The Twenty-Second Issue of JEAN by jeandigitala1

東亞泉志

No.22

2021.4 / Issue 40

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語 - 電子季刊

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

25 th

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

張南琛 Nelson Chang

設計師手稿 Designer Manuscript

1901 年吉林十箇 1901 Kirin 10 Cash

江南珍珠龍 Kiangnan Circlet-Scale Dragon Dollar 1911 年長須龍大清銀幣 1911 Long-Whiskered Dragon Dollar

『本期專題 | FEATURES 』張南琛先生與收藏之家

Nelson Chang and A Family of Collectors

民國著名金融家的錢幣收藏⸺ NC 收藏中來自前中央造幣廠廠長席德柄先生的錢幣

The Coin Collection of a Famous Financier during the Republic Period: The Coins in the NC collection from the Former Central Mint Director Turpin Hsi

獨一無二的整套擬發行中國幣設計師手稿

Unique Set of Artist's Sketches for Proposed Chinese Coin

塵封七十載：1949 年金幣金塊鑄造計劃

A Project Buried for 70 Years: The Gold Coin and Gold Cake Project in 1949

僅供内部使用

收藏書首發設計稿 Draft of NC Collection Book Release Medal

JEAN

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專

《東亞泉志》

業雜誌。旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

2021 免費訂閱

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了

18期。2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東

中英雙語 - 電子季刊

亞泉志》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要信息等。

25 th

No. 22

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

2021. 4 / Issue 40

東亞泉東志亞泉東志亞泉東志亞泉

No. 15

亞泉志東志泉亞 No. 14

2019. 07 / Issue

No. 17

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Welcome to contribute articles. 歡迎投稿 ! Chinese / 中文 / jeanzg@163.com English / 英文 / championghka@gmail.com

Advisor

Chinese Editor

Che-lu Tseng

Yuan Shuiqing

顧問

中文主編

曾澤祿

袁水清

Hans-Henning Goehrum 漢斯 · 亨寧 · 格魯姆 Technical Advisor

Ma rket i ng Adv isor

US Correspondent

European Correspondent

Gu Jun

Mark Sutton

J. Matthew Brotherton

Oliver Strahl

技術顧問

市場顧問

顧軍

馬克·修頓

美國通訊員

馬修 · 布拉澤頓

Publisher & Editor in-Chief

Advertising & Circulation Manager

Michael H. Chou

Esther Zhao

Senior Editor

Design Director

出版人、總編輯

奧利弗·斯特拉爾

廣告與發行經理

周邁可

趙婷婷

高級編輯

美術設計

Bruce W. Smith

Steve Feller

史博祿

「中英雙語 · 電子季刊

歐洲通訊員

史蒂夫·費勒

Tan Wanmei 譚婉梅

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly」

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（

FOREWORD

Welcome to the 22nd issue of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics . Over the past 10 years, I have worked with my friend Bruce Smith on Nelson Chang's ( 張南琛 ) NC collection book with the help of Nelson's children. As we did with the Howard Franklin Bowker book, we will again engage famous numismatic writer Ron Guth to help edit this book. We expect to release on 5/29 in Macau just before the 5/30 NC Collection auction. The book is based on interviews, a 1993 Catalog of Nelson's collection, and series of articles written by Bruce Smith and other famous numismatic writers about coins in the collection. Nelson comes from a famous family of collectors and built one of the best Chinese machine-struck coin collections. In this issue, we featured articles Nelson Chang and a family of Collectors and The Coin Collection of a Famous Financier during the Republic Period: The Coins in the NC Collection from the Former Central Mint Director Turpin Hsi on the background of Nelson Chang and his family of famous collectors which includes his father Zhang Shuxun ( 張叔馴 , known as the king of ancient Chinese coins) and his father-in-law, Turpin His ( 席德柄 , the former long-time director of the central mint at Shanghai). Dr. Che-lu Tseng also contributed an article Southern Song Dynasty “Chien Yien Yuan Pao” One Cash on coins from the famous Zhang Shuxun Collection. We also republished a former article The Minting of the Hupeh One Tael Silver Coin, Advocated by Chang Chih-tung during the Qing Dynasty, and his Funeral Affairs by Dr. Tseng on the 1904 Hupeh Tael.

