ecology No 1 // February 2014
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Table of Con tents
FEBRUARY 2014 // NR 1
EVENTS 8 Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Organic Farming A report on the Second Asia Pacific Regional Symposium
MARKET 12 Organic Spirits and Liquors
Can organic spirits follow the same route as organic wines?
EVENTS 14 Global campaign to promote organic food and farming
Many organisations experienced a great demand and interest from consumers
CITIES 18 Green enterprise on a rooftop
“Who will fetch a head of lettuce from the roof?�
HEALTH 25 Health insurance for customers of organic supermarkets
Organic consumers could save the health care system a great deal of money
Agriculture 28 Towards the best manure
Recent research shows the effectiveness
of different types of manure
30
Do methane emissions show organic agriculture in a bad light?
A reflection on climate effects and organic farming
And more.... Editorial News Calendar Contact
5 6 34 34
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introduction
Denise Godinho
Peter Brul
Exiting events This issue comes on the eve of Biofach 2014, one of
sooner or later for cosmetics and aquaculture. The
the main annual events for the organic industry. I have
challenge for the Biofach is to play an important role
seen it growing from year to year in the last twenty
in new, upcoming developments in the organic indu-
years. It was so small in the early nineties, but it was
stry. Otherwise, it will be just one of the many annual
clear to me that we had to participate, all our clients
events.
were already there. Since then, I always participated
A few weeks after the European based Biofach, the
with a booth. An event like the Biofach is the opportu-
Natural products Expo West starts in Annaheim,
nity to meet with so many people from the movement
California. This event attracts even more booths and
in a short time. One moment you have a meeting with
visitors, but is a combination of organic and `natural´.
a group of herb producers and a German client, one
For a European like me, working in the organic move-
hour later you meet with people from the USA, Hol-
ment, it is a strange combination. What an American
land and Switzerland to talk about health aspects of
calls natural, I consider conventional without GMO,
organic. It is four days of concentration on running
which is 99% of all the food produced in the world.
business, discussing new ideas and new projects,
That is not so special and exiting. But apart from that,
and meeting a lot of old friends. The combination of
the Expo West is a very important event, in the largest
fair, workshops and conferences is also very inspiring.
single market for organic products.
But the Biofach is under pressure. It is a combination
Later this year, we have two more exiting events. In
of an international event and a local German fair for
Torino, Italy, the combination of Salone del Gusto, a
German producers, wholesalers and shop owners.
fair and a festival on taste, and Terra Madre, a confe-
In Germany, a big market for organic products, more
rence about Mother Earth, agro-biodiversity and taste
regional events are becoming more and more impor-
is organised by the slow food movement.
tant and this erodes the German part of the Biofach. Other specialities in the event, like textile and wine,
And then we have the IFOAM Organic World Con-
are also getting less importance for the industry.
gress in Istanbul, Turkey. The OWCis organised every
When organic textile and wine were very small, the
3 years with the aim to share experiences, innovati-
Biofach helped a lot to develop the sector. The event
ons, knowledge about the organic world. This is more
was used to discuss standards, to meet potential
about the content of organic agriculture. What the
partners in production and market. Now we see that
fairs are for the industry, the OWC is for the move-
this role is taken over by other events that are more
ment: a time to meet inspiring friends.
specialized. Textile almost disappeared from the fair, wine is much smaller, although the organic wine production and market is big. The same could happen
Hope to meet you again! Peter Brul, editor in chief
ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
5
Eco-Labels benefit from GM Labeling fighting into 2014 would also benefit international trade: food exports to the EU – the US’s main trading partner – have been affected by the absence of GM labeling regulations.
The furor about GM labeling has parallel helped consolidate organic’s position as the dominant eco-label in the American food industry, whilst GMfree labels are the fastest growing.
North America is also experiencing a surge in certified food product sales as consumers seek greater transparency. This development is leading to a proliferation in eco-labels, such as Organic, Rainforest Alliance, and Certified Humane; these labels provide assurances to consumers that foods / ingreMandatory labeling however would dients are grown according to certain bring the US in line with over 60 countries that have such regulations. It ethical criteria.
Organic food sales in North America have surpassed US $34 billion. Many consumers are buying organic products because they provide assurance they do not contain GM ingredients. In the absence of mandatory GM labeling, Organic Monitor projects organic food sales to reach US $50 billion by 2018.
In the USA sales of certified ecolabeled products are soaring because of growing consumer interest in food origins. Genetically Modified-free (GM-free) labeled products are experiencing a sales spike. The market for Non-GMO Project Verified products has grown from zero to US $3.5 billion within a few years. Over 5,000 food products now carry the Non-GMO Project Verified logo in the US.
