiarize with the symptoms of procrastination.  Induce the reflection on one’s own forms of delay of doing tasks and the attitude to deadlines

Materials:  Procrastination (2007), an award-winning film by John Kelly (available online).  The article 7 Tips for Avoiding Procrastination by Gretchen Rubin (source: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-happiness-project)

Plan: 1. Write the word “procrastination” on the board and ask the group if they know what it means. Give simple definition: procrastination is avoiding doing something, putting off impending tasks to a later time, sometimes to the “last minute” before the deadline. 2. Tell the participants they are going to watch a short film in which a man explains how he procrastinates. 3. Put all participants into small groups and ask them to explain how they procrastinate. Ask them to check, if any of the activities they do to put off doing something, had been mentioned in the film. After 5 minutes get feedback from the groups. 4. Put participants in pairs and tell them that the both of them are going to read half of the article 7 Tips for Avoiding Procrastination. Give student A Tips 1-3 and Student B Tips 4-7. Give them 5 minutes to read their text and then get to explain their tips to their partner. 5. Homework: Ask participants to practice “Tips for avoiding procrastination” and notice the results.

Scenario 3. Coaching for balanced time perspective on the basis of the films Oh! I Cannot Stop! (1975) and The Maker (2011) Topic: WHY THE HASTE?; Key words: hurry, time management, pace of life, purpose of life Age: adults; Lenght: 1 hour (including 16 minutes of the film projection) Objectives:  Intervention about the future time perspective.  Focus on the present situation.  Reflection on the peacefullness of life.  TUI syndrome (Time Urgency/Impatience) prevention

Materials:

 Oh! I Cannot Stop! (1975, dir. Zbigniew Rybczyński, available online). A story of a monster which, moving at an enormous speed, devours whatever comes its way: people, animals, cars, buildings. It accelerates every minute, the objects are falling into the monster's mouth at a breakneck speed. The massacre has been filmed using the so-called subjective camera and the viewers watch it from the point of view of the monster, who remains unseen.  The Maker (2011, dir. Christopher Kezelos, available online). A strange creature races against time to make the most important and beautiful creation of his life.

Possible coaching interventions [2]:  What are your associations with the picture you have seen? What are you experiencing right now?  Why are you experiencing this feeling? What kind of thoughts do you have?  What does this feeling tell you about what’s really important to you in your life?  What is about the present that does not serve the future?  What is so uncomfortable about the present for you?  Is there something you might be trying to run away from?  What is currently absent in your life?  What are you missing out on?  Why the haste?  What is the best way for you to allocate your time today?

Beyond scenarios: moviepassana!

Scenario 4. Self-help and therapeutic interventions related to the movie About Time (2013) Topic: ABOUT TIME; Age: adults; Length: 3 hours (including 123 minutes of the film projection) Material: About Time (2013, dir. Richard Curtis). At the age of 21, Tim discovers he can travel in time... The night after another unsatisfactory New Year party, Tim's father tells his son that the men in his family have always had the ability to travel through time. Tim cannot change history, but he can change what happens and has happened in his own life, so he decides to make his world a better place... by getting a girlfriend. Sadly, that turns out not to be as easy as you might think. Moving from the Cornwall’s coast to London to learn in a law school, Tim finally meets the beautiful but insecure Mary. They fall in love, then an unfortunate time-travel incident means he has never met her at all. So they meet for the first time, again and again, and finally, after a lot of cunning time-traveling, he wins her heart. Tim then uses his power to create the perfect romantic proposal, to save his wedding from the worst best-man speeches, to save his friend from a professional disaster and to…

Some thought-provoking questions that might arise after watching the film:  If I could do a day all over again, would I change anything? What would it be?  What would I like to do once again? How would I like to feel once again?  Am I holding onto something that I need to let go of?  Have I done lately anything worth remembering?  Who do I love? What am I doing about it now?  Do I celebrate the time I do have?  If I were to die soon, what would matter to me the most?  When was the last time I tried something new?  Which activities make me lose the track of time?  If I could live my life all over again, would I change anything? What would it be? How could I live my live?

Tomasz Raczek, a Polish film critic, claims that we can use movies to make our lives better, richer, more satisfying. Raczek names a process of a fruitful using films with a word moviepassana. It refers to Vipassanā, which is an ancient Buddhist meditation practice based on observing the sensations that we experience. Moviepassana is a process of mindful, non-judgmental watching films and discussing them afterwards, which leads to more adequate recognition of ourselves and our life conditions [4]. It stands in opposition to watching moving pictures in order to escape from one's self [5], which often is somehow problematic – not enough acknowledged, loved, competent, etc. Practicing moviepassana with films embedding psychological time delineations can lead to greater understanding and acceptance of the fact that we live in time, experiencing it in many different ways, which can either bound or support our everyday thoughts, emotions, decisions, self-development and relations with others. The idea of moviepassana invites us to treat films not merely as an entertainment but also as an instrument of personal development. Thereby, it encourages greater mindfulness and respect towards time, which we easily waste on neither productive nor satisfying watching pictures shows served by media.

Movie Therapist might ask the following questions [3]:  Do you remember whether your breathing changed throughout the movie? Could this be an indication that something threw you off balance?  If a part of the film that moved you (positively or negatively) had been one of your dreams, how would you have understood the symbolism in it?  What did you like and what didn’t you like (or even hated) about the movie? Which characters or actions seemed especially attractive or unattractive to you?  Did you identify with one or several characters? Did they develop certain strengths or other capacities that you would like to develop as well? How would you use them in your life?

References:

[1] Yaffe G. (2003). Time in the Movies. Faculty Scholarship Series. Paper 3727. http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/3727 [2] Tucholska K., Tylikowska A. Psychological time representation in films and their applications, in: U. Tokarska (ed.), in print. [3] Boniwell I., Osin E. (2015). Time perspective coaching. In: M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, W. van beck (eds.), Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application (p. 451-469). Springer. [4] Sinetar M. (1993). Reel Power & Spiritual Growth Through Film. Ligouri, MO: Triumph Books; Wolz B. (2010). Cinema Alchemy: Using the Power of Films In Psychotherapy and Coaching. In: Mary Banks Gregerson (Editor), The Cinematic Mirror for Psychology and Life Coaching. New York: Springer. [5] Raczek T. (2014). Kinopassana. Sztuka oglądania filmów. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Latarnik. [6] Moskalenko S., Heine S. J. (2003). Watching your troubles away: Television viewing as a stimulus for subjective self-awareness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 76-85.

ABSTRACT

Stability of Time Perspective and its Relation to

The present study examined the stability of time perspective (TP) with regards to passage of time and in response to situational demands. The nature and direction of associations among TP, subjective well-being, and affect were also examined. 171 undergraduates filled out Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), and measures of subjective well-being, affect, and personality. Two and a half months later, participants (n=71) were called back and were exposed to a priming condition which directed them to either past, present or future time frames before filling out the same measures. Participants’ TP scores were stable over time and did not change in response to situational demands. In addition, cross-lagged panel analyses were utilized to test different conceptual models: a time perspective main effect model, a subjective well-being (and affect) main effect model, and a reciprocal model. Our findings favored the reciprocal models with TP influencing and is influenced by well-being and affect measures.

Subjective Well-being and Affect Umit Akirmak (Ph.D), Sezin Benli & Ilayda Dogu Contact: umit.akirmak@bilgi.edu.tr; Department of Psychology, Istanbul Bilgi University, Turkey

INTRODUCTION Time perspective (TP) is generally assumed to be a relatively stable psychological process (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004) though longitudinal studies on its stability are limited. Differences in TP scores measured in two different time points were found in some studies (Crockett, Weinman, Hankins, & Marteau, 2009; Luyckx, Lens, Smits, & Goossens, 2010) implying that TP scores may not be highly stable. Some researchers argued that contextual demands make certain time orientations more salient and in turn change the persons’ TP temporarily to match with the situational demands (Fieulaine & Martinez 2014). Additionally, literature on the association between TP, subjective wellbeing and personality have mostly assumed TP as the causal factor to explain variation in the latter constructs which falls short of providing support for causal inferences. Aims To test the stability of TP dimensions in regards to passage of time and in response to situational demands.

CONCLUSIONS

RESULTS Separate 2x4 mixed-ANOVAs were conducted to examine the effects of passage of time and different instruction manipulations on TP dimensions (PN, PP, PH, PF, and F) and DBTP scores with a total of 6 different analyses. The analyses revealed that the main effects of time and study instructions as well as the interaction effect were not statistically reliable (p > .008).

TP scores are highly consistent despite the passage of time.

Cross-lagged panel analyses were applied to assess the interactions among ZTPI dimensions, well-being measures, and affect measures at the two time periods. The baseline model included only the stability paths and concurrent associations and none of the cross-lagged paths. The TP main effect model included the cross lagged paths from TP dimensions to subjective well-being measures, which tested the influence of TP on subjective well-being while assuming no influence of subjective well-being on TP. The well-being main effect model included the cross-lagged paths from well-being measures to TP dimensions, which tested the influence of well-being on TP while assuming no influence of TP on subjective well-being. Finally, an interactive model (the reciprocal model) was constructed in which all concurrent and lagged path coefficients were present (see Tables 1 & 2). Same analytical strategy was followed for the cross-lagged analysis of TP and affect measures. The best fitting model is presented in Figure 1.

The present results show for the first time that the associations among TP and wellbeing measures are reciprocal. A persons’ TP seems to be influenced by changes in their perceived well-being and mood.

TP is not affected by actively thinking about a specific time frame for a short duration. A significant change in TP is likely to require an intrinsic motivation to change followed by a prolonged guidance that is relevant to person’s goals.

There is a circular pattern where environment impacts time orientations and in turn time orientations influence how a person interacts with the environment. Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research Generalizability can be increased with an adult sample. The test-retest interval might have been a limited time interval for certain changes to occur. The results of the cross-lagged analyses might reflect the influence of the experimental manipulation. Table 1

To examine how time perspective shapes and is shaped by subjective well-being and affect.

Fit Indices for the Time Perspective and Well-Being Models Tested in the Study

METHOD First wave of the study included 171 undergraduate students (85% females, 15% males) enrolled in psychology courses. Their ages ranged from 20 to 42. Second wave of the study included 71 participants (93% females, 7% males) called back from the participant pool in the first wave. Their ages ranged from 20 to 42. Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (ERSES), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) - Extraversion and Neuroticism subscales were used in this study.

Table 2 Fit Indices for the Time Perspective and Affect Models Tested in the Study

Wave 1 - Participants completed all the forementioned measures without any priming. Wave 2 – Participants from the first wave were called back 8-10 weeks later to complete the same measures again. Only this time, before completing the measures, they were asked to think about and write a detailed essay in response to two questions designed to orient them to specific time frames: past, present, future. The control group was asked questions that would not direct them to any time frames. Participants were randomly assigned to their experimental conditions.

Figure 1. The cross-lagged path model depicting the associations between TP dimensions and affect measures.

Note. * = not significant; df = degrees of freedom; χ2 = chi-square; RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; CI = confidence interval; CFI= Comparative Fit Index; NNFI = Non-Normed Fit Index

Time Perspective & Appearance Concern: Influences On Smoking Behaviour Lisa E. Murphy & Samantha Dockray School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork INTRODUCTION

METHODS

Time Perspective (TP) has been defined as a cognitive-motivational concept, wherein perceptions and considerations of the past, present and future time periods have been shown to exert a dynamic influence on human decision making, motivation and behaviour (McKay, Cole, Sumnall & Goudie, 2012). Much research has demonstrated a significant association between Time Perspective (TP) and health risk behaviours, such as smoking (Keough, Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999; Pico, Lusczcynska, Gibbons & Tekozel, 2004; Hall, Fong & Meng, 2014).

Two hundred and fifty young adults aged 18 – 25 (M = 20.96, sd = 2.1) completed an online survey (52.8% male). Ethical approval was granted by the local Universities Ethics Committee.