Our senior editor, Bruce Smith, wrote about the Italian designer Luis Giorgi’s imperials memorial for the 1911 Empire dollars, namely Unique Set of Artist's Sketches for Proposed Chinese Coin . Steven Tai contributed an interesting article A Project Buried for 70 Years: The Gold Coin and Gold Cake Project in 1949 on the Chinese gold standard coinage. From Germany, we have an article The coins of the Qi State about the coinage of the State of Chi originally from Fang Yaoyu ( 方藥雨 ) and Howard Franklin Bowker by Thomas Uhlmann. Our Chinese editor Mr. Yuan Shuiqing ( 袁水清 ) of Xi’an, contributed an article Ti Zhou – Joe Cribb Correspondence on Sino Kharosthi Coin . Our editor Zhou Bian ( 周邊 ) of Shanghai, contributed an article Unique Coinage Techniques of Ancient China: Moulding and Sand-Casting Techniques . Two very interesting articles on Chinese numismatic studies and Chinese fiveyuan banknotes were submitted by Mr. Wu of Hanzhong and Mr. Lu of Xi’an. The 25th Anniversary Champion Auction, to be held on 5/30 in Macau, featuring the NC Collection, contains many unique and Finest-known Chinese vintage coins. This will be one of the best auctions Champion has ever held and we expect many new price records to be set at the auction.

Michael Chou Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

CONTENTS

04 06 09 12 21 26 28 30 41

The Nelson Chang Collection: The Collection of a Chinese Gentleman will be Champion Auctions released in Macau on May 29 The Currency and Culture Series by the Xi'an Numismatic Museum and the Xi'an Numismatic Society——A New Path to Explore Numismatic Culture

Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

A Numismatic Publication from Macau⸺ Macau Numismatics – A Special Issue for the Annual Numismatic Exhibition Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 An Introduction to Numismatics in China

Wu Hongwei〔Hanzhong〕

Unique Coinage Techniques of Ancient China: Moulding and Sand-Casting Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 Techniques The Exhibition and Forum of the Essence of Gold and Silver Coins along the Silk Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 Road Southern Song Dynasty “Chien Yien Yuan Pao” One Cash The coins of the Qi state

DEPARTMENTS

The Art of Chinese Calligraphy won the Coin of the Year Award for the Best Gold Coin: The Awarding Ceremony was held in Beijing Champion Auctions

Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕

Thomas Uhlmann〔Germany〕

The Minting of the Hubei One Tael Silver Coin, Advocated by Chang Chih-tung Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕 during the Qing Dynasty, and his Funeral Affairs

FEATURES

46 50

Nelson Chang and A Family of Collectors

57 70

A Project Buried for 70 Years: The Gold Coin and Gold Cake Project in 1949

COLUMN

78 90 101

Champion Auction

The Coin Collection of a Famous Financier during the Republic Period: The Coins in the NC Collection from the Former Central Mint Director Turpin Hsi

Champion Auction

Unique Set of Artist's Sketches for Proposed Chinese Coin

Stephen Tai〔Taipei〕

Bruce W. Smith〔USA〕

The Authentication and Features of the Five-Yuan Steelworker Banknote Ti Zhou - Joe Cribb Correspondence on Sino Kharosthi Coin The Chinese Machine-Struck Patterns by Otto Beh GmbH

