Public Evolution in Hong Kong Concrete Jungle

Public Evolution in Hong Kong Concrete Jungle

Please Wake Up ! The Public Region

BA (Hons) Interior Design Birmingham City University Jacky Chan Wai Hin

Level 6 / 2 - Signature Project Feasibility Report

Public Evolution in Hong Kong Concrete Jungle Š 2015 Birmingham City University & School for Higher and Professional Education (SHAPE) Published in Hong Kong in 2015 by Jacky Chan Wai Hin, Bachelor of Arts (Hons) Interior Design 14/15

by Birmingham City University, School for Higher and Professional Education (SHAPE) Room 431, 25 Hiu Ming Street, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Tel: (852) 95778645 keyboychanwaihin@gmail.com Advisor : KK. Kwok

Copyright Š 2015 Jacky Chan Wai Hin Bachelor of Arts (Hons) Interior Design 14/15

by Birmingham City University & School for Higher and Professional Education (SHAPE)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owners.

Printed in Hong Kong

Public Evolution in Hong Kong Concrete Jungle Jacky Chan Wai Hin

Hong Kong Needs Public Space, Not Open Space

Fight For the Real Public ...

Content Abstract

What is Public Space

1

Public Space in Kong Kong

- Value of Public Spaces in a Concrete Jungle - Relationship Between Public and Community

- Zoning of Hong Kong Public Spaces - Usage of Public Spaces

2 Condition of Public Space in Kong Kong

- Target Users of Spaces - Transitional Punlic Access - Leveling of Public Space in a Concrete Jungle

- Transformation of Public Space in Hong Kong - Behavior of Teenagers in Hong Kong Ǧ

3 Disposition of Public Spaces

4

- A Consumer Concrete Jungle Ǧ ơ

- An Exotic Space

- Speaking of Public Spaces - Shifting of Public Spaces

Content Cast Study

Conclusion

5 6

Ǧ ȋ Ȍ - Superkilen Urban Park

- Future Public Space in Hong Kong - Public Evolution - Recommendation - Design - Site - Client - User

References

Abstract The

outdoor living habit of Hong Kong people especially teenagers is unfriendly. They grew up in a concrete jungle and live in a box. They have less communication with nature.

Although there is pre-existing education about natural preservation for teenagers, their living notion lacks contact with natural and exterior elements.

Teenagers in Hong Kong have ignored public spaces and natural environments in the city. Why do they choose to spend time in shopping malls and other interior spaces? Are the public spaces in Hong Kong so boring and unattractive ?

Although they are huge numbers of public spaces in Hong Kong, those are full of rules and limitations. Can these places still be considered Public Spaces ?

What is the meaning of Public in our city?

ơ for public spaces and it can be the core of our city.

Public space is a place that can bring people real freedom, real joy and real comfort.

Hong Kong needs Real Public Spaces.

1

What is Public Space Value of Public Spaces in Concrete Jungle Public space is a space that everyone can go Ǥ ơ grounds can enjoy these areas . This is a space that is open forever without time limits. Public space should represent freedom.

The word Public is equal to “common good” in a society (Richard Sennett 2007, The fall of Public Man). That means public space is a comfort space. People can do things they want without any consumption. Ƥ joy in this space. It can also be a linear space ơ Ǥ Ǥ Public space is a place where the sun shines, a sittable space. It is a comfortable space.

A space represent ”Common Good”.

Public space is the body of city that connect ǡ Ǥ Dz dz metaphor in Hong Kong. Citizen are going in Ancient Agora of Classical Athens. At that time, there is a large town central square.

Anyone can freely, play and even trade in the Ǥ Dz dz square. It is gradually becoming the social and political center. After that, the concept Ǥ spread to other citie’s square and becoming “living room” will be the public spaces in a today's "public space." city. Public space is the nature of concrete jungle, it is a living room for citizen which Public space is the social core of a city. With- can provide transition, circulation, waiting out public space, there is no city will be area and many possibilities without time formed. The advertence and requisition of limited. ƪ city. Public space can shows the social rela- Without public space, the concrete jungle tions and sense of national pride of a city. will die or become paralysis.

Relationship Between Public and Community A

ơ spaces with diverse function and character, but they all have a common point. It is the cohesion of community.

In previous Hong Kong, the neighbourhood of citizen and community is fascinating and strong. Especially in the residential region such as public housing Ǥ

the buildings. No matter they are children, adult or elder, they spend most

interesting life episode. They are welcome to greet anyone. Some elder sitting beside are playing chess, some of the children are gathering with neighbours (Figure 1.1-2). Although the activi ơ others, but they do not have any generation gap and boundary.

Citizens create a harmonious community through public space. They enjoy the period and sense of public space.

“Public space occupies an important ideological position in democratic societies ”(Don Mitchell 2003, The Right to The city). People can discuss common ques politics. ǯ sense of belonging of city and nation.

But nowadays, Public spaces have became deserted, people gradually forgotten the public spaces that belong to themselves.

Figure 1.1

Ka Fuk Estate 1996

Photo By Hong Kong Housing Authority

Figure 1.2

Ping Shek Estate 1975

Photo By Hong Kong Housing Authority

2

Public Space In Hong Kong Zoning of Hong Kong Public Space The zoning of public spaces and the structure of city is a couple. Public spaces are formed by the density of city. On the other hand, the density and area of buildings are ruled by the shape of streets.

The zoning of public space have considered the Ƥ Ǥ directly that the public spaces have decided the usage and rule of the spaces. Is the spaces remain “freedom” ? These are already became an open spaces.

For example, there must be many parks or it can be mentioned as recreational spaces have been installed elder gym and children facilities located near public housing region (Figure 2.1).

ǡ ƥ Ǥ ȋ ͚Ǥ͚ȌǤ Some of the public are located at the corner of street (Figure 2.3). Ƥ

limition of the space. The space is not public, it is an open space.

A space with pseudo-freedom ...

Figure 2.1 Yan Oi Street Playground, Wong Tai Sin Author Photo

Figure 2.2 Tsun Yip Street Playground, Kwun Tong Author Photo

Figure 2.3 Hong Keu Street Corner Author Photo

The spaces are quiet in weekdays and no one shows any interest in it except children and elders.

Public spaces are isolated by the commerical buildings.

The location is very conspicuous.

Usage of Public Space Average Usage of Pubic Space

A

report from aduit commission in 2014 about the public and recreational •’ƒ…‡• •Š‘™• –Š‡ Žƒ–‡•– —•ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹… spaces in Hong Kong (Figure 2.4).

