The space between project by Jakob Frost Dahl

THE SPACE BETWEEN

Aalborg University Architecture and Design Course title Course period Semester Course group

Sustainable Architecture Oct-Dec 2017 MSc01 ARC Group 6

Main supervisor Technical supervisor

Claus Kristensen Mingzhe Liu

PRELIMINARY

Group members

_______________________________ Andreas Corfitz Jensen

_______________________________ Jakob Frost Dahl

_______________________________ Karolina Tilnakova

_______________________________ Martin Bernhard Pedersen

_______________________________ Miriam Ruth Leis

Sustainable Architecture

Reading guide This report walks through the steps of designing the proposal for the project module “Sustainable architecture” as well as the final presentation. It begins with introducing the problem statement and then different analysis of the context and user groups which has been collected in a program. The following sketching phase got kick-started by two workshops with different focus points until the midterm presentation where a concept has been presented. In the end of the report, a concluding chapter with a reflection of the final proposal and an evaluation of the process has been added. Furthermore, an appendix works as a supplement for further elaboration.

Sustainable Architecture

PRELIMINARY

Abstract This report contains a proposal for a new residential building complex located North of Østerå on the fringe of Aalborg. The methodology behind the design has mainly been the integrated design process, from the initial phases with analysis until the final preparation of the presentation. Furthermore, environmentally, as well as socially sustainable initiatives have been implemented in the project. The building shape and the materials used relate to the context which has been dominated by industrial buildings and large residential blocks in the past and also today. In this context, the importance of the human scale and of creating spaces which people can relate to and find comfortable should be emphasised. By doing this Jan Gehl and his theories from “Life between buildings” has been used as a design tool to ensure a high quality of life in the spaces between. The complex should also attract the public by offering additional functions, but still keep a very clear division between the different zones.

PRELIMINARY

Table of contents PRELIMINARY Introduction Vision

4 4

Passive stategies Active stategies

42 43

METHOD Integrated design process Gordon Cullen James Corner

5 6 7

CASE ANALYSIS Regen villages Nicolinehus MVRDV Nieuw Bergen The Mountain

44 44 45 45

SITE ANALYSIS Building site Local plans Vegation Transport Serial vision Nature side City side Sun Precipitation Wind Temperatures Noise Air pollution Functions Building heights Morphology Demographic Building typography

9 11 13 15 17 20 20 22 22 23 23 24 24 27 29 31 32 33

CONCLUSION Additional function Design criteria

46 47

ENDING Illustrations list Bibliography

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USER ANALYSIS User analysis User behavior

36 38

DESIGN STRATEGIES AND PRINCIPLES DGNB Passive and active strategies

40 41

Sustainable Architecture

Problem The task of the first master semesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main project is to design a mixed use housing complex at the fringe of the inner city of Aalborg. In an integrated design process, aesthetic, spatial, social, functional, logistical and technical aspects must be solved. One of the aims is to hold zero energy standards and obtain a good indoor climate, using both active and passive strategies. Furthermore, suburban qualities like privacy should be implemented in a dense urban environment while also allowing social interaction between the residents and the rest of the urban dwellers. Last, but not least, the aesthetic aspects should not be forgotten. Besides an attractive look, also the sustainability should be expressed architecturally with having a multi-sensuous architectural approach. PRELIMINARY

In order to achieve a better integration within the city context, up to onefifth of the block should contain other than residential functions. The complex should be designed with an average height of minimum three storeys and building percentage between 100% and 200%. Additionally, there have to be adequate parking facilities for both, cars and bikes. Two of the units have to be designed in detail - one dwelling for a family with two children. The other unit can either be another dwelling or one of the additional functions that have been chosen. (Lauring, 2017) Vision The projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main goal is to offer an environment that enforces social diversity while respecting the different needs of each stage of life. To do so, an atmosphere with the comforts of a suburban detached house and the life and activity of an urban block should be created. Furthermore, a variety of indoor and outdoor spaces, where people can meet and interact should contribute to a good sense of neighbourship. However, in order to design a place that people can call home, it is also important to offer intimate areas for privacy.

Sustainable Architecture

M E T HOD In the following section, the integrated design process is developed as a method and then describing the methods that have been utilized through the different phases of the project.

Sustainable Architecture

METHOD

Integrated design process The most important aspect when designing good, sustainable, high-quality architecture is to keep reflecting on the different phases during the whole process. It starts out as a problem or an idea which has to be analyzed to get an idea of the different problems and opportunities. Based on this, first design criteria can be set to be considered in the sketching phase. These principles are not set in stone, on the contrary, they should be adjusted and extended during the process. In the sketching phase, still different working methods and various scales should be used. After some time, one might realize that some of the design criteria contradict each other in a way that makes it impossible to achieve both. This might lead to new analyses which again results in new or changed principles. The specific design criteria should emerge into a concept which in the end is presented as the final design. (Knudstrup, 2004)

Sustainable Architecture

Good quality architecture should not only concern aesthetics but has to consider sustainability equally. As a part of an integrated design process, also the knowledge about technical and social aspects that have been gained in former courses such as ISTA (Integrated Design of Sustainable and Tectonic Architecture) and ZEB (Zero Energy Building) should be kept in mind. Knudstrupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s five phases can be used on a large scale, concerning the entire project, but it can also be applied when making minor decisions on subparts. This ensures that one does not get bound by a specific solution without having tried others.

Analyse phase

Sketching phase

Synthesis phase

METHOD

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Presentation

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Sustainable Architecture

METHOD

Gordon Cullen - Serial vision Serial vision is a method invented by Gordon Cullen which helps to determine different moods, contrasts and spatialities of a site (Cullen, 2012). The idea behind this theory is that the city or an urban environment should be designed from people’s point of view. This creates different revelations and experiences while moving through the area. Gordon Cullen’s method can be used as both, as analyzing and design factor when creating urban spaces. This method encourages diversity in typologies and spatiality since too much regularity in a large scale can appear dull. An urban context evokes the responsive emotions which affects the mind when aroused. So this should be considered whilst the environment clearly produce some kind of involuntarily emotion. There are three ways how this happens:

Place

Place This part considers the physical placement of one’s body in relation to the urban environment. In general, this means that a human is affected by exposure for example on an open square or enclosure that can be felt in a narrow street. Content ”Content” concerns how a person tends to examine the fabric of an environment such as colours, textures, scale, character, personality and uniqueness. The fabric in most cases reveals the historical development of the city and is highlighted frequently. Optics The goal is to impact the emotions using the visual sense and create a series of revelations while a person is walking through an area at a steady pace. The human mind reacts to contrasts which means that a long straight road has only a very little impact on our emotions or may affect them even negatively.

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James Corner - Mapping and tracing To get a better understanding of the context ”mapping and tracing” has been used. These methods serve as a tool for the analysis to interpret the urban environment in either a small or a large scale (Corner, 2002). Mapping is a creative way of analyzing the existing context with different subjects in mind. It is a very low-tech way of investigating different functions, typologies, green areas and infrastructures of an area. This can be used to reveal possibilities and connections between the site and its surroundings and can help to formulate design criteria

Jan Gehl To understand urban planning, outdoor spaces and scale between humans and buildings, the danish architect and city planner Jan Gehl was used as an inspiration. He released his first book “Life between buildings” in 1970’s which has been updated where the latest is from 2011. The principles he proposes in “Life between buildings” will be kept in mind during the design phase to ensure high quality urban spaces which relates to the human scale (Gehl, 2011).

METHOD

To analyze an area with mappings seem like a very low tech way of figuring out the different functions, typologies, green areas, functions, infrastructure etc. The method can help to decide different design criteria that are related to the context.

Social distances

Out of touch with groundlevel

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AN ALYS I S The following section will focus on analyzing the context and the different user groups with the methods described in the previous section. The analyzes will then be used further on in the process as criterias and parameters in the sketching phase.

Sustainable Architecture

NØRRESUNDBY

LIMFJORDEN

AALBORG VESTBY UTZON CENTER NYTORV

MUSIKKENS HUS

AALBORG CENTRUM

ØSTRE ANLÆG

KAROLINELUND

TRAIN STATION

ØGADEKVATERET KILDEPARKEN KENNEDY ARCADE GODSBANEAREALET

VEJGAARD

SITE

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ETERNITTEN

Sustainable Architecture

Building site The project site is located on the fringe of the inner city and Øgadekvarteret. The area is primarily dominated by industrial plants and is also referred to as Håndværkerkvarteret due to the high number of do-it-yourself stores and workshops. SITE ANALYSIS

The size of the building site is approximately 8750 m2 and lies close to the busy Sønderbro which leads to the highway to Århus. Another big road close to the site is Østre Allé from which one can get on the highway towards Frederikshavn. The site is located very close to the corner of these two roads. It is also nearby many newly developed areas such as Eternitten and Godsbanen. Future plans reveal that the whole area is going to be entwined with a connecting green area all the way to Musikkenshus at the fjord (Aalborg Kommune, 2010).

Sustainable Architecture

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Local plans This project is based on existing local plans and thoughts from the municipality of Aalborg in connection with the development of Håndværkerkvateret and the areas surrounding it (Aalborg Kommune, 2015). The city is undergoing big development around Håndværkerkvarteret and the area will become more entwined with the rest of the city. Especially Godsbanen to the northwest and Eternitten southeast of the quarter are currently undergoing major changes. In both areas, there is a rapid development of a sustainable residential neighborhood with dwellings, shops and office buildings.

The local plan allows various businesses such as offices and a warehouse to settle down in the new buildings on the corner of Østre Alle and Sønderbro (Aalborg Kommune, 2015). The former constructions on this site have already been demolished to make space for the new ones. A draft shows the different building volumes and their composition rising from the Østre Alle to the stream Østerå. These visions are also taken into consideration on the master plan. The planned construction will comprise a total of approximately 18,800 m2 divided into around 3,700 m2 for offices and 15,140 m2 for the warehouse company BOXIT. The complex is going to consist of 3-7 floors with a maximum building height of 30 m. The areas towards Østre Alle and Sønderbro are considered green areas with scattered trees and bushes.

2 There is no further determination in the local plan for the western part (dark blue/purple). The area will be adjusted for residential uses and businesses and will also include a grocery store (Aalborg Kommune, 2015). Also for this area, the local plan provides a draft that shows the composition of the building volumes on the site. Again, these ideas are visualized in the master plan. The planned construction will comprise a total of approximately 16,800 m2 divided into around 6,400 m2 for offices and 10,400 m2 for housing.

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Sustainable Architecture

Godsbanen

SITE ANALYSIS

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The focus of the municipality is now directed towards the part of Håndværkerkvartert which is located north of Østre Allé. The types of companies in the area have changed in recent years. While previously the area was dominated by smaller industries and production companies, today the area consists mostly of workshops and service stations for cars, except for Unicon which still has a large production site in the area.

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Vegetation Vegetation is a very important component of the ecosystem because it plays a big role in many biogeochemical cycles, like those of water, carbon and nitrogen. Furthermore, it releases oxygen, absorbs carbon and provides direct and indirect socioeconomic products and services for humans. It is also a necessary part of a human’s life and beneficial for the soul (CNVC, 2013).

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SITE ANALYSIS

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Even though there is no vegetation directly on the project site, there are tree-avenues along Hjulmagervej and the stream Østerå. They create a friendly and natural component amidst the industrial area. This is why their value to the site should be assessed and they should be protected during construction. There is also a new green belt being realized at the moment. It starts from Godsbanen, continues through Karolinelund to the fjord and gives the opportunity for various uses, such as sports, recreations or spiritual activities. Green areas can also be found in the residential areas of Øgadekvartet. The high and wide trees between the housing blocks increase the quality of life and make it more pleasant to live there. Another area that is worth mentioning is Østerådalen in the southeast. With its untouched nature, it has a high potential for recreational functions.

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Sustainable Architecture

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Sustainable Architecture

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Eternitten

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Transport The building site is situated between the streets Hjulmagervej to the North, Sønderbro to the East, Bødkervej to the West and Gørtlevej to the South.

SITE ANALYSIS

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It has an easy access to public transport systems, such as busses and trains. You can reach the main bus terminal and train station within 12 minutes. Furthermore, the nearest bus stop is only 50 metres from our site and is operated by bus lines 13 and 15, offering a good connection with both Aalborg city centre and Aalborg East, where for example the AAU campus is located (Nordjyllands Trafikselskab, 2017). When speaking about public transport also the upcoming route of +BUS at Jyllandsgade should be mentioned (Aalborg Kommune, 2017). The Aalborg city center is within walking distance and there are good paths connected to the open country. Also several green areas like Åparken, Karolinelund and the creek can be reached within a few minutes. The nearest bike path is along Sønderbro which gives a perfect opportunity to get to every destination in the city by bike.

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Sustainable Architecture

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Sustainable Architecture 22 1:2000

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Serial vision Serial vision is a method invented by Gordon Cullen that helps to determine different moods, contrasts and spatialities of a site (Cullen, 2012). For this project it has been used to analyze the most frequent arrival routes from the city to the site. There are many different types of roads and paths for vehicles, bikes and pedestrians that lead to and from the project area.

Starting at Sønderbro the route segues into Hjulmagervej. The road is relatively wide with parking spaces along the sides and sidewalks which are protected by 12-15m high old trees. It is also quite straight which allows a good overview in both directions. The traffic consists of many industrial trucks and other company vehicles. At the intersection of Hjulmagervej and Bødkervej the site ends.

When coming from Østre Allé, one arrives on Bødkervej which is, in general, more characterized by industrial buildings than Hjulmagervej. This is due to the lack of vegetation and the large open paved areas. Towards the end of the road the green wedge opens on both sides. Along Bødkervej mainly smaller companies and industrial facilities are settled.

Parallel to Gørtlervej runs Østerå which defines the southern end of the site. There are public paths on both sides of the creek all the way down to Sønderbro with numerous bridges that connect the sides and allows to cross the stream at several points. The tall old trees along the banks create a spacious feeling which makes this area very attractive to walk through.

Sønderbro is a two-lane highway which heads towards the center of Aalborg and is mostly used by bicycles and motor traffic. Sønderbro school and 5-storey residential blocks are located on the right side of the road. The left side is determined by a huge fenced area that extends to the gas station Circle-K that is located next to the project site.