Lu Boxiong〔Changsha〕

Shuiqing Yuan (Xi'an) Champion Auction

前言 yan

（

qian

歡迎閱讀《東亞泉志》第22期。

1911年大清銀幣設計稿撰寫了一篇極具歷史意義的文章⸺ 《1911

在過去十年中，我一直和我的好友史博祿先生（Bruce Smith）

1949 年金幣金塊鑄造計劃》，內容也頗為有趣。德國的托馬斯 · 烏

在張南琛先生（Nelson Chang ）子女的幫助下為張先生的收藏

年龍樣設計手稿》。這期還有戴學文先生撰寫的《塵封七十載：爾曼先生（Thomas Uhlmann）也為我們提供了基於原包克和方

著書。該書與霍華德 · 佛蘭克林 · 包克先生（Howard Franklin

藥雨舊藏錢幣撰寫的《齊國錢幣》一文。

Guth）參與編輯，預計將於5月29日首發，而5月30日將舉行 NC

《中英兩位錢幣專家關於漢佉二體錢的詢複》一文由本刊中文主

先生和其他著名錢幣作者就該收藏中的錢幣所撰寫的系列文章。

鑄與翻砂⸺ 中國古代獨有的鑄錢工藝》。漢中的武宏偉先生和長

Bowker）的收藏著作一樣，由著名的錢幣作者古富先生（Ron

收藏專場拍賣。該書內容基於對張先生的採訪，並囊括了史博祿

張南琛先生出身顯赫的收藏之家，建立了中國最頂級的機製幣收藏之一。

編袁水清先生撰寫，另一位編輯為上海的周邊先生，則撰寫了《範沙的盧伯熊分別撰寫了《錢幣學科在中國之介評》和《真假“煉鋼工人伍圓”券的鑒別與特徵》，這兩篇文章也都很有趣。

該期主題文章《張南琛先生與收藏之家》和《民國著名金融家的

冠軍拍賣二十五周年拍賣会將於5月30日在澳門舉行。此次為張南

幣》介紹了張先生的背景及其有着諸多著名收藏家的大家庭，比

幣，將是冠軍拍賣舉辦的最為頂級的拍賣之一。我們期待在這次

錢幣收藏⸺ NC 收藏中來自前中央造幣廠廠長席德柄先生的錢

如其父古錢大王張叔馴先生，以及他的岳父，原上海中央造幣廠

廠長席德柄先生。本刊顧問曾澤祿醫生就著名的張叔馴收藏中的

琛先生收藏專場拍賣，其中不乏孤品及已知品相最好的中國機製拍賣上見證新的拍賣紀錄。

錢幣撰寫了《南宋建炎元寶隸篆小平》一文。此外，我們重刊了曾

醫生的《清代張之洞奏鑄“湖北一兩”銀幣及其後事》。

我們的高級編輯史博祿先生還就意大利設計師 Luis Giorgi 的

《東亞泉志》總編輯兼出版人：周邁可

目錄 mu

05 07 10 11 17 24 27 29 36 44

恭喜中國書法藝術（隸書）8 克金幣榮獲世界硬幣大獎賽“最佳金幣獎” ——獎盃交接儀式在京舉行

《張南琛收藏——一位華人君子的收藏》將於 5 月 29 日在澳門正式發行探索錢幣文化的新路

一本出自澳門的錢幣刊物——《澳門錢鈔縱橫 - 年度錢幣展特刊》

武宏偉〔漢中〕

範鑄與翻砂——中國古代獨有的鑄錢工藝

周邊〔上海〕

絲路流金——絲綢之路上的金銀貨幣精華展開幕暨學會研討會召開齊國錢幣

專題

專欄

85 96 109

周邊〔上海〕

部門

曾澤祿〔美國〕

托馬斯·烏爾曼〔德國〕

清代張之洞奏鑄“湖北一兩”銀幣及其後事

48 54 64 74

冠軍研究室

周邊〔上海〕周邊〔上海〕

錢幣學科在中國的介評

南宋建炎元寶隸篆小平

冠軍研究室

曾澤祿〔美國〕

張南琛先生與收藏之家

民國著名金融家的錢幣收藏——NC 收藏中來自前中央造幣廠廠長席德柄先生的錢幣塵封七十載——1949 年金幣金塊鑄造計畫

冠軍研究室周邊〔上海〕

戴學文〔臺北〕

獨一無二的整套擬發行中國幣設計師手稿

史博祿〔美國〕

真假“煉鋼工人五元”券的鑒別與特徵

盧伯熊〔長沙〕

中英兩位錢幣專家關於漢佉二體錢的詢複奧托·拜赫德製中國機製樣幣

袁水清〔西安〕冠軍研究室

DEPARTMENTS

部門

The Art of Chinese Calligraphy won the Coin of the Year Award for the Best Gold Coin: ⸺ The Awarding Ceremony was held in Beijing Champion Auctions

On the morning of April 23, the awarding ceremony and seminar of the Krause Coin of the Year Award (COTY) were held in the China Gold Coin Inc. offices in Beijing. During the event, Michael Chou, the member of the nomination committee and judge of the Krause Coin of the Year Award, delivered a speech on behalf of the COTY committee and presented the Best Gold Coin trophy and certificate to the China Gold Coin Inc.