27%

53%

On average 10 or more visitors per 2 Hours On average 100 or more visitors per 2 Hours

20% Figure 2.4

On average less than 10 visitors per 2 Hours

Data : Audit Commission 2014, Chapter 7 Author Diagram

I• ‹�’‘”–ƒ�– –‘ …‘�•‹†‡” Š‘™ ’‡‘’Ž‡ —•‡ the public spaces. People are able to Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” ‘™� ”‹‰Š– –‘ †‡…‹†‡ ™Šƒ– –Š‡› ™ƒ�– –‘ †‘ ‹� –Š‡ •’ƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡ •’ƒ…‡ �—•– remain the purpose of freedom. —„Ž‹… •’ƒ…‡• ‹� ‘�‰ ‘�‰ ƒ”‡ —�™‡Ž…‘�‡Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡ ™‘—Ž† ‘�Ž› †‘ –Š‹�‰• –Šƒ– relate to the exist objects of the space.

They are not able to breakthrough the boundary of rule and create things ™‘�†‡” ‹� ’—„Ž‹… •’ƒ…‡•Ǥ

Most of parks and squares in Hong Kong have installed recrational facililies such as elder gym for elders and playground for child, but is that only these –™‘ ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ Â?‡‡† ’—„Ž‹… Â•Â’ÂƒÂ…Â‡ÇŤ Are the facilities really suitable for their interest? It is important to consider the sense and participation of space. To feel proud of the unique cultural heritage in Hong Kong.

Public space is a place for “Communicat‹Â?‰ ‡–™‡‡Â? ‹–‹œ‡Â?•dzǤ

Timeline of Usage in Public Spaces (Weekdays)

Timeline of Usage in Public Spaces (Weekend)

12pm

12pm

11am

11am 1pm

1pm 2pm

2pm

10am

9pm

10am

3pm

9am

9pm

3pm

9am

am

am

4pm

4pm

8pm

8pm 7pm

7pm 5pm

5pm

6pm

Figure 2.5

6pm

Most

Less

Figure 2.6

Most

Less

Author Data & Diagram

Author Data & Diagram

People spend most time in public spaces like park in lunch time or tea time. (Figure 2.5)

It seems like a bustling public spaces in ™‡‡Â?‡Â?† Č‹ ‹‰—”‡ ÍšÇ¤ÍžČŒÇ¤ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ •–ƒ„Ž‡ Š—Â?ƒÂ? ƪ‘™ ˆ”‘Â? –Š‡ Â?‘”Â?‹Â?‰ –‘ Â?‹‰Š–fall.

– ‹• –Š‡ ‘�Ž› ”‡•–‹�‰ –‹�‡ ‹� ™‡‡�†ƒ›• ˆ‘” ‘�‰ ‘�‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡ •’‡…‹ƒŽ ™‘”�‡”• and students.

In fact, most of the visitor of public •’ƒ…‡ ‹� ™‡‡�‡�† ƒ”‡ �‘– Ž‘…ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡‹‰� ™‘”�‡” ‹� ‘�‰ ‘�‰Ǥ

Target Users of Public Spaces T Ƥ ǡ space’s facilities, materials and programme.

If you observe the roads in Hong Kong ǡ Ƥ

for people (Figure 2.7). They are unfriendly for people to stay and take rest. So there are many little parks or

buildings in Hong Kong.

Figure 2.7 Rumsey Street, Sheung Wan Author Photo

Figure 2.8 Kai Tak East Playground, Wong Tai Sin Author Photo

Parks

have been installed

ȋ ͚Ǥ͠ȌǤ ever, there are some sport facilities such as elder gym and chinese chess table that mainly for the elders (Figure 2.9).

There are also playgrounds mainly located near residential region that have installed recreational facilities like

ǡ ǡ Ǧ ǡ monkey bar and jungle gym Ǥ public spaces are mainly provide for the children and families.

Figure 2.9 Yau Ma Tei Community Centre West Garden, Yau Ma Tei Photo by go2tutor

Although there are sport venues such as tennis court and football grounds for the public, but the venues are ruled by time limitation. Users can not enjoy public spaces freely (Figure 2.10).

Figure 2.10 Kai Tak East Playground, Wong Tai Sin Author Photo

Transitional Public Access H‘Â?‰ ‘Â?‰ ‹• ƒ –”ƒÂ?•‹‡Â?– ƒÂ?† –‡Â?•‹˜‡ …‹–› ™‹–Š quick living rhythm. Citizens demand for fast ’”‘…‡•• ƒÂ?† “—‹…Â? ‡Ƽ…‹‡Â?…›Ǥ Many linear spaces like footbridge can pass through buildings to reach malls and underground spaces such as MTR stations in a fastest •’‡‡† ™‹–Š‘—– ƒÂ?› …‘Â?ƪ‹…– Č‹ ‹‰—”‡ ÍšÇ¤Í™Í™ČŒÇ¤ Š‡ transitional spaces have built the frame of sky …‹–›Ǥ • –Š‡ Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡ ™‹–Š‘—– ‘’‡Â? ƒÂ?† ‰”‘—Â?† spaces become the trend of Hong Kong?

The transitional spaces can improve the accessi„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘Â?Â?—Â?‹–›Ǥ —– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‘Â?‡ Žƒ–‡Â?– •‹†‡ ‡ƥ‡…–•ǥ –Š‹• ™‘—Ž† ’—•Š —’ –Š‡ ”‡“—‡•–• ‘ˆ Ž‹Â?Â?ƒ‰‡ ƒÂ?† …‘Â?Â?‡…–‹‘Â? „‡–™‡‡Â? ’Žƒ…‡•Ǥ – ™‘—Ž† Â?ƒÂ?‡ –Š‡ …‹–› Â?‘”‡ –‡Â?•‡”Ǥ If this trend keep develop rapidly, the opportunity of people to contact public spaces on ‰”‘—Â?† ™‘—Ž† „‡…‘Â?‡ Â?‘”‡ Ž‡•• ‘” ‡˜‡Â? ignored.

Public Access Hong Kong

$

$ $

$

$

$ SKY LE VEL

$

$

$

$ Sky Garden Connections / Transitions Residential Area

$

$

GROU

UNDER

ND

GROU

ND

Commerical Area

$

Public Gathering Space

Figure 2.11

Consuming Activity

Author Data & Diagram

Leveling of Public Space in a Concrete Jungle A Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ȋ Ȍ ȋƤ ͚Ǥ͙͚ȌǤ has been decreased.

promote sky recreational open spaces. They named the space as “Sky Garden”. When there are commerical events take place in malls, the sky garden can be a extra place for exhibition.