French olive oil producers are to go organic The Interprofessional Association of Olives for France (Afidol) covering eight appellations regions in the Provence Alpes and Côtes d’Azur, is encouraging French olive oil producers to convert to organic production. At the fourth conference organized by Afidol in conjunction with the Centre Technique de l’Olivier, (CTO) allowing hobby farmers, professionals and com-
mercial growers to exchange experiences. One of the advantages of olive growing in France, due to the cooler climate, is that the French olives are less likely to be attacked by the olive fly, thus assisting greatly in organic pest control. Follow Afidol and information is available on: www.oliveoiltimes.com
The Iberian Peninsula adopts FaiRtrade The increasing demand and interest in Fairtrade products in Portugal prompted Fairtrade Spain to investigate forming Fairtrade Ibérica. Even during difficult economic times, consumers in both countries are increasingly interested in the origin of the products they buy, asking for responsible and ethical products. “We have seen a growing interest from Portuguese companies interested in offering Fairtrade products”, said Laura Barrington, Interna-
6
1-2014 | ECOLOGY & FARMING
tional Licensing Manager at Fairtrade International. The new organization join the pioneering group of nonprofit organizations who have been promoting Fairtrade in Spain since 2005, including: Alternativa3, the Confederación de Consumidores and Usuarios CECU, Fundación Ecología y Desarrollo ECODES, and Oxfam Intermón ETEA . Source: www.fairtradeibérica.com
Source: www.organicmonitor.com
Long-term trial in India shows: Organic Cotton is competitive with GM crops The Swiss research institute FiBL have concluded a 3 year study on organic cotton comparison in India. Organic cotton shows lower yields than genetically modified (GM) Bt-cotton. Nevertheless, the lower production costs render the production of organic cotton feasible. The result, however, strongly depends on the environmental conditions, mainly the weather. These conclusions emerge from a long-term experiment in India, carried out by a team of experts of the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) in collaboration with bioRe Association, the local farmers’ umbrella organization. The results of this study have now been published in the online journal PLOS ONE. Read more: http://www.fibl.org/en/ media/media-archive/media-archive13/ media-release13/article/long-termtrial-in-india-shows-organic-cotton-iscompetitive-with-gm-crops.html
“One Logo Says It All”, Australia offers solution In many countries the consumer is confused about the many logos organic certified products (food or cosmetics) carry. To simplify the offer of the different organic products is not an easy task. In Australia they have succeeded. Australian Organic
News
has recently launched its ‘One Logo Says it All’ campaign introduced by Celebrity Chef and ambassador Pete Evans. Source: www.campaignbrief.com
Organic Seed Growers VS Monsanto Family farmers file brief in Final Appeal to U.S. Supreme Court to Protect Their Crops from Contamination and to Invalidate Monsanto’s GMO Patents 73 American organic and conventional family farmers, seed businesses and public advocacy groups seek protection for all America’s farmers from Mon-
santo’s frivolous patent infringement lawsuits, and their genetically engineered pollen, while also seeking to invalidate the patents on 23 of Monsanto’s GMO crops. “As a seed grower, who has spent the past 37 years of my life protecting and maintaining the integrity of my seed stock to provide clean, wholesome food
to my customers, I find it unconscionable that Monsanto can contaminate mine or my neighbors’ crops and not only get away with it, but potentially sue us for patent infringement,” said Jim Gerritsen, an organic seed farmer in Maine and President of lead Plaintiff OSGATA. More information: www.osgata.org
1. Organic 3.0 Conference @ BIOFACH 2014 The day before BioFach in Nuremberg is the day for special IFOAM events. We would like to invite you to the IFOAM Organic 3.0 @ BioFach Conference 2014 on February 11, 2014 in Nuremberg, Germany! In the United Nations Year of Family Farming the program will include the following: • Organic 3.0 & the IFOAM Action Group - Strategy discussion and exchange in the IFOAM Action Group. • The General Assembly of the IFOAM EU Group - for IFOAM EU Group members only - as a parallel session. • Year of Family Farming & Organic 3.0 - Family Farming: Social and Ecological Responsible! 2. Report on IFOAM participation in COP19, Poland At the COP19 in Warsaw, IFOAM informed international and national decision makers of the multiple benefits of high-sequestration organic agriculture for climate change resilience, food security and sustainable development. 3. IFOAM at COP 19: Showing What Organic Agriculture Can Do in the Battle Against Climate Change COP19 was fruitful in keeping governments on track towards a universal climate agreement in 2015 including significant new decisions that will cut emissions from deforestation and “Loss and Damage”. With a view to 2015, country representatives agreed to initiate or intensify domestic preparation for their national contributions towards the agreement, which is set to come into force from 2020. 4. Will Brazil Break a Global Moratorium on “Terminator Seeds? Powerful landowning groups in Brazil have been pushing for congress to allow the “Terminator seed” technology be used for the controlled propagation of certain plants and insist that the seeds would only be used for non-food crops. Sterile or “suicide” seeds are produced by means of genetic use restriction technology, which makes crops die off after one harvest without producing offspring. This means that farmers have to buy new seeds for each planting, which reduces self-sufficiency and increases dependence on major seed and chemical companies.
ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
7
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This incl re is the need for ate apprato, adopted disseminthat other governments in the facilitgovernment des shari PGS, something and traina policy ofusupporting Indian ation n profiles, to in g o g of, farm ers (inclu ers, trade f results among re of information at region should consider. ding their rs and fin searchers a children). often may anciers, a , dissemin ll levels of the org However nd goes aregional often no consider anic ation toapproach of this in perhaapcomprehensive ttobe awa developing ll requested differeare 10. FAO and IFOAM th e s w th nt kn ay re of e e greatest up governowledge to the leve formation poteisntiaimed from stakeholders, all at n promoting e sources, PGS,thwhich awareness e wards creatingfo d od securi of and l a is o l f consum that orga to educa including ty. te policy nic agricu modern ments to farmers and consumers. m lture (wh scientific ich draws akers, who research on a range ) holds fo r long term of sustainab le
8
1-2014 | ECOLOGY & FARMING
EVENTS
A Report on the Second Asia Pacific Regional Symposium. Bangkok, 2-4 December 2013
Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Organic Farming BY Nick Parrott
In December IFOAM and FAO jointly organised the second Asia Pacific Regional Organic Symposium. Building on the first symposium in South Korea in 2012, the event was attended by more than 100 people from around 30 countries. It marked another step forward in building an Asian Pacific regional community, something which is especially relevant with the growing role of the Association of Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN).
T
he event was spread over three days; two days of plenaries
from Navdanya (India) presented a detailed case study that sho-
and workshops, interspersed by a day spent visiting farms.
wed the potential of organic farming to improve food security. He
The plenaries and workshops were grouped around four main
looked at 12 conventional farms and 12 organic farms, comparing
themes: production, marketing, education and finance. Pre-
the amount of various macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients pro-
senters from 19 different countries, with very different levels of
duced per hectare of farmland under each system. On average all
organic sector development, shared their experiences with dif-
of the 25 nutrients studied (except 1: vitamin C) were produced in
ferent aspects of organic topics, ranging from compost making to
more abundance in one hectare of an organic farm than one of a
developing an eco-agritourism centre or participatory guarantee
conventional farm. A hectare of an organic farm yielded approxi-
scheme.
