The Light June 2012

June 2012

June 2012

Webcasting on the World’s first real-time Islamic service at www.virtualmosque.co.uk Editors: Shahid Aziz Mustaq Ali

Contents:

Page

Announcements and News

1

Call of the Messiah

1

Creation of the Universe in the Light of the Holy Quran

2

Why Pork is haram

3

Hadith

4

‫ﱠحيْم‬ ِ ‫ﷲ الرﱠحْ مٰ ِن الر‬ ِ ‫ِبس ِْم‬ Announcements and News Friday

Prayers Dars/speech

13:00 13:45

Sunday

06–05–2012

15:00

Webcasts: Please note that the Friday khutba and prayers, the dars, as well as all meetings are broadcast over the Virtual Mosque (www.virtualmosque.co.uk) at the time stated above.

Call of the Messiah Serving the religion with his wealth is an attribute of the righteous Now I again return to the real topic and say that the rich and well-off too can serve religion well. That is why God Almighty has made those who keep their duty . . . and spend out of what We have given them . . . these are on a right course

from their Lord (Al Quran 2:3–5) part of the attributes of the righteous. Here, wealth is not meant exclusively, but whatever Allah has given someone should be expended in Allah’s way.

The reason for this is that man is the sympathizer and servant of the creation. Allah’s Law is based on two things: one obedience to His Command and second, compassion for His creation. Thus “spend out of what We have given them” is the instruction from Allah for compassion for Allah’s creation. (Thus) the well -off find great opportunities for service of religion .

Wealth can provide greater opportunities for service Once our Prophet (s) mentioned the need for money. Hazrat Abu Bakr (r) brought everything which was in his house. He (s) asked: “Abu Bakr what have you left at home?” He replied: “Allah and the name of His Prophet (s).”

Hazrat Umar (r) brought half (of his possessions). He (s) asked “Umar, what have you left at home?” Hazrat Umar replied: “Half (of my possessions)”. The Holy Prophet (s) said: “The difference in their stations (in the eyes of Allah) is the same as the difference in their actions .”

In this world man exceedingly loves wealth.

That is why in the science of interpretation of dreams it is written that if a person sees he has given his liver to someone, it represents his wealth. That is why it is said regarding attainment of true righteousness and faith: “You cannot attain to righteousness unless you spend out of what you love.” For, in large measure, compassion for Allah’s creatures needs spending of wealth.

(Malfuzat, vol II, pages 95–96)

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Creation of the Universe in the Light of the Quran Dr Mir Faizal, Mathematical Institute, Oxford University Unlike Christian fundamentalists, most Muslims find no problem in accepting the big bang theory. This is because Quran clearly mentions the common origin of all extraterrestrial matter and terrestrial matter: Do not those who reject the truth see that (everything in) the universes and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation), before We (God) clove them asunder? We (God) made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe? (The Holy Quran, 21:30) Quran also mentions the expansion of the universe very clearly: We (God) have constructed the universe with might, and verily, it is We (God) who are steadily expanding it. (The Holy Quran, 51:47) The common origin of all matter and the expansion of the universe are definitely the most direct consequences of the big bang theory. However, most Muslims at present find it hard to accept physical explanations relating to the creation of universe. They tend to view this as a direct act of God. God does everything, but God does everything according to a law. These laws are what we as scientists study as natural laws. There is no breaking of God’s Law. This is clearly stared in Quran: . . . You will find no flaw in the Creation of Most Gracious (God) . . . (The Holy Quran, 67:3) Thus, we should conclude that the creation of universe can also be explained physically and this is exactly the case. It is interesting to note that Quran talks of a cyclic model of the universe. This model is based on the idea that universe first expands and then contracts till all the structure in it gets effectively destroyed. After this, from the debris of this universe a new universe is created. So, according to this model our universe was created from the debris of a previous universe. It is expanding at present and it will contract at some point in future. This contraction will continue till the structure will get destroyed to form a new universe. So, just as our

universe was formed from the contraction of a previous universe, it will contract to give rise to a new universe. It must be noted that unlike big bang theory, which is now established beyond doubt in the scientific community, this theory is still not fully established. This is because to know exactly how the universe started and how it will end, we need a full quantum theory of gravity. At present we do not have a full quantum theory of gravity. What we have is models that may lead to a full quantum theory of gravity, the most commonly studied of these being the string theory and the loop quantum gravity.