Some of the sky gardens also taken to become exterior spaces of restaurants in malls. The sense

ơ Ǥ Is it possible to bring all the public spaces up to the sky? Or even to create an aero-amphibious public journey for future ?

PUBLIC SPACE IN CONCRETE JUNGLE

PUBLIC SPACE

Public Space

Public spaces are normally big area and spaces such as parks & squares.

LINEAR SPACE

Public Space

Buildings squeeze public spaces into roads. It is a connection of a city.

Public Space Public Space

IN BETWEEN SPACE FOOTBRIDEG & UNDER SPACE Building try to release ground or middle level to become public space. Public space became trunks between diffferent buildings.

Figure 2.12 Author Diagram

PUBLIC PEDESTRIAN PASSAGE Public space lost it’s rights. The scale & zones are form by buildings. It start to become the circulation path in a city.

ELEVATION OF PUBLIC SPACES IN HONG KONG

UNDER BRIDGE SPACE SKY GARDEN (SEMI-OPEN)

SITTING-OUT AREA

ROADS/ ALLEY WAYS

SUBURBAN

PLAZZA

STAIRS WAITING AREA

ON WATER ?????????

PROMENADE

FOOTBRIDGE

PLAYGROUND & PARKS

Figure 2.13 Author Data& Diagram

3

Condition Of Public Space in Hong Kong

Transformation of Public Space in Hong Kong In the past of Hong Kong, public spaces are the main gathering and activity area of the city. People spent all the day in public on holidays and time in free.

As the urban development going rapidly, the public spaces start to release its land for developers to build private architecture such as malls and commercial buildings. It is the scenario of “Public Release Private”.

The private land owners willing to open the spaces to public and provide a new gathering point that encourage people to consuming and promote new lifestyle. But this source of communication was came out with the expense of money. People become accustomed to the living system under surprises and satisfactions come from consumerism. Malls has became new public space. At the same time, developers try to bring the exterior experience to the malls and to create a public space in private space. And now the situation reverse to become “Private Release Public” (Figure 3.1).

Without money, do they still have the right and freedom in the space? Is the “New Public Space” really public?

Rightly to say, the “New Public Spaces” are only open spaces in a city. To be serious to describe this space, it is a “Pseudo-Public Space”.

THE RELEASING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

OPEN SPACE SEMI-OPEN SPACE

“NEW PUBLIC SPACE” ENCLOSE RULED SPACE

Building

$

$

PUBLIC SPACE

$

OPEN SPACE

$

Ground

$

With no obstruct Without time limit Without comsumption Welcome people with different backgrounds

Aim to release more public space People oriented

Time limite Commerical Promote new lifestyle Motion base on rules Stimulate sales & profits Encourage people consuming

Building Public Space

Figure 2.11

New Public Space

Author Data & Diagram Gathering

$

Consuming

Figure 3.1 Author Data & Diagram

Figure 3.2 Hysan Place , Causeway Bay Photo By Panoramio

Figure 3.3

APM, Kwun Tong

Photo by The Hong Kong Tourism Board

Figure 3.4 Hysan Place , Causeway Bay Photo By Panoramio

Gather in Malls, Public Consuming...

Behavior of Teenagers Teenagers enjoy to have there holiday in Figure 3.5 Hysan Place , Causeway Bay Photo By Panoramio

shopping malls rather than go to suburban area or public spaces. They marked shopping malls as their gathering point (Figure 3.2 3.3). During comsuming, they will got surprise and things they need (Figure 3.5). Interior area in Hong Kong Ƥ ȋ 3.4). This living pattern have become a “must” in their daily life.

Shopping malls have became teenager’s New Public Space. Can we guide teenagers to change their mind of “shopping holidays”?

“You can't rely on bringing people downtown, you have to put them there.” (Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities).

We can put the living system outside exterior or near their living spaces to educate them a new holiday concept. It can be festivals relate to their habits.

Managing a Concrete Jungle Citizen are living in a script. Every human activity, event and motion are manage and monitor by the land’s owner or spotter. The owners controlled the process of human activities or even the result of space. This situation mostly happen in private space like malls and theme parks.

The malls and parks administrate the daily life of Hong Kong people and became transitions between spaces. Citizen can’t get out of this living pattern and they have accepted this ruled life unwittingly. Malls has became a space with high stream of people subconsciously. Malls has become Public Interior Space of citizens.

The managment of space is now extending to public spaces. Public spaces ought to manage by the governmant, but in recent years, the government give the managing right of public space to private companies. Developers add a lot of restrictions to the use of public spaces. They have destroyed the real meaning of public space. The sense of public space has gone.

Even though in parks, they are full of rule and limition (Figure 3.6-8).

Public space advocate sociability. People can meeting and exchange without any necessary objectives, this is what private space can not happen perfectly. People in Hong Kong are living in a managing concrete jungle.

Figure 3.6

Choi Hung Road Park, Wong Tai Sin

Author Photo

Figure 3.7

Kowloon Park, Tsim Sha Tsui

Photo By Strippedpixel

Figure 3.8 Author Photo

Morse Park, Wong Tai Sin

A Consumer Concrete Jungle Citizens are living in a consumerist nirvana. They can ơ such watching movies and dining. They live in a promotional space. Although people are not going to ǡ ơ visual interest and gravity to spend. When money is limited, desire is always unlimited. It seems like people are in love with consumerism.

Sometimes, the commerical evenst will take place in public spaces like parks. These events have eroded the public spaces.Public space was controled by the growth of consuming concrete jungle. “ This illusion of freedom alongside a sense of belonging only succeeds in constructing a citizen of the consumer society and not as a citizen of the city.” ( Steven Miles and Malcolm Miles 2004, Consuming Cities) Without money, people will lose their freedom. The nirvana is illusory (Figure 3.9).

Proportion Diagram of Satisfaction and Profitability in Malls and Public Space

Money

In Malls (With Consuming)

Money

Proportional

10000

10000

1000

1000

100

100

0

100

1000

10000

Goods/ Services

0

In Public Space (Without Consuming)

Infinitely & Unpredictable

100

1000

10000

Figure 3.9 Author Data & Diagram

“Consumption has become so fundamental to city life that cities have actually lost a sense of place. Cities are no more than simulated centres of post-modern reality.� ( Steven Miles and Malcolm Miles 2004, Consuming Cities)

City needs public spaces to balance the heteromorphism in a consuming jungle.