Some health behaviours, smoking behaviour in particular, may be influenced by another motivational construct known as Appearance Orientation. AO can be defined as a measure of the level of importance an individual places on their own appearance (Dixon et al. 2002). Individuals who hold higher regard for their appearance may engage in particular health behaviours to protect accelerated aging or other appearance related consequences. More specifically, the extent to which an individual worries about the appearance-related consequences of smoking may be useful to incorporate into personalised smoking cessation interventions. This then may have collateral health benefits, i.e. protection against smoking related diseases.

To explore the effects of future and present TP, and AO on participants’ i) desire to quit smoking, and ii) number of previous quit attempts.

were no significant interaction effects, however there was a main effect for future TP [F(1,1) = 8.49, p = .004], and AW [F (1, 1) = 7.80 , p = .006], with those higher future TP and AW having greater desire to quit.

Measures The survey included demographic items and measures of smoking behaviour (e.g. number of previous quit attempts, desire to quit smoking etc.) followed by measures of the following constructs:

Time Perspective. The future (α =

.797), present hedonistic (α = .823) and present fatalistic (α = .787) subscales of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) were utilised. Appearance Concerns. AO was measured using the 12 – item AO subscale (Cash, 2000, α = .877). Participants were also asked to rate their level of concern about 4 appearance specific smoking consequences (i.e. skin complexion, accelerated aging, increased wrinkles and damage to the appearance of teeth/gums). These items were averaged to form the Appearance Worry (AW) scale (α = .898). Controls. Cigarette dependency was measured and controlled for using the 5-item Cigarette Dependency Scale (CDS-5, Etter et al., 2003, α = .855). Gender was also included as a control variable.

ANALYSES

Research Aim

Desire

RESULTS quit. There

Participants who scored above the 66th percentile in AO, AW, present and future TP were classed as high scorers in those constructs. A MANOVA was conducted to explore interactive and main effects of these variables on the dependent variables, controlling for gender and cigarette dependence.

Corresponding Author: Lisa Murphy

lisa.murphy@ucc.ie

@lisaemurphy

Desire to Quit Smoking Future TP

Quit attempts. There were significant

main effects found for AW [F (1, 1) = 4.11, p = .04)], and AO [F (1, 1) = 7.26, p = .008), with those high in AW and AO having a greater number of previous quit attempts. No interactive effects were indicated. Number of Previous Quit Attempts AO

DISCUSSION The results confirm the association between future thinking and intention to protect physical health (i.e. desire to quit) and engagement in health protective behaviours (i.e. making a quit attempt). However, future TP may influence intention more than actual behaviour, as the current population consisted of individuals who were still engaging in regular smoking behavior. This contention is supported by research on TP and the Health Action Process Approach, a dominant model of health behaviour change (Schuz, Schuz & Eid, 2006). The AW scale can be viewed as a proxy measure of future thinking (i.e. concern about future appearance related consequences of smoking). However the absence of an interaction effect between future TP and AW/AO suggests the presence of independent components of future thinking, e.g. future concern/anxiety and more positive future outlook, as measured by the ZTPI. www.lisaemurphy.org

3rd International Conference on Time perspective (Copenhagen, Denmark) 18/8/2016 11:00 - 11:30

Effectiveness of writing a letter about life to others on construction of time perspective Key-words: time perspective, time construction, undergraduate, letters to others

Akane ISHIKAWA (RISSHO University, Japan) Mail to : akanei125c@gmail.com

Introduction

Results

It is useful for constructing time perspective to make a life story. In addition, previous studies suggested that telling a life story to others have effect of construction of time perspective (Mizokami, 2004; Yamada, 2000). Therefore, writing a letter about life to others has also effect on construction of time perspective. Purpose of this study  The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of writing a letter about life to others on construction of time perspective in undergraduates, using a short longitudinal design.

Method Participants 126 Japanese undergraduates (Male: n = 20, Female: n = 106), Mean Age (SD) = 19.85 （1.26), Range of age = 18 – 26. Procedure Questionnaire 1

Measures

Letter study

Questionnaire 2

about a month interval

1. Letter study

Table 1 The change of the scores before and after writing the letter

 No change is existent in the scores before and after the letter study (Table 1).

t-value

p-value

Mean

self-esteem

2.78

0.72

2.82

0.72

1.36

0.18

Self-fullness

3.00

0.88

2.93

0.87

1.45

0.15

Goal-directedness

2.58

0.94

2.59

0.96

0.28

0.78

Acceptance of past

3.09

0.85

3.12

0.81

0.55

0.58

Hopefulness

3.09

0.98

3.09

0.95

0.05

0.96

n = 123

However, in their letters, they wrote not only their past but also their future. 70 students ended letters by noting that they could understand their meaning of life and look and hope in the future. Ex1)Positive Story (part of letter)

“I am here because of my past. I have ups and downs. That all is part of me. .… I am grateful for being my friends and family, and I always value my family and friend.”

Ex2) Other story (part of letter)

“I will talk about the past that I have not ever talk to others.” “…It is so good for me to write this letter. Maybe I can’t talk about this story to my family and friends. This time, it is surprising to me that I could write the story smoothly like above. …Thank you for reading letter through to the end.”

Participants were asked to take part in a “Letter study”, which is to tell their life to others (researcher) in the form of Conclusion letter. Especially, in this study, participants were requested to write a letter about “your former life.”  The results offered rich insight into writing a letter about life to others. Before and after the writing letter, participants were asked to answer a questionnaire that was composed of next 2 scales.  To understand their past and life, and to look into the future, it is so useful and meaningful for 2. Time perspective (Shirai, 1994) 18 items Self-fullness (α=.78:T1, ,78:T2), Goal-directedness(α=.84:T1, ,81:T2), Acceptance of past(α=.69:T1, ,70:T2), Hopefulness(α=.85:T1, ,83:T2)

3. Self-esteem (Rosenberg，1965) 10 items (α=.84:T1, ,86:T2)

undergraduates to write a letter about life to others.  We need to develop the letter study as effective way to support undergraduates constructing positive time perspective.

Time Perspective and subjective well-being of young adults

Irena JELONKIEWICZ Institute of Applied Psychology, Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Education, Warsaw, jelonkie@gmail.com jelonkie@gmail.com

The aim of the study: to establish relationships between young adults’ time perspectives and their subjective well being in the past, at present and in the future

Time perspectives

measured by ZTPI

Subjective well-being

(happiness and

satisfaction) measured by life graph The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory 1. ……………… 2. …………….. 3. …………….

In the year 2015 a set of questionnaires “Time and Your Life” was administered to 239 Warsaw students

Very happy

Very unhappy

past

present

future

N=129; 54%

N=110; 46% Mean age= 22.2 years; SD=2.26

THE MULTIPLE REGRESSION RESULTS for Dependent Variables (only significant β in models)

Happiness

ONCE

Past Positive + Present Fatalistic Future -

AT PRESENT Past Positive + Present Fatalistic -

Present Fatalistic Present Hedonistic +

Past Negative -

R2=0.16

FUTURE

R2=0.18

R2=0.15

Satisfaction Past Positive + Past Positive +

Present Fatalistic Past Negative -

R2=0.15

Present Fatalistic Present Hedonistic + Future +

R2=0.15

past positive oriented (4 times) and present fatalistic oriented perspectives (5 times) were used more often as the predictors Among the perspectives studied

explaining variance of both dimensions of subjective well-being. Probably some of the time perspectives are more important for the regulation of subjective well-being. 3rd International Conference on Time Perspectives, Copenhagen, Denmark, 15.08–19.08.2016

PTSDʼS TIME PERSPECTIVE PROFILE IS CORRELATED WITH HEART RATE VARIABILITY REDUCTION. WHICH TIME PERSPECTIVE DIMENSION IS MORE CORRELATED WITH THAT?" Massimo Agnoletti, Ph.D. Centro Benessere Psicologico Venice (Italy)

Methodology

Introduction Aim of this study is to verify the possible connection between specific time perspective orientation’s PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) people and the HRV (heart rate variability) a very important health index. Comparing time orientation of 32 PTSD people we want to identify possible correlations between specific time perspective dimensions, in particular Past Negative, Present Fatalist and Future, and HRV index. Time Perspective configuration characteristic of PTSD seems connotated by a by a particular time dimension’s configuration that is significant high values of Past Negative, high values of Present Fatalist and low values of Future detected by ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory). Decreased heart rate variability (HRV) occurs with physical and psychological disorders and is a predictor of cardiac and all-cause mortality.

We know from Time perspective literature that PTSD people show a correlations with Past Negative, Present Fatalistic and Future values, and they are characterized by having a decreased HRV (heart rate variability). Our hypothesis are aimed to explore if there are some correlations between Time perspective dimensions and an HRV index called SDNN (the standard deviation of the “beat-to-beat”cardiac muscle). If the teorethical framework is correct significant negative correlations should be found between Past Negative values and SDNN index. Same correlation should be found between Present Fatalist values and SDNN index.

From a methodological point of view, we have tested correlational hypothesis using two kind of instruments. First one is the ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory)survey to identified time orientations of 32 PTSD people. Second instrument is the SDNN index (standard deviation of the “beat-to-beat”cardiac muscle) collected in order to measure heart rate variability of these PTSD people by a non-invasive medical device (photoplethysmograph). Measurements were performed for each subject at 6-10 months after traumatic event. All measurements were performed between 8:00 a.m. and 11:30 a.m. to reduce errors due to different states of neuro-metabolic activation (circadian rhythms). In order to verify our hypothesis we used Pearson correlation coefficient (r) analysis comparing time dimensions variables and SDNN variable.

Results

Current literature indicates that heart rate variability’s values are correlated negatively with PTSD symptoms. In other words presence of PTSD symptoms is associated with a significant heart rate variability index’s reduction indicative of a decreased psychophysical well-being. This study want to confirm these findings and explore if there are some significant correlations between HRV index and one or more time orientation dimensions.

Bibliography

Hypothesis

Data from 32 PTSD people confirm that Past Negative (high), Present Fatalistic (high) and the Future (low) are particularly distant (at least of 20% percentile) from average scores. Data collected show that also Present Hedonistic was significantly lower than average score (mean= 2,93; SD= 0,66; deviation from Present Hedonistic average score= 0,99). From statistical analysis we found significant (negative) correlation between heart rate variability index (SDNN) and Past Negative, Present Fatalist and a positive correlation with Future time dimension. As the limited number of sample (N=32) further research is needed to evaluate relationships between time perspective dimensions and HRV measures but seems interesting to proceed to increase details of this potential crucial aspect for health and quality of life of PTSD people.

Sammito, S., et al. (2015). Influence of post-traumatic stress disorder on heart rate variability as marker of the autonomic nervous system - a systematic review in Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr (pp. 30-37).

Potential research development If hypothesis presented here will be confirmed by increasing data size there are some potential important clinical implications as we can identify precious information that can help to definine protocols adopted to support PTSD people. In accordance with scientific literature, findings highlight the need for heart rate variability screening in people with PTSD and early interventions that target physiological reactivity in PTSD.

Acknowledgment

More information

Shaikh, A., et al. (2012). Temporal analysis of heart rate variability as a predictor of post traumatic stress disorder in road traffic accidents survivors in Journal of Psychiatry Res (pp.790-796).

Green, K., et al. (2016). Exploring the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and momentaryheart rate variability in J Psychosom Res. (pp.31-34).

Vaccarino, V., Bremner, D. (2016). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Alvarenga, M., Byrne, D. (eds) Handbook of Psychocardiology (pp. 265-282).

Lee, E., et al. (2013). Preliminary findings of the relationship of lower heart rate variability with military sexual trauma and presumed posttraumatic stress disorder, in Journal of Trauma Stress (pp.249-256).

Zimbardo, P.G., & Boyd, J.N. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York: Free Press. Zimbardo, P.G., & Boyd, J.N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.

Minassian, A., et. al. (2016). Heart Rate Variability and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, in JAMA Psychiatry (pp.178-179).