The route starts at the intersection of Bødkervej and Hjulmagervej and has the same course as vision ”1”, but runs in the opposite direction. On the corner of the building site, a large warehouse can be seen. At the end, the road opens up towards Sønderbro School and the gas station Circle-K.

Between Bornholmsgade and Sønderbro one can find the street Sjællandsgade. The route goes by numerous residential blocks and Sønderbro School and is characterized by different speed reduction actions due to the high number of children. From the traffic lights at the end of the road, the gas station Circle-K with the project site on its left can be seen.

Sustainable Architecture

SITE ANALYSIS

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SITE ANALYSIS

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SITE ANALYSIS

Senses - nature side South of the site a small oasis lies amidst the busy area. Core of it is the stream Østerå that stretches from Sønderbro to Østerådalen. Here the senses are stimulated in various ways according to the season. The green belt embraces various surfaces, materials and colors that together with the protective old trees create a recreational area that is worth preserving and can be enjoyed in various different ways.

Senses - city side Along Hjulmagervej, on the other side of the site, one experiences a complete contrary feeling than in the green area to the South. The raw, hard materials of different walls and surfaces create an industrial atmosphere. Also on this side, high old trees frame the street and create a protective shell.

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SITE ANALYSIS

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Ill. 17

Sun The illustration shows the sun path and the angle of the sun for Aalborg during the year. At summer solstice, June 21st, the sun rises at 4:45 am and sets at 10:19 pm and has the highest angle. The middle line in the diagram shows the sun path when it is equinox which happens twice a year on 21st of March and 21st of September. The winter solstice is on the 21st of December which is the day with the fewest hours of sun during the year (Gaisma, 2017). The sun angle should be put into consideration when designing the building, especially when implementing passive solar shading strategies.

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Precipitation The illustration shows the precipitation for Aalborg in 2016. It gives a general idea of how many millimeters rain or snow there is in the single months. One can see, that the biggest amount of precipitation is during summer and fall (MiljĂ¸gis, 2017). The water could be used to transform the area during rainy periods. This could be done as alternative local rainwater handling which would remove some of the pressure on the sewer system and create a more dynamic and changing environment. Additionally, different active strategies could also be considered to store the rainwater and use it for example for toilet flushing or cleaning purposes.

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Wind Illustration _ shows from where the wind affects Aalborg and how strong it is in a certain direction. One can see, that most of the time the wind is coming from the west and southwest (Dmi, 1999). It is important to understand the wind and analyze its impact on the specific site, to be able to consider it in the design. Especially outside areas and balconies, which are highly frequented by the residents should be sheltered from the wind. The wind speed is also important to calculate the air change rate for natural ventilation.

Temperatures The climate in Aalborg is very typical for Denmark with mild winters and cool summers. Temperatures range between -5 and +5°C in the three coldest months January, February and March. In the summer months June, July and August, temperatures do not rise higher than 20°C (Dmi, 2017). Consequently also the periods in between, fall and spring, are quite cold which leads to a long heating period between October and May.

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SITE ANALYSIS

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Noise The noise pollution in the project site is in general between 55 and 60 dB which equals the sound level of a normal conversation. Close to the gas station, the volume rises up to the level of a lawn mower which is around 70 to 75 dB. The busy roads in the area have the highest noise pollution with more than 75 dB (DCE, 2017).

Air pollution Despite the high number of industrial facilities and busy roads in the area, the average pollution level is quite low considering the critical value which can cause health damages is 40 ug/m³ (DCE, 2017).. The noise and NO2 pollution should be considered when designing outdoor areas, residential buildings or sensitive functions. For both pollution types, the roads have the highest values and consequently the highest impact.

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Sustainable Architecture

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Dag Ham m

de a sg

ade gerg

e Sønd

g ands

ade

de ga

Hjo

rtøg

ade

rnø

e gad

Bj ø

jø Dre

Gørtlervej

Lyø

500 m 6 min

de sga olm

Alle

250 m 3 min

h Born

rve ge lma

Sjæll

Bødkervej

e gad

e Østr

s ård ng lm ho

sv e j

Ill. 26 os sG ad rF

nd e xa Al e

Sønderbro

Sustainable Architecture

Håndværkervej

Eternitten

1:4000

Alle

h So

Østre Alle

ej rgiv ne Sy

kkerv ej

Håndværkervej

Blytæ

Bødkervej

Alle

Sønderb ro

Østr e

Vis ion sve j

Hju

Kærvang

Hjulmagervej

Østr e

nd ll a

Hjulmagervej

rv age

a eløg

ad e æ Sj

Sjæll

Hjulm

d øga

s Hes

Bogøg

gade

Ama

Å-p

en ark

Morsø

lmsgad Bormho

gade Sejrø

m m Ha

ade

g Da

msg Salthol

e an

r pa

sb od G

e an nb

l jø sk er

ve angs Solv

r Je

n ke

gade Færø

er rn

e sv

a de

e ad

Institutions

e sv

Shops

Offices

Residential

SITE ANALYSIS

Ă¸g

Functions The site is located in an industrial area which has many different facilities such as storages, workshops and a concrete factory. On the northwest, the area around the train and bus station, which is called Godsbanen, is currently experiencing a revitalization with many new residential buildings under construction (Aalborg Kommune, 2015). A large part is dedicated to student housing. Ă&#x2DC;gadekvarteret, in the northeast, consists of residential buildings and different shopping opportunities from the 1930â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (Aalborg bibliotekerne, 2017). Furthermore, there are is also a school and a church in this part of the city. Eternitten is primarily dominated by residential buildings, but also has many other functions such as playgrounds, offices supermarkets and other shops.

Industrial

Sustainable Architecture

Jyllandsgade

3-7

e lds G ad ersk jø Dag Ham m

rtøg

Bødkervej

3-7

2-5 4-5

e Østr

er rn

e sv

os sG ad

nd e

Al e

Sønderbro

Håndværkervej

Vis ion sve j

1 1

Sustainable Architecture

Ill. 27 Eternitten

2 3

sv e

lm ho

s ård ng

h So

1-2

ej rgiv ne Sy

Håndværkervej

kkerv ej

Østre Alle

1:4000

Alle

ade

5 5

1 1

Blytæ

e gad

2 1

de ga

Hjo

Lyø

jø Dre

2 2

e gad

Alle

Sønderb ro

Østr e

d øga

1 1

ade ndsg jælla

a sg

ade

rnø

g ands

Bj ø

a eløg

Sjæll

de sga olm

s Sam

s Hes

Gørtlervej

æ Sj

nd ll a

h Born

Alle

5 1

Hjulmagervej

a de

Bogøg

gade Morsø

rbro

rv age

e Sønd

Bødkervej

Hjulm

Østr e

Hju

Hjulmagervej

1 rve ge lma

Kærvang

1 1

Hjulmagervej

6-11

5 1

1 1

5-7

4 1

ade gerg

Å-p

4-7 6-10

en ark

3-6

lmsgad Bormho

gade Sejrø

3 5

4-6 3-5

n ne ba

Færøgade

ade

m m Ha

gade Færø

4 1

msg Salthol

g Da

Ama

s od G

r pa

l jø sk er

ne ba rn Je

n ke

1 ve angs Solv

1-4

rbro

4-6

e Sønd

1 1

1 4-8

4-7

Fynsgade

Samsøgade

Fynsgade

Jyllandsgade

Bormholmsgade

Fynsgade

Jyllandsgade

Karolinelund

d psga

sgade

elleru

rskjølds Gade

besen Gade

Ågade

a de

Housing complexes can also be found in the east, where they have mostly five storeys and are around 17 meters high.

øg

SITE ANALYSIS

Building heights Due to the location of the project site on the border of several quarters, which are determined by very different functions, also the heights of the buildings differs remarkable. The industrial facilities in the north and west have not more than two storeys and are only about five meters high. An exception are the four-storeys-residential blocks along Sønderbro which are double the height.

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In the area between the project site and Østre Allé a new building complex with a very diverse height development is planned. While the blocks will start with two and three storeys in the north, they will rise up to an average of five storeys in the southern parts. Some parts will even be divided into six or seven levels. Also in Godsbanen in the northwest a big variation of heights can be found. Furthermore, the development area is determined by the highest buildings in the area with up to ten storeys and over 30 meters height (Aalborg Kommune, 2017). 1

e sv

0-5 m

5-10 m

10-15 m

15-20 m

< 20 m

2 2

Sustainable Architecture

1:4000

Ill. 28

Sustainable Architecture

SITE ANALYSIS

Morphology The site is primarily dominated by low warehouses in many different shapes and large chimneys is defining the skyline. South of Hjulmagervej the building shapes are more narrow and straight which allows views through the sites. At the sites in the north, the form of the buildings are more complex and modified to the specific functions. On the corner of Hjulmagervej and Sønderbro one can find a big urban block that has been shaped according to the adjoining roads. In Øgadekvarteret long blocks have been positioned parallel to each other. Consequently there are no courtyards as they can be seen in the closed structures in the inner city. The area is generally dominated by pitched roofs with different angles. Eternitten, on the contrary, is determined by very high buildings with flat roofs that results in a very different architectural expression. This can be noticed especially at the intersection of the streets Sønderbro and Østre Alle.

Sustainable Architecture

Demographic Looking at the demographic development of the area, one can see, that almost 60 % of the current residents are young people in their twenties. More than half of the remaining people are adults between thirty and sixty, which means that the percentage of children and elderly people is quite low in this area. Also, the figures about family types and household sizes emphasize this development: The majority of the households consist of not more than two people and children are living in only 10 % of the apartments (Aalborg Kommune, 2017).

SITE ANALYSIS

Age diversity

16 %

18 %

In order to achieve a better social diversity, the new residential complex should especially attract families with children of different ages and elderly people, besides the already existing clientele of young people. This mixture gives the opportunity to more communication and interaction between the different generations. Furthermore, people could profit from one another and help each other in everyday-life tasks.

Persons in the household

58 %

34 %

10-19 yr 20-29 yr 30-49 yr 50+ yr

Sustainable Architecture

2% 1%

58 %

Ill. 29

0-9 yr

Number of kids in the household

92 %

Ill. 30

1 pers

2 pers

3 pers

4+ pers

Ill. 31

No kids

1 kid

2 kids

3+ kids

Building typography In order to decrease the energy use for the building and transportation and to diminish excessive land use, a high population density is required. For this project the ratio between the net floor areas and the building site should be between 100 % and 200 % (Lauring, 2017). To get an idea of the density of different building typologies, several scenarios on the building site have been tested. This survey shows that detached houses, which is the most popular housing type among families with children in Denmark, is far from meeting the required building percent. This means that either a vertical or a horizontal densification is

needed. While the first strategy enables bigger common open spaces because the built area is very low, the second one offers the possibility of accessing the apartment at grade and decreases problems related to shadows. One of the main differences between these types is also the opportunity of including other uses into the housing area. In a low, dense structure, the lower floors and the open areas are mostly used privately, whereas in tall buildings the ground level can be easily used for shops, cafĂŠs etc. with a semi-private or public park in front of it.

SITE ANALYSIS

Detached house - footprint. 13 %

1 storeys

building percent:

13 %

2 storeys

building percent:

25 %

3 storeys

building percent:

37 % Ill. 32

Facts: - Open-low - Usually living space for one family - Accesible at grade - In most cases ownership

Advantages: - Large private oudoor spaces - High flexibility in use

Disadvantages: - Big energy footprint - High land use

Sustainable Architecture

Urban villa - footprint. 23 %

3 storeys

building percent:

80 %

4 storeys

building percent:

91 %

5 storeys

building percent: 114 % Ill. 33

Facts: - Open-low to open-tall - Stand alone building on proportionally small proberty - Apartments are distributed among several levels

Advantages: - Low land ues - Different layouts possible

Disadvantages: - Hardly any private open spaces - Limited indivuality - Some apart ments are orientated to the North

SITE ANALYSIS

High-rise building - footprint. 14 %

7 storeys

building percent: 100 %

Facts: - Open-tall - Vertical orientated buildings with more than 23 m height - Nearly quardratic

9 storeys

building percent: 129 %

Advantages: - Good daylight and views - Usually a lot of infrastructure within the building

11 storeys

building percent: 157 %

Ill. 34 Disadvantages: - Hardly any private open spaces - High wind load - Negative impacts due to high number of resisdents

Terraced house - footprint. 48/41 %

2 storeys

building percent: 82 %

Facts: - Dense-low - Linear addition of at least three buildings - Each building is habbited by one family

Sustainable Architecture

3 storeys

building percent: 123 %

Advantages: - Quality similar to detached houses with private open space - Lower land use

3 storeys

building percent: 144 %

Ill. 35 Disadvantages: - Usually narrow floor plans - bathroom without windows - Difficult vertical development

Parallel block- footprint. 40/42 %

3 storeys

building percent:

100 %

4 storeys

building percent:

129 %

5 storeys

building percent: 200 % Ill. 36

Facts: - Dense-tall - Parallel arrangement of elongated blocks - Developed via footpaths between the blocks

Advantages: - Economical - Allows cross-ven la on

Disadvantages: - Risk of monotony - Low poten al for mixed use - Too small distances between blocks can cause views into the single apartments

Urban block - footprint. 57 %

building percent: 134 %

3 storeys

building percent: 171 %

4 storeys

building percent: 228 % Ill. 37

Facts: - Dense-low to dense-tall - Semi-private courtyard can be used and appropriated by the residents = meetng place

Advantages: - Big open and green space - Aparmtents facing to street and quiet inner yard - mixed use possible (ground oor level)

Disadvantages: - Diffcult layouts in the corners

Open block - footprint. 48/41 %

2 storeys

building percent: 84 %

3 storeys

building percent: 126 %

4 storeys

building percent: 168 % Ill. 38

Facts: - dense-low to dense-tall - differenc to urban block: structure interrupted on one side

Advantages: - Big open and green space - aparmtents facing to street and quiet inner yard - more exibility than urban block

Disadvantages: - Diffcult layouts in the corners

Sustainable Architecture

SITE ANALYSIS

2 storeys

USER ANALYSIS

Ill. 39

Sustainable Architecture

Suburban and urban qualities Most Danes prefer to live in a detached house outside or in the outskirts of bigger cities. Currently, more than half of the Danish population is living in their private house. (Danmarks Statistik, 2017) However, this kind of living also causes numerous challenges related to sustainability. Common problems are a high energy consumption for heating and transportation, challenges in building technology and social segregation. (Melgaard, 2014).