mately 107% more protein, 6% more carbohydrate, 187% more fat, 32% more calories, 292% more Vitamin A, 168% more folic
Overall the experienced showed that the organic sector in South-
acid, 196% more calcium, 91% more iron, and 72% more trace
East Asia is driven by a very different set of motives than in
minerals than one conventional hectare. He then extrapolated
Europe or other western post industrial countries. While access
these to a national level, highlighting that organic farming has
to premium markets, whether export or domestic, can be a large driver, there are (with the exceptions of South Korea) no subsidies in the region for organic farmers in recognition of the environmental services that they provide. Instead, governments often reward polluting farmers by subsidising fertiliser and pesticide use – a key point of contention and one highlighted in the conference declaration (see box). In a much less regulated and policed environment, health (of farmers, their families and consumers) plays a much larger role on motivating people to go organic. In India, in particular, pesticide poisonings (whether accidental or deliberate) are a major source of morbidity and mortality among farming families, and pesticide residues are a major concern for consumers. Food security is also a major factor in countries where there are significant numbers of malnourished people. Dr. Vaibhav Singh ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
9
Farm visits
Farm visits are often a highlight of any IFOAM event. They not only provide a break from sitting in conference halls but also give the participants a chance to see, learn from and comment upon organic practices in situ (and get to know each other and build personal bonds). This tour visited two farms within close proximity of Bangkok. Both are examples of multi-functional farms that incorporate other activities such as on-farm processing, direct sales, educational or recreational activities). The first farm visit was to Thai Organic Farm which has a strong educational focus and a farm shop where it sells its own, and other ecological, produce). Here we were shown a number of techniques for making soil amendments and got a chance to see the insectaries used to control pests. The second farm was part of a long established tourist attraction. Sampran Riverside is a riverside rose garden with elephant and theatre shows. It recently started its own organic farm on a plot on the other side of the river which, together with supplies from 500 local small-scale organic farmers, supplies its own restaurants as well as its range of home produced beauty and wellness products. It also has a weekly organic farmers and crafts market where its suppliers can sell their produce to visitors.
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1-2014 | ECOLOGY & FARMING
more potential for addressing the crisis of hunger and malnutri-
Government of Bhutan, Navdanya (India) and the Millennium
tion among a growing population than conventional farming, very
Institute to organise a conference on organic and ecological far-
much challenging the conventional notion that organic systems
ming in mountain ecosystems which will take place in Thimpu,
yield less. 1
Bhutan in March 2014 and will provide another opportunity for dialogue among Asian organic stakeholders. (See http://www.
But production isn’t everything – food also needs to be distri-
ifoam.org/en/events/international-conference-organic-ecological-
buted to where it is needed. A number of presentations on this
agriculture-mountain-ecosystems)
second theme featured innovative marketing and distribution schemes from India, South Africa, Cambodia, South Korea Japan and Peru. There were also presentations on financing organic
Author details
production, raising consumer awareness and training farmers.
Nick Parrott is a freelance editor and copywriter, specialising in organic issues. Contact info@textualhealing.nl
There are plans to publish the proceedings of this (and 2012’s) conference in book form and to organise a third conference in
1. A full version of Dr Singh’s research, ‘Health per acre: Organic
2014. Contact Ralph Houtman (Ralph.Houtman@fao.org) for
Solutions to Hunger and Malnutrition’ can be downloaded at http://
further details. In the meantime IFOAM is teaming up with the
www.navdanya.org/attachments/Health%20Per%20Acre.pdf
ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
11
Can organic spirits follow the same route as organic wines?
Organic spirits and liquors BY Peter brul
A significant market has developed for organic wine over the last 20 years, which has developed rapidly and is now well established, with organic production in all the main wine-growing areas.
T
here were 217,634 hectares of cer-
out-pacing the growth in the consumption
especially in a small market that only has
tified organic vineyards in 2010.
of non-organic wine (which grew by 2%).
a few players. When compiling this article
More than 75 % were probably for wine
Several traders and experts have perso-
it was difficult to obtain complete and
production (with the remainder being for
nally confirmed that these growth rates
precise information.
fresh grapes and raisins). Organic wine
have subsequently continued.
Health food shops and organic super-
has acquired a solid position in the market
markets often sell organic wine and port
and is well accepted, almost main stream.
The market for distilled products is totally
(alcohol content up to 20%), but no spi-
It is marketed via web shops, health food
different. The market is still very new and
rits with a higher alcohol content since
shops, specialised wine shops, direct mar-
very small: a niche in the organic sector.
keting from the vineries and, last but not
Most of the producers are very small scale as is their marketing, which
least, via supermarkets. All the main supermarket channels in Europe and the USA have a number of organic wines on their shelves. Jones et al. (www.organicwinereview. com) reported in 2007 that turn-over in organic wine in those years grew by 18 % on average and estimated a further increase in sales of 13 % in 2008. Nielsen ( www.
Organic spirits and liquors often with a local provenance may be as much part of the Slow Food ethos
us.nielsen.com) repor-
consists mainly of direct selling from their own shop, often combined with a web shop, exclusively for their own products. There is no organised or well-established market for certified organic spirits. Today most specialist off-licences sell some organic wines, but very few have any organic distilled products. The same is true for supermarkets. There are no available
ted that the consumption of organic wine
figures or statistics. Traders are generally
grew by 3.7% in 2009 (a recession year ),
reluctant to reveal figures about turn-over,
12
1-2014 | ECOLOGY & FARMING
Markets
a range of organic liquors. But these are restricted to the better known spirits. One interesting venture is a company in New York, founded by the Kashrovian family from Armenia who produce vodka on a small scale. They have now turned their hobby into a company selling a range of organic spirits (www.greenbar.biz). More than 80% of their turn-over comes from selling to hotels, bars and restaurants. One of these restaurants is Gustorganics in New York, a certified organic restaurant including an organic cocktail bar (www. gustorganics.com ). In London, Organic Spirit (www.organicspirit.co.uk) are pursuing a similar line, specialising in mixing cocktails with organic ingredients, as well in many countries shop owners need a
as selling organic wine and beer.
specific state license to do so. In many
and vendors of organic liquors and spirits would be a good starting point, with a
countries they are also required to have
Promotional strategies
view to doing joint promotions at the main
a separate shop within the shop for the
Organic spirits and liquors may well go
trade fairs. At Biofach in 2012 there was
sale of spirits. Given the low turn-over in
down the same road as organic wine.
only organic vodka and tequila available.
drinks with a high alcohol content, this is
Customers are interested in real qua-
One way forward might be to arrange
a disincentive for a small organic supermarket. The most interesting marketing channel for organic spirits is specialised web shops for (organic) liquors and spirits, which sometimes also sell organic wines. Few of these companies offer a wide range of organic spirits. A few web shops, such as www.vinceremos.co.uk or www.heb-ra.com in Ger-
The need to have a licence, and sometimes a shop within a shop, to sell spirits and liquor makes it harder to develop this sub-sector.