According to both of them, our universe started from the debris of a previous universe. It must also be noted that according to experimental data available, the universe is expanding at present, and according to the theoretical calculations this is only a particular stage of our universe and it will contact in future. These calculations have been done only recently. Now having established this, let us look at the following verses: The Day that We (God) roll up the universe like a scroll rolled up for books (completed), even as We (God) produced the first creation, so shall We produce a new one: a promise We(God) have undertaken. Truly shall We (God) fulfil it. (The Holy Quran, 21:104) It is important to realize that even though these models are only probably correct, it is not certain that they are correct. This is because to say so with certainty we will need a full quantum theory of gravity which we do not have at present. However, what is interesting is that these models are so complex that no one in the time of Muhammad could have even imagined them. Furthermore, the verses are so clear that before these discoveries were made, some Christian websites had actually written that this verse predicts a contraction of the universe and hence contradicts factual reality. They only relied on experimental data from 1990’s whereas these theories have been developed only a few years ago. What was interesting about their analysis is that they too agreed that Quran does talk of a cyclic universe. I was rather surprised that they could enter into such complex debate on Quran, and easily accept the obvious fairy

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3 tales given in the book of Genesis.

References: A. Cyclic Universe from Loop Quantum Gravity and String Theory: 1. B. Martin, Nature Physics, volume 3, issue 8, pp.

523–525 (2007).

2. A. Ashtekar, A. Corichi and P. Singh, Phys. Rev. D77, 024046 (2008).

3. P. J. Steinhardt and N. Turok, New Astron. Rev. 49, 43 (2005).

4. L. Baum and P. H. Frampton, Mod. Phys. Lett.

A23, 33 (2008).

B. Christian website claiming Quran has made an error: http://www.harvardhouse.com/ expanding_universe_quran.htm

Why is Pork Haraam?

Allah’s Wisdom Behind This Bushra Ahmed (Note by Dr Zahid Aziz: 1. So many people these days are vegetarians that the pendulum has swung the other way: now it is asked why do you meat, instead of why don't you eat pork!

2. Some people say that the prohibition of swine flesh (in both Islam and Judaism) was due to the fact that this meat was unhygienic in those days, but now it is hygienic. If that is the case then consider this point. In ancient times wine was drunk because water was polluted and unhygienic to drink. Now water is hygienic to drink. So that means that wine/alcohol should be given up now.

Do those people say this as well?)

Recently in the Internet, a circulation of a YouTube video of a Christian evangelist giving a talk in his sermon announces how pork is disallowed in the Bible – although, I must add, for Christians this is not the norm obviously, as the majority do consume this forbidden meat, by and large! However, he confirms Islamic beliefs that pork is haraam. He offers a few facts based on science as a way of explanation.

The first thing he states is how dirty pork, swine or boars are. They eat absolutely anything,

including dead and festered-with-infection piglets.

They eat dung, their own or others’. They eat mud and garbage that people have thrown out.

Not only do they eat anything, dirty or otherwise; their digestive system takes only four hours to complete. This means that the toxins of the waste they eat isn’t even got rid of. They are storing the toxins in their body.

On the other hand, sheep, cows and others only eat fresh and clean vegetation and their digestive system are strong, and they get rid of the production of toxins. They have many appendixes which miraculously cause no harm but, indeed, help to get rid of harmful bacteria coming across due to eating grass or other materials at large.

So a question may arise: “If pigs could be subjected to the Islamic way of slaughtering, why is it still disallowed to eat?” It is because their meat still stores the toxins. They are so dirty that even if their blood was cleaned out by slaughtering this way, the toxins have been absorbed into their meat – which would be passed on to us!

Apart from the practice of slaughtering an unhealthy way, during Christmas these people practise eating swine’s blood, known as ‘black pudding’. This holds very bad potential consequences.

In this context the Holy Quran has specific injunctions to offer – Chapter 5, verses 3–4: “Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine and that over which the name of Allah has not been invoked.”