Nevertheless, there are also many advantages of living in a more urban context. Short distances to supermarkets, schools and offices are probably one of the biggest. Many of these everyday life routes can be covered by foot or public transport systems, which makes a private car less necessary. Furthermore, cities often offer a wide range of cultural attractions and various sports activities. There are also some social advantages of a higher residential density. Having more neighbours also means more possibilities for social interactions and making new friends.

People often describe their home as a place of self-expression, happiness, belonging and permanence, with a preference to return (Sixsmith, 1968). The most important thing is, however, the internal social experience. This shows that the relationship with family members or pets is the primary reason for a psychological association with home (Smith, 1994). It is very important to determinate the distinction between the psychological and the architectural association of home. According to the study from Deakin University, architecture itself cannot create a sense of home. But, at the same time, a dwelling is not considered as home, if the design does not fit with a client’s life. This can be done by implementing individualised architectural methods with a deeper understanding of a client, but also by using a human scale (Stoneham, Smith, 2015).

In order to attract people to the cities, it is important to offer them besides the urban qualities also some of the suburban ones. This can be achieved by, for example, providing generous private open spaces like balconies or terraces, big green spaces nearby and a safe atmosphere.

Sustainable Architecture

USER ANALYSIS

There are no doubts about the qualities of living in the suburbs. Usually, people live in their own house with a big garden and a high level of privacy. There is only a small chance to be disturbed by loud neighbours or busy streets. In general, suburbs are quieter, have a better environment and a better air quality.

Creating a sense of home Designing a residential building is the most personal architecture that can be done. One’s home has a very specific effect on a person’s psychological behaviour and emotions. Therefore, it is necessary to balance all aspects of a building like the technical solutions, legislation and economical budget also with a deep understanding of the user’s needs and wishes. Those can be very individual, this is why it is essential that the architect takes the time to go through this process in every single project.

User analysis Within an urban environment, there are various user types that all have different spatial needs. During a human’s lifetime, one usually represents several of these types, depending on the current stage of life. In the following text the most common household compositions have been investigated:

USER ANALYSIS

80 m²

80 m² car parking car parking

sport facilities sport facilities 60 m² bicycle workshop bicycle workshop private garden

private garden

In many cases, young people make their first housing experiences when they finish school and start with a further education. Because ofschool financial playground school playground reasons, it is very common to live in a shared apartment with other students for the first few years. After some time, people might want to have parks their own home and move into a small single apartment.parks As they find a partner and have children with him/her, the living conditions change WITH FAMILY CHILDREN again and more space is needed due to the higher numberFAMILY of people inWITH CHILDREN one dwelling. When their children grow up and move out, many parents still want to keep a larger apartment to provide space for them in case of a visit. However, they might change the layout of their home and adjust it to their new circumstances. A couple of years later, a lot of space is often not so important anymore - on the contrary, it can be a burden as it is often connected with a lot of housework - but accessibility may belivingto andmove cooking living and room cooking 28 m² room 28 m² come an important issue. This is why elderly people tend again.

take aways take aways cafès

cafès library

60 m²

library

STUDENTS STUDENTS

social activities social activities 35 m²

common 35 m² areas

common areas

SINGLE SINGLE

public transport

40 m² public transport

40 m² sport facilities

COUPLE COUPLE

kitchen 12 m² kitchen 12 m²

storage room storage 1,8 m²room 1,8 m²

All the household types described have different space requirements. This can be because of the different number of people that are living together, but also because of their particular lifestyles. While for people in their twenties living, sleeping and working is usually taking place in the same room, the activities are more separated in subsequent dwellings. bathroom 4 bathroom m² 4 m² There the bedroom is in most cases only used for sleeping, abedroom 11bedroom m² 11 m² toilet 1,6 m²therefore toilet 1,6 m² living room is needed, where people can stay during the day. With the different stages of life not only the needs for living space change, but also those connected to a dwelling. These can be for example the wish for common areas to be able to socialize or for activities, for which there is too little space in their own apartment. While for some nursery 9 m²nursery 9 m² nursery 9 m²nursery 9 m² people public parks and green areas nearby are enough, others may prefer to have a private garden. Also the needs for infrastructures like public transport systems or facilities like schools and supermarkets differ for each of the user groups.

Sustainable Architecture

living and cooking living and cooking room 18 m² room 18 m² student room 9 m² room student 9 m² 4 bathroom bathroom m² 4 m² toilet 1,6 m²toilet 1,6 m²

living, cooking living, andcooking and sleeping room sleeping 28 m² room 28 m²

bathroom 5 bathroom m² 5 m²

room 9 m² room 9 m² student student room 9 m² student student room 9 m²

bathroom 4 bath m² toilet bedroom 11bedroom m² 11 m² 1,6 m²toile

sport sport facilities facilities

ctivities m²

bicycle bicycle workshop workshop take aways aways take common areas

public cafès transport cafès

60 m² m² 60 40 m²

social social activities activities sport facilities

library library

35 m² m² 35

common common 80 m² grocery shops areas areas

parks

COUPLE

flexibility flexibility 35 m²

common accessibility accessibility areas

40 40 m² m²

public public transport transport 40 m² public medical care medical care transport

sport facilities

playground

water water

water

CHILDREN GROWNWITH UP CHILDREN SINGLEFAMILY WITH FAMILY COUPLE

WITH GROWN UP CHILDREN STUDENTS ELDERLY FAMILY COUPLE

SINGLE

ELDERLY COUPLE

COUPLE

living living and and cooking cooking room room 18 18 m² m²

living and cooking room 18 m²

kitchen 12 m²

kitchen kitchen 12 12 m² m² androom cooking room 28 m² living and living cooking 28 m² storage room 1,8 m² storage room 1,8 m²

living, living, cooking cooking and and sleeping sleeping room room 28 28 m² m²

bathroom bathroom 44 m² m² toilet toilet 1,6 1,6 m² m²

bathroom bathroom 4 m² 4 m² toilet 1,6 m² toilet 1,6 m²

m² m²

oom 5 m² bedroom 11 m²

living and and cooking cooking room room 28 28 m² m² living storage room room 1,8 1,8 m² m² storage

living living and and cooking cooking room room 18 18 m² m²

living and cooking room 18 m² student student room room 99 m² m²

common common areas areas

social activities

USER ANALYSIS

cooking and ing room 28 m²

STUDENTS

60 m² green areas areas green bicycle workshop public transport take aways 40 m² sport sport facilities facilities accessibility cafès grocery shops grocery shops library medical care80 80 m² m²

40 m² m² 40 private publicflexibility public transport garden transport

car parking 80 m²

school

SINGLE

common sport facilities areas

green areas

bathroom 4 m² toilet 1,6 m²

living and cooking room 18 m² student room 9 m²

bathroom bathroom 44 m² m² toilet toilet 1,6 1,6 m² m²

bedroom 11 m² bedroom 11 m²

bathroom bathroom 55 m² m² bedroom bedroom 11 11 m² m²

bathroom bathroom 44 m² m² toilet toilet 1,6 1,6 m² m² bedroom 11 m²

living, cooking and sleeping room 28 m²

bathroom 4 m² toilet 1,6 m²

bedroom bedroom 11 11 m² m²

bathroom 5 m² bathroom 4 m²

bedroom bedroom 11 11 m² m²

bathroom bathroom 44 m² m²11 m² bedroom

student room 9 m² student room 9 m²

student room room 99 m² m² student student room room 99 m² m² student

nursery home office 9 m² 9 m²

extra roomnursery 9 m² 9 m²

home home office office 99 m² m²

extra extra room room 99 m² m²

Ill. 40

Sustainable Architecture

bathroom 4 m² toilet 1,6 m²

USER ANALYSIS

Behavior Due to this projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aim to create a rich diversity of user groups, different daily routines and personalities have been investigated. Dependent on their wish for privacy or willingness to socialize, there should be different levels of exposure within the complex. This way people can have the possibility to follow the activities outside, but can decide if they want to be part of it and how much they want to actively interact with other people. To get an idea of which user groups can be met in the project area during the different times of a day, a schedule has been developed.

Covered

Semi exposed

It describes the number of hours people spend at the complex and how they spend their time in the meantime. The information is based on own experiences and has been generalized in order to be able to process it. Looking at the schedules of the different user groups, one can see that especially in the afternoon, when the majority of people are at work or at university, children and elderly people are staying at the site. As a consequence, the area is constantly busy, which increases the security and the liveliness of the area.

Exposed

Ill. 41

Sustainable Architecture

school

Young

education

Adults

Eldery

activity

play

work

shop

work

USER ANALYSIS

Children

activity

shop

Ill. 42

Sustainable Architecture

Building program Apartments

People in each

Young I

Young II

Size (m2)

Rooms

Total

Number of different housing types

14 % 85

Number of people in the different housing types

175

Percent of people in the different housing types

Percent of different different housing housing types types Percent of people in the

Percent of different housing types

14 %

Young I 17 % 23 % Percent of people in the different housing types

17 % 2 23 % 25 % Percent of people in the differenthousing housingtypes types Percent of different

Elderly I

60 25 % Percent of different housing types

Elderly II

Family I

Family II

Apartments room

Room heights (m)

Daylight factor (%)

Artificial light (lux)

CO2 (ppm) Above outside

Living room

2.70

50-200

800

Kitchen

2.70

14 % 120 19 %

Bedroom

2.70

Bathroom

2.70

150

19 %

13 %

2 12 %

14 %

19 %

200-500

200

17 %

Young I 23Elderly % I

17 %

1923 %%

25 %

25 % 14 %

26 % 12 %

800

Young II Elderly II

13 %

800 12 %

Elderly I 26 %Family I

14 %

Elderly II Family II

700

8 % 17 %

13 %

13 % 26 %

26 %

12 % Percent ofdifferent different housing types Number housing types Percent of peopleof in the different housing types 17 %

Percent of different housing types

14 %

19 %

Percent of different housing types

14 12 % % Percent of people in the

of different housing types

17 % 25 %

% Percent of people in the different housing types 23 %

25 %

housing types 23 %

19 %

17 %

Young I

26 %17 %

7817 % 8 %11

12%% 13

1240 35 10 14 30 825

12% % 13 %

Young II

Elderly I 26 % 17 % 620

18-22 C

14 % %

30 50

45 20 40 15 35 10 30 % 5 25 0 20

Young15I 10

Young II 0

Family I

Young I

Young II

Elderly I

Young I Elderly II 30 27 20 14 44 40

Young II

Family I

Elderly I

Family II 30 27 20 14 44 40 14 %

Elderly I

Ill. 45

Elderly I 26 %

45 40 35 30

Elderly II 12 %

Elderly I Family I

12 %

Young I

Young II Elderly II

Elderly II Family II

20-26 Co

Elderly II

Ill. 46

Number 13 %of people in the different housing types 50

Elderly I 26 % 17 %

o 12

25 types different housing

Family II9 20 15 27 10 814% 7 44 11 408 30

14 %

20-26 Co

35 Number of people in the different housing types

Young II

1650

20-26 Co

Ill. 44 of the different housing types Number ofNumber people in different housing types

14 %

Family I

Elderly II 12 %

Family I

Family II

25 Family I Family II Elderly II 20 8% 12 % 6 14 % 15 12 % % 15 Number of people in the different housing types Number of different housing types 13 4 484 Elderly Sustainable Architecture 10 Family I Family II Elderly II 10 I26 % 50 16 17 % 2 8% 2 5 12 % 5 45 types 0 0 housing 14 0 different housing Number of people in the Number of different types 0 1530 927 1020 714 1144 840 II 30 27 20 15 9 10 7 11 8 40 14 44 40 Family Family I Elderly II 12 50 16 8% 12 % 35 45types 14 Number of people10in the different housing Number of different housing types 30 8

14 %

Young I

1445

Young II

Young I

17 %

23 %

17 %

Ill. 43

Number of different housing types

19 %

Temperature

10 10 30 5016 16 Young II Percent of people in the Percent of different housing types 8 25 8 4514 14 20 6 6 40 19 12 % 1512 Elderly I 35 4 4 the different housing types 14 % Percent of people in10 Percent of different housing types 14 10 14 % 30102 2 23 % 8 8 25255% Elderly II 0 0 0 20 6 of people in the types 14 % Percent 6 15 9 10 different 7 11 housing 8 3015 279 201014 7 441140 8 13 % 17 % 15 13 % 4 4 23 % Family I 25 % 10 26 % 26 % 12 % 12 % 2 different housing 2types12 % 5 0

Young I Elderly I

17 %

NumberFamily of people II in the different housing types 8%

50 16

17 % Young I 12 23 % Number of people in the differenthousing housingtypes types Number of different 35

17 % 23 % 25 % Number of different housing types

25 %

12 % 12 % Number of different different housing types Percentofofpeople people the differenthousing housingtypes types Number ininthe 8 %17 % 45 14

14 %

Young II

Young I

Family II

Additional function The main purpose of the building complex is going to be housing, nevertheless up to twenty percent can be used for other functions. In this early design phase, some initial ideas for non-residential functions have been found. They concern not only indoor activities, but also the open areas around the forthcoming building complex.

The ideas are mainly based on the preceding analyses of existing functions in the area and the needs of the future residents.