They need real public in both physical and mentally. If citizens spent all days in

interior spaces, is that possible to development a interior public for the community? It is possible to genrate a new lifestyle of living in public.

Goods/ Services

Figure 3.10 Harbour City Entrance Path Tsim Sha Tsui (2014) Author Photo

Flexible Space

Figure 3.11 Maritime Square, Tsing Yi (2013) Author Photo

Figure 3.12 East Point City, Tseung Kwan O (2012) Author Photo

Open Area / Courtyard in HK’s Malls (Seasonal Public Activities)

LS

AI

PS

/

T RE

O SH

r

io

er

t In

Figure 3.13 Programme

r

rio

e xt

Author Data & Diagram

E

ơ Interior The interior spaces in Hong Kong are

ƪ ȋ ͛Ǥ͙͛ȌǤ Each interior space have their own character and functions in dissimilar festivals. It provides a comfortable ơ the bad weather in exterior spaces (Figure 3.10-12).

However, there is a clear boundary between interior and public spaces generate by the development of interior spaces and buildings.

Figure 3.14 Tung Tau Tsuen Park, Wong Tai Sin Author Photo

Figure 3.15 Tung Tau Tsuen Park, Wong Tai Sin Author Photo

Parks and Squares in HK (Public Activities)

S

Figure 3.16 Author Data & Diagram

S

K AR

P

People only go to malls and forgot the exist of public space.Public spaces are lonely and aparted from the city.

As the interior spaces develope well and rapidly, they started to erode outdoor region such as public spaces.

Public spaces have lost their right and identity.

r

rio

e xt

E

U

Q

/S

E AR

Fixed Order

Programme

An Exotic Space

Population of Foreign Workers in HK

284901 people

There is an interesting scenario in parks and footbridges at weekend. The public space will become an exotic space in weekend. It seems like it is a place in Philippines or Indonesia.

In fact, there are many numbers of foreign domestic workers in Hong Kong and they are searching for a wide space that can contain a big groups of friends simultaneously (Figure 2.17,18).

3% Figure 3.17

‘— …ƒÂ? ƤÂ?† Ž‘–• ‘ˆ ˆ‘”‡‹‰Â? †‘Â?‡•–‹… ™‘”Â?‡”• gathering and processing there festival on footbridges and Victoria Park of Causeway Bay (Figure 3.20,22).

Population of Foreign Workers Population of HK People and others

Data : Immigration Department Author Diagram and Photo

Public spaces is a wonderland for them to enjoy their hoildays and continue their culture and …—•–‘Â? ‹Â? ‘Â?‰ ‘Â?‰Ǥ Š‡› —•‡ •’ƒ…‡• ƪ‡š‹„Ž› ‹Â? †‹ƥ‡”‡Â?– —Â?’”‡†‹…–ƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ›•Ǥ Public space in Hong Kong is an exotic space at weekend. This condition and scene has become an icon of Hong Kong public spaces.

Figure 3.19 The Lane, Hang Hau Author Photo

Nationality of Foreign Workers in HK 2%

1%

284901 People 49%

48% Figure 3.20 ictoria Park, Causeway Bay Photo by aamacau

Figure 3.18 Philippines Indonesia Thailand

Data : Immigration Department

Others

Author Diagram and Photo Figure 3.21 Photo By

HSBC Main Building, Central u Jia Jun of Otaku

ơ public to process their activities (Figure 3.19). Ƥ privacy and groups which can be a stall or even a stage for gathering and performing (Figure 3.21).

Programmes generate by foreign workers are spontaneous and that is what local citizen is lacking to the public spaces.

Figure 3.22

Central Bridge

Photo By Orientaldaily

4

Disposition Of Public Space

Speaking of Public Spaces “Public space occupies an important ideological position in democratic societies” (Don Mitchell 2003, The Right To The City). People have used the public spaces as gathering places for communicating between citizens and discussing public questions. The decoration and movement of spaces can speck out the life opinion and political attitude of the community.

The phenomenon of parade on streets is a Ƥ spaces. In the past of Hong Kong, Victoria Park in Causeway Bay is the main gathering place for political discussion. They able to unite side of self-supporters to participate group events in big square. However, it is unfortunately that Ƥ Ǥ the activities are held on an open space, but the transference of political voices are not listen by target listener. The space and activities are open, but the outcome are enclosed. ǡ to evolute to a movement. The activities in parks are too limie for them. Public needs breakthrough.People start to break the limitation and boundary of public space and try to use the spaces that is not possible to step on before.

They go to transport roads and parade on it.

ơ and voice can turn a dead space to a boisterous stage.

Shifting of Public Spaces The concept of "public space" is illustrated by the term "open space". "Open space means any land with the minimum of building structure which has been reserved for either passive or active recreation and provides major or minor recreational facili ǡ Ƥcance, which is for the use and enjoyment of the general public. It includes park and ǡ Ȁ Ƥ ǡ nade, pavilion, sitting out area, pedestrian area and bathing beach."

(Hong Kong Public Space Initiative) The concept of public spaces in Hong Kong is blurred. People thought that the lands they are using are public space but in fact it is not. The behavior of parade has betrayed their thoughts. “Public Space” is a pseudonym of open spaces. They leave the open spaces and continue their activities in a public space.

Public space have shift back in its right position.

Hong Kong need Public Space, not Open Space.

A space can ”Speak” and “Move”.

The central contradiction at the heart of public space is that it demands a certain disorder and unpredictability to function as a democratic public space, and yet democratic theory posits that a certain orden and rationality are vital to the success of democratic discourse.

(Don Mitchell 2003, The Right To The City) In this age with regardless of any generation, people are seeking for a breakthrough under political pressure. They want to let everyone to listen their voices and think of the common social issue through the core of city - Public Space. Public Space is speaking.

5 Cast Study Harcourt Village Umbrella Movement Harcourt Road, Admiralty Hong Kong, 2014

Harcourt Road is one of important Ƥ ͚͙͘͜Ǥ Ƥ Ǥ parade is not ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ Ƥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ destination of ǫ

Is not only the attraction of political stance, the most fascinating thing is the unpredictable and participation of space.