So my next question is: “If they are so dirty and harmful to us, then why did Allah create them in the first place?” The answer came to me: life is a test after all. The forbidden apple, for Adam and Eve, was not dirty, only forbidden. This life is a test, by which there is a testing of our obedience and allegiance to him and His commands.

Even if you cannot find a reason for the prohibition of eating swine, the element of faith comes into play. One may take the example of Prophet Abraham (may Allah be pleased with him) when he was about to sacrifice his son as Allah had commanded him. This is called blind faith and it is not a negative thing.

However, this is all well and good for Muslims, but it is difficult living in a society where people eat pork and, to the swine-eaters, they find it ridicu-

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4 lous that we do not indulge in this meat. But, as it is, life is a Jihad or struggle. Just like in Ramadaan we are in a society where everyone else eats while we are hungry. To give further examples how struggle pleases Allah: in the ahadith it has been said that if you can read the Quran easily then it is rewarding, but if you try and struggle and cannot pick up speed then Allah rewards one further. Likewise, although we are in a harder situation which requires greater control, we will, however, be rewarded more.

In a similar vein, the chances for poor people to go to heaven are higher than for those who are rich. It is written in the Quran: it is just as easy for a wealthy person to go to heaven as it is for a camel’s head to go through a needle’s pin -head. So the more difficult the situation the more reward one can gain.

Another point to raise is that diseases may arise from halaal animals also. Firstly, this will only happen if the process of slaughter carried out is not correct. This is not an excuse for no Islamic slaughtering: the safety measures should be taken; it could have been worse if halaal meat was not done.

More research is required to determine the extent of the damage in this field which at present is totally absent.

I would like to end my article by quoting a paragraph of the Quran, Chapter 5, verses 4–5: “They ask thee what is lawful to them (as food). Say: lawful unto you are all things good and pure.”

Hadith Mohammad Manzur llahi Hadith or Tradition in Islamic terminology signifies the sayings and the practice of the Holy Prophet Mohammed, the founder of Islam, and includes the practice of his Companions in his presence to which he took no objection. The value of Hadith as an exposition of the principles and doctrines of Islam, is very great. Besides after the Holy Quran it is the chief source from which material can be drawn for a life study of the Holy Prophet and early history of Islam.

During the life-time of the Holy Prophet suf-

ficient measures were taken for the preservation and safe delivery of his sayings and practice, as his Companions and their immediate followers made every effort to commit to memory the words they heard from his lips for various reasons. The injunctions and commandments contained in the Holy Quran were practised and taught to the Companions by the Holy Prophet by his personal example. There is, therefore, no doubt his sayings and practice had, from the beginning, acquired great importance amongst his followers. Then “Certainly you have in the Apostle of Allah an excellent exemplar” (33:21) being an injunction of the Quran, his sayings and practices were taken with enthusiasm, memorized and hoarded with unprecedented zeal and jealousy by the Muslims. Hence it was but natural that these should be faithfully preserved and safely delivered to the new-comers. There was not a single case of deliberate fabrication of the traditions so long as the Companions of the Holy Prophet and their immediate followers lived.

It was only after these two generations had passed away that a mass of fabricated traditions grew up. But the danger was at once perceived by the Muslim theologians and a class of traditionalists soon sprang up who devoted their lives to sift the true from false traditions when there was yet sufficient evidence to distinguish the one from the other.

The collections of traditions As regards collection of the traditions, the period can be divided into five stages. The first stage, belongs to the time of the Holy Prophet when some of the Companions were exclusively devoting their time and attention to the preservation of the sayings of the Holy Prophet and his practice.

The second stage in the collection of traditions begins with the death of the Holy Prophet.

Apart from the Companions who collected traditions in the life time of the Holy Prophet, there were thousands of other Companions who preserved particular traditions, and the collection of traditions in this stage meant their collection from all the available sources. This hard task was, however, facilitated to a large extent by the

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5 particular circumstances of the time. In the first place, any Companion who knew any tradition deemed it his duty to deliver it to others, for the Holy Prophet had clearly enjoined his Companions to transmit his words to others. The Companions had at a very early time spread in distant countries, and accordingly such traditions as they knew were circulated in those places and by transmission from one generation to another were safely preserved till the time when the collection of traditions on an extensive scale began.