CARSHARING (semi-private)

GAS STATION CIRCLE-K (public) -

has to stay (important connecting route, only gas station nearby) much frequented place -> contributes to security integrated in building design potential for turning it into a electric filling station COWORKING (semi-private or public)

place to work for self-employed and students start-up offices connected with a library only for residents/members or open for everyone CAFĂ&#x2030; (public)

meeting point bistro with cheap food workplace for elderly or young people BICYCLE WORKSHOP (public)

common cars for residents sustainability concept INDOOR SPORTS HALL (semi-private)

cross-fit studio already on the site (partly) visible from outside COMMON ROOMS (semi-private)

to rent for events meeting place display window in faĂ§ade URBAN GARDENING (semi-private)

local food production close to the water -> more public on the roof -> private and protected

self-service? Encourage using bicycle PLAYGROUND FOR KIDS (semi-private or public)

SEMI

PUBLIC

different ages in combination with outdoor fitness devices

Sustainable Architecture

S U STAIN A B I L I T Y The following section explains the different factors of sustainability and how it has been implemented in the project. The main focus has been towards environmental sustainability and social sustainability.

Sustainable Architecture

DESIG N STRATEGIES AND PRINC IPLES

Sustainable architecture Sustainable architecture is the theory of design and construction of buildings according to environmentally friendly principles. The main focus is to reduce pollution and effective use of the resources, as well as recycling the materials or lowering the CO2 emissions. All these goals are meant to be achieved during the whole life cycle of the building. However, the problem is more complex - it also includes a good indoor climate, social diversity, biodiversity and overall user satisfaction and their interaction with architecture (Bejder, Knudstrup, Jensen, Katic, 2014). The main aim of using all these approaches is to achieve sustainable development in architecture with environmental, social and economic aspects. This is based on the so-called “triple bottom line”- idea which determines that sustainability can only be reached if those three aspects are considered and implemented equally. In this project, however, the focus has been laid on the environmental and social sustainability, while still economic factors have been kept in mind. Environmental sustainability “Sustainable and eco-friendly architecture is one of the main aims that humans for creating a better life have made as the ultimate model for all their activities. For this reason, moving towards a greener architecture is well-thought-out the main goal of the present architecture of our time.“ (Mohammadjavad, Arash, Airya, Setareh, Narjes, 2014)

Sustainable Architecture

The key to achieving an environmentally sustainable building lies in its design. Firstly, passive strategies should be applied, such as the right shape and orientation of the building that determines the daylight, natural ventilation and passive solar heating and cooling, as well as an adequate building envelope to decrease transmission loss. Next, the overall energy consumption can be optimized by thought out technical solutions and last but not least, active solutions should be implemented to gain renewable energy and lower the energy demand from the grid (Bejder, Knudstrup, Jensen, Katic, 2014). Social sustainability “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (World Commission on Environment & Development, 1987). Due to the fact that social aspects cannot be measured as scientifically as the environmental and economic ones, there are difficulties and uncertainties about its definition (Colantio, Dixon, 2011). The most common one is probably the one in the Brundtland’s report that is stated above. Seeing it more from the architectural point of view, the goal in terms of social sustainability is to create “a long-term viable setting for human interaction, communication and cultural development”, while at the same time preserving the environment so that also the needs of future generations can be fulfilled (Yiftachel, Hedgcock, 1993).

DGNB DGNB (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen) is a German certification system that is based on the building’s life cycle and the materials used for buildings (DGNB, 2017). D ESIGN STRATEGIES AND PRINCIPLES

In April 2010 the Danish Green Building Council chose this scheme to be used in Denmark because of its holistic and flexible approach. DGNB DK has been adjusted to Danish standard and is now used for new urban districts, office buildings and residential buildings with more than 6 units, hospitals, education facilities and childcare institutions, as well as existing buildings. At the moment, it is still voluntary to use this system, however, it is expected to become obligatory within the next years. The DGNB scheme consists of six main criteria: Environmental Quality, Economic Quality, Sociocultural and Functional Quality, Technical Quality, Process Quality and Site Quality. The first four criteria are weighted with 22,5 % each, while Process Quality makes up only 10 % of the total score. The Site Quality is assessed separately with 100%, which means there are two separate scores given for the building and for the site. These criteria are further divided into 40 sub-criteria - two of them are knock-out criteria. When a building does not fulfill these two principles, it cannot get any of the DGNB certificates. A project is given points in each sub-criteria and when fulfilling the necessary total score, a certificate – Silver, Gold or Platinum – is granted according to the total and nominal performance index (Larsen, 2017).

Sustainable Architecture

DGNB - Criteria

DESIG N STRATEGIES AND PRINC IPLES

ENV 2.1 - Life Cycle Assessment Primary Energy To reduce the overall energy demand, passive strategies are implemented in the project. Furthermore, the usage and production of renewable energy with a photovoltaic system on the roof should decrease the impact on the environment.

ENV 2.2 - Drinking Water and Waste Water Rainwater is collected from the roofs and the open areas in-between the buildings and is used for washing machines, watering and toilet flushing. As a consequence, the amount of drinking, as well as, wastewater can be reduced and the pressure on sewers decreased.

Economic Quality

Sociocultural and Functional Quality

Environmental Quality

Site Quality

Process Quality

SOC 1.1 - Thermal Comfort During summertime, strategically placed overhangs and big openings for venting prevent overheating in the apartments. In the heating season, floor heating ensures comfortable room temperatures. Additionally, a mechanical ventilation system is used to keep the air quality high without decreasing the room temperature by venting.

Technical Quality

SOC 1.2 - Indoor Air Quality A sufficient amount of windows on - in most cases - at least two facades, allow natural ventilation during the summer months. In the heating season, mechanical ventilation is used to keep the CO2 level down as well as the heat loss through natural ventilation low.

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SOC 3.3 - Layout Quality Each block offers a high variety of apartments that are suitable for different users groups, which leads to a high diversity of people within the buildings. The big, diverse open spaces between the blocks, as well as the two common rooms on the ground floor, serve as a communication area and are also characterized by their high flexibility

SOC 1.6 - Quality of Outdoor Spaces A high diversity of outdoor spaces with different levels of privacy, functions and different amounts of greenery can be found in the ”social belt”. Furthermore, green roofs on the lower buildings in the South ensure a pleasant view from the apartments in the blocks behind.

TEC 1.3 - Building Envelope Quality In order to meet the strict requirements of the Danish Building Regulations of 2020, a highly insulated building envelope with minimised thermal bridges has been pursued. A tight envelope should also prevent condensations and leakages.

SOC 1.7 - Safety and Security To guarantee a high level of security, a sufficient number of lighting is installed in the open areas close to the buildings. A clear layout of the apartments and additional functions ensures an easy orientation and a simple recognition of escape routes.

PRO 1.3 - Design Concept Setting goals for the energy consumption and designing a water plan already at the beginning of the project has been crucial in order to apply appropriate strategies in an integrated design process. This was also necessary to dimension the renewable technologies.

SOC 2.1 - Design for All By avoiding height differences and providing suitable paths in the open space between the blocks, the whole ”social belt” is easily accessible for everyone. All the areas inside the buildings are designed barrier-free, as well. Moreover, 29 % of the apartments are suitable for wheelchair users.

SITE 1.2 - Public Image and Social Condition By creating a mixed-use complex with numerous public functions like a café or a bike shop on the ground floor and open spaces that are partly open to all city residents, the attractivity of the quarter can be increased. It also changes the image and reputation of the former industrial area.

SOC 2.3 - Cyclist Facilities Adequate, covered bicycle parking can be found on the ground floor, next to the street, as well as in the basement. This ensures that the way to one’s bike is never longer than 100 m. In both cases, the rooms can be locked to prevent theft and there is also a self-repair facility in the basement.

SITE 1.3 - Transport Access Having a good access to the public transport system is crucial for the project’s concept of attracting people of all generations. The nearest bus stop is right in front of the gas station next to the site and also the main bus and train station are within a comfortable walking distance. Furthermore, several cycling paths run past the building site.

Sustainable Architecture

D ESIGN STRATEGIES AND PRINCIPLES

SOC 1.4 - Visual Comfort The size and position of the windows are chosen in order to ensure sufficient daylight in all living areas. Due to the fact, that the majority of the windows is facing South or North, glare can be prevented most of the year.

DESIG N STRATEGIES AND PRINC IPLES

Zero energy building The building sector is responsible for approximately 40 % of Denmarkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total energy consumption. (the Government 2009) Therefore, when setting the goal to become independent of fossil fuels within the next thirty years, the government also determined to increase the energy efficiency of buildings to decrease their energy demand. This means, that every new building should be a Nearly Zero-Energy Building by 2020. (Danish Climate Policy Plan, 2013) By setting this goal, the government also had to specify the definition of a Zero-Energy Building (ZEB) as there are different ways to describe it. In general, it can be said that it is a building with a decreased energy demand, which is partly or totally covered by renewable energy sources. As this first definition already reveals, there are several different types: While a Net ZEB, for example, produces as much energy as it consumes, a Nearly ZEB only covers a part of its demand with renewable energy. (Danish Strategic Research Centre for Zero Energy Buildings, 2014) This project can be defined as a Net ZEB according to the definitions of the Danish Strategic Research Centre for Zero Energy Buildings and follows the Danish Building Regulations 2020: The building has a greatly reduced energy demand, as it consumes less than 20 kWh/mÂ˛ a year of energy for heating, domestic hot water and electricity related to the building. Due to the building regulations electricity that is user related, does not have to be included in residential buildings. Nevertheless, in this project also the appliances have been taken into account, in order

Sustainable Architecture

to decrease the impact on the environment even further (BR20, 2017). The electricity demand of the building is fully balanced by renewable energy that is generated on the site, namely by a photovoltaic system on the roof. Furthermore, it is connected to the grid, which means that there is no need for energy storage and high energy losses can be prevented. In times, when the conditions are good and the building produces more energy than it needs, it feeds the surplus into the grid. However, when the conditions are less suitable, it consumes energy from the grid. To provide the blocks with hot water they are connected to the district heating grid. In this case, the decision has been made against a production on the site, as the connection to the grid is easily available and is more efficient and economic than for example the installation of heat pumps on the site (Bejder, Knudstrup, Jensen, Katic, 2014). Besides a low energy demand and the use of renewable energy sources, there are also other aspects that are crucial when designing a Zero Energy Building. One of the most important ones is a satisfactory indoor climate with pleasant temperatures, air quality, acoustics and daylight conditions, and a user-friendly design. If people donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t feel comfortable in a building, they will start to adjust it to their needs, which can lead to a worse building performance (Bejder, Knudstrup, Jensen, Katic, 2014). Last but not least, the architectural and visual quality of the building should also be considered. To be able to fulfil all these criteria, there is a need for an integrated design process in order to find a balance between technical solutions, visual expressions and atmospheric qualities.

Weighted supply (kWh, CO2, etc.)

Net zero balance line Net zero +

Net zero energy (Included active strategies) Energy supply

Nearly net zero energy (Included passive strategies)

Reference building (Without passive strategies) Weighted demand (kWh, CO2, etc.)

Energy efficiency measures

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D ESIGN STRATEGIES AND PRINCIPLES

Passive and active strategies In order to achieve a good indoor climate and to minimize the energy use of a building, passive and active design strategies are needed. While the first one uses ambient energy sources without the need for purchased energy, the second one processes electricity to reach the goal. There are also systems that combine these two methods, the so-called hybrid systems. This means, that they use some additional energy (mainly electricity) to increase the efficiency of an ambient energy source. What all of them have in common is, that they take advantage of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s context and the microclimate instead of working against it.

DESIG N STRATEGIES AND PRINC IPLES

Passive stategies Passive solar heating The main goal of this strategy is to minimize heat loss and to increase the solar gains. Solar heating systems work either with absorbing surfaces that convert solar radiation into thermal energy or with a space that is heated up or with both of them. Sunspaces, for example, combine these two strategies: First, the heat is trapped in the glazed room, then it is stored in a thermal mass before it is slowly passed to the internal rooms. Passive solar cooling This strategy aims to prevent heat gains and avoid mechanical cooling. Active strageties This can be achieved by reducing the internal gains caused by people, artificial light and equipment and by restraining the heat to enter the room. Examples of this strategy are permanent or movable shading devices that shelter the interior from the sun. Envelope An airtight envelope with a low transmission loss helps to keep the temperature in the room stable. It reduces not only the heat loss through the ventilationit also prevents exteriorMechanical building elements, the heat from entering the Wind turbins Heat pump room during hot summer days. Consequently, it is an important factor for both, passive solar cooling and passive solar heating.

Natural ventilation Natural ventilation removes excess heat from the room and at the same time supplies it with fresh air. This happens due to pressure differences that are caused by a change in air temperature and moisture. Driving forces can either be the wind or the so-called thermal buoyancy force that is dependent on the height difference. Daylighting The aim of this strategy is to prevent direct, glare-causing sunlight and to promote diffuse daylight, which is suitable for general lighting. Good daylight conditions help to reduce the need for artificial lighting and consequently the energy demand. An example for a tool, that encourages it, are light shelves that pull the daylight deeper into a room and at the same time prevent glare. Orientation To optimize a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s performance, it is important to adjust the design to its environment. One of the most important factors is the orientation as it influences the impact of the sun and the wind. This means the rightsolar position buildingcollectors can reduce overheating in harvesting summer and Photovaltaic cellsof the Thermal Rainwater encourage natural cooling, especially cross-ventilation.

Passive strageties

Natural ventilation

Orientation

Daylight

Building envelope

Passive cooling

Passive heating Ill. 49

Sustainable Architecture

Solar cells Solar cells convert solar energy into electricity by absorbing sun radiation which causes a movement of electrons and as a result generates power. It is the most common renewable technology because of their longevity and their easy installation.

Solar thermal collectors Solar thermal collectors convert solar energy into heat, which is mainly used to heat up the domestic hot water. Sometimes, also the room heating is supplied by the solar heat. In both cases, the system has to be supplemented by an additional heat source, for example, heat pumps.

Wind turbines Wind turbines transform with their blades kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. This strategy has a high efficiency but is not so common for on-site installations because of their size and the noise pollution they cause.

Heat pumps This strategy does not really generate heat, it rather moves it. To do so, it takes heat from a natural heat source and increases the temperature with a small amount of electricity. The heat is taken from the air (air to water, air to air) or from the ground (brine to water).

Mechanical ventilation Mechanical ventilation systems are responsible for removing the consumed air and to supply the room with fresh one. It is mainly used when there is a high air pollution or during the heating season to prevent heat loss through venting.

