TMA1895
Advanced Architecture Theory and practice
By Jack Barton U1576675
Contents Page Design propsal:
1
Design Precedents:
2-3
Summary of contextual infomtion:
4-6
Client:
7
Detailed Programme:
8-9
Overall massing Scheme:
10-12
Site Plan:
13
Access Plan:
14
Design Prossess:
15-17
3D Plans
18-22
Site Section:
23-24
Exploded View:
25
Elevations:
27-29
Appendix
30-37
Bibliography
38
Design brief The design will create new connections that will span throughout the town. The Arena will be designed in a way that will connect the town back to its roots creating new pathways that create more desirable pathways to the mills. The textile industry used to be a key part to Huddersfield’s history and wealth. The community of Huddersfield town would not be where it is today without the textile industry. The bridge between the town centre and the mills has been broken since the ring road was put in Huddersfield. Because of the new proposal to put the main roads underground, it will now open up the town again creating a new spine using the canal. This will create new connections leading back to the town’s mills and the canal. With this new development it will open opportunities for new developments. eSports is a worldwide competitive gaming establishment. It’s created a community that has imprinted on the youth culture of today. eSports will nearly double their revenue by 2021 so it will be plausible to propose an eSports arena for competitions in Huddersfield because of their increased profits. The gaming culture is a large community that just keeps growing due to technology advancements through online streaming. eSports is a large online based community and many users watch the events online. The arena will create an immersive experience that for its users that they can’t receive from the comfort of their own homes. The design must have large displays and open seating areas where the spectators can still watch the event whilst getting refreshments. This will encourage the spectators to watch the event in the arena. The new arena must create opportunities for an eSports team to start in Huddersfield. The design must be multifunctional so that the arena can be used for other events and activities to create revenue on none gaming event days to provide a constant income. The arena will need to have removable seating/stands so that the stage or the floor space can be customized to the host’s event needs. The surrounding buildings of the site do not span higher than 5 stories. To prevent the arena from soring the surrounding the views, the building must be submerged into the landscape to create a lower ground floor. When designing the building renewable energy must be taken in to consideration to help create a Zero carbon building. Sustainable eco-friendly buildings are a key part to a clean future. By using renewable technology it will keep running costs of the building low. Passive house technology should also be considered to complement the renewable energy. With this aid it will mean that less energy will be needed to power the building. The façade and the landscape of the building are a key feature in projecting its purpose to its exterior (Entertainment). This can be done by creating bright and interesting cladding out of recycled materials. The form must resemble futuristic spaceships to create an out of this world feeling for its users. A natural design to the landscape with space style walkways will complement the shape of the building.
1
Design Proposal
HOK - Esports Arenas of the Future Concept Design for the Future Architects: HOK
Accor Hotels arena Architects: DVVD Agency Location: France – Paris
(Pascal Blanche, 2020)
(The eSports Observer, 2019)
(HOK, 2019)
(HOK/SAP, 2019)
A multifunctional design created for the use of gaming, music/ entertainment. With the rising popularity of gaming and the improvement of technology HOK Architects wanted to create the perfect design of the future based on gaming entertainment. They have based their design on making integrating virtual visual connections with the crowd. They used large amounts of data used by video gaming companies to help influence their design to compliment the design and make it more practical and personal for the users. One of the features of the design was to integrate VR technology into the design to create an immersive experience for the users. Something the viewers can only get in the stadium. An experience you can’t get at home. There are specific placed screens that form a canopy over the seating bowl to improve and keep the viewers submerged throughout the event. eSports fans need to feel a sense of community (Bull, 2016). Hok did this with the use of heptagon shaped stands. The stands are closely linked and over lap each other in a unique way. These spaces are complimented with an open viewing area in between for The stands increase their pitch higher than usual designs to decrease the amount of space the arena needs to function well. The design includes three tiers of screens hanging above the stage to help increase the visuals for the users. A display you can’t miss no matter which way you look. eSport events can last from a single evening to multiple-days. This means that spectators of the event will be spending a large amount of time at the facility. This requires the arena to have a well-designed infrastructure that will keep the spectators continuously engaged though out the eSport event, as well as attractions being a key part to the entertainment. (Dite, 2019)
2