Secondly, in the time of the Caliphs certain men claimed certain rights on the authority of certain words uttered by the Holy Prophet, and accordingly such traditions came into public record and public notice.

Thirdly, new contingencies and requirements of the increasing Muslim Society brought many a tradition from the recesses of memory to public notice.

Fourthly, the Companions were not slackened in their zeal in the search and collection of traditions. Long journeys were taken by them to Syria and Egypt and other distant places in quest of a single tradition which they heard as reported by some Companion at that place.

Fifthly, there was a large ingress of people into Islam after the Holy Prophet, and the more zealous among them made all kinds of inquiries from the men who had been with the Holy Prophet. The same was the case of the new generation, the off-spring of the Companions of the Holy Prophet.

Sixthly, such of the Companions as possessed a large number of traditions attracted large number of eager listeners and the places where they resided became great centres of learning of the traditions.

In the third stage, the work of the collection of traditions was in the hands of the followers of the Holy Prophet’s Companions. The last of the Companions had passed away before the end of the first century of Hegira, and those who had listened from them became now teachers and propagators of traditions. Traditions were now generally to be sought from the great centres for learning traditions that had been established,

and the knowledge of traditions had become much more concentrated than in the second stage. There were very few solitary traditions that were to be sought from solitary individuals now, for much the greater number of traditions had been searched out and collected by the followers of the Companions, and access could now be had to them at the different centres of learning. But all the traditions were not to be met with at any one centre, and hence those who desired an extension of knowledge repaired to more centres than one. The writing of tradition also became common gradually, though these writings were not in the form of books.

Hitherto no tradition was accredited on the mere authority of a manuscript, and it was necessary that every one who reported a tradition should mention the names of successive reporters from whom he had received the tradition.

The authors of the books which now began to be written on the joint authority of manuscripts and oral testimony gave the names of reporters through whom a tradition came to their knowledge, but the book itself was a sufficient authority for all others.

The first man who wrote a book on tradition was according to some Abdul Malik ibn-i-Abdul Aziz Ibn-i-Juraij (peace be on him), more commonly known as Ibn-i Juraij, and according to others Rabi’ bin Subaih (peace be on him), while a third report gives precedence to Sa’id son of Abi Arub (peace be on him) all of whom died about the middle of the second century of Hegira. It is, therefore, certain that works on tradition carrying authority with them existed before the middle of the second century.

The next great author whose authority is recognized by the whole Muslim world to this day was Imam Malik, son of Anas (peace be on him) who wrote his well known work, the Muatta, and based it on such of the reliable traditions as he met with among the people of Hejaz as well as the sayings of the Companions and their followers. Ibn-i-Juraij (peace be on him) wrote at Mecca, and Imam Malik (peace be on him) at Medina.

Simultaneously with these, other authors undertook the work of collecting traditions in

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6 book form at the other great centres of the learning of traditions. The following names are mentioned. Sufian bin Oyena (peace be on him) wrote at Medina, Abdulla bin Wahab (peace be on him) in Egypt, Abdul Razzaq (peace be on them) in Yeman, Sufian As-Sauri and Mohammad bin Fuzeil (peace be on them) at Kufa, Hammad bin Salama, and Rauh bin Ubada, (peace be on them) at Basrah, Husheim (peace be on him) at Wasit, and Abdullah bin Mubarak (peace be on him) in Khorasan.

The fourth stage in the collection of traditions and the work of collection was now complete except that all these authors reduced to writing only such of the traditions as they found at their own centres of learning. Nor were these collections comprehensive but they contained traditions only on particular subjects and did not exhaust the vast spheres of the traditional lore.

The work of completing the collection of traditions in all respects was undertaken and successfully completed by the collectors of the next generation who were led by the renowned Bukharee. Imam Mohammad bin Ismail (peace be on him) of Bukhara, commonly known as Bukharee (after the place of his birth) was born about the time when Imam Malik (peace be on him) died in 179 A. H. He began his work of the collection of traditions early in the beginning of the third century of Hejira and died about its middle in the year 256 A. H. He was followed by his pupil Muslim (peace be on him) who in authority is only second to his Master. Then came Abu Dawood (peace be on him), Tirmzi (peace be on him), and Nasai (peace be on him), who though not possessing the same authority as Bukharee and Muslim, yet recognized to be reliable authorities on tradition.