Active strageties

Mechanical ventilation

Wind turbins

Heat pump

Photovaltaic solar cells

Thermal collectors

Rainwater harvesting Ill. 50

Passive strageties

Sustainable Architecture

D ESIGN STRATEGIES AND PRINCIPLES

Active stategies Rainwater harvesting With this strategy, rainwater can be collected from the roof areas or other receiving surfaces, in order to use it for toilet flushing, cleaning or flower watering. In this way, not only the demand for drinking water can be reduced, also the pressure on the sewer system declines.

CASE ANALYSIS

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Regen villages Typology: Status:

Residential, Detached house, Agricultural On-going project

A self-sustainable residential area, where each building contributes to the overall ecosystem by using the output of one system to feed another. The idea is to be self-sustainable not only regarding electricity but also food. All technologies are already available, so the next logical step is to apply it to an integrated community with high values on sociability and the aim to reconnect people with nature. Because the settlement consists of detached houses, the building density is relatively low and would most certainly only attract a specific user type, like families. Nevertheless, communities like this could solve some of the problems that emerge with urbanization Effekt (2017).

Sustainable Architecture

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Nicolinehus Typology: Status:

Ă&#x2026;rhus, Denmark Residential, Urban block On-going project

Nicolinehus is a modern urban block inspired by the old block structure from the dense city. It is a mixed-use complex which contains besides dwellings, several markets, shops and facilities for recreational use. The apartments range from 60 to 300 mÂ˛ to achieve a good diversity of different user groups. Furthermore, every dwelling has a private roof terrace and access to numerous common areas. Thanks to the optimized shape of the building, good views from every single apartment have been achieved. The overall idea of the complex is to create a connection between the city center and the newly developed harbor quarter of Ă&#x2026;rhus Aart (2017).

Eindhoven, Netherlands Residential, High rise Winning design

The sustainable housing complex in Eindhoven aims to have a high building percentage while achieving good natural light conditions in the so-called “in-between green pocket parks”. Besides dwellings, it will also contain commercial facilities and a common urban farming area on top of the building. The project is embracing environmental driven design and has implemented various passive and active strategies Lynch, P. (2017).

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The Mountain Typology: Status:

Copenhagen, Denmark Terraced housing Build 2009

A terraced housing complex in Copenhagen placed on top of a huge public parking house, which makes up ⅔ of the complex. Every apartment is directly connected to a private outdoor area - only big room-high sliding doors separate the interior with the exterior. The building manages to offer both, proximity to the city center, as well as qualities of a suburban life JDS, M. (2017).

Sustainable Architecture

CASE ANALYSIS

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MVRDV Nieuw Bergen Typology: Status:

Sustainable Architecture

C O N C EP T The following section presents the vision for the project, as well as design criteria and the concept.

Sustainable Architecture

Social diversity

Activation of ground level

Rainwater harvesting

Passive strategies

Spatial diversity

Local food production

Renewable energy production

Flexibility and opportunity for personal customization

Urban integration

Waste strategy

Activation of facade

Recycled materials

Sharing community

Accessibility

Level of privacy Ill. 55

Sustainable Architecture

Design criteria As a result of the analysis, different design parameters have been set for an integrated work process during the sketching phase. From numerous parameters, a hierarchy of the most crucial ones of this project has been made. Those design criteria have a great influence on the project, as they are valued the most when making design decisions.

Create a social diversity Easy access for everyone: Elderly in wheelchairs, parents with a baby stroller etc. Sharing community: To help each other in order to profit from each other Adaptability: Different settings for each stage of life and changing needs (single, family, elderly etc.)

Integrate qualities from a detached house Spatial diversity: Different areas, where people can communicate and interact Level of privacy: Also ensure privacy: private, semi-private, semi-public, public zones

Sustainable Architecture

Concept The aim of the project is to bring people of all generations together: children, young people, adults and elderly. By doing so, it is very important to actually unite them within one envelope, rather than separate them in different buildings on the site. They should be able to meet in the staircase or on the way to their cars or bikes. By not splitting up the user groups, also the risk of a social hierarchy can be prevented: There are shared apartments for students and large family apartments in the bigger blocks in the North, as well as in the semi-detached houses in the front. Additionally, all apartments are facing South (and North) to guarantee everyone similar conditions regarding views and daylight. However, the single apartment types are still orientated on the needs of the certain user groups. Based on Jan Gehl`s theory, the open areas between the blocks are not the leftover spaces but have been consciously designed by the building shapes (Gehl, 2011). The result, a â&#x20AC;&#x153;social beltâ&#x20AC;?, should not only be reserved for the residents but enhance different social interactions. While the area bordering the private gardens, should offer the possibility of an easy conversation with one`s direct neighbors, the open areas between the blocks, should gather people from the all the blocks and the neighboring quarters. So, more people from the whole area can benefit from this project. In order to give the social belt a third dimension, the facades facing the area have been designed with many private open spaces in different floors. This should enable communication and interaction between the residents on various levels. While doing this, it was important to guarantee some privacy on the balconies and terraces, too.

Sustainable Architecture

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Sustainable Architecture

P RO C E SS The following section describes the design process that preceded the final design proposal for the sustainable housing complex. This section highlights and explains important elements that have been worked out in the design.

Sustainable Architecture

Initial phase Based on previous analyses, in the first idea phase, different form studies have been carried out. Part of this phase was a workshop with the focus on climate, form, daylight and access to the building.

spaces down to the creek Ă&#x2DC;sterĂĽ, the main attraction of the place, should be created.

A stronger focus has been set on the definition of the spaces between the buildings. The forms should create different public and private spaces and cause a natural flow around the buildings.

In this process, the gas station Circle-K has been seen as a challenge due to the noise and air pollution that are caused by cars and lorries. Therefore. the building shape has been used as a barrier to reduce its influence on the site. However, the gas station also brings a lot of people and consequently life to the area during the whole day.

PROCESS

The area towards Hjulmagervej should have a more public character with different non-residential functions on the ground floor of the buildings. Whereas, towards South smaller private and semi-private

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Sustainable Architecture

PROCESS

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PROCESS

Human health : Interaction between people : Creating life : Attracting people to the site : Safe space, : Activate the groundlevel : Suburban feeling

Sustainable Architecture

Ill. 59

Urban thoughts Early on, attention has been paid to the urban qualities, including the access to the area and the meeting points between the residents and other city dwellers.

Sustainable Architecture

PROCESS

In one of the first group meetings, a brainstorming session has been carried out to gather some first ideas to the urban composition of the site. Here, the main aim was to create a diverse environment that attracts people of all ages. Important was also to define different zones, in order to not have large undefined areas that do not correspond to the human scale. There are several attractive routes that could go through the site in the future that will result in numerous public access points and situations where the public and the residents meet. This could be used as an opportunity to enhance the interaction between the people. The following pages show some of these first urban ideas, that have been later integrated into the design.

URBAN THOUGHTS Urban thoughts Different levels of height - interact

Use vegetation to create space

Social contact between public & private

Different seating opportunities

Safefy environment day and night

PROCESS

Different vegetation through the year

Public connection to the stream

Different speed & great accessibility

Urban gardening

Actractive urban installations

Big scale

Small scale

Grid, hard

Organic, soft

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Sustainable Architecture

Urban thoughts

Inviting openings to the center

Noise barrier for cars

It should be possible to look through the area Bike workshop

Stream continue

Low traffic activity

PROCESS

Important corner - shows activity Gas station - creates a lot of activity Private vs public

Easy public access A lot of activity in both directions

Playground for kids

Should bicycles be integrated? Public access both side of the stream.

Ill. 61

Sustainable Architecture

PROCESS

Young I

Young II

Elderly I

Elderly II

Family I

Family II

Ill. 62

Sustainable Architecture

Mixing user groups One of the main focus points in this project is to achieve a rich diversity of user groups. People of all ages should be gathered underneath one roof to encourage the intergenerational interaction.

Sustainable Architecture

PROCESS

As mentioned in the concept, the different user groups should not only be mixed on the site, but also within the blocks. The illustration on the left shows four different proposals on how to organise the different apartment types.

PROCESS

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Sustainable Architecture

Development of the ”Social belt” The space between the buildings, the so-called ”social belt”, should serve as a connecting element of the different blocks on the site. In the following study, several ideas for the definition of this space, using the building volumes, have been found. In all three proposals, the area between the building has been raised by one level, to create a more private space.

In the first proposal four sets of three to four volumes on each side of the ”social belt” form three gaps that can be used as crossings through the area. On two points, the belt opens up towards South to offer bigger spaces for certain functions.

By reducing the number of blocks within one set to two to three volumes on each side, a more open structure can be achieved. It also creates an additional passage through the site.

In this improved version of proposal 2, the focus has been laid on the subdivision of the area. The composition of the volumes should define several meeting zones of different qualities.

Sustainable Architecture

PROCESS

Ill. 64

Sustainable Architecture

Midterm proposal After finding the basic shape of the buildings, a lot of work has been put into organizing the different apartments within the blocks and solving the access situations. In the end, a central staircase with three apartments placed around it turned out to be the most suitable solution. It assures both, good daylight conditions in each apartment and a staircase that is both, economical and inviting.

PROCESS

The space between the two building rows has been raised by one level to achieve a clearer division between the private and public areas. It should serve as a meeting point for the residents with common vegetable and herb gardens and urban installations to enhance the social bond between the user groups. An important aspect of the concept is, that there is a direct access to this area from each block. Furthermore, the façades have been designed as an extension of the ”social belt”: Balconies in front of each apartment should provide it with life and create a diversity in the design of the building. In the ground floor areas facing Hjulmagervej, several additional functions, like a sports hall, a bicycle workshop and a café, have been placed to attract people who are passing by. Also, the paths in the openings between the buildings have a more public character and should lead through the site down to Østerå. Underneath the raised semi-private outdoor space, functions with no need for daylight have been placed, such as car and bicycle parking, laundry and storage rooms, as well as technical rooms.

Sustainable Architecture

Midterm urban thoughts

Indoor sportshall Coworking

PROCESS

CafĂŠ

Bicycle workshop

Ill. 65

Sustainable Architecture

Urban gardens

Playground

Commom rooms PROCESS

Playground

Ill. 66

Sustainable Architecture

AF T E R M I DT E R M In the following phase, the concept is evolving from the points noted at the midterm. This section explains the post-midterm process of how the concept has been developed.

Sustainable Architecture

PROCESS

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Post midterm phase After the midway critique, the raised space between the buildings has been evaluated again. Due to the fact that the middle apartments in the Southern blocks only have windows on one facade, there are problems concerning daylight in the living areas.

The focus has also been laid on the places the residents pass on their daily routines and their potential as meeting points. In the next step also the shape of the buildings has been re-examined. The Northern building should get a more urban look so that it interacts better with the other buildings on Hjulmagervej and the city centre. In the following section, the further development of the form, based on the new findings, is described shortly:

In order to achieve better daylight conditions and to increase the accessibility of the social belt, the space has been lowered to the ground level.

In this design, the single blocks have been given a more uniform look, while the movement from the former shape has been kept. This solution creates larger and more divided spaces between the buildings.

Here, some of the elements of proposal 3 and the midterm proposal have been merged. In order to relate better to the context, the heights of the single blocks are decreased from East to West.

This proposal is an alternative version of the first one. Here, two one-storey-high buildings are implemented on both ends of the site, to make space for a sports hall on the one and car parking on the other side, while giving the ”social belt” a clearer finish.

Next, the Southern houses are rotated again, to ensure equal views and light conditions in every building. Additionally, it also creates bigger and better-defined spaces.

By turning the buildings in the South 90°, the ”social belt” opens up towards Østerå and several smaller spaces are created between the blocks. The rotation also leads to a new orientation of the apartments.

In the last step, the height of the blocks has been adjusted to the surrounding buildings. While the residential blocks in the East are up to 15 m high, the industrial buildings in the West are only half the height.

PROCESS

Sustainable Architecture

PROCESS

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Further development of the ”Social belt” When developing the design of the project, also the work on the social belt continued. In the next step, the size of the urban areas has been investigated in order to achieve attractive urban spaces with adequate light conditions.

In the first version, the buildings have been placed in a straight line, following the street. By doing this, the ”social belt” gets a very strongly orientated, elongated shape.

In the next step, the orientation of the buildings has been kept, while some of the blocks have been pushed inside to create different spatial settings. This should make the walk through the belt more interesting.

In the third proposal, the abrupt jumps have been smoothened to achieve a more organic form. Here, also the street line changes as it gets a little bend that should invite people into the area and lead them down to Østerå.

Sustainable Architecture

PROCESS

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Final proposal The final result of numerous investigations and new proposals is the design shown on the left. At a first glance, the shape looks very similar to the midterm proposal. However, in the process, small details have been changed and more clarified which has a big impact on the overall quality of the design. PROCESS

The Northern blocks, facing Hjulmagervej span from five to three storeys to create a graduation from the tall buildings in the East, down to the lower industrial buildings in the West. The semi-detached houses in the South are, on the contrary, only two stories high in order to keep the shadow casting on the ”social belt” limited. While the blocks have a more massive, united and consequently urban shape from the street view, the structure opens towards the creek. Every apartment has a balcony orientated against South to ensure sunny open spaces during the summer months. The orientation against the ”social belt” also encourages the social interaction between the residents on different levels.

Sustainable Architecture

1 N

10 meters gap between the buildings: Total sun radiation: = 487189 kWh = 488 kWh/m2

10 20

22:19

04:25

30 40 50

60 70

PROCESS

15:39

08:57

10 m

Ill. 70

Determining the Gap between the blocks The outdoor environment is a crucial factor to make people stay and use the central zone over a long period during the year. By investigating different distances between the buildings the most suitable gap has been found:

Sustainable Architecture

Ill. 71

10 meters A distance of 10m between the buildings creates a 35° angle between the bottom of the Northern buildings and the highest point of the Southern buildings. This only allows the high summer sun to hit the lowest part of the Northern block, which means that the ”social belt” will be in shadow for most of the time

2 N

12 meters gap between the buildings: Total sun radiation: = 663226 kWh = 664 kWh/m2

10 20

22:19

04:25

30 40 50

60 70 80

15:39

08:57

12 m

Ill. 72

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12 meters By only increasing the distance by two meters, 36 % more sunlight in the “social belt” can be achieved due to the lower angle of 30° to the buildings in the front. Because the intimacy of the area between the building can still be kept with a 12 m gap, this distance has been chosen for the project.