Zimbardo, P. G., Sword, R. M., & Sword, R. K. (2012). The time cure: Overcoming PTSD with the new psychology of time perspective therapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

I want to thanks prof. Philip Zimbardo for support me to develop this project and Studio-3A company (indemnity company located in VeniceItaly) to allow me to provide psychological support to their clients applying Zimbardo and Sword’s “time cure” protocol. I need to thanks Alessio Del Zotto M.A. and dr. Giorgio Orlando for their precious support on statistical data analysis. Last, but not least, thanks to people I have meet that suffer of PTSD for indulged me to collect data of this study.

If you are interested to receive more information about this project research please contact me at:

info@massimoagnoletti.it or call me at:

+39 338 33.55.77.9

PTSD’S TIME PERSPECTIVE PROFILE IS CORRELATED WITH A SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY CONFIGURATION? WHICH TIME PERSPECTIVE DIMENSION IS MORE CORRELATED WITH THIS INFLAMMATORY CONFIGURATION ? Massimo Agnoletti, Ph.D. Centro Benessere Psicologico

Venice (Italy)

Methodology

Introduction Hypothesis Aim of this study is to verify possible connections between specific time perspective orientation’s PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) people and inflammatory condition. Comparing time orientation dimensions of 32 PTSD people we want to identify possible correlations between specific time perspective dimensions, in particular Past Negative, Present Fatalist and Future and inflammatory indexes. Time Perspective configuration characteristic of PTSD seems connotated by a particular time dimension’s configuration that is significant high values of Past Negative, high values of Present Fatalist and low vuales of Future detected by ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory). Scientific literature indicate that PTSD people are associated with a chronic inflammation condition, a very complex psycho-neurometabolic dinamic where HPA (hypothalamic– pituitary–adrenal) axis and endocrine cortisol production have a key role. In particular cortisol’s production interact with numerours biological systems (brain, skeletal muscles, hormones and bones, etc.). In PTSD people cortisol’s condition is alterated not just for its different quantity production compared with healthy condition but also for its not circadian production’s rithm. To verify our hypothesis we consider a chronic inflammation’s gold standard identification that consist of combination of three biomarkers.

Bibliography

We know from Time perspective literature, PTSD people show a positive correlations with Past Negative, Present Fatalistic and Future values, and they are characterized by having an inflammation condition. First hypothesis is that a specific “gold standard” inflammation configuration (that combines three different type of biomarkers: ECW ,ECK, PA) is present in PTSD people. Second hypothesis concern possible correlations between a specific cortisol production/rithm index (PA) and one, or more, PTSD Time Perspective dimensions (in particular Past Negative, Present Fatalistic and Future).

From a methodological point of view, we have tested correlational hypothesis using two kind of variables/instruments. First one is the ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory)survey to identified time orientations of 32 PTSD people. Second instrument is a biomedical technology called BIA (body Impedence analysis) by which we have collected three kind of biomarkers required to identify inflammatory condition useful to test our hypothesis: ECW (extra cellular water), ECK (extra cellular Potassium) and PA (phase angle), a specific cortisol production/ rithm index. Each of these inflammatory indexes have standard parameters by which is possible to understand if the combination of these biomarkers is indicative of inflammation. More precisely, if ECW is higher than 40%, ECK is higher that 2% and PA is lower than 3,4 this combination point out an inflammatory condition. Measurements were performed for each subject at 6-10 months after traumatic event. All measurements were performed between 8:00 a.m. and 11:30 a.m. to reduce errors due to different states of neuro-metabolic activation (circadian rhythms). We choose to analyze just PA index (and not ECW and ECK) as all inflammation variables considered (PA, ECW, ECK) were found exceed the “normality” parameters indicating an inflammatory process underway in all 32 PTSD people object of this study. In order to verify our hypothesis we used Pearson correlation coefficient (r) analysis comparing time dimensions variables and biomedical BIA variables.

Results

Data from 32 PTSD people confirm first hypotesis that Past Negative (high), Present Fatalistic (high) and the Future (low) are particularly distant (at least of 20% percentile) from average scores. Data collected show that also Present Hedonistic was significantly lower than average score (mean= 2,93; SD= 0,66; deviation from Present Hedonistic average score= 0,99). All biomedical indexes (ECK, ECK, PA) were found to exceed standard values (respectively 40%, 2% and 3.5) indicating an inflammatory process underway on PTSD people. From statistical analysis we found significant (negative) correlation between cortisol’s production/rithm index (PA) and Past Negative time dimension. Another interesting result is the PA index’s mean value (2,27) and its standard value (3,5) seems indicate a kind of inflammation called “low grade inflammation” (PA cut off= 2,4). In this specific inflammation cortisol’s production is “flat” during 24 hours that means very far from cortisol’s production characteristic of optimum phycho-pysical well-being, where this production is concentrated only between 5 am and 8 am (PA> 3,5). As the limited number of sample (N=32) further research is needed to evaluate relationships between time perspective dimensions and inflammation processes but seems interesting to proceed in order to increase details of this potential crucial aspect for health and quality of life of PTSD people.

AdvancedBio-ImpedanceAnalyser(BIA-ACC):ACross-Sectional Study in Healthy And Diseased Caucasians. Endocrinology Review, 34: FP32-3.

Potential research development If hypothesis presented here will be confirmed by increasing data size there are some potential important clinical implications as we can identify precious information that can help to definine protocols adopted to support PTSD people. In accordance with scientific literature, findings highlight the need for psychological and body composition analysis in people with PTSD and early interventions that target psychological and physiological reactivity in PTSD.

Acknowledgment

Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., et al. (2016). An integrative model linking traumatization, cortisol dysregulation and posttraumatic stress disorder: insight from recent hair cortisol findingsin Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

Boyd, J.N., & Zimbardo, P.G. (2005). Time Perspective, Health, and Risk Taking, in A. Strathman and J. Joireman (eds) Understanding Behavior in the Context of Time: Theory, Research, and Application (pp.85-107). Meewisse, M., et al. (2007). Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults Systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 191 (5), (pp. 387-392).

Tsigos C., Stefanaki, C., Lambrou, G.L., Boschiero, D., Chrousos, G.P. (2015).”Stress and inflammatory biomarkers and symptoms are associated with bioimpedance measures.” Eur J Clin Invest. 2015 Feb;45(2):126-34. doi: 10.1111/ eci.12388. Epub 2015 Jan 12.

Rohledera, N., et al. (2010). Glucocorticoid sensitivity of cognitive and inflammatory processes in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, in Psychophysiological Biomarkers of Health, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, V.35, I.1(pp.104-114).

Zimbardo, P.G., & Boyd, J.N. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York: Free Press.

Stefanaki, C., Boschiero, D., Chrousos, G.P. (2013) Stress, Inflammatory and Metabolic Biomarkers Correlate with Bio-Impedance Measurements Obtained with Novel,

Zimbardo, P. G., Sword, R. M., & Sword, R. K. (2012). The time cure: Overcoming PTSD with the new psychology of time perspective therapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

More information If you are interested to receive more information about this project research please contact me at:

info@massimoagnoletti.it or call me at:

+39 338 33.55.77.9

PTSD’S TIME PERSPECTIVE PROFILE IS CORRELATED WITH AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CHOLINERGIC PATHWAY ACTIVITY INTERFERENCE? WHICH TIME PERSPECTIVE DIMENSION IS MORE CORRELATED WITH THIS KIND OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CHOLINERGIC ACTIVITY?

Massimo Agnoletti, Ph.D. Centro Benessere Psicologico

Venice (Italy)

Methodology

Introduction Hypothesis Aim of this study is to verify possible connection between specific time perspective orientation’s PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) people and the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway (CAIP) activity. Comparing time orientation dimensions of 32 PTSD people we want to identify possible correlations between specific time perspective dimensions, in particular Past Negative, Present Fatalist and Future, and CAIP activity produced by vagal nerve. Time Perspective configuration characteristic of PTSD seems connotated by a particular time dimension’s configuration that is significant high values of Past Negative, high values of Present Fatalist and low values of Future detected by ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory). Scientific literature indicates that PTSD people are associated with chronic inflammation condition with a very complex psycho-neurometabolic dinamic where anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway activity produced by vagal nerve seems to be temporarily suppressed or, at least, hypo-functioning compared with healthy conditions.

Results

Decreased level of endogenous acetylcholine production, synthesized by vagal nerve, reduce contrast’s action of the inflammatory condition typical of PTSD people.

Bibliography Boyd, J.N., & Zimbardo, P.G. (2005). Time Perspective, Health, and Risk Taking, in A. Strathman and J. Joireman (eds) Understanding Behavior in the Context of Time: Theory, Research, and Application (pp.85-107). Brudey, C., et. al. (2015). Autonomic and inflammatory consequences of posttraumatic stress disorder and the link to cardiovascular disease. In Am. J. Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.309 (4); (pp.315-321). Czura, C., Tracey, K, (2005). Autonomic neural regulation of immunity. J Intern Med. 257(2); (pp. 156-66). Forsythe, P. (2015). The parasympathetic nervous system as a regulator of mast cell function. Methods Mol Biol;1220; (pp.141-154). Hays, S.A. (2916). Enhancing Rehabilitative Therapies with Vagus Nerve Stimulation. Neurotherapeutics. 13(2);(pp.382-394).

We know from Time perspective literature that PTSD people show correlations with Past Negative, Present Fatalistic and Future values, and we know that PTSD people are characterized by having a cronich inflammation condition. First hypothesis is defined in order to verify if 32 PTSD people show a reduced anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway index activity (RMSSD < 27ms). Second hypothesis concern possible correlations between reduced anti-inflammatory cholinergic activity and one, or more, PTSD Time Perspective dimensions (in particular Past Negative, Present Fatalistic and Future).

From a methodological point of view, we have tested hypothesis using two kind of variables/ instruments. First one is the ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory)survey to identified time orientations of 32 PTSD people. Second instrument is the RMSSD index (standard deviation of the “beat-to-beat”cardiac muscle) collected in order to measure anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway of PTSD people by a noninvasive medical device (photoplethysmograph). All measurements were performed for each subject at 6-10 months after traumatic even. All measurements were performed between 8:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m. to reduce errors due to different states of neuro-metabolic activation (circadian rhythms). In order to verify our hypothesis we used Pearson correlation coefficient (r) analysis comparing time dimensions variables and RMSSD variable.

Data from 32 PTSD people confirm that Past Negative (high), Present Fatalistic (high) and the Future (low) are particularly distant (at least of 20% percentile) from average scores. Data collected show that also Present Hedonistic was significantly lower than average score (mean= 2,93; SD= 0,66; deviation from Present Hedonistic average score= 0,99). From statistical analysis we found significant (positive) correlation between Present Hedonistic time dimension and anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway index (RMSSD) but not a significant correlations between RMSSD with Past Negative, Present Fatalistic or Future time dimensions. As the limited number of sample (N=32) further research is needed to evaluate relationships between time perspective dimensions and inflammation processes but seems interesting to proceed to increase details of this potential crucial aspect for health and quality of life of PTSD people.

Minassian, A., et. al. (2016). Heart Rate Variability and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, in JAMA Psychiatry (pp.178-179). O'Donovan, A., et al. (2015). Altered inflammatory activity associated with reduced hippocampal volume and more severe posttraumatic stress symptoms in Gulf War veterans. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 51;(pp.557-566). Pavlov, V., Tracey, K. (2005). The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun. 19(6); (pp.493-499). Sammito, S., et al. (2015). Influence of post-traumatic stress disorder on heart rate variability as marker of the autonomic nervous system - a systematic review in Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr (pp. 30-37). Thayer, J., (2009). Vagal tone and the inflammatory reflex. Cleve Clin J Med.;76, (pp.23-26). Zimbardo, P. G., Sword, R. M., & Sword, R. K. (2012). The time cure: Overcoming PTSD with the new psychology of time perspective therapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Potential research development If hypothesis presented here will be confirmed by increasing data size there are some potential important clinical implications as we can identify precious information that can help to definine protocols adopted to support PTSD people. In accordance with scientific literature, findings highlight the need for psychological and anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway analysis in people with PTSD and early interventions that target physiological reactivity in PTSD.