All these authors travelled from place to place in the search of traditions and devoted all their lives to the task of collection. In the works of Bukhari and those who followed his footsteps they are almost complete and exhaustive collections of traditions.

The Test Of Traditions The following criteria and canons were

adopted by the above authors to sift genuine traditions from the forged ones :— (1) The reports contradicting the established historical facts were considered forged.

(2) A tradition levelling an accusation against a Companion of the Prophet if the reporter was Shia, or one reported by a Nasibi who reported a tradition blaming the Ahl-i-Bait (the people of the Prophet’s house) and so on, if narrated by that reporter alone was rejected, but if it was narrated by other reporters also, it was accepted.

(3) If a reporter narrated a tradition which ought to have been known by and acted upon by the Muslims generally but was unknown and the reporter was alone in narrating it, it was rejected as fabricated.

(4) The time, and circumstances under which a tradition was reported afforded sometimes clear testimony of its fabrication.

(5) A tradition was considered to be forged if it was contrary to reason or contradicted the known principles of the law.

(6) The conclusion of the fabrication of a tradition was also drawn from the circumstances that it contained a story of something having occurred, which if true, would have been reported by thousands of men.

(7) A forged tradition was also detected by its non-Arabic style and ignoble sense of the words used in it.

(8) A tradition threatening by the severest punishment for slightest faults or promising highest rewards for small deeds of virtue, was considered fabricated.

(9) When the merit of a pilgrimage was promised for doing ordinary acts of goodness in any tradition it was considered as fabricated.

The collectors of the traditions laid great stress upon the character and truthfulness of the reporters. The collectors not depending solely upon the internal evidence of the authenticity of the traditions, made further enquiries whether the different reporters through whom the traditions had come to them were all trustworthy men. The invalidating of the testimony of a witness and pronouncing the witness to be veracious and trustworthy i.e. Jarah and Ta’dil had its

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7 origin from the time of the Holy Prophet and was based upon the Holy Quran “O you who believe if an unrighteous man comes to you with a report, look carefully into it." (49 : 6).

So when a witness gave any testimony, his or her character could be called into question to invalidate it. And in the time of the immediate followers of the Companions, critical inquiries into the character of the reporters became an established rule in the schools of traditional learning and men like Shibat-ibn-il Hajjaj and Yahya bin Said collected information relating to this branch of traditional knowledge. It has been established beyond any doubt that none of the Companions of the Holy Prophet ever fabricated a tradition and every tradition which could be traced back to a Companion, is rightly regarded as a trustworthy tradition. Although the different collectors followed different methods in tracing the reliability of the traditions, but in spite of their working independently of each other in different countries at different times, they all agree in the main, which proves the authenticity of the traditions. The small differences in some traditions are not worth any serious consideration and these were of two kinds viz. differences which arose from the fact that Islam allowed a certain degree of latitude in secondary points and those differences which were the result of the pursuance of different methods by different collectors and these in fact count for nothing. The slight differences that might still remain after making allowance for these two causes are of no account whatever when compared with the remarkable agreement met with in the collections of traditions.

The different kinds of traditions The collectors divided the traditions under different terms as following :— (1) Successive (Mutawatar) i.e. traditions narrated by large number of people in different times, as to make it intellectually impossible for any falsehood having crept in them.

(2) Ahad i.e. limited, whose narration may notbe so large. This kind is again divided into three : (1) Well-known (Mashhur), the tradition which may have been narrated by three or more narrators in all ages.

(2) Azeez (corroborative), the tradition narrated by less than two narrators in all ages.

(3) Gharib (weak) resting on the evidence of a single narrator, and the traditions narrated by a single narrator at any time.

Thus Mutawatar (Successive) tradition was considered trustworthy by the traditionalists, while Ahad (limited) gives suspicious knowledge of the traditions and in some cases the traditionalists considered them trustworthy due to some strong reasons. So in the cases of Ahad tradition if its narrator is honest and a truthful man it was accepted as true, obeyed and acted upon, otherwise not. The former i.e. the accepted Ahad (limited) is of two kinds, authentic and delivered on respectable authority i.e.