many offer a wide range
lity. For this to happen,
a spirits and cocktail bar at such fairs,
organic distillers may
inviting wine sellers, web shop owners,
need to join forces at
companies that supply organic and other
the world’s main
restaurants and members of the press to
trade fairs, such as Bio-
attend. The period before and after such
fach, Natural Products
events could generate substantial free
West and Salone del
publicity for this nascent sub-sector. For
Gusto, and present a
lesser known liquors, such as medronho
joint showcase of the
or aguardente, more targeted campaigns
world’s leading orga-
may be required: for the later there is the
nic whiskies, vodkas,
potential for possibly developing a range
tequilas, gins and other
of cocktails. These drinks may well have
spirits and liquors.
stronger links to the Slow Food movement, with its focus on local food and
It will take some time to
drink, than to the organic movement. This
of organic spirits, including whiskey, rum,
build up the market, as people have to
year’s trade fairs in Nurnberg and Salon
gin, and cognac. Some large web-based
learn about a spirit through promotional
de Gusto may well help to resolve this
traders such as Amazon.com also have
activities. Building a network of producers
question.
ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
13
Global campaign to promote organic food and farming
The efficiency of low input livestock farming
14
1-2014 | ECOLOGY & FARMING
In September and October 2013 saw the first Global Green Action Week, an initiative launched by the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SNNC) to raise consumer awareness of the environmental impacts of consumption and to promote sustainable patterns of consumption. By Annelie BioBrazil Fair-Biofach 2013Andersson took place during the month of protest.
ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
15
Photo: Alexander Joe
Many organisations experienced a great demand and interest from consumers
W
ith the help of farmers’ markets, media campaigns and
focus for the Global Green Action Week will continue in 2014 -
schools around the world the campaign focussed upon the
‘Organic food and farming for all – consumers and farmers for
production and consumption of organic food. Almost 40 organi-
food security, safe and sustainable food.’ The aim is to encou-
sations in 25 countries participated in the campaign. In Tanzania,
rage more consumers to buy organic products and thereby pro-
Sweden and Peru, they explained to consumers why organic is
mote a shift towards an ecologically sustainable food system for
the logical choice. In Kenya, Ukraine and Brazil school children
all.
made compost heaps, wrote essays and discussed how their food is produced. In Pakistan and Uganda decision makers, far-
The feedback from this first year of the Global Green Action
mers and consumer organisations discussed what is needed to
Week has been very positive. Many organisations experienced a
boost organic production and consumption. And in India, Ethiopia
great demand and interest from consumers and felt that being a
and the Philippines, farmers learnt more about the benefits of
part of a global campaign strengthened their campaigning at a
growing organically. And this is just a few examples of the cam-
national and local level.
paign’s activities which took different forms in different countries. Some of the organisations participating in the 2013 Global Green This international campaign has been inspired by more than
Action Week were organisations with whom the SSNC already
twenty years of domestic campaigning by the SSNC to promote
had on-going collaboration. Others were members of Consumers
green consumerism, which has achieved very positive results. A
International (CI) in Asia, Africa and Latin America. This collabo-
key part of this work has been an annual campaign week involv-
ration was made possible through a Green Action Fund establis-
ing thousands of SSNC volunteer members, which has served as
hed by Consumers International and the SSNC. This fund provi-
inspiration for the Global Green Action Week.
des support to CI members in developing countries to help them to mount small public awareness campaigns on environmental
Through coordinated annual campaigning under a joint umbrella,
issues. 2013 was the first time that actions are being carried out
organisations in different countries are able to strengthen each
on a joint theme in line with the focus of the Global Green Action
other’s work on sustainable consumption. The 2013 thematic
Week.
16
1-2014 | ECOLOGY & FARMING
In addition to promoting more sustainable food consumption, the Global Green Action Week also offers a possibility for consumer and environmental organisations to cooperate and give added value to each other’s work. It also provides a platform for participating organisations to exchange experiences and inspire each other about the methods and strategies that deliver positive results. 2013 was only a starting point. In March some of the organisations in the campaign will meet for a workshop in Kenya to discuss how to make the campaign grow bigger and stronger in the future. About the author Annelie Andersson is project coordinator of Global Green Action Week. Interested in joining? If your organisation is interested in participating in the campaign, please contact annelie.andersson@ ssnc.se. Global Green Action Week on Facebook: www.facebook.com/ globalgreenactionweek Further reading: Organic food and farming for all - a basic factual report by SSNC on organic farming that has been made available to everyone participating in the campaign.
Global Green Action Week 2013 participating countries AFRICA: Benin, Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe ASIA: China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines EUROPE: Serbia, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine LATIN AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Peru
ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
17
“Who will fetch a head of lettuce from the roof?” “And get some parsley while you’re at it!”
Green enterprise on a rooftop
Europe’s first rooftop-market garden has been built in Rotterdam. The Dakakker (Roof-field) is breaking even and should show a small profit in the coming years. Construction was made possible by winning a design contest. While the garden is organically managed, the produce cannot be sold as organic (as it is not grown in ‘the soil’). There is no shortage of interest in the project, both at home and from abroad. By Bernard Faber
18
1-2014 | ECOLOGY & FARMING
Cities
“I
n the building where we were before,
maintaining biodiversity and regulating the
we had already investigated the pos-
runoff of rainwater. The payback period of
sibility of doing something green on the
a green roof is approximately 8 years.
roof,” says Wouter Bauman of the Environment Centre Rotterdam (ECR). “Then
Optigroen was involved in the Brooklyn
in 2011 we moved to Schieblock and
Grange initiative, the first rooftop market
discovered that a co-tenant, the archi-
garden in New York. “We cooperated
tect group Zus (Sister in Dutch), had the same idea.” Zus took part in a competition under the Architecture Biennale. “And then it was bingo,”
“And suddenly: bingo”
on the development and construction of a roof system for a commercial rooftop garden for growing vegetables,” says
says Bauman, “Zus won the first prize
Henk Vlijm, managing director at Opti-
of more than 4 million Euros. With that
groen. “The Brooklyn Grange Farmers
money Dakakker could actually set up the
now manage three major rooftop market
first rooftop market garden in Europe.”
gardens, where they grow organic fruits and vegetables for local restaurants and
“The garden was built by Binder Groen
consumers.”