Acknowledgment

More information If you are interested to receive more information about this project research please contact me at:

info@massimoagnoletti.it or call me at:

+39 338 33.55.77.9

DO TIME PERSPECTIVE ORIENTATIONS HAVE SPECIFIC VAGAL NERVE OR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CHOLINERGIC PATHWAY ACTIVITY? PAST NEGATIVE/FUTURE VS PRESENT HEDONISTIC/PAST POSITIVE ORIENTED PEOPLE "

Massimo Agnoletti, Ph.D. Centro Benessere Psicologico Introduction Aim of this study is to explore possible correlations between specific time perspective profile and the activity of a neural pathway crucial to promote anti-inflammatory action supported by the production of acetylcholine. Scientific literature indicates that when we experience negative emotions, our prefrontal cortex brain area (overall right emisphere) is more active and induces through a neural reflex that target brain stem, an inhibitory action to the cholinergic anti-inflammatory circuit (vagal nerve). As a consequence of this inhibitory action, the antiinflammatory neural circuit (vagal nerve) does not produce a sufficient amount of acetylcholine useful for contrasting systemic inflammatory processes. In a nutshell, when our emotional state is negative, cholinergic anti-inflammatory circuit is temporarily inhibited from a neural reflex, induced by prefrontal cortex brain area, and then we make more likely inflammatory processes. From Time Perspective literature we know that different time orientation profile (for example: more focused on Past Negative) are characterized by a specific cognitive/emotional/motivational style. Examining emotional aspects of these differents styles, Past Negative and Future are more probably connotated from negative emotions (in terms of daily frequencies) whilst Past Positive and Present Hedonistic should have lower daily frequencies of negative emotions at least compared with Past Negative and Future oriented people. Current scenario indicates that, at least between Past Negative and Past Positive focused people, should have different frequencies of negative emotions experienced daily.

Bibliography Beaumont, A., et al. (2012). Reduced cardiac vagal modulation impacts on cognitive performance in chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS One.;7(11):e49518. Boyd, J.N., & Zimbardo, P.G. (2005). Time Perspective, Health, and Risk Taking, in A. Strathman and J. Joireman (eds) Understanding Behavior in the Context of Time: Theory, Research, and Application (pp.85-107). Brudey, C., et. al. (2015). Autonomic and inflammatory consequences of posttraumatic stress disorder and the link to cardiovascular disease. In Am. J. Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.309(4); (pp.315-321). Czura, C., Tracey, K, (2005). Autonomic neural regulation of immunity. J Intern Med. 257(2); (pp.156-66). Forsythe, P. (2015). The parasympathetic nervous system as a regulator of mast cell function. Methods Mol Biol;1220; (pp. 141-154). Hays, S.A. (2916). Enhancing Rehabilitative Therapies with Vagus Nerve Stimulation.

Venice (Italy) Hypothesis From theoretical view just presented, a possible interesting hypothesis could be verify if neural interference caused by negative emotions has significant correlations with one or more time orientations. In particular should be found a positive correlation between neural interference to vagal activity index (VLF) and Past Negative focused people whilst we should find a positive correlation between Past Positive people and neural interference activity index. Less strong correlations should be found between Future and Present Hedonistic people (respectively positive and negative correlations). Similar (but opposite) kind of correlations should be found between vagal activity index (RMSSD) and time focused people. Specifically we should expect that vagal activity index is positively correlated with Past Positive and Present Hedonistic people while should be negatively correlated with Past Negative and Future oriented people.

Expected results

About time perspective orientations and neural interference vagal activity (VLF index)correlations we should expect that: Past Negative oriented people should be positively correlated (r >= 0,5) with values of neural interference vagal activity (VLF index). Past Positive oriented people should be negatively correlated (r >= -0,5) with values of neural interference vagal activity (VLF index). Future oriented people should be positively correlated (r >= 0,4) with values of neural interference vagal activity (VLF index). Present Hedonistic oriented people should be negatively correlated (r >= -0,4) with values of neural interference vagal activity (VLF index). About time perspective orientation and vagal activity correlations we should expect that: Past Positive oriented people should be positively correlated (r >= 0,5) with values of neural vagal activity (RMSSD index). Past Negative oriented people should be negatively correlated (r >= -0,5) with values of neural vagal activity (RMSSD index). Future oriented people should be negatively correlated (r >= -0,4) with values of neural vagal activity (RMSSD index). Present Hedonistic oriented people should be positivelycorrelated (r >= 0,4) with values of neural vagal activity (RMSSD index).

Neurotherapeutics. 13(2);(pp.382-394). Minassian, A., et. all. (2016). Heart Rate Variability and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, in JAMA Psychiatry (pp. 178-179). Nelson, T., et al. (2008). Models of brain asymmetry in emotional processing. Psychology & Neuroscience, 1, 1, (pp. 63-66). Pavlov, V., Tracey, K. (2005). The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun. 19(6); (pp.493-499). Sammito, S., et al. (2015). Influence of post-traumatic stress disorder on heart rate variability as marker of the autonomic nervous system - a systematic review in Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr (pp. 30-37). Thayer, J., (2009). Vagal tone and the inflammatory reflex. Cleve Clin J Med.;76, (pp.23-26). Zimbardo, P.G., & Boyd, J.N. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York: Free Press. Zimbardo, P.G., & Boyd, J.N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.

Methodology From a methodological point of view, we could test correlational hypothesis using three kinds of variables. First one is the ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory) survey to identified different clusters of orientations people (Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Hedonist, Future focused). We could establish a standard by which we define a subject time focused (for example, Past Nagative) by setting a specific percentile far from population mean (25-30%) or we could process time perspective data without identifying specific time orientation clusters but using a multifactor analysis on a larger data size. Second and third variables useful to test our hypothesis are the VLF index (Very Low Frequency) and RMSSD index (Root Mean Square of Successive Difference) in order to measure respectively “neural interference vagal activity” and ”neural vagal activity” by a non-invasive medical device (photoplethysmograph). To verify our hypothesis we could at first use Pearson correlation coefficient (r) analysis to compare time dimensions variables and RMSSD and VHF ones.

Potential research development If hypothesis presented here will be tested and confirmed there are some potential important clinical and not clinical implications about the way each time orientation profile could be treated in order to improve their specific health. For example, in a clinical setting, we could use ZTPI survey to have an indirect knowledge of patient’s anti-inflammatory capability to deal with (dis)stressing exposures.

More information If you are interested to receive more information about this project research please contact me at:

info@massimoagnoletti.it or call me at:

+39 338 33.55.77.9

DO TIME PERSPECTIVE ORIENTATIONS HAVE DIFFERENT HEART RATE VARIABILITY? "

" Massimo Agnoletti, Ph.D. Centro Benessere Psicologico Introduction Aim of this study is to explore possible connection between specific time orientation’s profile (time focused dimensions as, for example Present Hedonistic) and the heart rate variability (SDNN) a very important health index. Heart rate variability is an important health index related to cardiovascular and neural health. This study aims to explore correlations between different time perspective orientations and different ranges of heart rate variability index. Decreased heart rate variability occurs with physical and psychological disorders and is a predictor of cardiac and all-cause mortality. Time orientation profiles are correlated with different lifestyles, different risky/healthy behaviours and different cognitiveemotional-motivational psychological styles that should have various impacts on heart rate variability.

Bibliography Beaumont, A., et al. (2012). Reduced cardiac vagal modulation impacts on cognitive performance in chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS One.;7(11):e49518. Boyd, J.N., & Zimbardo, P.G. (2005). Time Perspective, Health, and Risk Taking, in A. Strathman and J. Joireman (eds) Understanding Behavior in the Context of Time: Theory, Research, and Application (pp.85-107). Brown, RJ (2004). "Psychological mechanisms of medically unexplained symptoms: an integrative conceptual model". Psychological Bulletin 130 (5): 793–812. Czura, C., Tracey, K, (2005). Autonomic neural regulation of immunity. J Intern Med. 257(2); (pp.156-66). Forsythe, P. (2015). The parasympathetic nervous system as a regulator of mast cell function. Methods Mol Biol;1220; (pp.141-154). Kirmayer, A., and al.(2004). Explaining medically unexplained symptoms. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 49 (10): 663–72.

Venice (Italy) Hypothesis From theoretical assumptions just presented, a possible interesting hypothesis is verify if there are significant correlations between one or more time orientation profiles (Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, Future) and heart rate variability index (SDNN) measurements. Significant correlations with SDNN should be found between Past Negative/Present Hedonistic (negative correlation) and Future oriented people (positive correlation) for their very different ways to put in place healthy behaviors.

Expected results

If our hypothesis are correct we should find that Past Negative oriented people have a negative correlation (r >= -0,5) with SDNN (heart rate variability index) values. Present Hedonistic oriented people have a negative correlation (r >= -0,5) with SDNN (heart rate variability index) values. Future oriented people should have a positive correlation (r >= 0,5) with SDNN (heart rate variability index) values.

Hays, S.A. (2916). Enhancing Rehabilitative Therapies with Vagus Nerve Stimulation. Neurotherapeutics. 13(2);(pp.382-394). Licht, C.M., et. al. (2009). Association between anxiety disorders and heart rate variability in The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Psychosom Med.71(5):(pp.508-518). Nelson, T., et al. (2008). Models of brain asymmetry in emotional processing. Psychology & Neuroscience, 1, 1, (pp.63-66). Patron E, et. al. (2012). Association between depression and heart rate variability in patients after cardiac surgery: a pilot study. J Psychosom Res.73(1):(pp.42-46). Pavlov, V., Tracey, K. (2005). The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun. 19(6); (pp.493-499).

Methodology From a methodological point of view, we could test correlational hypothesis using two kind of variables. First one is the ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory) survey to identified different cluster of orientations people (Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Hedonist, Future focused). We could establish a standard by which we define a subject time focused (for example, Past Nagative) by setting a specific acceptability’s cut-off percentile from population mean (p.e.: 25-30%) or we could process time perspective data without identifying specific time orientation clusters but using a multifactor analysis on a larger data size. Second instrument is the SDNN index (standard deviation of the “beat-to-beat”cardiac muscle) collected in order to measure heart rate variability by a non-invasive medical device (photoplethysmograph). Ranges of hearth rate variability are defined as adequate (SDNN> 100ms), deficient (SDNN between 50ms and 100ms) or critic (SDNN< 100ms). To verify our hypothesis we could at first use Pearson correlation coefficient (r) analysis to compare time dimensions variables and SDNN variable.

Potential applications

If hypothesis presented here will be tested and confirmed there are some potential important clinical and not clinical implications about the way each time orientation profile could be treated in order to improve their specific health. In particular, as hart rate variability is a very important health index we could use this information to determine with more precision and effectiveness already from time perspective data, psychophysical rehabilitation plans or just to optimize psychophysical performances.

More information If you are interested to receive more information about this project research please contact me at:

info@massimoagnoletti.it or call me at:

+39 338 33.55.77.9

DIFFERENT TIME PERSPECTIVE ORIENTATIONS HAVE DIFFERENT NUMBER AND/OR TYPE OF MEDICAL UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMPS? "

Massimo Agnoletti, Ph.D. Centro Benessere Psicologico Introduction Aim of this study is to explore possible connection between specific time orientation’s profile (time focused dimensions as, for example Present Hedonistic or Future) and number/kind of Medical Unexplained Symptoms (MUS). MUS is a validated medical survey useful to identify health status; number and kind of MUS answers are correlated with different health status and chronic processes. MUS do not correspond to specific medical conditions but are very frequent. It is estimated that probably more than 15-30% of all medical visits to primary care, more than 30% of hospitalizations, 20-50% of the outpatient costs, are attributable to the symptoms described by MUS. Recent scientific literature has found strong correlations between MUS and disorders/specific chronic diseases. Some of these studies show that number of MUS is positively correlated to the number of diagnostic anxiety disorders and/or depression’s criteria. Time orientation profiles are correlated with different lifestyles, different risky/healthy behaviours and different cognitive-emotional-motivational psychological styles that can have various impacts on number and kind of MUS’s symptoms.