Sustainable Architecture

PROCESS

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Solar cells design In order to achieve the requirements of a Net Zero Energy Building (Net ZEB) to produce as much energy as consumed, different layouts of a photovoltaic system (PV) have been investigated in Ladybug. The PV’s are placed on the flat roofs of the higher blocks to the North.

In the first attempt, the PV’s are angled 15° towards South to increase their efficiency. For 2x1 m meter panels, the attica would have to be 0.5 m high in order to hide them. Given the fact, that the PVs will not be seen on the roof anyways and in order to prevent maintenance difficulties, the decision has been made to not integrate them into the envelope. Due to shading, this setting can only produce 90.480 kWh a year. This is only half the amount of the actual energy demand of 15 kWh/m² which sums up to a total annual energy consumption of approximately 138.400 kWh.

Because the shading has been the biggest factor in decreasing the efficiency of the PVs in the previous set-up, the same simulation has been done on a flat surface that has been raised to the edge of the attica. This increased energy production remarkable. Now, approximately 155.295 kWh a year can be produced and the demand can be met.

Sustainable Architecture

PROCESS

1 Design of the private outdoor spaces While having our overall concept, aesthetical and climatic aspects, as well as social demands in mind, different ideas for the private outdoor spaces have been developed. In a next step, four proposals have been looked at in detail and have been rated in four categories: social quality, aesthetics, solar radiation and daylight factor.

PROCESS

To measure the sociability, the number of neighbours, one can interact with from the balcony has been counted. Jan Gehl’s investigation about conversation distances has been used as a reference. According to him, the distance between two people should be less than seven meters in order to have a convenient conversation. (Gehl, 2011) However, it is also important to have some more intimate areas, this is why the balance between privacy and communicative properties has been taken into consideration, too. Ill. 76

The aesthetic quality of the design has been rated considering the overall architectural look and the formal concept. The solar radiation and daylight factor, which are more scientifical parameters have been determined by simulations with the Grasshopper plug-in Ladybug and Velux Daylight Visualizer. In Ladybug the amount of sun on both, the Southern façade and the balcony floor area has been measured. The goal was to have as little sun radiation on the façade as possible, in order to prevent overheating, and a high amount of sunlight on the balcony to create a good outdoor environment. To ensure that the balcony design allows enough daylight entering the apartments, also the daylight factor has been taken into consideration when ranking the different proposals. In the end, the points of each category have been added up, counting the social and aesthetic factor twice, since they are of high importance for the overall concept.

Sustainable Architecture

Score

Social (2x) Aesthetic (2x) Solar radiation Daylight factor Point

The first proposal strengthens the flow in the façade and creates an interesting play between the flat main façade in the front and the offset walls in the back. Furthermore, the balconies offer both, private areas in the back and more exposed and communicative areas in the front. So, the user can decide how social he/she wants to be. The partly covered balcony areas also invite people to use their private open spaces over a longer period of the year.

Score

Social (2x) Aesthetic (2x) Solar radiation Daylight factor Point

The second idea stands out with its very clear design and more vertical appearance, which causes a stronger division between the apartments. The positioning of the balconies also creates a high level of privacy, as they cannot be seen from the adjoining apartments.

Ill. 78

Score

Social (2x) Aesthetic (2x) Solar radiation Daylight factor Point

The façade of the third design is very easy to read since the main walls are not interrupted and the balconies form an additional layer in front of it. This proposal has the most exposed outdoor areas, which makes them very communicative, but doesn’t give the resident the opportunity for more privacy.

Ill. 79

Score

Social (2x) Aesthetic (2x) Solar radiation Daylight factor Point

In the fourth proposal, the long balconies in the first floor seem to connect the three parts of the block horizontally. There is also a vertical connection between two floors, that share a ”gap”. Like the other suggestions including a loggia, also this one offers private, as well as exposed areas on the balcony.

Sustainable Architecture

PROCESS

Ill. 77

Decision of the facade materials Brick and ”Cembrit” panels have been chosen as the main material for the façade. More specifically, a thin, long stone is used to give the traditional material a more modern look. These two materials not only fit formally to the typically Danish brick buildings in Ø-gadekvartert and the modern buildings of the developing area Eternitten, but also refer to the history of the place: Until 2004 Eternitten has been the main production site for the fibre-cement product “Cembrit” and it is still the location of the company’s headquarter. After the decision over the material, different combinations and brick colours have been tried out, in order to find the perfect mix.

PROCESS

First, a beige to dark greyish stone has been tested on the façade, while only the balconies have been clad in light grey ”Cembrit” panels. The high variation in colour is very dominating in this attempt. Furthermore, the darker parts of the stone make the whole loggia seem very dark and shaded.

In the second proposal, the bricks in the loggia have been replaced by the “Cembrit” panels. Here the contrast between the two materials seems too hard, which destroys the harmony of the overall design.

As a next step, the colour of the stone has been changed to a lighter colour, which makes the whole building look lighter and more elegant. Nevertheless, the areas in the back of the open space are still slightly too dark.

In the fourth and last attempt, the cladding of the loggia has been changed again to the “Cembrit” panels. This time, the transition between the light grey panels and the greyish sandy brick is smoother and also the loggia area looks much brighter. The contrast will instead be made by the dark frame of the windows.

Sustainable Architecture

Ill. 80

Ill. 81

Ill. 84

Ill. 83

Ill. 86

Ill. 85

Ill. 87

Sustainable Architecture

PROCESS

Ill. 82

Dimensioning of the window

Ill. 88

Ill. 89

PROCESS

100

A single window measuring 1 x 1,6 m on the Southern façade facing the “social belt” creates a big contrast to the more open areas in the loggias. However, there are poor daylight conditions in the rooms behind due to the small window area.

Sustainable Architecture

In the next step, the size of the window has been doubled. As a result, the front façade and the ones shifted back communicate better and the loggia areas become less dominant. Of course, by increasing the glass area also the daylight situation in the apartment is improved.

Ill. 90

Ill. 91

PROCESS

Next, the length of the window has been adjusted to the terrace doors by increasing it by another meter. This leads to a more homogenous faรงade with very good natural light conditions inside the building.

After these first studies, that should give a feeling for the effect of the size on the aesthetics of the building and the daylight conditions in the apartments, the windows have been adjusted to the specific rooms and their functions. When dimensioning the openings, also the depth of the room has been considered.

Sustainable Architecture

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102

Sustainable Architecture

P R E S E NTAT I ON The section presents the final part for the new sustainable housing complex. Visualizations, as well as plans and sections, are presented in order to gain an overall understanding of the complex.

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103

A-A 6

4 9

B-B 8

B-B 8 1

A-A

1:1000 Ill. 92

104

Sustainable Architecture

1 - GAS STATION CIRCLE-K (public)

2 - COWORKING (semi-private or public)

3 - CAFÉ (public)

4 - BICYCLE WORKSHOP (public)

6 - FYSIO FITNESS (public)

It also shows the position of the different additional functions and their integration into the urban setting. The different access points are defined as more public or private ones regarding on their position and the areas they lead to. When approaching the building complex from the North and following the additional functions on the ground floor, the organic shape draws people further into the site down to the creek in the South. This access should serve as the main transit between the new developing area South and the city centre in the North. Additional bridges across Østerå should enforce the connection between the two sides.

7 - CARSHARING (semi-private) SEMI

PUBLIC

8 - COMMON ROOMS (semi-private)

9 - URBAN GARDENING (semi-private)

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105

PRESENTATION

5 - PLAYGROUND FOR KIDS (semi-private or public)

Explanation of the site The masterplan shows the area of a new social sustainable building complex at the fringe of the inner city of Aalborg and gives an overview of how it is connected with the surrounding context.

Ill. 93

106

Sustainable Architecture

”The social belt” “Life in buildings and between buildings seems in nearly all situations to rank as more essential and more relevant than the spaces and buildings themselves.” - (Gehl, 2011, pp. 29) Theory People and their activities attract people, whether they are in a building, in a neighbourhood or in a city centre. If someone can choose between walking on a deserted or a busy street, he or she will most likely choose the busy one. The same is valid for the different spaces in a residential area: People will rather prefer to sit in a semi-private front yard with a view on the street, than in a private and calm backyard, simply because there is more to see. An old Scandinavian proverb also tells it: “people come where people are” (Gehl, 2011, pp. 23) PRESENTATION

Social interaction An architecture that allows interaction between the residents is crucial to enhance social contacts. Well designed outdoor spaces, make people exchange greetings and develop conversations. The preconditions for a ”talk over the hedge” have to be given in order to make it happen. (Gehl, 2011, pp. 23). There is also a high relation between the intensity of a communication and the distance between the two interacting people that should be considered when designing communicative spaces. (Gehl, 2011, pp. 67) The ”social belt” should, therefore, offer various settings, with different levels of privacy where different kind of conversations can be held. It is important, that the residents can choose how social they want to be, in order to feel comfortable. To achieve that, the open space between the buildings is divided into smaller zones that are defined by the building volumes and their distance to each other. Narrow areas create more intimate spaces, while bigger ones encourage a more open interaction.

Sustainable Architecture

107

Ill. 94

108 Sustainable Architecture Fall

Summer

Spring

Winter

PRESENTATION

Fagus

Beech

Rubus fruticosus

Rubus

Malus ‘Hyslop’

Paradise appletree

Betula utilis

Himalaya birch

Cornus alba Sibirica

Norway maple

Cornus alba Sibirica

Red-barked

Cedrus atlantica

Atlas-Ceder

Deschampsia cespitosa

Tufted hairgrass

Helichrysum italicum

Curry plant

Malus ‘Hyslop’

Paradise appletree

Calamagrostis

Reed grass

Betula utilis

Himalaya birch

Luzula nivea

Snowy woodrush

Prunus serrulata

East Asian cherry

Erica

Heather

Cyperaceae

Sedge

Magnolia

Cornus sericea

Red osier dogwood

Fagus

Beech

Lavandula

Underbara lavender

Cornus alba Sibirica

Norway maple

Magnolia

Lavandula

Underbara lavender

Betula utilis

Himalaya birch

Cornus alba Sibirica

Red-barked

Calamagrostis

Reed grass

Festuca Glauca

Blue Fescue

Deschampsia cespitosa

Tufted hairgrass

Sustainable Architecture

PRESENTATION

Vegetation types A large number of the vegetation which has been used in the ”social belt” is also seen in the Northern part of Jutland’s landscape. This is done to create a clear connection between the project area and the context. The vegetation consists of a wide mixture of trees, bushes and perennials, which provide life, fragrances and colours for any season. The defined vegetation will help to reinforce the idea of a new and recreational breathing space in this part of Aalborg city, where pedestrians and cyclists are encouraged to slow down and enjoy the surrounding nature and architecture on their way through the area.

109

Ill. 95

Social zones Based on a hierarchical system of common spaces, four zones with different levels of privacies have been defined. At one end of the scale is the public zone, such as the pathways and roads. Private outdoor spaces such as gardens and balconies are found on the other end of the scale. In-between the public and the private zones also semi-private and semi-public spaces are defined. A clear definition of the borders between the zones is a very important for the internal organization in order to prevent problems in housing groups (Gehl, 2011, pp. 59).

110

Sustainable Architecture

Jan Gehl explains the semi-public and semi-private zones thusly: â&#x20AC;?Flexible boundaries in the form of transitional zones that are neither completely private nor complete public, on the other hand, will often be able to function as connection links, making it easier, both physically and psychologically, for residents and activities to move back and forth between private and public spaces, between in and out.â&#x20AC;?- (Gehl, 2011, pp. 113)

Zone 1 - Public Public spaces are very social areas that are generally open and accessible to the public, such as squares, parks, as well as streets and sidewalks. In the project, the streets and paths adjoining the site can be defined as public zones. They are interacting with the additional functions on the ground floor.

ZONE 4 - Private Private areas belong to a single person or group of people only. Every apartment has direct access to a private open space, either in the form of a balcony or a terrace with garden. While offering a secure, intimate space it also enables communication to other private areas or the central semi-private space.

Private

Semi-private

Private

Semi-private

Semi-public

PUBLIC

Semi-private

Private

Ill. 96

Sustainable Architecture

111

PRESENTATION

Zone 2 - Semi/public Semi-private zones are only partially open to the public, like for example, the spaces created by the bend of the building and the path crossing the site. These areas are determined by their interaction with the outdoor activities.

ZONE 3 - Semi/private This zone has a higher degree of privacy but is still not fully private. In the project, semi-private zones can be found between the building blocks in the North and the South and are mainly reserved for the residents. They serve as a transition between the semi-public pathways through the site and the private gardens.

PRESENTATION

Ill. 97

112

Sustainable Architecture

PRESENTATION

Social zones An isometric view shows how the three zones on the site are connected with each other and are defined by different paths and activities. A paving of large stones highlights the main routes through the site and the semi-public zone. The Western and Eastern façades of the buildings that are facing the area are not interrupted by balconies, which concentrates the activity on the ground floor. In the semi-private areas of the ”social belt” the size of the pavement becomes smaller and the area gets a third dimension by a more communicative façade. In front of each apartment, there is a private terrace which is defined by a wooden terrace so people will not enter them without getting an invitation. The zones in between the semi-detached houses are more open again and are defined by different activities. It opens further up towards the creek from where people passing by can look at the activities and participate in them.

113

PRESENTATION

114

Sustainable Architecture

Ill. 98

Sustainable Architecture

115

PRESENTATION

This view is from the public path on the southern side of the creek. It shows how the residents could use the zones between the semi-detached houses for different outdoor activities and gives an idea of the life that is created around them. On one side of the creek, the path is used by the public to stroll through the area, while on the other side there is a stronger connection to the semi-public zone on the site that might pull the public into the area. When looking at the building complex from the South, the architecture is very diverse and open with many balconies in different heights.