(N/A, n.d.) Host to the league of legends gaming world championships in 2019 One of the largest Venues concerts in France. It is a multi-functional building to host various events. The area is used for Gaming competitions, Sports Events, Ice Ring, concerts … a striking arena that could be one of the key features to France holding the 2024 Olympics. This quality design is opening opportunities to host other events bringing more revenue to the area. The flat seated area with removable seating is one of the key features that allows the arena to be so multi-functional. Once this chairs area is removed, the stage or viewing area can be spread across the whole floor. This allows for events that need a larger floor space to put on a show. Areas can easily be customised for special events. This feature makes the arena desirable to host an event such as the League of Legends. The stadium was selected to be an esports arena because of its flexible space. Flexibility is a key for when an arena is chosen. This will give the hosts the best opportunities for various gaming events. (Dite, 2019) Flexibility needs to be more than just audience sizes. (Bull, 2016)
(retroscifiart, 2020)
Design Research and Precedents
Chris Foss
(Space Travel: 20 Beautiful Fictional Spaceship Designs, 2020)
(Star Trek 1, 2020)
Doug Drexler Starship Ares
(The Futuristic Spaceship Designs of Colie Wertz, 2020)
http://www.christopher-doll.com/drawing-a-spaceship-a-day/
3
modeler Joe Johnston Millenium falcon
Christoper Doll
Design Research and Precedents
Colie Wertz
1. East view from Southgate Road looking at Sainsburys
2 West view looking from the canal
3. South/ East view from Southgate road, site entrance
4
2
3 4. South view from watergate Road looking at the back of sainsburys
1
5
5. North view positioned in Sainsburys car park Access Site access can be made from 3 different points to the site. These are from Quay Street, Watergate and Aspley PI. The multiple access points to the site will make deliveries by Arctic’s easier without causing congestion on the main road. The original access points will be customised and re used to match the purposes of each entrance, whether it is pathways from Southgate, A delivery entrance from Watergate or a car park entrance from Wakefield road. The surrounding buildings in the area do not exceed 4 stories. The stadium design has 4 stories but because of the differences in the floor and roof heights it will exceed this height range It would be best to submerge the Arena into the landscape to create a lower ground floor to blend in with the current sky line.
4
Summary of Contextual information
Due to the fact that Sainsbury’s is currently on site, it will mean that a demolition team will need to come to remove the building from the site. There is a pro to having an existing building as it will mean that all services such as water, drainage and electricity will already be on site. These features will make the construction presses run faster and more efficiently. The site is already a flat surface due to the existing building on site which will also help towards the speed of construction and keep down costs. Since the arena will have a lower ground floor there will be a need for retaining walls to prevent the surrounding soil from collapsing into the dugout for the foundations. As the town has quite a lot of rainfall in the winter months it will be best so start the demolishment process at the end of winter. This will mean that the foundations can be put in at the end of spring / start of summer to minimise damp conditions and the lower ground floor dug out from being submerged in water from heavy rain.
Underground roads allow new walkways to be created with no limitations. This allows pathways to merge with the eSports arena. The arena will create more desirable pathways to the mills from the town centre because of its clean green landscape. This will make the arena a key link between the mills and the Town Centre.
5
Summary of Contextual information
Listed Buildings 6
Summary of Contextual information
eSport eSports is a ready for action and fantasy gaming establishment. It has created a society that has impacted on the youth of today. The gaming industry is still in its infancy stage of its progression and is forming a competitive edge on the gaming world. In 1999 the English Sports council established online gaming as an official sport (Wagner, n.d.). However, for some nations they have not been able to recognise online gaming as a sport due to their belief of it not having the right physical standards, such as football or rugby etc. Similarly, some people’s opinion is that online gaming such as eSports could never be called a sport due to the standards gaming brings such as sitting in a chair with a remote, instead of having physical activity involved in the sport to be a sport. On the other hand, Witkowski (2012) states that professionally in gaming the physical participation is still key to play effectively just the same as the overall sporting community. eSports began in eastern countries such as Korea, progressing other countries. It became so popular with their culture and all over parts of the world but since then its fantasy multiplayer games has ruled Korea. However, despite trying to incorporate online gaming into western and eastern countries, there is still a divide in what the population prefer due to western cultures preferring 1st person action games and the eastern side sticking to fantasy online games (Wagner 2006). Systems control industries such as eSports, which set the fundamentals of the games such as choosing players and teams by information inputted from the controller. Gaming activity will then sets the player’s levels from scores achieved and ranks them such as pro and beginner roles. These players and their ranks are then categorised into sub-groups such as leagues and inputted into tournaments to allow the players to increase their ranks. The higher the rank and level, the more response the player earns from businesses for sponsorship. Koch (2019) states that eSports became one of the highest-ranking online game company through its technology innovations, with a total of $400million revenue that will increase to $805 million for the business by the year 2022.