(Sahih and Hasan). The former is the one which has been narrated by pious, chaste and men of good memory, successively in all ages and which is free from all defects and not opposed to the other trustworthy men. These i.e. Sahih, (authentic) traditions are of seven kinds: (1) The most authentic are to be found in the books of Sahih Bukharee and Sahih Muslim and are called Agreed upon (Muttafaqun ‘Alaih).

(2) Those found in Sahih Bukharee alone.

(3) Those found in Sahih Muslim alone.

(4) Based on the condition and likeness of Sahih Bukharee and Sahih Muslim.

(5) Which is like Sahih Bukharee alone.

(6) Which is like Sahih Muslim alone.

(7) Which is accepted as correct by the traditionalists besides Bukharee and Muslim.

Hasan tradition is just like Sahih or authentic except that its narrators may have been found defective in retentive memory in comparison with the narrators of the latter. Although both are binding and should be equally acted upon but still the latter has preference over the former.

Dha’if (of Slender authority) traditions opposed to the authentic (Sahih) and Approved (Hasan), are those whose chain of narrators may be defective or blameworthy in the middle. If its

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one narrator is unknown at its beginning it is called Muallaq (Suspended), and if at its end i. e. the original Companion who actually narrated it, then it is called Mursal (Defective) and if its two narrators are missing from the chain, it is, called Muadhil i. e. Problematic, otherwise Munqate (i. e. Detached). If the narrator was a liar such tradition is called Maudhu, (i. e. Fabricated or of which the narrator is suspected of falsehood) and if he was blamed for lie, it is called Matruk (i.e., Abandoned). If the narrator makes mistakes in the narration of a tradition or is neglectful or of imaginative mind or his narration is opposed to the trustworthy men or he is impious or inventive, the traditions narrated by such man are called Munkir (i. e. Deniable, related by an author of slender credit, in opposition to one whose testimony, though of no great weight, is better than his own.)

The above explanations prove as to how much the collectors and composers of the traditions were careful in sifting right from wrong.

They even prepared books on the biographies of the Companions, and the narrators of the traditions called “Asma’ul Rijal” (i. e. Names of the people).

The traditional books and their references.

The most authentic books of traditions are six, which are called Sihah Sitta, i.e. Six correct books, i.e., Bukharee, Muslim, Abu Dawood, Tirmzi, Nasai, Muwatta Imam Malik. With the exception of the two former books others contain every kind of traditions i.e., Sahih, Hasan and weak, which have been duly mentioned as such by the authors, the detail and particulars of references to the particular book which contain the tradition is given as below:—

1) Mentioned by the Six Books i.e., Bukharee, Muslim, Abu Dauood, Tirmizi, Nasai, and Muwatta Imam Malik.

(2) Mentioned by the five i e., by all except Muwatta Imam Malik.

(3) Mentioned by the five except … (such and such book) (4) Mentioned by the three i.e., by Bukharee, Muslim and Muwatta Imam Malik.

(5) Mentioned by Shaikhain i.e. by Bukharee and Muslim.

(6) Mentioned by Shaikhain and ….

(7) Mentioned by the Four, i.e., except by Shaikhain.

(8) Mentioned by the Four except ….

(9) In single case name of the particular book is given.

All these books of traditions contain the whole chain of narrators from the companions of the Holy Prophet or their immediate followers to the collectors of the traditions. After some time it became necessary to write down the traditions in an abridged form to enable the readers to know the subject matter of the traditions and in cases of necessity refer to the original book for chain of the narrators. First of all this attempt was made by Abdul Hassan Zareen son of Moawiah Abdari and then Majduddin Abul Sa’adat Ibn-i-Athir followed him.

After these Qazi-el-Qazzat Sharafud Din HabbahTullah son of Abdul Rahim El-Barizi wrote a revised abridgment and arranged the subject matter of the traditions alphabetically, and gave it the name of “Tajreed-el-Usool,” but as it contained some intricacies, the writer of “Taisir-el-Usool” in 1890 A. H. brought out its revised edition with necessary corrections. This English translation is of the latter edition in which the subjects of the traditions are arranged according to Arabic Alphabet.

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