Bibliography Boyd, J.N., & Zimbardo, P.G. (2005). Time Perspective, Health, and Risk Taking, in A. Strathman and J. Joireman (eds) Understanding Behavior in the Context of Time: Theory, Research, and Application (pp.85-107). Brown, RJ (2004). "Psychological mechanisms of medically unexplained symptoms: an integrative conceptual model". Psychological Bulletin 130 (5): 793–812. Brown, RJ (September 2004). "Psychological mechanisms of medically unexplained symptoms: an integrative conceptual model.". Psychological Bulletin 130 (5): 793–812. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.5.793. PMID 15367081. Husain, M. et. al. (2015). Psychosocial correlates, psychological distress, and quality of life in patients withmedically unexplained symptoms: a primary care study in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Psychiatry Med. 48(4):(pp.235-251). Kellett, S., et. al. (2016). Developing Services for Patients with Depression or Anxiety in the Context of Long-term Physical Health Conditions and Medically Unexplained Symptoms: Evaluation of an IAPT Pathfinder Site. Behav Cogn Psychother. 44(5): (pp. 553-567).

Venice (Italy) Hypothesis From theoretical view just presented, a possible interesting hypothesis could be verify if there are significant correlations between one or more time orientation profile (Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, Future) and number and/ or kind of Medical Unexplained Symptoms (MUS). Significant differences on MUS numerosity should be found between Past Negative (positive correlation) and Future oriented (negative correlation) people for their very different ways to put in place healthy behaviors.

Expected results

If our hypothesis are correct we should find that Past Negative oriented people have a positive correlation (r >= 0,5) with numerosity of MUS (Medical Unexplained Symptoms). Future oriented people should have a positive correlation (r >= -0,5) with numerosity of MUS (Medical Unexplained Symptoms). We have no specific expectations about correlations between others time orientations (no Past Negative or Future) and MUS numerosity as we don’t have specific correlational expectations about MUS typology and time orientations.

Kirmayer, L.J., et. al. (2004). Explaining medically unexplained symptoms. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie. 49 (10); (pp.663–672). Kroenke, K.; Rosmalen, G. (2006). Symptoms, syndromes, and the value of psychiatric diagnostics in patients who have functional somatic disorders. The Medical clinics of North America. 90 (4): (pp.603–626). Margalit, Ad., El, Ad. (2007). Costly patients with unexplained medical symptoms: A high-risk population. Patient Education and Counselling. 70, Issue 2; (pp.173-178). Nimnuan, T.H. (2001). Medically unexplained symptoms: an epidemiological study in seven specialities. Journal of Psychosomatic Research; 51; (pp.361-367). Rosendal, J., et. al. (2005). Management of Medically Unexplained Symptoms. British Medical Journal; 330: (pp.4-5). Smith, R. et al (2003). Treating patients with medically unexplained symptoms in primary care. Journal of General Intern Medicine; 18: (pp.478-489). Van Eck, S., et. al. (2015). Medically unexplained and explained physical symptoms in the general population: association with prevalent and incident mental disorders. PLoS One;10(4). Zimbardo, P.G., & Boyd, J.N. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York: Free Press.

Methodology From a methodological point of view, we could test our hypothesis using two kind of variable/instrument. First one is the ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory) survey to identified different cluster of orientations people (Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalist, Present Hedonist, Future). We could establish a standard by which we define a subject time focused (for example, Past Nagative) by setting a specific acceptability’s cut-off percentile from population mean (p.e.: 25-30%) or we could process time perspective data without identifying specific time orientation clusters but using a multifactor analysis on a larger data size. Second instrument is the 15 items MUS questionnaire. In order to verify our hypothesis we could define three cutoff about MUS numerosity’s symptoms (“low” <= 2; “medium” between 3 and 8; “high”>8). If correlations between time orientation profile and MUS numerosity will be confirmed we could then try to test possible correlations between time orientation profile and typology of MUS (fibromyalgia syndrome, chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, somatic depression, somatic anxiety).

Potential applications If hypothesis presented here will be tested and confirmed there are some potential important implications for clinical and not clinical settings about the way each time orientation profile could be treated in order to improve specific subjects’ health. In particular, as MUS is a very important chronic stress indication, we could use this information to determine with more precision and effectiveness, already from time perspective data, psychophysical rehabilitation plans or optimizing psychophysical performances.

More information If you are interested to receive more information about this project research please contact me at:

info@massimoagnoletti.it or call me at:

+39 338 33.55.77.9

Celebrating Time Mental Health and Time Perspective

The relationship between vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, time perspective, personality and satisfaction with life

Joanna Witowska, Oliwia Maciantowicz, Marcin Zajenkowski

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

How itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to be narcissistic?

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

How itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to be narcissistic?

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

How it’s to be narcissistic? Historically Appreciation of our body Masturbation Homosexuality

Personality disorder

Non-clinical personality trait/type

Grandiose sense of self Disregard of others //icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

Two-faced narcissism

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

Differentiating two narcissisms Grandiose narcissism

Vulnerable narcissism

High self-esteem Attention and admiration seeking Strong coherent picture of self Extraversion Overestimation of their abilities Tendency toward domination Higher satisfaction with live

Labile self-esteem Labile image of Self Self-esteem depending on external reinforcements

Shyness Touchiness Tendency toward anger and hostility

Avoidant or depressive attitude

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

Differentiation of two narcissisms with Time Perspective Regression analyses with vulnerable narcissism (models 1-3) and grandiose narcissism (model 4) as dependent variables and personality traits and time perspectives as predictors

Vulnerable Narcissism Model 1

Model 2 β

Grandiose Narcissism Model 3

Model 4 β

Sex

-.04

Sex

-.04

Sex

.05

Sex

Age

-.08

Age

-.13*

Age

-.11

Age

Extraversion

-.19*

Agreeableness

-.22** Extraversion

Emotional Stability -.38** Emotional Stability -.45** Present Hedonism Past Negative

.13*

Present Fatalism

.09

*p<0.05; **p<0.001

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

-.34** Extraversion .18*

Present Hedonism

β -.20** -.11 .42** .15*

Isn’t narcissism adaptive? Grandiose narcissism:  is connected with more positive affect well-being self assessed intelligence with lower levels of loneliness, sadness, depressive, anxious or neurotic feelings (eg., Sedikides et al., 2004, Miller et al., 2010, 2011) //icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

Balanced means adaptive

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

May narcissism be balanced? ?

Grandiose Narcissism

Vulnerable Narcissism

.15*

-04.

Deviation from Balanced Time Perspective

N= 226

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

Balanced means satisfied Drake et al., 2008 Boniwell et al., 2010 Zhang, Howell & Stolarski, 2013

BTP = well-being: higher level of satisfaction with life, happiness, positive affect

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

So step 2â&#x20AC;Śis not vulnerable narccisism satisfied with life?

Grandiose Narcissism

Vulnerable Narcissism

-.27**

.10

Satisfaction with life (SWLS) Previous studies: high satisfaction with life more positive affect well - being

N= 213

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

Time perspectives explain vulnerable narcissism’s low SWLS Regression analyses with satisfaction with life as dependent variables and grandiose and vulnerable narcissism and time perspectives as predictors

Satisfaction with life Model 1

Model 2 β

Vulnerable Narcissism

-.21*

Vulnerable Narcissism

-.08

Deviation from Balanced Perspective

-.43**

Past Negative

-.45**

Present Fatalism

.07

*p<0.05; **p<0.001

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

Summary to refresh working memory

Vulnerable

Grandiose

TPs:

Present Hedonism

Past Negative Present Fatalism

Balance SWLS

less Balanced TP lower SWLS

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

Discussion Grandiose narcissism and Present Hedonism Two shades of grandiose narcissism and PH

Vulnerable narcissism, Past Negative and Present Fatalism Negative emotionality and low self-esteem Negative view of the past as a source of low self-worth Fatalism as a source of perceived lack of control PN and PF as a source of hostility Fueling aggression in vulnerable narcissism

Lower satisfaction with life Fueled by Deviation from Balanced Perspective Past Negative perspective //icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

Recommendation

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

References Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). Balancing time perspective in pursuit of optimal functioning. In P. A. Linley, & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 165–180). New Jersey: Wiley & Sons. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75. Drake, L., Duncan, E., Sutherland, F., Abernethy, C., & Henry, C. (2008). Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing. Time & Society, 17, 47–61. Hendin, H. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1997). Assessing hypersensitive narcissism: A reexamination of Murray’s Narcissism Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 588–599. Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Searching for a vulnerable dark triad: Comparing factor 2 psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism, and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality, 78, 1529–1564. Miller, J. D., Hoffman, B. J., Gaughan, E. T., Gentile, B., Maples, J., & Campbell, W. K. (2011). Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: A nomological network analysis. Journal of Personality,79 (5), 1013-42. Sedikides, C., Rudich, E. A., Gregg, A. P., Kumashiro, M., & Rusbult, C. (2004). Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy?: Self-esteem matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 400–416. Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45, 590. Rose, P. (2002). The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 379–391 Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 590-597. Zhang, J.W., Howell, R. T., & Stolarski, M. (2013). Comparing three methods to measure a balanced time perspective: The relationship between balanced time perspective and subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 169–184. Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-difference metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271–1288.

//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl

Time for Bad Behaviour? Associations between time attitudes & antisocial personality traits

Dr Liz Temple Faculty of Health, Federation University Australia e.temple@federation.edu.au

Why this study? • Importance of understanding the antisocial behaviour we see in society • Callousness • Deceitfulness • Grandiosity • Hostility • Manipulativeness • We know time perspectives/attitudes/orientation are related to a range of individual differences including big-5 personality traits, health & risk-related behaviours, and financial decision-making, so likely to also be related to these antisocial behaviours • Exploratory study – no hypotheses

Participants & Procedure Participants • 201 participants, 73% female • 18-64 years of age (Mage = 36.3, SD = 12.7) • Relationship status: • Employment status: • • • •

18% single, never married 14% non-cohabiting relationship 56% married/cohabiting relationship 10% separated/divorced or widowed

• Highest level of education • • • • •

10% did not complete secondary school 18% completed secondary school 25% trade/vocational qualifications 30% university degree 16% postgraduate degree

Procedure • •

Recruited via social media and workplaces Online survey

• • • • •

9% casual 19% part-time 53% full-time 14% student 4% unemployed

• Household income ($AUD) • • • • • • •

9% $25,000 or less 12% $26,000-$50,000 18% $51,000-$75,000 22% $76,000-$100,000 11% $101,000-125,000 14% $126,000-$150,000 11% $151,000 or more

Measures The Adolescent Time Inventory (ATI; Mello & Worrell, 2010) •

Time Frequency (ATI-TF) component consists of 3 items: “how often do you think about the past/present/future?” rated on a 5-point scale from almost never to almost always, with higher score indicating greater frequency.