(emarketer2, 2019)
(emarketer1, 2019)
(LARATRO, 2020)
eSports wanted to advertise their gaming products towards the younger generation instead of older ages as the youth are growing up in the era of technology and gaming. This means they are more open and interested in trying out new advances in technology as the future generations will become also, increasing interest of more gaming (Line up e Draft definidos para o game de hoje!, 2020) arenas being built to cope with the demand for the gaming industry. The interest for the online gaming businesses such as eSports may even surpass demand for other sporting events.
(DOT Esports, 2020)
(theblockchainland, 2020)
7
With the increased revenue that eSports will be receiving over the following years there will be funds available to invest in more stadiums. These extra stadiums will pay divergence over the forth coming years. This is due to the fact that the business will be able to branch out further into new areas where they can create more competitions. Not only that but they can receive funds by renting the stadiums out for other events when it’s not in gaming use.
Client
My design plans have been highly influenced by HOK Stadium of the future design. The Stand layout pattern that they used is ideal for creating an intimate environment and community feel for my viewers. Hok’s pattern layout is intimate as it follows the beehive concept where each heptagon is just as important as the other in creating the social structure of its environment, allowing people to flow freely through the arena. This allows the shapes to be stacked between each tier. This theory can be developed further as the parts that aren’t interlocked connecting the stand can be changed to allow for more seating to be added into the design. The top of the upper Tier and the bottom off the lower Tier has been extended straight out unlike Hok’s where they cut back in wasting space. This feature creates a point on each floor influencing people to go to the stands. This form will create an intimate feeling that isn’t overwhelmed where you feel claustrophobic in large squashed crowd areas. This is because each stand has its own personal space just like a streamer at home would get but still integrated as a group. As each tier has a different height so will the seating area pitch as they increase to create the best viewing range available no matter where the spectator is sat. The spectators of the events could be at the event for hours at a time and it can get overwhelming been sat in a stand for hours at a time. This is why each stand is complimented with an open space. This feature is to collaborate with the stands to create a retreat area where the spectators can freshen up whilst still being able to watch the event. A feature that will help keep the audience members intrigued at all times even whilst they have a break from the stands. HOK has incorporated into it is eSports gaming venue 360 display with multiple screens into above the main stage to ensure the viewers are intrigued at all times. To incorporate this into the arena, XXL 4K 3D screens will be positioned between the upper tier stands, with Dolby Atmos spread out throughout the arena as a complimentary feature. This feature creates surround sound for the viewers and is the new 4K version of sound. Including this system will create an exciting cinematic experience for the audience, something you could not get by steaming from home. These key aspects can really help to make the design unique and keep the audience members submerged throughout the experience.
8
Detailed Programme
The design has been incorporated with the conceptual thinking of the Accor Hotels Arena. This is where they have removable seating features to allow the venue to be multi-functional for variable events and conditions. This is one of the key features that have been incorporated into the arena to make this new design stand out compared to others. This is its ability to be able to adapt, making it competent to suit variable events and shows. Being able to remove the ground floor tier to open up the arenas floor space will allow for smaller events to fill the stands and larger events to have a bigger stage. This will allow the arena to stay constant and true to its nature by keeping an intimate environment, creating a more desirable arena. Using this design technique would allow the venue to be adaptable to the host’s desire. When there are no events in the stadium the ground floor seating can be removed. This will open up the floor space to be used as a VR facility for the public and interested gaming clients where they are able to rent out the equipment for training and entertainment purposes, all at a cost.