Material

Purity

Weight

Diameter

Mintage

Gold

99.9%

22mm

10,000

The inscription " 中國 " (China) in jin characters decorated with the auspicious Obverse pattern from bronzewares, country name, and date. Reverse

(originally pulished by China Gold Coin Inc.)

Designer Huang Qin, Michael Chou and Engraver Zhang Chunye

Trophy of Coin of the Year Award

The inscription“興利”(Rejuvenation) decorated with the brick pattern of the Eastern Han dynasty, the seal of“ art of Chinese calligraphy”( 中國書法藝術 ), and the denomination.

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恭喜中國書法藝術（隸書）8克金幣榮獲世界硬幣大獎賽“最佳金幣獎” ⸺獎盃交接儀式在京舉行冠軍研究室

材料金

4月23日上午，2021年克勞斯世界硬幣大獎賽“最佳金幣” 獎獎盃交接儀式暨研討會在中國金幣總公司舉行。活動中，

正面圖案

克勞斯世界硬幣大獎提名委員會成員、評委周邁可先生代表世界硬幣大獎組委會致辭，並向中國金幣總公司頒發“最佳金幣”獎盃和證書。

背面圖案

（原刊載於中國金幣總公司微信公眾號）

成色

重量

直徑

發行量

99.9%

8克

22毫米

10 000枚

金文“ 中國” 字樣襯以青銅器裝飾祥文，並刊國名、年號東漢史晨碑局部文字及其“ 興利” 字樣與漢代畫像磚紋飾、“ 中國書法藝術” 篆刻鈐印等組合設計，並刊“ 中國書法藝術 · 東漢 · 史晨碑 ” 字樣

及面額

設計師黃琴、評委周邁可、雕刻師張春曄

克勞斯世界硬幣大獎獎盃

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The Nelson Chang Collection: The Collection of a Chinese Gentleman will be released in Macau on May 29 Champion Auctions Based on 10 years of visits and conversations with

in-depth look into the great collector's thoughts and his

Michael Chou’s friend and mentor Nelson Chang ( 張南

joy of building the collection and recollections with famous

琛 ), the editorial department of the Journal of East Asian

dealers and collectors.

Numismatics (JEAN) will publish the book The Nelson

Its structure will be similar to the Howard Franklin Bowker

Chang Collection: The Collection of a Chinese Gentleman

book which we published in 2014. Michael Chou, the

in Macau on May 29.

publisher of the JEAN, will be working again with Ron

Nelson Chang has built one of the greatest machine-

Guth (former PCGS President) and Bruce Smith (the

struck Chinese coin collections including the first Chinese

senior editor of the JEAN ) on this project together with

coin to sell at auction for more than USD 10,000, the 1897

Nelson Chang's family. Also, similar to the Howard

Heaton Mint Hunan dollar graded NGC SP67, realizing

Franklin Bowker Collection book, Nelson Chang's coins

USD 15 500 in 1975. It is worthy of noting that there is

were certified by NGC starting in 2013 and NGC will be a

an interesting story behind the coin, and it will also be

partner on this project.

revealed in the book.

NC Collection medal will also be released in Macau on

The book will also include Nelson Chang's favorite

5/29. The medal was designed by Yu Min ( 余

coins and his most important coins, important coins he

former senior designer of the Shanghai Mint and the

missed out on and his dream coin. All contents based on

winner of the Coin of the Year Award for the Lifetime

information from Nelson Chang will allow us to have an

Achievement).

NC Collection Book

Medal

Edition

Copies

Regular

800

Type

Mintage

40 mm brass piedfort

1 000

200

Special (Hard Cover)

40 mm / 30 g silver

40 mm / 60 g silver with 1 g gold inlay 40 mm / 50 g gold

Price

100 60 10

Designing Draft

NC Collection Book Cover

Set

Price (RMB)

Limited Quantity

Regular Edition + Brass Medal

600

——

888

Regular Edition + Silver Medal

1,000

Special Edition + Silver Medal

1,288

Special Edition + Brass Medal

Special Edition + Gold-Inlaid Silver Medal 6

敏 , the

2,888

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《張南琛收藏⸺ 一位華人君子的收藏》將於5月29日在澳門正式發行冠軍研究室

冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生在過去十年中多次拜訪好友和導師

他夢想得到的錢幣、他的收藏理念和策略。所有的這些內容

張南琛先生，並與其進行深入交流。《東亞泉志》編輯部將

都基於張南琛先生提供的信息，書中的內容讓我們可以深入

根據這些溝通交流的內容為 NC 收藏編寫相關書目，成書將

瞭解這位大收藏家的想法，並且感受到他在通過著名幣商

於5月29日在澳門正式發行。

和藏家建立收藏時的喜悅之情。

NC 收藏是最大的中國機製幣收藏之一，其珍罕藏品包括

本書結構將類似於我們2014年出版的《霍華德· 佛蘭克林· 包

他在1975年拍賣會上以15 500美元買下的1897年喜敦造幣

克——錢幣學研究先驅者》一書。《東亞泉志》出版人周邁

廠湖南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣，經評 NGC

可先生和原 PCGS 總裁及錢幣文學公會執行董事古富先生

SP67，這也是第一枚成交價格超過10 000美元的中國近代

（Ron Guth）、《東亞泉志》資深編輯及創辦人史博祿先生、

機製幣。而 NC 以破紀錄的價格買下這枚錢幣的背後還有一

張南琛家族都將為該成書項目提供大力支持。

段有趣的插曲，這個小故事也將在書中揭曉，敬請期待！

NC 收藏書首發紀念章也將於5月29日在澳門首發。該紀念

書仲介紹了張南琛先生最喜歡的錢幣、他收藏中最為重要的

章有原上海造幣廠高級工藝美術師，世界硬幣大獎賽終身成

錢幣、他錯失的重要錢幣、他拒絕收藏的錢幣及拒絕的原因、

就獎得主余敏先生設計。

NC 收藏书

紀念章

版本

限量

普裝版

800本

精裝版（硬裝外殼）

200本

類別

限量

40毫米厚坯黃銅章

1 000枚

50克/40毫米銀章鑲嵌1克金

60枚

30克/40毫米銀章

50克/40毫米金章

售價

100枚 10枚

設計圖稿

NC 收藏書封面

套裝

售價

限量

普裝版+黃銅章

600元

——

普裝版+銀章

1 000元

精裝版+黃銅章精裝版+銀章

888元

30套

2 888元

10套

1 288元

精裝版+銀鑲金章

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30套

20套

The Currency and Culture Series by the Xi'an Numismatic Museum and the Xi'an Numismatic Society

A New Path to Explore Numismatic Culture Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

Currency and Culture, vol. 1, Xi’ an Publishing House, March 2017, ISBN 978-7-5541-2048-4, Price: RMB 90. Currency and Culture , vol. 2, Xi’ an Publishing House, March 2017, ISBN 978-7-5541-3283-8, Price: RMB 120.

Currency and Culture , vol. 3, Xi’ an Publishing House, March 2017, ISBN 978-7-5541-4376-6, Price: RMB 120.

T he Cu r rency and Cult u re ser ies , edited by the Xi'an Numismatic Museum and the Xi'an Numismatic Society, began with the first book published by Xi'an Publishing House in March 2017. A total of three books had been completed by December 2019. Due to the coronavirus and various other reasons, the third book was not printed until November 2020 and was not released until February 2021.

culture, overseas study, classic numismatic works, and the introduction to museums. Articles in the Currency and Culture series share many new ideas and perspectives about the identification, issuance, and circulation of the ancient Chinese currency and old currencies along the Silk Road. The articles also provide us with new methods to establish and develop numismatic museums. We can learn from experience to have a better understanding of current numismatic development.

The Xi'an Numismatic Museum and the Xi'an Numismatic Society enjoy unique geographical and academic advantages. Relying on the abundant collection of ancient coins and notes, they have taken a leading position in regional numismatic research. The Currency and Culture series developed a new path for numismatists and experts to make numismatic studies. These books involve history and currency research, Chinese monetary research, museology, currency culture, Silk Road

The series brims with premium numismatic content and multiple academic viewpoints. It provides an excellent platform for numismatists and amateurs to learn, communicate, and enrich our numismatic knowledge.