Projects. The system used for rooftop gardening was developed by OPTIGROEN,
Based on the experience in New York,
a Dutch offshoot of Optigrün International
Optigroen has developed the rooftop mar-
AG, an international franchise which originated in Germany 40 years ago. In the Netherlands, Optigroen installs about 200,000 m2 of green roofs or rooftop gardens each year, making a considerable contribution to the growth of the global total, currently about 2 million m2. The most common are green or ‘sedum’ roofs, but Optigroen also provides park roofs where shrubs and even trees can grow. Green roofs have
“There is so much interest in Dakakker (Rooftop field) that organising group tours has become a commercial activity.”
consists of five different layers, which regulate the drainage of rainwater and prevent the plant roots from penetrating into the underlying roof structure. The top layer of the substrate is the thickest and consists of a mixture of lavabims (a lightweight, frost resistant, porous and permeable lava), slate, sand and clay and compost. “The product is formulated so as to make it excellent for sowing and for plants
the advantage of providing a cooling effect, and they protect the
ket garden system. This
to root well,” said Vlijm.
underlying roofing, making it last twice as long. In addition green roofs contribute to
Optigroen investigated whether it is possi-
Sustainable Green Rooftop
Optigroen is currently working on a whole new application of its green roofs aimed specifically at farms. Next year the company will be launching a “grass” roof and a ‘normal’ green roof. The grass roof is especially designed to integrate large stables in the landscape. Both type of roofs have insulating properties helping reduce heat stress to the animals during hot periods by the cooling effect. The pasture can also absorb and recycle stable and rinse water, which would otherwise go the slurry pit and will have to be carted away. Solar panels can also be integrated in the green roof system. ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
19
“Natural food retailer Whole Foods opens a store in Brooklyn (NYC) with a greenhouse of nearly 2,000 m2 on the roof.” 20
1-2014 | ECOLOGY & FARMING
ble to get organic certification for the roof-
print. It is hoped that the new revisions
will remain a niche activity. “Because of
top market garden system or the rooftop
to the EU organic regulations, currently
the weight, only a limited number of roofs
gardens in Europe. “In practice, we work
being discussed in Brussels, will offer
are suitable. It is mainly about influencing
organically, also the substrate is made of
similar opportunities for expanding orga-
mind-sets.”
natural materials, unfortunately organic
nic rooftop gardening in the EU.
There is so much interest in the rooftop
certification is not possible because we
garden in Rotterdam that organising
do not meet the European requirement
The Dakakker in Rotterdam has helped
group tours has become a commercial
that organic produce be grown in regu-
spark interest in rooftop market gardens
activity. “Next week, a group from Den-
lar soil. Substrate cultivation, however
in the Netherlands and neighbouring
mark will visit who want to start a rooftop
natural, is not permitted.” By contrast in
countries. Vlijm continues, “We are cur-
garden in Copenhagen,” says Bauman,
America the first rooftop market garden
rently working on developing a rooftop
who manages the ECR garden. “Last year
(Uncommon Ground in Chicago) was cer-
market garden of 5,000 m2 in Brussels
there was even a group from Vietnam.”
tified organic in 2008, and there are now
and several smaller gardens in Germany,
With bookings from 30 groups, the 2014
dozens of organic rooftop market gardens
including a berry growing rooftop where
programme is already fully booked.
in the US. Natural food retailer Whole
fresh jam will be made. In the Nether-
Foods is about to open a new store in
lands, we are in discussions with several
Bauman spends approximately 8 hours
Brooklyn (New York City) with a green-
parties including a restaurant chain. These
per week on the Dakakker. He is sup-
house of nearly 2,000 m2 on the roof. It is
parties want to be able to tell their clients
ported by a group of about 15 volunteers.
planned that the greenhouse will supply a
that the fresh herbs are picked from the
“Every Friday morning we go to the roof
large proportion of the organic vegetables
roof. This can set them apart from their
to harvest and to prepare orders and to
sold in the store. This will maximise fresh-
competition.” Despite the growth, Vlijm
tend the garden,” says Bauman. “In the
ness and minimise the ecological foot-
predicts that rooftop market gardening
days before, I send out a list of available
ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
21
produce to chefs at five restaurants in the neighbourhood so they can make their orders and these are also delivered by volunteers. The rest of the vegetables we sell on Friday in a shop here in the building, to people who work here and local residents. Other activities that help the operation cover its costs include the rental of the glass roof pavilion as a meeting room and a popular education program for children. This program, whose name ‘Dakennie?’ (‘Can’t do?’) comes from Rotterdam slang, includes a range of activities such as making seed bombs which the children can drop on their way home from school, a form of guerrilla gardening. Bauman is thinking of other new activities, such as renting out the roof as a location for photo and film shoots and yoga classes. When asked what the most commercially interesting horticultural products are Bauman says without hesitation: “Edible flowers. You don’t have to do much and a bowl of flowers, for example, brings in 5
22
1-2014 | ECOLOGY & FARMING
Euros. It is a product that must be super fresh and so you can’t easily transport it in from out of town. The flowers wither quickly. The most popular flowers are nasturtium, marigold, rucula and courgette. Among the herbs, lemon verbena and the seven different varieties of mint are most popular. With all these activities, the Dakakker is presently self-sustaining, but Bauman thinks it is also possible to make a small profit. “I hope we can find an entrepreneur in the future who would operate the gardens, for example in conjunction with a restaurant.” The seeds of sustainability can be sown anywhere: even on an old roof in the middle of the big city. About the author: Bernard Faber, Text & Image. Specializes in the visualization of architectural and construction projects. E.: info@bernardfaber.nl W: www.bernardfaber.nl
The Dakakker: key figures
Soil type: Natural substrate mix from Optigroen (thickness of the beds varies between 20-40 cm.) Labour: 8+ hours / week in season for manager: 15 volunteers each working 4 hours / week Crops: 32 kinds of vegetables, 27 kinds of herbs and 17 species of flowers, grown in a six block rotation Livestock: 2-3 beehives Outlets: 5 nearby restaurants, in-house shop for local residents and workers Manure: cow manure pellets (5kg/are), calcium ammonium nitrate (2 kg / are) Ekomix 3 (5 kg / are) (Are is 10m x 10m=100m2)
ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
23
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Organic consumers are more health conscious and probably save the health care system a great deal of money
HEALTH
Health insurance for customers of organic supermarkets Health care and the insurance needed to cover it are well arranged in the Netherlands, but the financial management is overly complicated and costs are constantly rising. Solidarity is an important guiding principle, perhaps the most binding element in the health care system, as costs are shared between people who are more and less fortunate with their health and those who are more and less wealthy. People generally have no qualms about showing solidarity with someone less fortunate when the base cost of the insurance is more or less the same for everyone. By Peter Brul
ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
25
B
ut what about the effects of people’s lifestyle on their health?