9
Detailed Programme
10
Overall massing Scheme
11
Overall massing Scheme
Itergrated LED Light System The Stadium will light up like a beacon during the night time with changing light effects to collaborate with the Huddersfield University Oastler Building. This feature will create a beautiful glow in the skyline of Huddersfield. It will be used as a symbol for when the occupants of Huddersfield are close to the town centre. The arena will be the light that bridges the gap between the town centre and the mills. The bright lights and the natural landscape will create desirable and safer routs to encourage people to use the spaces at any
12
Overall massing Scheme
Scale 1-2500 13
Site Plan
Accsess from the connection between Southgate to Wakefield Road Can only be from its near side do to one way traffic systems in place.
14
Access Plan
More seating can be added to these stands
Stands with angled tiers are not ideal.
Ending the upperstand straight is ideal to add more seating whilst using unused space
refreshment area under the lower ground floor stands is not ideal becuase it limits the space available when the stands is removed.
15
Form Needs to be developed further
Design Process
Staggered effect works well but needs a different approach.
Arena too big with surrounding bars and shops
Triangular spanning Truss would be more suitable for the design for longer spanning distances
16
Escalators would be more ideal for the movement of people and theses stairs to be used as fire escapes.
Due to the building stepping out further each floor, it would be ideal to have the fire escapes starting on the out side of the start of the structure and alighning at the top of the column as you can see from the image.
Design Process
Adding stairs to the entrance wasnt ideal with the angles. Its better suited to have the stands end straight as shown in the end product.
Triangular spanning trusses work better as they support more roof surface areaand create more tension strengh.
Back stage needs to be positioned behind the stand. This whole section needs to be blocked off. Further development of the spaces is needed.
Wall cladding is perfect for the design as its modern and eye striking.
Dragon scale roof looks too much nd doesnt blend in with the rest of the exterior.
Half section of CHS creats an itresting effect. No Bright colours would benefit this feature.
17
The large sides of the facade need to go virtical all the way to the roof to allow for the fire escapes and the lifts to run virtical.
Design Process
End product needs a Solar panel roof to create power for the arena.
Lower Ground floor
18
3D Plans
Ground Floor
19
3D Plans
First Floor
20
3D Plans
Second Floor
21
3D Plans
Third Floor
22
3D Plans
Scale 1-400 23
North Site Section
Scale 1-400 24
West Site Section
Facade
Structure
Venterlation
Stands
General arrangment
25
Exploded View
Scale 1-300
26
North Elevations
Scale 1-300
27
East Elevation
Scale 1-300
28
South Elevation
Scale 1-300
29
West Elevations
Lower Ground Floor
Scale 1-400
30
Design Plans
Ground Floor
Scale 1-400
31
Design Plans
First Floor
Scale 1-400
32
Design Plans
Second Floor
Scale 1-400
33
Design Plans
Third Floor
Scale 1-400
34
Design Plans
Roof Plan
Scale 1-400
35
Design Plans
36
Appendix
37
Appendix