•

Time Attitudes (ATI-TA) component has 30 items rated on a 5-point scale from totally disagree to totally agree, with higher scores indicating stronger attitudes •

Past Positive (5 items, e.g., I have very happy memories of my childhood)

•

Past Negative (5 items, e.g., I am not satisfied with my past)

•

Present Positive (5 items, e.g., I am happy with my current life)

•

Present Negative (5 items, e.g., I am not satisfied with my life right now)

•

Future Positive (5 items, e.g., My future makes me smile)

•

Future Negative (5 items, e.g., Thinking about my future makes me sad)

Measures The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5; Krueger et al., 2013) •

220 items rated on a 4-point scale from very/often false to very/often true

•

Trait facet scores range 0-4, with higher scores indicating greater dysfunction for relevant trait facet •

Callousness (14 items, e.g., I really don’t care if I make other people suffer)

•

Deceitfulness (10 items, e.g., Sometimes you need to exaggerate to get ahead)

•

Grandiosity (6 items, e.g., I have outstanding qualities that few others possess)

•

Hostility (10 items, e.g., I always make sure I get back at people who wrong me)

•

Manipulativeness (5 items, e.g., I’m good at making people do want I want them to do)

Îą

3.17

0.75

Present

3.90

0.79

Future

3.75

0.75

ATI-TA Past Positive

.92

3.53

0.86

Past Negative

.91

2.36

0.94

Present Positive

.91

3.75

0.80

Present Negative

.91

2.45

0.94

Future Positive

.94

3.80

0.79

Future Negative

.83

2.21

0.74

.85

0.29

0.31

Deceitfulness

.82

0.45

0.40

Grandiosity

.78

0.37

0.44

Hostility

.81

0.64

0.46

Manipuativeness

.74

0.60

0.50

ATI-TF Past

PID-5 Callousness

Correlations PAST

0.4

PRESENT

FUTURE

0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Callous

-0.1

Deceit -0.2

Grand

-0.3

Hostile

-0.4

Manip

-0.5 Frequency

Positive

Negative Frequency

Positive

Negative Frequency

Positive

Negative

Past Negative – Hostility relationship is moderated by Past Frequency 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

Low Frequency High Frequency

0.2 0.1 0

Low

Medium

Past Negative R2 = .12, Adj. R2 = .10; F(3, 121) = 5.58, p<.001 • • •

Interaction: ΔR2 = .03, β = .07, p = .039 Past Negative: β = .09, p =.023 Past Frequency: β = .08, p =.064

High

Present Negative – Deceitfulness relationship is not moderated by Present Frequency 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

Low Frequency High Frequency

0.2 0.1 0

Low

Medium

Present Negative R2 = .14, Adj. R2 = .12; F(3, 121) = 6.48, p<.001 • • •

Interaction: ΔR2 = .003, β = .02, p = .507 Future Negative: β = .13, p <.001 Future Frequency: β = .07, p =.038

High

Future Negative – Callousness relationship is moderated by Future Frequency 1

Low Frequency High Frequency

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Low

Medium

Future Negative R2 = .27, Adj. R2 = .25; F(3, 121) = 14.49, p<.001 • • •

Interaction: ΔR2 = .07, β = -.08, p = .001 Future Negative: β = .14, p <.001 Future Frequency: β = -.04, p =.146

High

Findings • Time Attitudes are significantly associated with antisocial personality traits: • • •

Past, Present & Future Positive negatively correlated with Callousness, Hostility & Deceitfulness Present Positive negatively correlated with Hostility & Deceitfulness Present & Future Negative positively correlated with Callousness, Hostility & Deceitfulness

• Time Frequency acts as a moderator for some of these relationships Limitations •

Small, general population sample – results may differ for other groups, such as clinical and prison samples

Considerations: • •

Can we change people’s time attitudes? Can we reduce adverse outcomes of problematic time attitudes by changing frequency of thinking about the past, present and future?

Questions?

Svetlana G. Klimanova, M.S. & Anna V. Trusova, Ph.D. St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute This research study was supported by Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation grant (16-06-01043)

Benefits of studying subjective perception of psychological time in clinical populations  Allow to better understand

motivational and affective influences on individual’s behavioral choices

 Allow to develop more

effective psychosocial approaches to treatment of Substance Use Disorders and other mental health difficulties

Goal of our study ď&#x201A;&#x2014; Investigate subjective perception of psychological time

and its impact on quality of life in the group of patients undergoing treatment for substance use disorders

ď&#x201A;&#x2014; Develop recommendations for treatment based on the

study results

Characteristics of the study Participants:  Patients (n=93) undergoing treatment for Substance Use Dependence (ICD 10 diagnoses F10.2, F11.2, F15.2) at St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute  Average age 36.80±10.93 yrs  47 women, 46 men Methods:  ZTPI (Russian adaptation by Sircova et al., 2008)  Semantic Differential of Time (Vasserman et al., 2005)  SF 36 (Ware et al., 1992, Russian version by International Center for Research of Quality of Life)

SF-36 (Assessment of Quality of Life) Vitality Physical Functioning

Mental Health

Social Functioning

Quality of Life

Role Emotional Functioning

Bodily Pain

General Health Role Physical Functioning

Semantic Differential of Time (Vasserman L.I. et al., 2005)  Assesses cognitive and

affective components of subjective perception of psychological time

 Can be used as an

instrument for assessing patients’ emotional functioning as well as progress in treatment

Semantic Differential of Time (cont’d)

 Individual rates each time domain on 25 scales, which

are, subsequently, grouped in 5 factors Past

• Activity • Affective Quality • Magnitude • Structure • Perceptibility

Present • Activity • Affective Quality • Magnitude • Structure • Perceptibility

Future • Activity • Affective Quality • Magnitude • Structure • Perceptibility

Results of the study ď&#x201A;&#x2014; The majority of

participants had future (34%) or present hedonistic (23%) predominant TP ď&#x201A;&#x2014; The lowest number of study participants (10%) had predominant present fatalistic TP*

Time Perspective Present Fatalistic

Past Negative

Past Positive

Present Hedonistic

Future 10%

34%

15% 18% 23%

Results of the study

As compared to normative sample, participants in the study considered  PAST – more structured (p<0.01)  PRESENT –more emotionally charged (p<0.01), more engaging and meaningful (p<0.001), and more structured (p<0.01), but less active and dynamic (p<0.001),  FUTURE – more emotionally charged (p<0.001), more engaging and meaningful (p<0.001), and more structured (p<0.001)

Results of the study ď&#x201A;&#x2014; Past Negative TP had significant negative correlation with Affective Quality factor of the past (p<0.001) and Affective Quality factor of the future (p<0.05) ď&#x201A;&#x2014; Past Positive TP has significant positive correlations with Activity factor of the past (p<0.05), Affective Quality factor of the past (p<0.001), and Perceptibility factor of the past (p<0.05)

Results of the study  Present Hedonistic TP  Significant positive correlations with Activity factor of

the present (p<0.05)  Significant negative correlations with Perceptibility factor of the present (p<0.01)

 Present Fatalistic TP had significant negative correlations with Magnitude factor of the future (p<0.05), Structure factor of the present(p<0.05), and Structure factor of the future (p<0.05)  Future TP had significant negative correlations with Affective Quality factor of the past (p<0.05)

Results of the study ď&#x201A;&#x2014; Past Negative TP had significant negative

correlation with almost every scale of SF 36, including Physical Functioning (p<0.01), Role Physical Functioning (p<0.05), General Health (p<0.05), Vitality (p<0.001), Social Functioning (p<0.01), and Mental Health (p<0.001)

ď&#x201A;&#x2014; Present Fatalistic TP had significant negative correlation with General Health (p<0.05), Vitality (p<0.05), Social Functioning (p<0.01), and Mental Health (p<0,001) scales

Conclusions  Assessment of subjective

perception of psychological time can be a useful assessment tool in psychosocial treatment of patients undergoing treatment for SUD

 It allows to gauge patients’

affective and motivational influences on their behavioral choices

Conclusions ď&#x201A;&#x2014; Patients with predominant Past Negative and Present

Fatalistic TP might display the most difficulties in their physical and emotional functioning

ď&#x201A;&#x2014; Depending on the predominant time perspective,

effective treatment might include interventions for decreasing negative attributions of the past, increasing structure for present and future, and/or developing strategies for selective hedonism

Svetlana G. Klimanova, MS St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute (St. Petersburg, Russia) svetlanagkl@gmail.com

Celebrating Time Well-Being and Time Perspective

CAN PARENTING STYLE AND TIME PERSPECTIVE PREDICT HEALTHIER LIFESTYLE: FINDINGS FROM THE YOUTH 2010 STUDY Bojan Musil, PhD Urška Živkovič Copenhagen, 18.8.2016

SAMPLE

N = 1257, Age: M = 22,29 (SD = 4,17)

15-18 25-29

Female

19-24

Male

MEASURES o Parenting styles: Parenting Practices Questionnaire (PPQ; Robinson, Mandleco, Olsen, & Hart, 1995; Robinson et al., 1996), o Time perspectives o Health related behavior - perception of daily fruit and vegetable intake - frequency of sport activities - alcohol consumption - smoking frequency

AIM •To verify the established link between the TP and health related behavior •To explore the link between parenting styles and TP •To test whether the TP mediates the link between parenting styles and health related behavior We hypothesize: • authoritative parenting style and future-oriented time perspective will be related to better health-related outcomes (lower overall substance consumption, more physical activity). • stronger relations of health-related behavior and time perspective, as with parenting styles

RESULTS

FREQUENCY OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE B

SE B

Constant

2,77

0,24

Gender**

-0,39

0,07

-0,17

F**

0,31

0,05

0,18

0,09

0,05

PF*

-0,10

0,05

** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05; R² = 0,07, Adj. R² =0,06

SE B

Constant

3,61

0,23

Gender**

-0,35

0,07

-0,15

Authoratative **

0,21

0,05

0,12

0,05

Permissive**

-0,13

0,05

-0,08

-0,07

Authoritarian

-0,06

0,04

-0,04

** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05 ; R² = 0,06, Adj. R² =0,06

FREQUENCY OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE Z = 4,61, p < 0,01

0,29 (0,05)**

-0,11 (0,02)**

Authoratative parenting

** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05

0,26 (0,05)**

Fruit & vegetable intake

FREQUENCY OF SPORT ACTIVITY B

SE B

Constant

1,33

0,29

Gender**

0,50

0,08

0,18

SE B

Constant

2,36

0,28

Gender**

0,56

0,08

0,20

F**

0,20

0,06

0,10

Authoritative*

0,14

0,06

0,07

PH**

0,17

0,06

0,09

Permissive*

-0,12

0,06

-0,06

-0,00

0,05

-0,00

Authoritarian

-0,00

0,05

-0,00

** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05; R² = 0,05, Adj. R² =0,05

** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05; R² = 0,04, Popr. R² =0,04

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 95 % C.I. for EXP (B) B (SE B)

Alcohol consumation

Lower

Odds ratio

Upper

Gender*

0,29 (0,12)

1,06

1,33

1,68

F**

-0,39 (0,09)

0,57

0,68

0,80

PH*

0,22 (0,09)

1,04

1,24

1,50

PF*

0,24 (0,08)

1,08

1,27

1,48

Constant

-0,08 (0,43)

0,93

** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05; R² = 0,04 (Cox & Snell), 0,06 (Nagelkerke). Model χ² (4) = 54,54, p < 0,01.

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 F**

PH** Regularly

PF** Rarely

SMOKING Smoking

95 % C.I. for EXP (B)

F**

B (SE B)

Lower

Odds ratio

Upper

-0,36 (0,09)

0,59

0,70

0,82

4 3.5 3

PH**

0,41 (0,09)

1,25

1,50

1,79

2.5

PF*

0,11 (0,08)

0,95

1,12

1,31

Gender

0,09 (0,12)

0,87

1,09

1,38

Constant

-0,51 (0,43)

0,60

** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05; R² = 0,04 (Cox & Snell), 0,06 (Nagelkerke). Model χ² (4) = 52,43, p < 0,01.

F**

PH** Non-smokers

PF** Smokers

SMOKING 95 % C.I. for EXP (B) B (SE B) Authoritarian** 0,27 (0,08)

Smoking

Lower

Odds ratio

Upper

1,13

1,31

1,52

4 3.5 3

Permissive*

0,21 (0,08)

1,05

1,24

1,46

2.5

Authoritative

-0,07 (0,09)

0,79

0,94

1,11

Gender

0,12 (0,12)

0,90

1,13

1,43

Constant

-1,23 (0,42)

0,29

** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05; R² = 0,03 (Cox & Snell), 0,04 (Nagelkerke). Model χ² (4) = 35,39, p < 0,01.