The research showed that the customers of EkoPlaza have a
It is now common knowledge that smoking is extremely
significantly healthier lifestyle than the average Dutch person,
harmful to health, along with drinking too much alcohol and
with less obesity, less smoking, about 30 percent less use of
eating too much fat, sugar, or processed food. In fact, you could
hospital care and 25 percent less use of medication. The one hundred thousand customers of the health
say that enforced solidarity as it currently structured, ‘rewards’ bad behaviour, since health insurance costs are equally divided between everyone. It does not encourage people to make healthier decisions about their lifestyles. In the Dutch health care system, insurers have been becoming increasingly aware of this in recent years. There is now more differentiation than there was several years ago, and people can choose (within limits) how much premium they want to pay per month, how much risk they want to take and whether or not they want to pay for additional services. It is possible that both the insurance system and the organic sector
Research has investigated whether the health profile of regular organic supermarket customers varies from the national average: it does
might be ready for a new form of private insurance. Here’s why.
food stores probably save Dutch society about 50 million Euro per year. Apparently, a conscious, healthy lifestyle brings financial advantages. But in the Netherlands’ current insurance system these benefits don’t go to the individual customer, but are spread across society at large. CenterData’s report went onto say: “there is no indication that the differences found are caused by the strong socio-demographic composition of the clientele of EkoPlaza. Comparisons of subgroups of the population with the same subgroups within the EkoPlaza clientele in terms of gender, age and level of education show the same picture as
to the entire population”. If all of Dutch society was as conscious about diet and health, this would probably save around 10 billion
More than a hundred thousand Dutch people do their weekly
Euro a year in health care costs. That makes sense!
shopping at EkoPlaza, a franchise chain of organic supermarkets. Tens of thousands of them have a customer card. CenterData, an
There is no indication that the Netherlands differs significantly
organisation related to the University of Tilburg has researched
from other NW European countries. In Germany, Switzerland,
the health profile of the customers of EkoPlaza. The basic ques-
Austria and the Scandinavian countries, as in the US and else-
tion was whether the health profile of EkoPlaza customers differs
where, conscious consumers of organic food probably save
from that of the average Dutch person. This could run either way:
the health care system a great deal of money. They also set an
on the hand it is plausible that EkoPlaza customers are more
example as they can help to raise awareness of the consequen-
aware of the effects on health of eating well. Equally, it may be
ces of life style choices. The ever-increasing cost of providing
that people with health problems turn to organic food.
good health care would be much less of a problem if more peop-
26
1-2014 | ECOLOGY & FARMING
As of 2014 EkoPlaza Customers can receive a 15% discount on their health insurance premium in 2014
The results of the survey showed that EkoPlaza customers are healthier than the population at large (controlling for socio-demographic factors). They have a signifi-
le behaved like the customers of organic supermarkets.
cantly lower Body Mass Index than the Dutch population
This research has led to a health insurance policy specifically for
on average (23.3 as opposed to 25.5). EkoPlaza custo-
customers of EkoPlaza. Customers of the chain can receive a
mers suffer much less often from overweight and obesity
15% discount on their health insurance premium in 2014 and a
(25.8% vs. 48.7%), but the percentage of underweight
60 Euro discount (from the insurance company) on purchases at
people is slightly higher (4.2% vs. 2.4%). EkoPlaza
EkoPlaza. In this way the cost savings of a healthy lifestyle are
customers are less likely to experience most medical
partly rewarded. An important aspect of this insurance is that it
symptoms such as heart problems, breathing difficul-
provides interesting opportunities for doing follow-up research
ties, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, and they
and makes it easier to identify the health effects of a healthy life-
also have far fewer obesity-related complaints, such as
style, including making a conscious choice to eat organic food.
headaches and cold symptoms. However, EkoPlaza cus-
The new insurance started in January 2014 and after this year
tomers are more prone to stomach and bowel problems
attempts will be made to develop an insurance policy that is
(17.6%) than average (13.6%). Compared to the Dutch
more attuned to the specific needs of the target group.
population as a whole, organic supermarket customers have a healthier diet that contains more fruits and vege-
The researchers emphasised that this study does not show any
tables and less meat. They also smoke much less. Alt-
causal relationship between the consumption of organic food and
hough EkoPlaza customers seem to have fewer health
health. The differences can also be explained by EkoPlaza-custo-
problems than the average Dutch person, this does not
mers being more aware about how to make healthy choices. The
translate into fewer visits to medical service providers.
scientific research into the causal relationship between organic
These, however, seem to be of a different nature: EkoP-
food and health is complex and still in its infancy. It was explicitly
laza customers seek counselling slightly more often than
excluded from this research. The overall conclusion was that
average for psychological help and go to the dentist
customers of the organic supermarket are healthier than average
more often. They also make much more frequent use of
in a large number of respects. With the new insurance scheme
alternative medicine (41.7%) than average (8.2%).
in place, a large volume of data will become available for further analysis.
ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
27
Ghulam Mustafa and Ghullam Abbas Shah wanted to investigate the effectiveness of different methods of manure production. Both from Pakistan, they received scholarships for postgraduate work at a ‘reputable foreign university’. They chose to work with Egbert Lantinga of the Department of the Ecology of Farming Systems at Wageningen University on a project that traced the key characteristics of different types of manure: from the stable floor through to the absorption of nitrogen by plants. By Gerard Oomen
Recent research shows the effectiveness of different types of manure
Towards the best manure
T
hese two researchers have now
stacked under a roof and the last part was
focuses on the practical aspects of the
received their PhDs in agricultural
fermented, using the same treatment app-
results.
science. Their findings are not only sci-
lied to maize silage. These differently treaLosses in the stable. When just straw
entifically interesting, but also of practical relevance to farmers all around the world: from Pakistan to the Netherlands. Their tests, with young steers, were carried out in the sloping-floor barn of the Research and Training Farm, Droevendaal in Wageningen. The animals were fed well and gained approximately 1.3 kg per day. Each day 1 kg of chopped straw for each 100 kg of livestock weight was spread in the
Pastures fertilised with fermented manure produced three times as much grass than those fertilised with composted manure.