Environment ǣ

Section of Study Platform

in Harcourt Ǥ

Open Space Frame

Ǥ

Platform / Table

Ǥ

Stone parapet

ǡ ƥ Ǥ ǡ

ȋ ͝Ǥ͙ȌǤ

Ǥ

Figure 5.2 Author Photo

Harcourt Road, Admiralty

Ground Figure 5.1 Author Diagram

Figure 5.3 Author Photo

Harcourt Road, Admiralty

Figure 5.4

Harcourt Road, Admiralty

Author Photo

Form Ƥ Ǥ Ƥ Ǥ ǣ

Figure 5.5

Harcourt Road, Admiralty

Author Photo

Ǥ Ƥ

Ƥ ȋ ͝Ǥ͜Ǧ͝ȌǤ

Figure 5.6

Harcourt Road, Admiralty

Author Photo

Figure 5.7 Author Photo

Harcourt Road, Admiralty

Ǥ ǯ ƪ ȋ ͝Ǥ͟ȌǤ Ǥ

Figure 5.8 Lennon Wall, Harcourt Road, Admiralty Author Photo

Material

ơ Ǥ ȋ ͝Ǥ͠Ǧ͡Ȍ ǣ

Figure 5.9 Lennon Wall, Harcourt Road, Admiralty Author Photo

Ǧ

ǡ ȋ ͝Ǥ͙͘ȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

Figure 5.10 Author Photo

Harcourt Road, Admiralty

Superkilen Urban Park Copenhagen, Denmark, 2012

S

ơ ȋ ͝Ǥ͙​͙ȌǤ

Figure 5.11

Superkilen Urban Park,Copenhagen, Denmark

Photo by Center for active design

Culture ƪ ȋ ͝Ǥ͙͚ǡ͙͜ȌǤ ǣ

ǯ ȋ ͝Ǥ͙͛ȌǤ

Figure 5.12

Superkilen Urban Park,Copenhagen, Denmark

Photo by Center for active design

Design Structure of Superkilen Urban Park

Community Programme Culture Habits Participation

Figure 5.13 Author Diagram

Figure 5.14

Superkilen Urban Park,Copenhagen, Denmark

Photo by Center for active design

Design

6 Conclusion Future Public Space in Hong Kong T

he public space in future will be the only space people can breathe fresh air in a concrete jungle.

The nature of public space will changed from a core of city to parts of city. The spaces are not concentrating and it is the foil part of buildings.

As the urban development grows rapidly, the density of buildings are high. Public spaces on ground such as parks and squares will become a dark space because the spaces may not be illuminated by sunlight.

The major activities on ground are consuming and transportations and they are both connected. The design possibilities will be held on the sky level of city. Public spaces will locate near people’s living levels. At the same time, the accessible demands of people living on sky level are intense. Public spaces will become the platform ơ Ǧ Ǥ ơ ent levels on sky and the scene of public events and movements are perspective. The possibilities of events that happen in public spaces are ƪ freedom.

A space change to be ”Common Interest”...

Public Evolution The evolution of public space and the community are closely related. “Behavior Shift Spaces” will become a new big trend in future space development. No matter interior or ǡ ƪ Ǥ the city will change constantly in a high speed.

Hong Kong needs to consider the “Shifting of dz ƪ bring new culture and style instantaneously. A place with real freedom of speech and assembly.

There will be a new challenge for interior designers to design good and impressive interior public spaces to let every Hong Kong people feel proud of their cultural heritage.

Recommendation I

t is needed to establish a new rule for buildings in the future. Every buildings must ƪ ȋ ure 6.1).

The ground living style and activities will ate by the consumerism. This is to make sure citizens can have their own public space in a high level of modern buildings. The buildings ơ and promote a new lifestyle to gather on the sky.

Although the living level is suspended, but the spirit and relations of public still alive. A clear ȋ -

Design To conclue, to solve the disregard problem of public spaces in Hong Kong , public spaces need to include elements of : - Attraction Ǧ - Landscapes - Programmes relate to daily needs - Promote own living cultural heritage - Space can reach out like an octopus.

- Destination of community - Develop with urban development simultaneously There will be a design pilot scheme to design a remarkable interior public space connect to the community. It will be an aero-amphibious journey.

There will be components for citizens to make their own portfolio to create their own spaces. Citizens special teenagers can get participation in public space and gain a strong identity.

Site The design pilot scheme will take place in Rumsey Street Multi-Storey Carpark building of Sheung Ǥ that can bring people from Macau and Cheung ȋ ͞Ǥ͛ȌǤ

levels with footbridges. With the urban development of Kai Tak and West Kowloon cultural district, I hope my design can get echo with each other.

The carpark building is not in good use and often not mush people to visit. It have great potential to make activation as a public landmark.

New Public Rule Residential / Commerical Area 32/F

24/F

Public Spaces Design potential

16/F

Consuming Area

8/F Building New Public Space Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Author Diagram

Author Diagram

SITE MAP Austin au Tsim Mong District

Jordan

Hung Hom Ko loon City District

West Kowloon Cultural District China Ferry Terminal Western Harbour Tunnel

Hong Kong Macau Ferry Terminal

Western District

Tsim Sha Tsui

Ocean Terminal

Victoria Harbour

Tsim Sha Tsui Star Ferry Pier

Central Piers

Sheung Wan Hong Kong

Central

Central District Admiralty

Causeway Bay Wan Chai District

Figure 6.3 Author Diagram

Client ‘Â?‰ ‘Â?‰ —„Ž‹… ’ƒ…‡ Â?‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ Č‹ ČŒ Č‹ ‹‰—”‡ ÍžÇ¤ÍœČŒ ƒÂ?† ”„ƒÂ? ‡Â?‡™ƒŽ —–Š‘”‹–› Č‹ ČŒ Č‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͞ǤÍ?ČŒ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† …Ž‹‡Â?– ˆ‘” ˆ—–—”‡ †‡•‹‰Â? project. HKPSI is a organization that aims raising Hong Kong people's awareness of public spaces ƒÂ?† ‹• –‘ ‹Â?’Ž‡Â?‡Â?–‹Â?‰ Â„Â‡Â•Â–ÇŚÂ’Â”ÂƒÂ…Â–Â‹Â…Â‡Â• ™‹–Š regard to build a quality city through appropriate development density, land use planning, urban design, greening, local culture, heritage preservation and revitalisation. They can sparks up creativity to create good public spaces.

Figure 6.4

By Hong Kong Public Space Initiative

Figure 6.5 Photo By Urban Renewal Authority

User Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡– —•‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡…– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘Ƽ…‡ ™‘”Â?‡”• in Sheung Wan and the young people of age within Í™Í ÇŚÍšÍ?Ǥ To provide a new living behaviour of community to slight down the pressure of worker in Sheung Wan is one of the aim of the project. This project also Š‘’‡ –‘ ƒ––”ƒ…– ›‘—Â?‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ˆ”‘Â? †‹ƥ‡”‡Â?– districts to stay in site and raise the value and change attitude of public spaces in Hong Kong.