PRESENTATION

116

Sustainable Architecture

Ill. 99

Sustainable Architecture

117

PRESENTATION

In this image, the atmosphere in the private and semi-private areas of the ”social belt” can be well experienced. It gives an idea of how the area stretches between the blocks and how it merges into a more public zone towards the creek. Furthermore, it also shows how the “social belt” could be used as a recreational area by adults, as well as a playground for children.

PRESENTATION

118

Sustainable Architecture

Ill. 100

Sustainable Architecture

119

PRESENTATION

The northern façade towards Hjulmagervej has a more urban appearance and relates to the city with its large, open glass façades in the ground floor and the staircases. Various public functions on the ground floor, such as a fitness centre, a café, a bike shop, and a co-working space should attract the public to the area. The windows on the Northern façade are jumping in height to create some movement in a more static facade. This part of the complex is mainly shadowed but allows some light to shine through the openings and passages.

PRESENTATION

Elevation West 1:500

Ill. 101

Cross section A-A 1:500

Ill. 102

120

Sustainable Architecture

Elevation East 1:500

PRESENTATION

Ill. 103

Sustainable Architecture

121

PRESENTATION

Elevation North 1:500

Cross section B-B 1:500

122

Sustainable Architecture

Ill. 105

Sustainable Architecture

123

PRESENTATION

Ill. 104

PRESENTATION

Elevation South 1:500

124

Sustainable Architecture

PRESENTATION

Ill. 106

Sustainable Architecture

125

PRESENTATION

Ill. 107

126

Sustainable Architecture

14 %

Apartments

People in each

Young I

Young II

Elderly I

Elderly II

Family I

Family II

Size (m2) - approx

Rooms

14 % 45-55

19 %

Square meters to additional functions (size m )

19 %

13 %

149 17 %

Building percent ( % )

26 %

12 %

13 %

13 % 26 %

14 %

25 %

19 %

Percent of

1314 %%

Percent of different housing types

10 16 8 14 6 19 12 % 4 10 different 2 8 0 6

19 %

Young II

Young I

10 8

12%% 13 Young II

Elderly 26 I % 17 %

26 %17 %

12 % mber of different housing14 types 12

7817 % 8 %11

Ill.I 109 Young Young II

1650

1240 35 10 3014 825

30 50 25

Young II

14 %

20 40 15 35 10 30 %5 25 0 20

Young15I 10

Elderly I

Young I Elderly II 30 27 20 14 44 40 Family I

Young II

Young I Family II8 20 15 24 10 814% 7 44 11 408 30

Young 0II

Elderly I Family II 30 24 20 14 44 40 14 %

Ill. 110

Ill. 111

Elderly I

Elderly II

Elderly II 12 %

Family I

Family II

14 %housing types Number of people in the different 13 %

Elderly I 26 %

Elderly I 26 % 17 %

Young I

Percent of people in the different housing 45 types

Young II

14 %

12% % 13

35 Number of people in the different housing types

Young II

20 6 40 1512 Elderly I 35 4 10 10 different housing types in30 the 2 58 25 23 % Elderly II 250%0 20 6 3015 279 201014 7 441140 8 15 17 % 4 Family I 10 26 % 12 2 5 00

17 %

12 %

35 30

Elderly II 12 %

Family I Family II Elderly II 20 8% 12 % 15 15 4 Number of people in the different housing types Number of different housing types 10 10 Family I Family II Elderly II 2 50 5 16 8% 12 %5 00 0 45 Number of different housing types 153014 824 1020 714 1144 840Number of people in the different 30 housing 24 20 types 14 44 40 40 Family II Family I 12 50 8% Sustainable Architecture 35 45types Number of people10in the different housing 30 40 Family II50 8 25 Elderly I 20 617 % 26 %

14 %

12 % %4 13 14 %

19 %

1445

17 %

12 %

23 %

of the different housing types Number ofNumber people in different housing types

Young I

17 %

25 %

17 %

Number of different housing types 16

23 %

19 %

23 %

25 %

ent housing types

23 %

17 % 25 %

Ill. 108

Percent 14of %people

15 9 10 different 7 11 housing 8 Percent of people in the types 13 %

14 % Percent of people in the different housing types

14 %

housing types

26 % 2 14 12 % % Percent of people in the different housing types12 %

cent of different housing types

10 30 5016 8

Family I

17 % Young I 12 23 % Number of people in the differenthousing housingtypes types Number of different 35 40

25 Percent of different housing types 4514

Elderly II Family II

45 14

17 % 23 % 25 % Number of different housing types

Elderly II 16 12 % 14 Number of different housing types Family I 12 8% 45 types Number of people10in the different housing 40 Family II50 8

35 6

20 15

Elderly I Family I

14 % 12 %

NumberFamily of people II in the different housing types 8%

50 16

14 %

Young II Elderly II

127

PRESENTATION

Percent of different housing types

12 % 12 % Number of different different housing types Percentofofpeople people the differenthousing housingtypes types Number ininthe 8 %17 %

14 %

448

Elderly II Family II

26 %

Young I Elderly I

17 %

Elderly I 110 26 %Family I

14 %

8 % 17 %

13 %

12 % Percent ofdifferent different housing types Number housing types Percent of peopleof in the different housing types 17 %

Young II

of different housing types 59 14 Number % Young I 17 % % Elderly I 172 Number of people in25the % different housing23types 14 % Square meters to apartments (size m2) Young II 6100 Elderly II 2

1923 %%

25 %

122 12 %

Total

Young I

Young I 17 % 23 % Percent of people in the different housing types

17 % 23 % 25 % Percent of people in the differenthousing housingtypes types Percent of different

25 % Percent of different housing types

19 %

Percent of people in the different housing types

Percent of different different housing housing types types Percent of people in the

Percent of different housing types

Building program

Family II

Ground floor

PRESENTATION

Block 3

A-A

B-B

A-A

Ill. 112

1:750

Young I

128

Young II

Sustainable Architecture

Elderly I

Elderly II

Family I

Family II

Block 3

COMMON ROOM 83,29 m² brutto 75,01 m² netto

ELDERLY II 89,22 m² brutto 67,75 m² netto

PRESENTATION

CO-WORKING 123,52 m² brutto 111,03 m² netto

YOUNG I 59,65 m² brutto 45,20 m² netto

1:200

GSEducationalVersion

Common room

Elderly II

Young I

Co-working

Sustainable Architecture

Ill. 113

129

PRESENTATION

130

Sustainable Architecture

Ill. 114

Sustainable Architecture

131

PRESENTATION

Ground floor render This view is from an apartment designed for elderly, where a focus has been laid on accessibility. The view shows a spacious cooking and living area with direct connection to a private garden and the adjoining â&#x20AC;&#x153;social beltâ&#x20AC;? with its different zones. The low parapet of the windows ensures views to the outside when sitting in a chair, sofa or a wheelchair.

1. floor

PRESENTATION

Block 3

A-A

B-B

A-A Ill. 115

1:750

Young I

132

Young II

Sustainable Architecture

Elderly I

Elderly II

Family I

Family II

Block 3

FAMILY I - 1 92,56 m² brutto 66,14 m² netto

PRESENTATION

YOUNG II 115,13 m² brutto 84,89 m² netto

ELDERLY I 72,76 m² brutto 57,53 m² netto

1:200

GSEducationalVersion

Family I

Elderly I

Young II

Ill. 116

Sustainable Architecture

133

2. floor

PRESENTATION

Block 3

A-A

B-B

A-A

Ill. 117

1:750

Young I

134

Young II

Sustainable Architecture

Elderly I

Elderly II

Family I

Family II

Block 3

PRESENTATION

FAMILY I 174,84 m² brutto 122,24 m² netto

FAMILY I - 2 82,28 m² brutto 56,10 m² netto

YOUNG I 72,27 m² brutto 55,60 m² netto

FAMILY II - 1 114,26 m² brutto 80,66 m² netto

1:200

GSEducationalVersion

Family I

Young I

Family II

Sustainable Architecture

Ill. 118

135

PRESENTATION

136

Sustainable Architecture

Ill. 120

Sustainable Architecture

137

PRESENTATION

Top floor render This view is from a family apartment for four people on the third and fourth floor. Here, the special feature of all the bigger apartments in the complex can be seen: A double high eating area next to a open cooking and living area, that not only creates an interesting spatial diversity and light composition, but also allows communication between the upper and the lower floor that enforces the life in the apartment.

3. floor

Block 3

A-A 2

PRESENTATION

B-B

A-A

Ill. 121

1:750

Young I

138

Young II

Sustainable Architecture

Elderly I

Elderly II

Family I

Family II

Block 3

ELDERLY II 92,30 m² brutto 68,06 m² netto

PRESENTATION

FAMILY I - 2 92,59 m² brutto 67,94 m² netto

ELDERLY I 72,76 m² brutto 57,53 m² netto

FAMILY II 206,85 m² brutto 148,60 m² netto

1:200

GSEducationalVersion

Elderly II

Elderly I

Family I

Sustainable Architecture

Ill. 122

139

PRESENTATION

SPACE FOR TECH. INSTALLATIONS - MECH. VENTILATION, LIGHTS

RAILING

ISO-KORB

Ill. 124

140

Sustainable Architecture

Loggia detail

W1 115 mm 50 mm 300 mm 250 mm 20 mm 735 mm = 0,12 W/m2K

30 mm 70-100 mm

- WOODEN FLOORING - SCREED WITH UNDERFLOOR HEATING - THERMAL AND SOUND INSULATION - REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR - SPACE FOR TECHNICAL INSTALLATIONS / ALU GRID - SUSPENDED CEILING - TOTAL

20 mm 50 mm 50 mm 300 mm 410 mm 20 mm 850 mm

400 mm 9 mm 80-40 mm 250 mm 20 mm 890 mm = 0,08 W/m2K

W2 - FACADE PANEL - ALUMINIUM GRID - AIR FLOW - INSULATION - REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL - LIME PLASTER - TOTAL - U-VALUE

- WOODEN BOARDING - SUPPORTING STRUCTURE - POLYTHENE SEPARATING LAYER - XPS INSULATION - 2x WATERPROOF LAYER - CONCRETE (inclination 2%) - REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR - LIME PLASTER - TOTAL - U-VALUE

PRESENTATION

- BRICK FACADE FASTENED TO LOADBEARING STRUCTURE - AIR FLOW - INSULATION - REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL - LIME PLASTER - TOTAL - U-VALUE

10 mm 25 mm 50 mm 300 mm 250 mm 20 mm 655 mm = 0,12 W/m2K

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141

GR R

PRESENTATION

AERATED CONCRETE

SPACE FOR TECH. INSTALLATIONS - MECH. VENTILATION, LIGHTS

Ill. 125

142

Sustainable Architecture

Roof detail

R 100 mm 4 mm 400 mm 9 mm 150-40 mm 300 mm 410 mm 20 mm 1390 mm = 0,08 W/m2K

- HUMUS - FILTER FLEECE - DRAINAGE LAYER - ROOT PROTECTION - SEPARATING LAYER - WATERPROOF LAYER - XPS INSULATION - 2x WATERPROOF LAYER - CONCRETE (inclinatiton 2%) - REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR - SPACE FOR TECHNICAL INSTALLATIONS / ALU GRID - SUSPENDED CEILING - TOTAL - U-VALUE

80 mm 40 mm

4 mm 400 mm 9 mm 150-40 mm 300 mm 410 mm 20 mm 1410 mm = 0,08 W/m2K

PRESENTATION

- PEA GRAVEL 16 / 32 mm - SEPARATING LAYER - WATERPROOF INSULATION - XPS INSULATION - 2x WATERPROOF LAYER - CONCRETE (inclinatiton 2%) - REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR - SPACE FOR TECHNICAL INSTALLATIONS / ALU GRID - SUSPENDED CEILING - TOTAL - U-VALUE

W1 - BRICK FACADE FASTENED TO LOADBEARING STRUCTURE - AIR FLOW - INSULATION - REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL - LIME PLASTER - TOTAL - U-VALUE

115 mm 50 mm 300 mm 250 mm 20 mm 735 mm = 0,12 W/m2K

Sustainable Architecture

143

PRESENTATION

Ill. 126

144

Sustainable Architecture

Technical principle In this project many different active and passive strategies have been considered to stay within the energy frame of BR2020 while still having a good indoor environment during the whole year.

PRESENTATION

A mechanical ventilation is ensuring that the air is ventilated during the heating season so that the polluted air can be used for heat recovery. During cooling season, the windows are used for natural ventilation. The natural ventilation is mainly single sided, but in many apartments, there is an opportunity for cross ventilation across different zones. The inlet of the fresh air is from a shaft that goes to the basement, and the polluted air is being let out on the roof to not disturb the inhabited areas. The rainwater is being harvested from the roof and the surfaces of the urban areas. This water is being stored in the basement underneath the blocks and used for irrigation, laundry and toilet flushing. This takes a lot of the pressure from the local sewer system during floods and reduces the need for groundwater. The solar cells are providing the complex with enough energy so be self-sufficient with electricity. This was also a goal to make sure that the energy used in the complex only would be from a renewable source. The passive initiatives considered in the project is an air-tight thermal envelope with a low u-value corresponding to the standards of BR2020. The placement of balconies and loggias are also used as passive solar shading and only allowing the sun from south to hit the window surface during colder seasons.