was spread, 16% of N in the excreted manure was lost before being processed. By adding topsoil, lava meal or clay these losses were reduced to 6%. Ammonia volatilisation was lower than expected and the majority of nitrogen was lost as inert N2-gas. Losses during storage (processing). Thirty
stable. In some tests clay (zeolite or lava
ted manures were then used in fertilisation
five per cent of N in the manure stacked
meal or topsoil) was also added. The ani-
experiments on grassland and maize on
in a heap was lost when the compost was
mals trampled the manure, mixing it and
sandy soils at Droevendaal Farm. Tests
solely straw based. When topsoil was
it slowly ran down the slope. The manure
were carried out on the manure as soon
added this fell to 20%. In other tests the
at the bottom of the slope was collected
as it had been spread to see if adding lava
manure was composted or fermented.
everyday and then treated in different
meal and irrigating (by sprinkler) would
During composting 33-45% of N was lost,
ways. One part was composted, another
reduce ammonia emissions. Emissions of
but only 6-10% during fermentation. For
part was stacked outside in a heap expo-
carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane and
the composted manure, 20-60% of orga-
sed to the elements, another part was
nitrous oxide were measured. This paper
nic matter was lost depending on the sea-
28
1-2014 | ECOLOGY & FARMING
AGRICULTURE
son and the duration of the composting process, but for the fermented manure just 10 to 20% was lost. More mineral N, organic N and lignin remained after fermentation, although the figures for these last two were lower in the fermented dry matter than after composting. The combination of adding topsoil and fermentation was not researched. Losses during application. During the test
bles. The Netherlands has more deep litter
Is composting better? These findings
on maize fields the manure was ploughed
stables than sloping floor barns. But these
seem to run counter to those of the study
in. During the tests on grassland it beca-
results can be applied to the manage-
by FIBL in Switzerland*). Their conclusion
me clear that volatilisation can be reduced
ment of a deep litter stable. In deep litter
was that systematic use of composted
by sprinkler-irrigation: equivalent of 5 mm
stables manure ferments and less com-
manure leads to better soil structure and
and 10 mm of rain led to a reduction of
posts. The processes in the top layer of
higher organic matter content than when
65 and 92% respectively. Addition of lava
deep litter manure are similar to those in
using manure which is put in a heap. This
meal (or topsoil) showed a reduction of
manure in a sloping floor barn, whereas at
conclusion is undoubtedly correct, when
less than 50%. Adding lava meal and 10
deeper levels the manure mostly ferments.
one bases the amount of manure on the
mm of water led to emissions being close
Usually the manure is taken out only once
needs of the crop. Yet one remark has to
to zero.
during the winter. It is then placed in large
be made at this conclusion. They gave
heaps where a large part of the manure
the fields the same amounts of N, P and
Utilisation of nitrogen remaining in the
will continue to ferment. Our experiment
K. They involved the manure types of exi-
soil. The fertilisation experiment for maize
shows that nitrogen losses can be redu-
sting farms and calculated the amounts
was conducted on a fertile sandy soil. In
ced by scattering lava meal (a pound per
of manure needed based on the nutrient
the past this soil had been fertilised with
cow) or topsoil (a kilo per cow). However,
levels in the manure. So they did not take
170 kg N/ha and manure was ploughed in
this is not so easy to do in a deep litter
into account all the processes and losses
immediately after spreading. Shortly after
stable and lava meal is presently expen-
during storage, and test plots received
flowering the unfertilised maize yielded
sive. Losses can be further controlled by
stable organic matter from composted
11,200 kg dry matter (DM)/ha, fertilised
placing the manure on a thin layer of straw
manure.
with composted manure yielded 13,600
which will absorb moisture from the heap,
kg DM/ha, with fresh manure the maize
by neatly finishing the sides of the heap
Composting is not just about recycling
yielded 14,400 kg DM/ha, after storage in
and by covering it with plastic. To mini-
the nitrogen. There are other reasons to
a firm and not too large a heap it yielded
mize volatilization of ammonia, it is best
favour using composted manure: it sup-
15,500 kg DM/ha and with fermented
to incorporate the manure into the soil
presses weeds, kills germs that affect plants, animals and humans, is easier to
manure it yielded 16,400 kg DM/ha. The fermented manure gave the highest N take up rate (20% of N from excreted manure) and the composted manure the lowest (8%). These figures cannot be generalised to
When just straw was used for bedding, 16% of the nitrogen (N) from the excreted manure was lost.
handle, and, with the Biodynamic method, the ability to administer the preparations. Moreover, some crops do not tolerate poorly digested manure. Composted manure is an excellent fertiliser. It is worth asking whether the inherent nitrogen losses during the composting process (about
all situations. Other research has shown that nitrogen utilisation in the first year of
immediately after spreading. This should
50%) can be sufficiently compensated by
application also depends on the compo-
be done immediately before another
growing more clover for a (organic) self-
sition of the soil, which in turn depends
crop or perennial (cover) crop is sown
reliant farm.
on the soil’s fertilisation history. This not-
in, otherwise the accumulated nitrogen will
withstanding, all types of solid manure
be lost through leaching.
*) https://www.fibl.org/fileadmin/docu-
and carbon being stored in the soil to be
If the manure is spread on top of grass-
Bio promotes soil fertility and biodiversity
gradually released in the coming years.
land or a grass-clover mix, it is best done
On grassland three times more grass was
in rainy weather or on a cool, windless
About the author:
produced after fermentation than after
evening, when night dew is expected. It is
Ir. GJM. (Gerard) Oomen
composting.
even better to irrigate immediately, but a
WageningenUR - For quality of life. To
large amount of water (1 mm = 10 cubic
explore the potential of nature to improve
metres / ha) is required.
the quality of life.
ments/shop/1089-dok.pdf
added to the ‘fertility bank’ with nitrogen
From sloping floor barns to deep litter sta-
ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
29
A reflection on climate effects and organic farming
Do methane emissions show organic agriculture in a bad light? One issue that often comes up in discussions about climate and agriculture is methane emissions. As part of their digestive processes ruminants produce methane which according to climate scientists, is disastrous for global warming. Ecology & Farming takes a dive into the swamp of the methane controversy. By Tom Saat
M
ethane (CH4) is a much stronger greenhouse gas than
chicken meat. Not so much because chicken ‘is the ideal meat’,
carbon dioxide (CO2) and is therefore the main target for
but because the production of chicken meat imposes the least
reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. This raises
climatic burden.
questions about the environmental credentials of organic farming. Ruminants form the basis of many organic systems: converting
Take a chicken, put some grain in it, and within a few weeks there
roughage into manure. For many years the European Commis-
is chicken on your plate. No methane emissions, but a very high
sion has subsidised campaigns to promote the consumption of
feeding efficiency; all in all a fine production process. To optimise
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1-2014 | ECOLOGY & FARMING
AGRICULTURE
it further, you can move away from agriculture completely and
change and to measure greenhouse gases and the resilience of
imitate the process in a laboratory: the egg of Columbus and a
agriculture are based on a very uncertain figure.
technocratic gem − if you consider agriculture and nutrition as a
linear production process.