Educate them the importance of public spaces.

Figure 6.3 Author Diagram

References

Books / Reports

David C. Thorns, 2002. The Transformation of Cities : Urban Theory and Urban Life, Palgrave Macmillan: New York. ‘Â? ‹–…Š‡ŽŽǥ ͚͛͘͘Ǥ The Right of The City, The Guilford Press: New York.

Jack Parkinson, 2012. Democracy and Public Space : The Physical Sites of Democratic Performance, šˆ‘”† Â?‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǣ šˆ‘”†Ǥ Mathias Woo, 2012. Hong Kong Style, 2nd ed, E+E - Zuni Icosahedron: Hong Kong Richard Sennett, 2007. The Fall of Public Man, W.W.Norton: New York.

Steven Miles & Malcolm Miles, 2004. Consuming City, Palgrave Macmillan: New York.

2014 .Aduit Commission Report, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Hong Kong

Organizations

Audit Commission of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Hong Kong Housing Authority of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Hong Kong Public Space Initiative Hong Kong Industrialist Immigration Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

”„ƒ� ‡�‡™ƒŽ —–Š‘”‹–›

Photo / Figures

Cover Images ‡‹–Š —Ž…ƒŠ› Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í›ČŒÇĄ Concrete Jungle - Hong Kong. [Photo] At: Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƪ‹…Â?”Ǥ…‘Â?Č€Â’ÂŠÂ‘Â–Â‘Â•Č€ÍœÍ˜Í˜Í˜Í˜Í›Í ÍšĚť Í˜Í Č€ÍĄÍšÍ?Í&#x;Í™Í ÍĄÍ™Í˜Í™Č€Ç¤ [Edit] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ÂŽÂ?†™‘”Â?•Š‘’ Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í˜ČŒÇ¤ Č? Š‘–‘Č? ›ǣ Š––’ǣȀȀŽÂ?†™‘”Â?•Š‘’Ǥ…‘Â?Ȁ™’nj…‘Â?–‡Â?Â–Č€Â—Â’ÂŽÂ‘ÂƒÂ†Â•Č€ÍšÍ˜Í™Í˜Č€Í˜Í›Č€ÍœÇ¤Í™Í™Ě¸Â‡ÂšÂƒÂ?’Ž‡ǤŒ’‰Ǥ [Edit] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin

Photo / Figures

‹‰—”‡• ‹‰—”‡ ͙Ǥ͙Ǥ ƒ —Â? •–ƒ–‡ Č‹Í™ÍĄÍĄÍžČŒÇĄ Hong Kong Housing Authority. [Photo] At: https://www.facebook.com/PublicHousingVistas/pho–‘•Ȁ’„Ǥ͙Í?͙͛͛͞Í?Í?ÍœÍ&#x;Í˜ÍšÍ›Í›Í›Ç¤ÇŚÍšÍšÍ˜Í&#x;Í?ÍšÍ˜Í˜Í˜Í˜Ç¤Í™ÍœÍšÍ™ÍžÍ Í ÍšÍ˜Í˜Ç¤Č€Í?Í&#x;͙͙Í?͚ͥͥ͞͞Í?Í™Í›ÍœÍ Č€ÇŤÂ–Â› ’‡γ͛Ə•”…γŠ––’•Ώ͛ ÎŹÍš ÎŹÍš Ć&#x;…†Â?ÇŚÂ•Â’ÂŠÂ‘Â–Â‘Â•ÇŚÂ‰ÇŚÂƒÇ¤ÂƒÂ?ƒÂ?ƒ‹Š†ǤÂ?‡–Ώ͚ Š’Š‘– Â‘Â•ÇŚÂƒÂ?ÇŚÂšÂƒÂˆÍ™ÎŹÍš Â˜ÎŹÍš Â–Í™Ç¤Í˜ÇŚÍĄÎŹÍš Í›ÍĄÍ˜Í?Í ÍœĚ¸Í?Í&#x;͙͙Í?͚ͥͥ͞͞Í?Í™Í›ÍœÍ Ě¸ÍœÍ›Í›ÍĄÍ&#x;Í›ÍœÍšÍ Ě¸Â?ǤŒ’ ‰Ώ͛ ‘ŠΏ͛ „Í&#x;ÂƒĆĄÍ Í›Í˜Í&#x;ÍœÂƒÂ‡ÂƒÍĄÂ†Í›Í?…͚„͙…͛ͥ͞„Í?Í ÍĄÍĄÂƒÍ?Ώ͚͞‘‡Ώ͛ Í?Í?͛͛Í&#x;Í Í ÍœÎŹ ÍšÍžĚ¸Ě¸Â‰Â†ÂƒĚ¸Ě¸ÎŹÍ› ͙͚͛͜͜͜Í?Í˜Í™Í›Ě¸Í˜ĆĄÍ˜Í?Í?ÂƒÍĄÍ&#x;ˆ͙͜͞…ƒÍ?Í ÍœÍšÂ‡Â…ÂˆÍ˜Í™ÂˆÍĄÍœÍ˜ÂƒÍœÍ™ÍĄĆŹÂ•Â‹ÂœÂ‡ÎłÍ?Í? Í˜ÎŹÍš Í›Í?Í˜ĆŹĆ&#x;‹†γÍ?Í&#x;͙͙Í?͚ͥͥ͞͞Í?Í™Í›ÍœÍ Â‹Â‰Â—Â”Â‡ ͙Ǥ͚Ǥ ‹Â?‰ Š‡Â? •–ƒ–‡ ȋ͙ͥÍ&#x;Í?ČŒÇĄ Hong Kong Housing Authority. [Photo] At: https://www.facebook.com/PublicHousingVistas/pho–‘•Ȁ’„Ǥ͙Í?͙͛͛͞Í?Í?ÍœÍ&#x;Í˜ÍšÍ›Í›Í›Ç¤ÇŚÍšÍšÍ˜Í&#x;Í?ÍšÍ˜Í˜Í˜Í˜Ç¤Í™ÍœÍšÍ™ÍžÍ Í ÍšÍĄÍ™Ç¤Č€ÍœÍšÍ›Í˜ÍœÍĄÍ?Í™Í&#x;Í&#x;ÍšÍĄÍ˜Í›ÍœČ€ÇŤÂ–Â› ’‡γ͛Ə•”…γŠ––’•Ώ͛ ÎŹÍš ÎŹÍš •…‘Â?–‡Â?Â–ÇŚÂƒÇŚÂŠÂ?‰ǤššǤĆ&#x;…†Â?ǤÂ?‡–Ώ͚ ÂŠÂ’ÂŠÂ‘Â–Â‘Â•ÇŚÂƒÂ• Š͚Ώ͚ Â˜ÎŹÍš Â–Í™Ç¤Í˜ÇŚÍĄÎŹÍš Í?ÍĄÍĄÍœÍ Í˜Ě¸ÍœÍšÍ›Í˜ÍœÍĄÍ?Í™Í&#x;Í&#x;ÍšÍĄÍ˜Í›ÍœĚ¸Í™ÍžÍ?ÍžÍ&#x;ÍšÍĄÍžÍ˜Í Ě¸Â?Ç¤ÂŒÂ’Â‰ÎŹÍ› ‘ŠΏ͛ Â„ÂƒÂ†Â…Í›ÂˆÍĄÂ†ÍžÍ ÂƒÍ&#x;Í˜Í Â‡ÂˆÍœÂƒÂƒÍ Â†ÍžÂƒÂˆÍ˜Í›Â„Â„ÂˆÍœÍ?‡Ώ͚͞‘‡Ώ͛ Í?Í?͚͘ Í›Í ĆŹÂ•Â‹ÂœÂ‡ÎłÍ› Í›Í?ÎŹÍš ÍœÍĄÍ˜ĆŹĆ&#x;Â‹Â†ÎłÍœÍšÍ›Í˜ÍœÍĄÍ?Í™Í&#x;Í&#x;ÍšÍĄÍ˜Í›Íœ ‹‰—”‡ ͚Ǥ͙Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Yan Oi Street Playground, Wong Tai Sin ‹‰—”‡ ͚Ǥ͚Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í›ČŒ Tsun Yip Street Playground, Kwun Tong ‹‰—”‡ ͚Ǥ͛Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í™ČŒ Hong Keu Street Corner, Wong Tai Sin ‹‰—”‡ ͚Ǥ͜Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Average Usage of Public Space. Č? ƒ–ƒČ? › —†‹– ‘Â?Â?‹••‹‘Â? ‡’‘”– ‘Â? ͛͘Ǥ͙͘Ǥ͚͙͘͜Ǥ Č? ‹ƒ‰”ƒÂ?Č? › ƒ…Â?› Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ ͚ǤÍ? ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Timeline of Usage in Public Spaces (Weekdays). [Data][Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ ͚Ǥ͞ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Timeline of Usage in Public Spaces (Weekend). [Data][Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ ͚ǤÍ&#x;Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í?ČŒ Rumsey Street Corner, Sheung Wan ‹‰—”‡ ÍšÇ¤Í Ç¤ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í™ČŒ Kai Tak East Playground, Wong Tai Sin ‹‰—”‡ ͚ǤͥǤ Š—Ž—ŠÂ? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í™ČŒ Yau Ma Tei Community Centre West Garden, Yau Ma Tei. [Photo] At: http://huluhk.org/sdf/wp-content/uploads/images/ˆ‘‘Â?Ě¸ÍšÇ¤ÂŒÂ’Â‰ ‹‰—”‡ ͚Ǥ͙͘Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í™ČŒ Kai Tak East Playground, Wong Tai Sin ‹‰—”‡ ͚Ǥ͙͙Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í?ČŒ Public Access Hong Kong. [Data][Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ ͚Ǥ͙͚Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Public Space In Concrete Jungle.