References BULL, S. What to Consider When Designing an Esports Venue (Bull, 2016) Bull, S., 2016. What To Consider When Designing An Esports Venue. 1st ed. [ebook] Seth Bull, pp.1,2. Available at: <https://dimin.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Esports_SP18-1. pdf> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. DITE, C. Key design features to making the ideal esports arena (Dite, 2019) Dite, C., 2019. Key design features to making the ideal esports arena. Stadia, [online] p.1. Available at: <https://www.stadia-magazine.com/opinion/key-design-features-to-making-theideal-esports-arena.html> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. DOT ESPORTS League of Legends client teases upcoming content (DOT Esports, 2020) DOT Esports, 2020. League Of Legends Client Teases Upcoming Content. [image] Available at: <https://www.google.com/search?q=legue+of+legends+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi07vas_bXpAhUkgM4BHTZ6AJQQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=legue+of+legends+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA6BAgAEENQvDhYl1FglVRoAHAAeACAAVOIAcUIkgECMTeYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZw&sclient=img&ei=wZm-XvSJEqSAur4PtvSBoAk&bih=839&biw=1934&rlz=1C1GCEU_en-GBGB871GB871&hl=en-US#imgrc=4t_9utwsOer7oM> [Accessed 10 May 2020]. EMARKETER Esports Revenues worldwide, by segment, 2018 (emarketer, 2019) emarketer, 2019. Esports Revenues Worldwide, By Segment, 2018. [image] Available at: <https://www.emarketer.com/content/esports-disrupts-digital-sports-streaming> [Accessed 17 April 2020]. EMARKETER Esports Revenues worldwide, by segment, 2018 (emarketer2, 2019) emarketer, 2019. Esports viewers worldwide, by type, 2016-2021 [image] Available at: <https://www.emarketer.com/content/esports-disrupts-digital-sports-streaming> [Accessed 17 April 2020]. EMERALD PUBLISHING LIMITED What is eSports and why do people watch it? (Emerald Publishing Limited, 2017) Emerald Publishing Limited, 2017. What Is Esports And Why Do People Watch It?. [online] Emerald Publishing Limited, p.N/A. Available at: <https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IntR-04-2016-0085./full/html> [Accessed 17 April 2020]. HOK HOK and SAP explore the future of eSports (HOK, 2019) HOK. (2019). HOK and SAP explore the future of eSports [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.bdcnetwork.com/hok-and-sap-explore-future-esports HOK/SAP HOK Designers on Building “Adaptive” Esports Venues (HOK/SAP, 2019) HOK/SAP. (2019). HOK Designers on Building “Adaptive” Esports Venues [Image]. Retrieved from https://esportsobserver.com/hok-sap-adaptive-esports-venues/ KOCH, L. Global Esports Market 2019 (Koch, 2019) Koch, L., 2019. Global Esports Market 2019. [online] eMarketer. Available at: <https://www.emarketer.com/content/esports-disrupts-digital-sports-streaming> [Accessed 17 April 2020]. LARATRO, A. IT’S E-SPORTS TIME (LARATRO, 2020) LARATRO, A., 2020. IT’S E-SPORTS TIME. [image] Available at: <https://magazine.impactscool.com/en/video-notizie/la-rivincita-degli-e-sport/> [Accessed 10 May 2020]. LINE UP E DRAFT DEFINIDOS PARA O GAME DE HOJE! In-text: (Line up e Draft definidos para o game de hoje!, 2020) Your Bibliography: 2020. Line Up E Draft Definidos Para O Game De Hoje!. [image] Available at: <https://twitter.com/flaesports/status/1084518671903531008?lang=bn> [Accessed 10 May 2020]. PASCAL BLANCHE #ALIENDAY J-5. The Chris FOSS spaceship and temple researches. (Pascal Blanche, 2020) Pascal Blanche, 2020. #ALIENDAY J-5. The Chris FOSS Spaceship And Temple Researches.. [image] Available at: <https://twitter.com/pascalblanche/status/987717591169929216/photo/1> [Accessed 10 May 2020]. RETROSCIFIART Spaceships by Chris Foss #foss #spaceship (retroscifiart, 2020) retroscifiart, 2020. Spaceships By Chris Foss #Foss #Spaceship. [image] Available at: <https://twitter.com/retroscifiart/status/852297092160671745/photo/3> [Accessed 10 May 2020].