Authoritative

Authoritarian**

Non smokers

Permissive**

Smokers

SMOKING Z = 3,34, p < 0,01

0,23 (0,05)**

0,12 (0,02)**

Authoritarian parenting

** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05

0,16 (0,04)**

Smoking

SMOKING Z = 3,96, p < 0,01

0,23 (0,05)**

0,22 (0,03)**

Permissive parenting

** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05

0,14 (0,05)**

Smoking

SMOKING Z = 2,49, p < 0,01

0,14 (0,05)**

0,12 (0,03)**

Authoritarian parenting

** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05

0,17 (0,05)**

Smoking

SMOKING Z = 2,71, p < 0,05

0,13 (0,05)**

0,21 (0,03)**

Permissive parenting

** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05

0,14 (0,05)**

Smoking

CONCLUSION o TP and parenting styles are important predictor of health related behavior o TP is a mediator between parenting styles and health related behavior LIMITATIONS o abbreviated versions of inventories

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Faculty of Psychology University of Warsaw

Time perspective and attitudes towards some contemporary challenges in young adults Ewa Czerniawska Maria LedziĹ&#x201E;ska Joanna Piechocka

Background

Short title of he presentation – to add in template

•

Time prespective in Zimbardo and Boyd paradigm:

•

Past negative

•

Past positive

•

Present fatalistic

•

Present hedonistic

•

Future

Study 1: Contemporary challenges

Short title of he presentation – to add in template

•

Rapid changes

•

Globalization

•

Unpredictable world and individuals’ life

•

Era of information (over) production

•

New technologies, also in education

•

Need for a strongly flexible adaptation

Aim of study 1

Short title of he presentation â&#x20AC;&#x201C; to add in template

â&#x20AC;˘

Investigate relations between time prespective, in Zimbatdo and Boyd paradigm, and attitudes towards globalization in young adults

Participants

Short title of he presentation â&#x20AC;&#x201C; to add in template

â&#x20AC;˘

203 participants, 136 women and 67 men, 18 37 lat years old, M = 24, 5 years (SD= 3,02).

â&#x20AC;˘

84 university students, 64 only working, 55 only studying, living mostly in big towns, over 100 thousands inhabitants (N=149)

Method

Short title of he presentation – to add in template

•

The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, ZTPI

•

Men in the world, constructed by Ledzińska, measuring attitudes towards globalization in three aspects: orientation towards the future, risk acceptance, readiness for change

•

Data gathered in groups

Results for the global index of attitude towards globalization

Short title of he presentation – to add in template

•

Significant positive correlation between a positive attitude towards globalization and present hedonistic time perspective (,31**)

•

Significant negative correlation between a positive attitude towards globalization and the following time prespectives:

 past negative (-,37**),  past positive (-,21**)  present fatalistic (-,28**)

Time perspective and three aspects of the attitude towards globalization

Short title of he presentation – to add in template

•

Orientation towards the future was correlated with past negative (-,46**), past positive (-,31**), present fatalistic (-,50**) and future (,25) time perspective

•

Risk acceptance was correlated with past negative (-,18**) and present hedonistic (,41**) time perspective

•

Readiness for change was correlated with past negative (-,29**), present hedonistic (,30**) and present fatalistic (-,18**) time perspective

Conclusions

Short title of he presentation – to add in template

•

Future time perspective had merely no significant relations with attitudes towards globalization

•

Both negative and positive past perspective were linked with a negative attitude towards globalization

•

Present hedonistic time perspective was related with a positive attitude towards globalization

Study 2: Information and communication technologies

Short title of he presentation – to add in template

•

Tools making possible communication between people, by gathering, storing, processing, sending and presenting information; especially different computer and communication technologies

•

Technology is important, but the most important is the way it is used



Educational technologies: interactive boards, educational applications for mobiles, webinars, tutorials, e-learning

Advantages of new educational technologies

Short title of he presentation – to add in template

•

Freedom of choice as to where and when learn

•

Freedom of choice of the method, materials and pace of learning

•

Fast access to large data bases

•

Multimodal data

•

Attractive for young learners

New technologies: risks

Short title of he presentation – to add in template



moral (pornography, racism…),



social (anonimosity),



psychological (virtual reality treated as true, addiction), intellectual (information overproduction, lack of criticism towards data from the internet),



somatic (posture, sight)



digital exclusion

Aims of study 2

Short title of he presentation – to add in template

•

Learning more about young adults’ attitudes towards new technologies in education

•

Checking the links between different time prespectives and attitues towards new technologies in young adults

Participants

Short title of he presentation – to add in template

•

100 senior high school students (46 women, 52 men, 2 participants did not inform about their gender) 18-20 years old (M = 18,4; SD = 0,64)

•

84 university students (57 women i 27 men) 22-36 years old (M = 23,5; SD = 2,28)

Method

Short title of he presentation – to add in template

•

The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, ZTPI

•

Attitudes towards Information and Communication Technology in Education, constructed by Piechocka

•

Data gathered in groups

Results

Short title of he presentation – to add in template

•

The level of declarative familiarity with new technologies in education the same in both groups: university students (M = 3,82; SD = 0,819) and high school students (M = 3,85; SD = 0,716) U = 4102,00; p = 0,635

•

New technologies are more often used by high school students (M = 12,73; SD = 2,90) as compared with university students (M = 11,91; SD = 3,12), U = 3509,50; p < 0,05

•

High familiarity and usage of interactive boards, applications for mobiles, tutorials and e-learning, very low of webinars

Results

Short title of he presentation â&#x20AC;&#x201C; to add in template

â&#x20AC;˘

Strong positive correlation between familiarity with a given technology and its usag (rs = 0,549; p < 0,001)

â&#x20AC;˘

Positive relation of attitudes towards new technologies with future time perspective (r(184) = 0,261; p < 0,001) and present hedonistic time perspective (r(184) = 0,162; p < 0,05)

Conclusions

Short title of he presentation – to add in template

•

Contemporary changes are very fast and dynamic, as documented, for example, by differences between high school and university students

•

Time perspective may to some degree determine attitudes towards contemporary challenges and the readiness to actively participate in ongoing modern changes

•

The issue should be further examined in more detail and in larger groups of young adults

Short title of he presentation â&#x20AC;&#x201C; to add in template

â&#x20AC;˘ Thank you for your attention!

Attentional focus and the conceptual representation of time Julio Santiago, Andrea Flumini, Sobh Chahboun, Kagan Porsuk, Kai Chai, Marc Ouellet, Daniel Casasanto, Slavica Tutnjeviฤ , Joe Lavallee, Tilbe Gรถksun, & Alexander Kranjec 1 Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain. 2 Dept. of Language and Literature, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway. 3 Dept. of Psychology, Koรง University, Istambul, Turkey. 4 Dept. of Psychology, Duquesne University, USA. 5 Dept. of Psychology, University of Chicago, USA. 6 Dept. of Psychology, University of Banja Luka, Bosnia & Herzegovina. 7 Dept. of International Business and Trade, Ming Chuan University, Taiwan. 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, Copenhaguen, 2016

BODY

FUTURE IS IN FRONT PAST IS BACK

LANGUAGE We face a challenging future That was back in the 60s

Spatial conceptualization of time CULTURE

Temporal diagram task

Temporal values questionnaire Please, fill up the following questionnaire. Respond sincerely, expressing your real opinions. There are no correct or incorrect responses. Read carefully and circle the number that corresponds to your opinion. Young people need to preserve the values of their parents and grandparents Total disagreement 1 2 3 4 5 Total agreement I think that globalization is a very positive thing Total disagreement 1 2 3 4 5 Total agreement Young people must preserve traditions Total disagreement 1 2 3 4 5 Total agreement Advances in technology and in the economy are good for society Total disagreement 1 2 3 4 5 Total agreement ...

Temporal Focus Hypothesis (de la Fuente et al., 2014)

Attention mediates the spatialization of time: People who hold strong values regarding tradition and the past tend to locate the past in front. If participants are made to pay attention to either their past or future, they tend to locate the attended time in front.

The project TIME ●

●

To explore more cultures. To explore more dimensions of temporal experience, including spatial and evaluative dimensions. To explore the connection between temporal values and religion. To explore the symmetry or asymmetry between past and future. To explore the connection between cultural and personal temporal focus.

Wave 1 ●

●

Cultural dimensions: –

Temporal values questionnaire

–

Religiosity questionnaire (Cohen et al., 2003).

(de la Fuente et al., 2014).

Temporal dimensions: –

Temporal diagram task (de la Fuente et al., 2014).

–

Temporal depth task (Bluedorn, 2002).

–

Returning a favour task (Caruso et al., 2008).

Wave 1 ●

Cultures: –

Taiwan (N=48).

–

Spain (N=96).

–

Serbs from Bosnia & Herzegovina (N=96).

–

USA (N=64).

Wave 2 ●

Cultural dimensions: –

Temporal values questionnaire.

–

Religiosity questionnaire.

Wave 2 ●

Temporal dimensions: –

Temporal diagram task (de la Fuente et al., 2014).

–

Temporal depth task (Bluedorn, 2002).

–

Returning a favour task (Caruso et al., 2008).

–

Self-continuity scale (Ersner-Hershfield et al., 2009).

–

Time discounting scale (Kirby & Marakovic, 1996).

–

Temporal distance task (Caruso et al., 2013).

–

Personal temporal focus scale (Shipp et al., 2009).

Wave 2 ●

Cultures: –

Spain (N=96).

–

USA (N=96).

–

Morocco (N=142). Currently being collected:

–

Turkey

–

Bosnia & Herzegovina (Serbs, Bosniaks, & Croats)

–

Taiwan

Results

Temporal values questionnaire Past

Future

5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1

Taiwan (47) Spain (192)

Morocco (138) USA (160)

SerbsBH (96)

Religiosity questionnaire A. Please circle the number that corresponds to the strength of your belief for each of the following: I believe in God Not at all

5 ...

Absolutely no exception or doubt

B. Please circle the number that best indicates how important the following religious practices are to you: Attending religious services regularly Not important at all 1 2

3 ...

Extremely important

C. Please circle the number that best corresponds to your fluency in the following aspects: The holidays of your religion Not at all 1

3 ...

Fluently

Religiosity questionnaire 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1

Taiwan (37) Spain (192)

Morocco (134) USA (150) SerbsBH (86)

Temporal diagram task

Proportion future-in-front

0,5

Taiwan (48) Spain (192)

Morocco (142) USA (160) SerbsBH (96)

Temporal Depth task 1- When I think of the short-term future, I usually think of events that will occur _______ from now (give a specific moment, not a range). 2- When I think of the mid-term future, I think of events that will occur _______ from now (give a specific moment, not a range). 3- When I think of the long-term future, I think of events that will occur _______ from now (give a specific moment, not a range).

1- When I think of the short-term past, I think of events that occurred _________ ago (give a specific moment, not a range). 2- When I think of the mid-term past, I think of events that occurred _________ ago (give a specific moment, not a range). 3- When I think of the long-term past, I think of events that occurred _________ ago (give a specific moment, not a range).

Temporal depth task Past

Future

2000

1800 1600 1400

Days

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

Taiwan (46) Spain (143)

Morocco (103) USA (118) SerbsBH (86)

(the figure shows medians and inter-quartile range)

Temporal depth task Past

Future

2000 1800

1600 1400

Days

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

Taiwan (46) Spain (143)

Morocco (103) USA (118) SerbsBH (86)

(error bars show inter-quartile range)

Self-continuity scale

Temporal self-continuity task Past

Future

6 5 4

3 2 1

Spain (95)

USA (96)

Morocco (142)

Time discounting scale For each of the following choices, circle your preferred option. Please, consider each item independently of the others, and respond as if this were a real situation. 1.

$30 tonight

or $85 in 14 days.

$40 tonight

or $55 in 25 days.

$67 tonight

or $85 in 35 days.

$34 tonight

or $35 in 43 days. ...

Time discounting scale

For each of the following choices, circle your preferred option. Please, consider each item independently of the others, and respond as if this were a real situation. 1.

$30 last night or $85 14 days ago.

$40 last night or $55 25 days ago.

$67 last night or $85 35 days ago.

$34 last night or $35 43 days ago. ....