This is not the only quicksand under the climate calculations.
This is not exactly an organic solution. First of all, because
sions: increasing emissions of CO2 lead to a permanently incre-
organic thinking is not focussed on linear processes, but circu-
ased concentration in the atmosphere because it is a chemically
lar ones. You cannot run a viable or independent farm with just
stable, final product that does not change. However, methane
chickens and chicken manure. Growing cereals and taking the
is a chemically unstable product which is active in the atmosp-
chicken manure back to the land is also a downward spiral, as it
here. As more methane is produced, more is decomposed and
would eventually impoverish the soil. To ensure sustainable soil
a new balance is created. Higher methane production also leads
fertility one needs organic matter and therefore roughage con-
to more conversion of methane, so that an increase in methane
version. And, because some 60% of the world’s agricultural land
does not lead to a cumulative warming effect. That’s an essential
There is a fundamental difference between CO2 and CH4 emis-
is only suitable for growing grass, which can only be converted
difference with CO2, and the reason why converting methane to
into human nutrition by cows and other ruminants, these are the
CO2equivalents represents a fundamental error within climate
‘jewels’ of agro-ecology.
calculations. One of the ridiculous conclusions is the insinuation
that the livestock sector has as great an impact on climate as the
But what about the methane these ruminants produce? Is that
extremely intensive traffic in the Netherlands or other highly indu-
the stain on the reputationnot the fly in the ointment? The Inter-
strialised countries. Methane is unanimously designated as a gre-
governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the agency
ater culprit than CO2 in discussions about global warming. Some
responsible for coordinating climate research and publishing the
researchers believe that there are political motives behind this.
results. It expresses all greenhouse gases in CO2 equivalents.
The US National Research Council (3) mentions that by focusing
Methane has a higher ability to block heat radiation from the
on methane, one can theoretically achieve faster results, with less
Earth than CO2 (Global Warmth Potential, GWP), but has a much
drastic measures for industrial economic development.
shorter life span. The GWP is simple to determine in a laboratory: determining the life span is much trickier. Methane is very reac-
This puts the methane discussion in a very different light. You can
tive in the atmosphere and sources of methane are diverse. This
find methane everywhere where intensive organic conversions
makes the lifetime estimates very uncertain. The IPCC (1) and
take place. It is released from the extraction of fossil energy, in
researchers from the Max Planck Institute (2) estimate this uncer-
swamp formation and in the digestive system of ruminants. In
tainty at between 35-65%! Because the IPCC has to deliver hard
earlier stages of the Earth, plant life captured a huge amount of
figures to politicians, they prefer to use a fixed lifetime for metha-
carbon, partly in the form of methane which is now entering the
ne, to be able to convert it into CO2 equivalents. In other words
atmosphere (e.g. shale gas). Methane certainly has a short term
the benchmark which several institutes use to analyse climate
climatic impact. In order to limit methane production we would
Roughage conversion is needed to ensure sustainable soil fertility ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
31
There is a fundamental difference between CO2 and CH4 emissions
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1-2014 | ECOLOGY & FARMING
need to replace cows with pigs and chickens. From a climatic point of view, this is putting the cart before the horse: we need cows to solve the problem. The core of the climate problem is that we are burning carbon that has been captured inside the Earth for billions of years, and putting it back into the atmosphere. What we need are measures to fix carbon sustainably in the
Sources:
soil. The cow is one of the resources we can deploy to do this.
1. Wigley, TML, 1998: The Kyoto Protocol: CO2, CH4 and climate
It is important that we use the cow as a roughage converter. It
implications. search Geophysical Letters 25, 2285-2288
is true that methane emissions are a side effect of humus pro-
2. Hein r., P.J. Crutzen and M Heimann (1997): An inverse
duction in cow manure. But that humus production leads to the
approach to investigate the global methane cycle, Global mosp-
sustainable sequestration of carbon in the soil. It is important to
heric Biochem. Cycles 11 (1), 43-76
encourage farmers to feed their cows roughage. Cows always
3. National Research Council, 2009: Stabilization Targets for
have and always will produce methane. Methane plays a very
Atmospheric greenhouse gas Concentrations (quoted from http://
small part in the climate story, and should be seen in relation
www.nap.edu/catalog/12877.html )
to the rest. Holistic thinking is one of organic farming’s strong
4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Climate Change
points. Climate change poses a challenge to organic farmers. Our
2007
focus should not be on methane, but on finding alternatives to
5. FAO: Livestock’s Long Shadow; Livestock’s role in climate
the consumption of fossil energy. That is the real challenge!
change and air pollution
ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2014
33
Calen dar Items
FEBRUARY 2014 - OCTOBER 2014 //
ORGANIC 3.0 CONFERENCE February 11, 2014 Nuremberg, Germany www.ifoam.org BIOFACH 2014 February 12 - 15, 2014 Nuremberg, Germany www.biofach.de INT. CONFERENCE ON ORGANIC & ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE IN MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS March 5 - 8, 2014 Thimphu, Bhutan www.ifoam.org NATURAL PRODUCTS EXPO WEST March 6 - 9, 2014 Anaheim, USA www.expowest.com
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Ecology & Farming is a magazine for all elements of the organic movement - from organic farmers’ associations to organisations from the organic food industry and Fair Trade; from research institutions to certifiers; from organic consumers to organic advocates. Ecology & Farming provides information on key issues in the organic sector and offers the space for discussions on the topics of the day. The articles published in Ecology & Farming reflect the opinions of their respective authors and should not be interpreted as an official IFOAM position.
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