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STAR TREK 1 In-text: (Star Trek 1, 2020) Your Bibliography: 2020. Star Trek 1. [image] Available at: <https://www.pinterest.com/pin/402790760394719439/> [Accessed 10 May 2020]. SPACE TRAVEL: 20 BEAUTIFUL FICTIONAL SPACESHIP DESIGNS (Space Travel: 20 Beautiful Fictional Spaceship Designs, 2020) 2020. Space Travel: 20 Beautiful Fictional Spaceship Designs. [image] Available at: <https://inspirationfeed.com/spaceship-designs/> [Accessed 10 May 2020]. THE ESPORTS OBSERVER HOK Designers on Building “Adaptive” Esports Venues (The eSports Observer, 2019) The eSports Observer, 2019. HOK Designers On Building “Adaptive” Esports Venues. [image] Available at: <https://esportsobserver.com/ hok-sap-adaptive-esports-venues/> [Accessed 22 April 2020]. THEBLOCKCHAINLAND Is Blockchain the Future of Esports? (theblockchainland, 2020) theblockchainland, 2020. Is Blockchain The Future Of Esports?. [image] Available at: <https://theblockchainland.com/2019/10/17/blockchain-the-future-of-esports/> [Accessed 10 May 2020]. THE FUTURISTIC SPACESHIP DESIGNS OF COLIE WERTZ (The Futuristic Spaceship Designs of Colie Wertz, 2020) 2020. The Futuristic Spaceship Designs Of Colie Wertz. [image] Available at: <https://www.this-is-cool.co.uk/the-futuristic-spaceship-designs-of-colie-wertz/> [Accessed 10 May 2020]. THE NEW EXPERIENCE (N/A, n.d.) N/A. THE NEW EXPERIENCE [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.accorhotelsarena.com/sites/default/files/habillage_oage_aha_0.jpg 08b763545d774da44c8d786e272336321b72fedd27b9c3462e2cbf041b> [Accessed 17 April 2020]. WAGNER, M. G. On the Scientific Relevance of eSports (Wagner, n.d.) Wagner, M (2006) n.d. On The Scientific Relevance Of Esports. [ebook] amazonaws, p.1-2. Available at: <https://s3.amazonaws.com/ academia.edu.documents/54196160/On_the_Scientific_Relevance_of_eSports.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20 filename%3DOn_the_Scientific_Relevance_of_eSports.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=ASIATUSBJ6BANF7NBRT6%2F20200417%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200417T214918Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security- Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEK7%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDWpfXe86Jw%2FdzhHbkiZKdxpibrRO0GokIf9UZIy7i75AIhAPSGAG1m5R3DisSRYmp3ee86NB1Z1qajJIuHjIkxkQA6Kr0DCMb%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQABoMMjUwMzE4ODExMjAwIgyHFJUWbWEAJJ1XmtcqkQP%2BXi051eC8SGkTrCXk28o4f8Al0I%2F68j0m6f0AgbWlwpa9wwKE6vecl%2FpjTr3weM%2B%2FGJ%2FNbriGBOhKFwDmkFmBc4NThAVq%2FUzO24Y%2FvAOgvtLfsJI1bqs8%2FbVI28CNQ5QEWtzKYUPM55thQj7FOU6VY393Mf7KdBNDGt3JrD3zmaV4mD71WTe2zQSz1783%2BI%2BTpK1Fz%2Fe8mMUBkIPCcCpFVrGJLr%2BIkjnYRpUKtBUtM8GWDzmUKH9lvjRGOPdLMc1ZarkIQZgCagJodiY2s0mWRh2NdcmNhm%2BW0VpBPP2nf%2BO2Sxx9VJzbdG%2Fr9j0HCPWiMoerVfN1COcCKPehlErtE1Uh8rGyRh2KmEJyic8Sqc42rXGeSgMZrrL%2BAeeid5L5Gs8bXlAWEyQufyPl9aSAA7ZfIq7ixWkbD18PEAqh0derZcSQyH3cwpuhj288tVCqrIOG31EnR9K9gC72ZmaEVGqCsTLNASzSqRsxerz6RMfDIuNwbtUpCcm%2B1udH%2F5K%2BGFDFpqz3pVRwq7F3WlMuIjCru%2Bj0BTrqARW%2FyssBm1yuvXZ0yANjdO5jW5Ilr%2BXUa8hcrpKto3oDDRdbVGIVdctmpXLxUeOOOlQPqw16ylP21XJ55kBFFx9WValIqWYsZTldXStOMvLfOLj091ddSUlVr62RyR8Z279cDRe2xLXoONpBP7PS6BcV9m856nwginFfQ48s%2BBh2CuFrc72M9%2FNeVR%2F4JyJ%2F8RSdVFcJ8TWeDekzUga0xAleLKnQltUVJFLfm7DSI8NEQ8tsB%2BCgFvKbCHSsCZeHpbukOPlWkToQ2RNXhGLKKf%2B66b75KpEZ6nEXG32ViM4YWPwHidbVUXSEBg%3D%3D&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=25ce78 WITKOWSKI, E. On the Digital Playing Field (Witkowski, 2012) Witkowski, E., 2012. On the Digital Playing Field. Games and Culture, 7(5), pp.349-374.