Time discounting scale Past

Number of delayed choices

Future

Spain (93)

USA (82)

Morocco (68)

Temporal distance scale

Think ahead to exactly 1 month from today. How long does this time interval feel? A really short time from now 1 2 3 4 5 A really long time from now

Temporal distance scale

Think ahead to exactly 1 month from today. How long does this time interval feel? A really short time from now 1 2 3 4 5 A really long time from now

Think back to exactly 1 month ago from today. How long does this time interval feel? A really short time from now 1 2 3 4 5 A really long time from now

Temporal distance scale Past

Future

4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1

Spain (96)

USA (96)

Morocco (140)

Personal temporal focus scale I think about things from my past. Never 1 2 3 4 5 Constantly I live my life in the present. Never 1 2 3 4 5 Constantly I think about what my future has in store. Never 1 2 3 4 5 Constantly I focus on what is currently happening in my life. Never 1 2 3 4 5 Constantly I focus on my future. Never 1 2 3 4 5 Constantly ...

Personal temporal focus task Past

Present

Future

4,5 4

3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1

Spain (96)

USA (96)

Morocco (137)

Conclusions â&#x2014;?

Temporal values and religiosity are highly linked.

Conclusions ●

Traditionalist temporal values and high religiosity tend to be associated with: –

smaller future-in-front bias (Exception: Taiwan).

–

greater temporal depth (Exception: USA).

–

shorter distance to a past or future time.

–

BUT:

–

smaller self-continuity.

–

greater time discounting.

Conclusions â&#x2014;?

â&#x2014;?

The relation between past and future is symmetric in most dimensions. Personal temporal focus is not consistent with traditionalist values and religiosity, nor with the rest of temporal dimensions.

Thank you!

Alex Kranjec

Maja Pandza

Andrea Flumini

Marc Ouellet

Catherine Daniel Joe Guilbeau Casasanto Lavallee

Marta Blanco

Julio Santiago

Sladjana Slavica Sobh Ilic Tutnjevic Chahboun

Kagan Porsuk

Sofía Amaoui

Kai Chai

Tilbe Göksun

3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Copenhagen, Denmark

The Voyage From Distress to Well-being: Time Perspective In Clinical Practice and Beyond

Elena Kazakina, PhD, Licensed Psychologist Independent Practice, New Jersey, USA

Topics Covered -Implicit Use of Time Concepts in Psychotherapy -TP: Theory, Concepts, Dimensions -Temporal Correlates of Distress and Well-being -TP in Clinical Practice *Individual Cases *Temporal Mismatch in Relationships

-Beyond Psychotherapy: Applications of TP

Implicit Use of Temporal Concepts in Psychotherapy -Diagnostic Categories & Criteria:

Depression Anxiety Bipolar Disorder ADHD PTSD

Temporal Underpinning

-Transference Phenomena -Behavioral analysis:

Antecedents

Problem Behavior

-Multigenerational Family Therapy (Murray Bowen) -Time Metaphors -Adkins Life Skills Program (How to find, get and keep a job) -Mindful Eating

Consequences

Factors affecting TP of young/middle/late Adulthood Developmental Tasks of Life Cycle (Erik Erikson)

-Identity -Intimacy -Generativity (productivity/ creativity/mentoring) -Ego-integrity

Transitional Issues Enrollment/graduation, jobs, relocation, wedding/divorce, pregnancy, retirement, aging, illness, widowhood

Psychiatric Diagnoses -Anxiety disorders -Mood disorders -Stress and Adjustments disorders -Impulse-control disorders -Sleep disorders

Optimal Time Perspective: Destination on a Voyage from Distress to Wellbeing

- Balance of time orientations ( balance of positive experiences across temporal regions) - Temporal continuity ( subjective sense of connections among past, present and future) - Temporal Flexibility ( Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999)

- Adaptive (limited) Over-focus on a specific time frame

Time Perspective Psychotherapy Time perspective therapy by my definition is, psychotherapy in which temporal focus (systematic awareness of psychological concepts of past, present, and future, and their interactions) underlies clinical interventions.

The core of my TP therapeutic approach Keeping in mind a patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s past, present, and future while moving swiftly to the time orientation, in need of immediate attention and choosing the most appropriate clinical intervention

Temporal Flexibility -Ability to switch from one temporal frame to another depending on situational demands and personal resources to avoid temporal bias (overuse or underuse of a temporal region (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999)

- A goal for a patient to acquire

- A tool for a clinician to use

Clinical Theoretical Perspectives Theoretical framework of enhancing actualizing tendency of an individual (Humanistic psychology) *Psychodynamic -Unconscious motivation, defense mechanisms, Kohut self-psychology *Cognitive-Behavioral -Automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions, relaxation techniques, cognitive and behavioral rehearsal *Existential -Individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s search for meaning (Viktor Frankl)

Time Frames and Temporal Concepts/Dimensions Mental Time Travel Full/Empty

Prenatal (vanBeek) Regret

Distant

Meaning

Near/Distant

Near

Transcendental* Fear

Hope

Past

Nostalgia

Trust

Guilt

Future

Goals Reminiscences

Positive/Negative*

Positive/Negative Holistic (Zimbardo)

Hedonistic*

Mindful (Vowinckel)

Present Fatalistic* Flow

* = ZTPI

Urgent â&#x20AC;&#x153;Nowâ&#x20AC;?

Worry

Multiple Time Perspectives Matryoshka Nesting Dolls

Operating Time Frames

TP Clinical Practice

Wednesday, August 3 Michael: Marta: Rita: Patricia&Alex: Emily: Frank&Linda:

9-10 10:15-11:15 11:30-12:30 1-2:45 3:15-4:15 4:30-5:30

Couples & Families Temporal Mismatch Greg

Marta

Past

Present

Future

Both

Patricia

Alex

Patricia (38) & Alex (36) (American) (Greek) (3 Children)

Past

Present

Future

Frank

Linda

Frank (64) & Linda (55) (American; no children)

Past

Present

Future

Marta (41) & Greg (48) (Romanian; 2 children)

Rita (34) & Albert (40) (American) (Middle East) (2 children)

Rita Past

Albet Present

Future

Temporal Dimensions of Adaptive Coping Sky Diving

TP Beyond Therapy -Organizing clutter -Dating -Parenting -Adoption -Real estate -Travel -Urban Planning (Open Spaces)

Is Marie Kondo a Time Psychologist?

*Keep items that spark your joy*

Beyond Psychotherapy Session

TP Beyond Therapy

Parenting:

Today you left home as a young man, moving over a threshold and across the country to begin a new life. We will continue to see each other, and I’ll continue to be tempted by distractions from your naturally less-frequent requests to play. Hopefully, though, I’ll remember from now on that our play days are limited, and to make every effort to say “yes” for as long as we have us.

Urban Landscapes Landscape Urbanism Naturalistic Landscape Tear Drop Park, NYC

Open Space Design Madison Square, NYC

Temporal Components of Hope: An Experiential Workshop

Jesse McElheran, MEd, R. Psych.

PhD Candidate, Counselling Psyc University of Alberta, Canada Pre-Doctoral Resident, Cross Cancer Institute

Workshop Outline • What is Hope?

• Where Can Hope be Found? • Time & Hope

• Working Explicitly with Hope

Hope Studies Central Faculty of Education University of Alberta Campus

• Applied Research - Hope-in-Practice • Counselling • Individual , Group, Couples • Hope of Client and Counsellor • Child /Youth Development • Education

• Cross-cultural

Hope Studies Central

Hope Research Hope-Lit Database

www.hope-lit.ualberta.ca/

4000 + research/theory references on hopeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; largely in health, psychology, & education

Hope Studies Central

Exploring Time Perspective and Hope in Cancer Patients • Current PhD research

• BTP in those in active cancer treatments? • BTP in survivorship?

• How does this relate to hope? • Depression, anxiety

What isâ&#x20AC;¦

Hope isâ&#x20AC;Ś

To believe that something positive, which does not presently apply to oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own life, could still materializeâ&#x20AC;? (Lazarus, 1999)

A process of anticipation that involves the interaction of thinking, acting, feeling and relating, and is directed toward a future fulfillment that is personally meaningful (Stephenson, 1991)

Hope is the ability to envision a future in which we wish to participate (Jevne & Edey)

The great divide…

Within hope literature there is two conceptualization of hope:

1) Uni-dimensional construct

2) Multidimensional Construct

Uni-dimensional

• Developed in psychology

• Hope = Goals (Snyder, 1999)

• A cognitive process focused on

mastery, agency, and selfefficacy

Multiple Dimensions of Hope

• Developed in nursing, now in many applied sciences

• Hope is: • Emotion – embodied or felt experience • Cognition – planning, thinking • Relational – connection & attachments to others • Behavioural – active • Contextual – situationally based • Spiritual – found in connection with God or higher power • Temporal

Temporal Dimension to Hope

• Hope is future oriented?

• Past positive – highest hope • Past negative – lowest hope • Future – significant but low

correlation with hope

• BTP had significantly higher

hope scores than future oriented

Let’s give it a try…

• I wish…

• I hope… • I will…

Folk term, not psychology

Hope is an emotion that occurs when an individual is focussed on an important positive future outcome. Often the individual perceives little personal control over the situation. The individual may see a positive outcome as somewhat unlikely and yet still expect it to occur. (Bruinincks and Malle, 2005)

How do I Work with Hope?

Hope Past

Language of Hope

• “Tell me about a time that you

had a hope (doesn’t matter how big or small the hope is) that came true”

• Where there threats to this hope

being achieved?

Hope Future

Language of hope • “What kind of person do you

hope to be?”

• What do you hope to be doing?” • “What do you hope will

happen?”

• “How do you hope you will

feel?”

Hope Future: Personal Hope Statements • “I hope…” – list multiple hopes • Encourage clients/students/

patients to diversify their hopes as much as they can

Remember that hopes can be:  for self, others, the world  big or small

 silly or serious

 short term or long term.  likely or unlikely

 shared or unshared

Hope Present: Activating a Hopeful Feeling • Symbols, images, pictures all can work to activate the

experience of hope in the present

• Let’s give it a try…

• Choose some images that represent hope to you • It could be: • The image itself • The image reminds you of something hopeful • Even just a small part of the picture

As you do this exercise notice what is happening in your body… check in and see how you feel

In groups of 2-3 people…

• Talk about the images you have

selected:

1. How does it represent hope

for you?

2. Is there a story that you can

share about this image and what it makes you think of?

3. What might this photo say

about your hope?

Notice how you feel as you share your hope images and hear about others’ hope(s)

Hope Collages â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Individual and Groups

Emotional shift

Hope â&#x20AC;&#x153;Graffitiâ&#x20AC;? Hope Kit

Hope Studies Central

Accessing Hope Directly But Non-verbally

• Making a hope collage from magazine

pictures

• Making a hope kit

• Taking a hope walk

• Choosing hope photos from a photo

collection

• Hope “Graffiti”

Working with Hope

• Becoming familiar with the different dimensions of hope can

open up new windows of exploring hope with our clients/patients/students

• Exploring which temporal dimension (past, present or future) of

hope allows for a deepened understanding of how we connect with hope and how we can best harness it’s power

• Don’t be afraid to jump into hope!

Hope Studies Central

Thank you!

Travel funding generously provided by:

University of Alberta

• FSGR Graduate Travel Award

• Myer Horowitz Graduate Student Travel Award • EDPY Travel Award

Cross-Cultural/Cross-Linguistic • Emerging cross-cultural research :

• importance/relevance of hope across many cultures (Averill & Sundararajan , 2005; Li & Larsen, 2011; Redlich et al, 2012) • Mandarin (xi wang)/China – “hope a motivating force leading to harder work” (Averill, Catlin, & Chon)

• Quality of good character and goal-focus

• Portuguese (esperanza)/Brazil – (Mattos, 2009)

• Tend to employ use of the adjective (esperanzado) rather than noun

version of hope

• South African Indigenous (Cherrington)

• Hope as a collectivist experience