[Data][Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin

Photo / Figures

‹‰—”‡• ‹‰—”‡ ͚Ǥ͙͛Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Elevation of Public Spaces in Hong Kong. [Data][Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͙Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í?ČŒ The Releasing Relationship Between Public and Private. [Data][Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͚Ǥ ÂƒÂ›Â…Â”Â‡Â•Â–ÇĄ ƒÂ?‘”ƒÂ?‹‘Ǥ Hysan Place, Causeway Bay. [Photo] At: ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’ÇŁČ€Č€Â™Â™Â™Ç¤Â’ÂƒÂ?‘”ƒÂ?‹‘Ǥ…‘Â?Ȁ’Š‘–‘ȀÍ&#x;ÍžÍĄÍĄÍœÍ Í›ÍĄ ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͛Ǥ ‘Â?‰ ‘Â?‰ ‘—”‹•Â? ‘ƒ”†Ǥ APM, Kwun Tong. [Photo] At: http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/imagÂ‡Â•Č€Â•ÂŠÂ‘Â’Č€Â™ÂŠÂ‡Â”Â‡ÇŚÂ–Â‘ÇŚÂ•ÂŠÂ‘Â’Č€ÂŽÂƒÂ”Â‰Â‡Č€Í›Ç¤ÍšÇ¤ÍšÇ¤ÍšÇŚÂƒÂ’Â?Ě¸Í˜Í›Ç¤ÂŒÂ’Â‰ ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͜Ǥ ÂƒÂ›Â…Â”Â‡Â•Â–ÇĄ ƒÂ?‘”ƒÂ?‹‘Ǥ Hysan Place, Causeway Bay. [Photo] At: ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’ÇŁČ€Č€Â™Â™Â™Ç¤Â’ÂƒÂ?‘”ƒÂ?‹‘Ǥ…‘Â?Ȁ’Š‘–‘ȀÍ&#x;ÍžÍĄÍĄÍœÍĄÍšÍ? ‹‰—”‡ ͛ǤÍ?Ǥ ÂƒÂ›Â…Â”Â‡Â•Â–ÇĄ ƒÂ?‘”ƒÂ?‹‘Ǥ Hysan Place, Causeway Bay. [Photo] At: ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’ÇŁČ€Č€Â™Â™Â™Ç¤Â’ÂƒÂ?‘”ƒÂ?‹‘Ǥ…‘Â?Ȁ’Š‘–‘ȀÍ&#x;ÍžÍĄÍĄÍœÍĄÍ™Í&#x; ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͞Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Choi Hung Road Park, Wong Tai Sin ‹‰—”‡ ͛ǤÍ&#x;Ǥ –”‹’’‡†’‹š‡Ž Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍšČŒ Kowloon Park, Tsim Sha Tsui. [Photo] At: ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’ÇŁČ€Č€ÂˆÂƒÂ”Â?ÍžÇ¤Â•Â–ÂƒÂ–Â‹Â…ĆŞÂ‹Â…Â?”Ǥ…‘Â?Č€Í?͚͙͙ȀÍ?͜͜Í?ÍšÍ?Í ÍžÍ›ÍžĚ¸Â‡ÍšÍœÍ˜ÂƒÍ˜Â„Í›Í ÂˆĚ¸ÂœÇ¤ÂŒÂ’Â‰ ‹‰—”‡ Í›Ç¤Í Ç¤ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Morse Park, Wong Tai Sin ‹‰—”‡ ͛ǤͥǤ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í?ČŒ Proportion Diagram of Satisfaction ƒÂ?† Â”Â‘Ć¤Â–ÂƒÂ„Â‹ÂŽÂ‹Â–Â› ‹Â? ƒŽŽ• ƒÂ?† —„Ž‹… ’ƒ…‡Ǥ [Data][Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͙͘Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Harbour City, Tsim Sha Tsui ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͙͙Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í›ČŒ Maritime Square, Tsing Yi ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͙͚Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍšČŒ East Point City, Tseung Kwan O ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͙͛Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í?ČŒ Open Area / Courtyard in HK’s Malls (Seasonal Public Activities). [Data][Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͙͜Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Tung Tau Tsuen Park, Wong Tai Sin ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͙Í?Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ ung Tau Tsuen Park, Wong Tai Sin ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͙͞Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í?ČŒ Parks and Squares in HK (Public Activities). [Data][Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͙Í&#x;Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í?ČŒ Population of Foreign Workers in HK. [Data] By: Immigration Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. [Photo][Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ Í›Ç¤Í™Í Ç¤ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í?ČŒ Nationality of Foreign Workers in HK. [Data] By: Immigration Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. [Photo][Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin

Photo / Figures

‹‰—”‡• ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͙ͥǤ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ The Lane, Hang Hou ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͚͘Ǥ ƒÂ?ƒ…ƒ— Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í›ČŒ Victoria Park, Causeway Bay. [Photo] At: ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’ÇŁČ€Č€ÂƒÂƒÂ?ƒ…ƒ—Ǥ…‘Â?Č€Ć¤ÂŽÂ‡Â•Č€Â—Â’ÂŽÂ‘ÂƒÂ†Â•Č€ÍšÍ˜Í™Í›Č€Í™Í˜Č€ ͘͜Í?͛ǤŒ’‰ ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͚͙Ǥ — ‹ƒ —Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í›ČŒ HSBC Main Building, Central. [Photo] At: Š––’ǣȀȀŽ‘Â?–‘Â?‰Â?ƒÂ?‹•Ǥ„Ž‘‰•’‘–ǤŠÂ?Č€ÍšÍ˜Í™Í›Ě¸Í˜Í&#x;Ě¸Í˜Í™Ě¸ÂƒÂ”Â…ÂŠÂ‹Â˜Â‡Ç¤ÂŠÂ–Â?ÂŽ ‹‰—”‡ ͛Ǥ͚͚Ǥ — ‹ƒ —Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í›ČŒ Central Bridge, Central. [Photo] At: http://ori‡Â?–ƒŽ†ƒ‹Ž›Ǥ‘Â?Ǥ……Ȁ…Â?–ȀÂ?Â‡Â™Â•Č€ÍšÍ˜Í™Í›Í™Í˜Í™Í˜Č€Â’ÂŠÂ‘Â–Â‘Č€Í™Í˜Í™Í˜ÇŚÍ˜Í˜Í™Í&#x;ÍžÇŚÍ˜ÍšÍšÂ„Í›Ç¤ÂŒÂ’Â‰ ‹‰—”‡ Í?Ǥ͙Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Section of Study Platform. [Diagram]

By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ Í?Ǥ͚Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Harcourt Road, Admiralty ‹‰—”‡ Í?Ǥ͛Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Harcourt Road, Admiralty ‹‰—”‡ Í?Ǥ͜Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Harcourt Road, Admiralty ‹‰—”‡ Í?ǤÍ?Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Harcourt Road, Admiralty ‹‰—”‡ Í?Ǥ͞Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Harcourt Road, Admiralty ‹‰—”‡ Í?ǤÍ&#x;Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Harcourt Road, Admiralty ‹‰—”‡ Í?Ç¤Í Ç¤ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ ‡Â?Â?‘Â? ÂƒÂŽÂŽÇĄ Harcourt Road, Admiralty ‹‰—”‡ Í?ǤͥǤ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ ‡Â?Â?‘Â? ÂƒÂŽÂŽÇĄ Harcourt Road, Admiralty ‹‰—”‡ Í?Ǥ͙͘Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Harcourt Road, Admiralty ‹‰—”‡ Í?Ǥ͙͙Ǥ ‡Â?–‡” ‘” …–‹˜‡ ‡•‹‰Â?Ǥ Superkilen Urban Park, Copenhagen, Denmark. [Photo] At: http://centerforactivedesign.org/superkilen/ ‹‰—”‡ Í?Ǥ͙͚Ǥ ‡Â?–‡” ‘” …–‹˜‡ ‡•‹‰Â?Ǥ Superkilen Urban Park, Copenhagen, Denmark. [Photo] At: http://centerforactivedesign.org/superkilen/ ‹‰—”‡ Í?Ǥ͙͛Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™ÍœČŒ Design Structure of Superkilen Urban Park. [Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ Í?Ǥ͙͜Ǥ ‡Â?–‡” ‘” …–‹˜‡ ‡•‹‰Â?Ǥ Superkilen Urban Park, Copenhagen, Denmark. [Photo] At: http://centerforactivedesign.org/superkilen/ ‹‰—”‡ ͞Ǥ͙Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í?ČŒ New Public Rule. [Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ ͞Ǥ͚Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í?ČŒ Residential / Commerical Area [Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin ‹‰—”‡ ͞Ǥ͛Ǥ ƒ…Â?› ŠƒÂ? ƒ‹ ‹Â? Č‹ÍšÍ˜Í™Í?ČŒ Site Map. [Diagram] By Jacky Chan Wai Hin

Photo / Figures

‹‰—”‡• ‹‰—”‡ ͞Ǥ͜Ǥ ‘Â?‰ ‘Â?‰ —„Ž‹… ’ƒ…‡ Â?‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡. [Photo] At: http://www.hkpsi.org/eng/main/ ‹‰—”‡ ͞ǤÍ?Ǥ ”„ƒÂ? ‡Â?‡™ƒŽ —–Š‘”‹–›. [Photo] At: http://www.ura.org.hk/en/

Author Jacky Chan Wai Hin

Public Evolution in Hong Kong Concrete Jungle Jacky Chan Wai Hin

Hong Kong Needs Public Space, Not Open Space

Fight For the Real Public ...

Public Evolution in Hong Kong Concrete Jungle

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