Sustainable Architecture

145

BK20 - Percent of the different energy use

18%

Energy consumption - The big block On the other hand, the energy consumption for the big block is calculated because it is the most efficient one regarding the ratio between the envelope and floor area. The big block consumes 13,62 kWh/m2 per year. 62%

BK20 - Percent of the different energy use

18%

20%

62%

20%

Ill. 127 6

kWh / m2

PRESENTATION

1 0 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

3 2

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1 Room heating

kWh/m2

Jan

El. for service of buildings

Feb

Mar

Apr

Equipment

Domestic hot water

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Energy factors BK20: Jan

Room heating

Nov

Heating = 0,6 Feb

Dec

El = 1,8 Mar

Apr

Ill. 128

El. for service of buildings Year BK20

Room heating

1,30

0,80

0,40

0,00

0,30

1,40

4,20

2,52

El. for service of buildings

0,20

0,10

0,00

0,10

0,20

1,50

2,70

Domestic hot water

1,20

1,10

1,20

1,10

1,20

1,10

1,20

1,10

1,20

14,00

8,40

Equipment

2,62

2,36

2,62

2,53

2,62

2,53

2,62

2,53

2,62

2,53

2,62

30,82

Sum

5,32

4,46

4,42

3,73

3,92

3,73

3,82

3,73

3,91

4,23

5,42

50,52

13,62

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Domestic hot water

BK20 - Percent of the different energy use

Energy consumption - The small block 34% The energy consumption is calculated with Be15 for one of the small blocks since it is the most critical one regarding energy use pr. m2. The small block consumes 19,86 kWh/m2 per year. This is higher because of the 50% ratio between the building envelope and floor area.

BK20 - Percent of the different energy use

34%

50%

16%

Ill. 128 16% 6

kWh / m2

1 0 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

3 2

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

PRESENTATION

1 Room heating

kWh/m2

Jan

El. for service of buildings

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Equipment

Domestic hot water

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Energy factors BK20: Jan

Room heating

Nov

Heating = 0,6 Feb

Dec

El = 1,8 Mar

Apr

Ill. 129

El. for service of buildings Year BK20

Room heating

2,80

2,00

1,90

0,00

1,60

2,90

11,20

6,72

El. for service of buildings

0,20

0,10

0,00

0,10

0,20

1,80

3,24

Domestic hot water

1,40

1,30

1,40

1,30

1,40

1,30

1,40

16,50

9,90

Equipment

2,61

2,35

2,61

2,52

2,61

2,52

2,61

2,52

2,61

2,52

2,61

30,67

Sum

7,01

5,85

6,11

4,12

4,11

3,92

4,01

3,92

4,21

5,72

7,11

60,17

19,86

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Domestic hot water

PRESENTATION

Elderly II BSIM simulation Bsim has been used to document the indoor environment inside the most exposed apartment. Because the orientation of the windows are facing south/north an overhang shades the windows from the summer heat, and let in the heat from the sun during heating season. The mechanical ventilation is ensuring a good indoor environment when it is problematic to utilize natural ventilation. This is to ensure a good Co2 level and the heat recovery unit exploits the heat from the used air to heat up the fresh air. During cooling season natural ventilation can be applied in all of the rooms as single sided ventilation. All of the rooms also has the opportunity to utilize natural cross-ventilation by keeping the doors open.

Livingroom / Kitchen (zone I)

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Guestroom (zone II)

Bathroom (zone II)

Ill. 130

900 900 900 800 800 800 700 700 700 600 600 600 500 500 500 400 400 400 300 300 300 200 200 200 100 100 100 0 0 0

Rel RelRel humid humid humid % %%

Relative humidity The relative humidity should not exceed 60-65% during summer and 40-45% during winter. A too high humidity level is not only bad the health but has an impact on the building and could lead to a mold infection inside the building. In the Bsim model, the results show that we have sufficient ventilation regarding humidity.

Jan Jan Jan

Feb Feb Feb

Mar Mar Mar

Apr Apr Apr

May May May

Jun Jun Jun

Jul Jul Jul

Aug Aug Aug

Sep Sep Sep

Oct Oct Oct

Nov Nov Nov

Dec Dec Dec

Ill. 131

CO2 concentration The Co2 level cannot exceed 500 ppm above the outside value, in order to have a good indoor environment. This is prevented by ventilating mechanically during heating season and naturally during cooling season. In the Bsim model, the results shows that the indoor environment are satisfying regarding the Co2 level

Jan Jan Jan

Feb Feb Feb

Mar Mar Mar

Apr Apr Apr

May May May

Jun Jun Jun

Jul Jul Jul

Aug Aug Aug

Sep Sep Sep

Oct Oct Oct

Nov Nov Nov

Dec Dec Dec

Ill. 132

Temperatures Temperatures Temperatures

25 25 25 20 20 20 15 15 15 10 10 10 5 5 5 0 0 0

Jan Jan Jan

Feb Feb Feb

Mar Mar Mar

Apr Apr Apr

May May May

Jun Jun Jun

Jul Jul Jul

Aug Aug Aug

Sep Sep Sep

Oct Oct Oct

Nov Nov Nov

Dec Dec Dec

Temperatures In order not to have problems with overheating the number of hours above 26 degrees can not exceed 100 hours per year, and the hours above 27 can not exceed 25 hours per year. This can be ensured with passive strategies such as solar shading and natural ventilation. The result from the Bsim model shows that overheating wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be a problem in the apartment.

Ill. 133 Bathroom (zone I) Bathroom Bathroom (zone (zone I) I)

Guestroom (zone II) Guestroom Guestroom (zone (zone II) II)

Livingroom / Kitchen (zone III) Livingroom Livingroom // Kitchen Kitchen (zone (zone III) III)

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PRESENTATION

ppm ppm ppm

70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0

150

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Conclusion Based on different user and context analysis a proposal to a sustainable residential building complex has been created. Various urban and visual qualities that have been discovered in an early analysis phase, have been used to define different zones at the site. This adds to the concept of achieving a social sustainability by providing a variety of settings to different users. The buildings are referring to its surrounding context in a subtle way, but with a modern touch. While the design of the faĂ§ades facing the streets relates more to an urban setting with different public functions on the ground floor, the building form is more open more towards the creek. The single blocks and zones are connected by a â&#x20AC;&#x153;social beltâ&#x20AC;? that stretches throughout the site.

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ENDING

Reflection After the project has ended many aspects and thoughts could be reevaluated from the process to the finished proposal. The entrance solutions to the parking area that should serve as ”forced” meeting points for the residents on their way to and from their apartments could have been investigated in more detail. Also, their look and their connection to the ”social belt” could have been defined further. The paths running through the “social belt” could also have been more defined to improve the interactions amongst the residents. Furthermore, it could be questioned whether or not the concept of the social diversity works better in theory than it would do in real life. More material studies could have been made to figure out how different textures and colours would impact the outdoor space and the covered loggias.

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ENDING

Cosgrove, D. (2002). Mappings. London: Reaktion Books, pp.211-252 – Corner J., The Agency of Mapping.

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Aalborg.dk. (2017). Download Aalborg Kommunes 3D bymodel. [online] Available at: https://www.aalborg.dk/om-kommunen/kort/aalborg-i-3d [Accessed 1 Oct. 2017].

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Schmeichel, K. (2017). Hvor høj må luftfugtigheden være indendørs?. [online] Bolius. dk. Available at: https://www.bolius.dk/hvor-hoej-maa-luftfugtigheden-vaere-indendoers-24946/ [Accessed 7 Oct. 2017].

Dst.dk. (2017). Dwellings. [online] Available at: https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/ levevilkaar/boligforhold/boliger [Accessed 12 Dec. 2017]. Dgnb-system.de. (2017). DGNB System - Certificate for sustainable and green building. [online] Available at: http://www.dgnb-system.de/en/system/certification_system/ [Accessed 6 Nov. 2017]. Moodle. (2017). Sustainability Certification Systems. [online] Available at: https://www. moodle.aau.dk/mod/folder/view.php?id=610801 [Accessed 6 Nov. 2017].

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Moodle. (2017). Design Principles - designing holistic Zero Energy Buildings 1/2. [online] Available at: https://www.moodle.aau.dk/mod/folder/view.php?id=610938 [Accessed 27 Oct. 2017]. Moodle. (2017). Buildings Microclimate, Building form and layout, Solar Heating. [online] Available at: https://www.moodle.aau.dk/mod/folder/view.php?id=610941 [Accessed 27 Oct. 2017]. Moodle. (2017). Design Principles - designing holistic Zero Energy Buildings 2/2. [online] Available at: https://www.moodle.aau.dk/mod/folder/view.php?id=610943 [Accessed 27 Oct. 2017]. Moodle. (2017). Passive and natural cooling. [online] Available at: https://www.moodle. aau.dk/mod/folder/view.php?id=610946 [Accessed 27 Oct. 2017]. Moodle. (2017). Modeling of natural and hybrid ventilation 1/2. [online] Available at: https://www.moodle.aau.dk/mod/folder/view.php?id=610954 [Accessed 27 Oct. 2017]. effekt.dk. (2017). Regen Villages. [online] Available at: https://www.effekt.dk/regenvillages/ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Aart.dk. (2017). Nicolinehus. [online] Available at: http://aart.dk/da/projekter/nicolinehus [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Lynch, P. (2017). MVRDV and SDK Vastgoed Selected to Design Sustainable Housing Complex in Eindhoven. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily. com/875759/mvrdv-and-sdk-vastgoed-selected-to-design-sustainable-housing-complex-in-eindhoven [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017].

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ENDING

Illustrations list Ill. 1 Ill. 2 Ill. 3 Ill. 4 Ill. 5 II. 6 Ill. 7 Ill. 8 Ill. 9 Ill. 10 Ill. 11 Ill. 12 Ill. 13 Ill. 14 Ill. 15 Ill. 16 Ill. 17 Ill. 18 Ill. 19 Ill. 20 Ill. 21 Ill. 22 Ill. 23 Ill. 24 Ill. 25 Ill. 26 Ill. 27 Ill. 28 Ill. 29 Ill. 30 Ill. 31 Ill. 32 Ill. 33 Ill. 34 Ill. 35 Ill. 36 Ill. 37 Ill. 38 Ill. 39 Ill. 40 Ill. 41 Ill. 42 Ill. 43 Ill. 44 Ill. 45

Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own image Own image Own image Own image Own image Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production

- Integrated design process - Gordon Cullen - Gordon Cullen - Gordon Cullen - Jan Gehl - Jan Gehl - Aalborg (kortforsyningen.dk) - Local plan (kortforsyningen.dk) - Vegetation (kortforsyningen.dk) - Transport (kortforsyningen.dk) - Serial vision (kortforsyningen.dk) - Serial vision - Serial vision - Nature side - City side - Østerå - Sun (dmi.dk) - Precipitation (dmi.dk) - Wind (dmi.dk) - Temperature (dmi.dk) - Noise (miljøgis.dk) - Air pollution (lpdv-en.spartialsuite.dk) - Section site B-B - Map (kortforsyningen.dk) - Section site A-A - Functions (kortforsyningen.dk) - Building heights (kortforsyningen.dk) - Morphology (kortforsyningen.dk) - Demographic (aalborg.dk) - Demographic (aalborg.dk) - Demographic (aalborg.dk) - Building typography - Building typography - Building typography - Building typography - Building typography - Building typography - Building typography - Collage sense of home - User analysis - User behavior - User behavior - Building program - Building program - Building program

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Ill. 46 Ill. 47 Ill. 48 Ill. 49 Ill. 50 Ill. 51 Ill. 52 Ill. 53 Ill. 54 Ill. 55 Ill. 56 Ill. 57 Ill. 58 Ill. 59 Ill. 60 Ill. 61 Ill. 62 Ill. 63 Ill. 64 Ill. 65 Ill. 66 Ill. 67 Ill. 68 Ill. 69 Ill. 70 Ill. 71 Ill. 72 Ill. 73 Ill. 74 Ill. 75 Ill. 76 Ill. 77 Ill. 78 Ill. 79 Ill. 80 Ill. 81 Ill. 82 Ill. 83 Ill. 84 Ill. 85 Ill. 86 Ill. 87 Ill. 88 Ill. 89 Ill. 90 Ill. 91

Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Regel villages Nicolinehus MVRDV Nieuw Bergen The Mountain Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production

- Building program - DGNB criteria - Passive and active strategies - Passive and active strategies - Passive and active strategies - (effekt.dk) - (aart.dk) - (mvrdv.nl) - (archdaily.com) - Design criteria - Concept - Form studies - Form studies - Collage urban thoughts - Drawings urban thoughts - Drawings urban thoughts - Mixing user groups - Development of the ”Social belt” - Midterm proposal - MIdterm urban thoughts - MIdterm urban thoughts - Form studies - Further development of the ”Social belt” - Final proposal - Determining the Gap between the blocks - Determining the Gap between the blocks - Determining the Gap between the blocks - Determining the Gap between the blocks - Solar cells design - Design of the private outdoor spaces - Design of the private outdoor spaces - Design of the private outdoor spaces - Design of the private outdoor spaces - Design of the private outdoor spaces - Decision of the facade materials - Decision of the facade materials - Decision of the facade materials - Decision of the facade materials - Decision of the facade materials - Decision of the facade materials - Decision of the facade materials - Decision of the facade materials - Dimensioning of the windows - Dimensioning of the windows - Dimensioning of the windows - Dimensioning of the windows

Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own image Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production Own production

- Masterplan - ”The social belt” - Vegetation types - Social zones - Social zones - Social zones - Under render 1 - Under render 2 - Under render 3 - Elevation west - Cross section A-A - Elevation east - Elevation north - Cross section B-B - Elevation south - Østerå - Building program - Building program - Building program - Building program - Plan 1:750 - Plan 1:200 - Indoor render 1 - Plan 1:750 - Plan 1:200 - Plan 1:750 - Plan 1:200 - Indoor render 2 - Plan 1:750 - Plan 1:200 - Loggia detail - Roof detail - Technical principle - Energy comsumption - The big block - Energy comsumption - The big block - Energy comsumption - The small block - Energy comsumption - The small block - BSIM simulation - Relative humidty - CO2 concentration - Temperatures

ENDING

Ill. 92 Ill. 93 Ill. 94 Ill. 95 Ill. 96 Ill. 97 Ill. 98 Ill. 99 Ill. 100 Ill. 101 Ill. 102 Ill. 103 Ill. 104 Ill. 105 Ill. 106 Ill. 107 Ill. 108 Ill. 109 Ill. 110 Ill. 111 Ill. 112 Ill. 113 Ill. 114 Ill. 115 Ill. 116 Ill. 117 Ill. 118 Ill. 119 Ill. 120 Ill. 121 Ill. 122 Ill. 123 Ill. 124 Ill. 125 Ill. 126 Ill. 127 Ill. 128 Ill. 129 Ill. 130 Ill. 131 Ill. 132

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