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A Numismatic Publication from Macau

Macau Numismatics – A Special Issue for the Annual Numismatic Exhibition Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

Macau Numismatics - A Special Issue for the Annual Numismatic Exhibition is published by the Macau Numismatic S oc ie t y, s pon sor e d by t he Mac au Foundation and the Cultural Affairs Bureau of Macau. The annual number of copies is 1,500. ISBN978-99965338-8-4. Email: dcdesign772@yahoo. com.hk

On December 20, 1999, Macau returned to the motherland. Since then, the Macau Numismatic Society has held a great number of events. The society regularly holds numismatic exhibitions and academic conferences, organizes Macau’s numismatists to visit the mainland in groups to communicate and learn, and produces commemorative medals and notes. In particular, it issues Macau Numismatics – A Special Issue for the Annual Numismatic Exhibition every year, which is an excellent achievement.

articles about currencies from Europe, Southeast Asia, and ancient countries along the Silk Road. There are also exciting articles about modern gold and silver coins as well as medals. The special issue is diversified in content and viewpoints so that all numismatists and amateurs could benefit from it. Each issue of the Macau Numismatics - A Special Issue for the Annual Numismatic Exhibition introduces detailed information of the Macau Numismatic Exhibition and coin auctions held in Macau. Furthermore, historical stories of related coins and interviews with coin designers are also published. Eager readers could understand the history and design concepts of coins in depth.

The special issue features many articles on Hong Kong and Macau historical currencies, which provides valuable information for people to understand the financial industry and the history of colonial currencies. It also covers many pieces of research and discussions on ancient Chinese currencies, currencies of the Republic of China, and currencies issued on revolutionary bases. Given the geographical advantage of Macau, the special issue works to share more interesting

At the end of each special issue, there are photos of events and meetings by the Macau Numismatic Society, attached with a member list as well as an application form for membership.

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書

B O O K

RE V IE W S

評

西安錢幣博物館 · 西安錢幣學會編《貨幣與文化》一至三輯

探索錢幣文化的新路周邊〔上海〕

《貨幣與文化》第一輯，西安出版社 2017年3月第一版，書號：ISBN978-75541-2048-4，定價：人民幣90元；《貨幣與文化》第二輯，西安出版社2018年 10月第一版，書號：ISBN978-7-55413283-8，定價：人民幣120元；《貨幣與文化》第三輯，西安出版社2019年12月第一版，書號：ISBN978-7-5541-43766，定價：人民幣150元。

西安錢幣博物館、西安錢幣學會主編的《貨幣與文化》一書，

各輯發表的文章中，通過對中國古代貨幣、人民幣、絲綢

月第三輯共出版三輯。由於新冠肺炎疫情以及各種原因的

不少的新觀點與新視角；在錢幣學學科建設與錢幣博物館

自2017年3月由西安出版社出版第一輯開始，至 2019 年12

之路古國貨幣的考釋、辨偽、發行和流通的研究，產生了

影響，《貨幣與文化》第三輯到2020 年11月付印，2021年2

建立發展上，提供了許多新思路與新方法。鑒古知今，瞭

月才見書。

解昨天才能把握今天，開創明天。

西安錢幣博物館和西安錢幣學會，以得天獨厚的地域優勢

《貨幣與文化》一至三輯錢幣文化內容豐富，學術觀點新

在全國地方錢幣學會活動與學術研究上處於領先地位。主

互補、共鑒的道路，提供了一個平臺與空間。對錢幣研究

與人才濟濟的學術優勢，依託館藏豐富的歷史貨幣藏品，

穎多角度，為錢幣學借鑒中外社科研究成熟經驗，走聯合、

編的《貨幣與文化》一至三輯，在錢幣學的研究課題與方

人員與愛好者來說，此書為閱讀者開啟了一扇新門窗，拓展

向上，開辟了一條新路。每輯按歷史貨幣研究、人民幣研究、

一個新的視野。

研究課題薈萃（第三輯）、博物館學、貨幣文化大觀、絲路覓蹤、譯林漫步、名篇欣賞、館會介紹等內容分章節。

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一本出自澳門的錢幣刊物

《澳門錢鈔縱橫——年度錢幣展特刊》周邊〔上海〕

《澳門錢鈔縱橫 - 年度錢幣展特刊》由澳門錢幣學會出版，澳門基金會、澳門特區政府文化局贊助，印數1500本。書號：ISBN978-99965-338-8-4，電郵：dcdesign772@yahoo.com.hk

1999年12月20日零時澳門回歸祖國，迄今20多年來，澳門

紀念章及錢幣收藏與介紹的趣味性文章等。使特刊立意新

來內地交流訪問，製作了學會紀念章、印製紀念券。尤其

中得到收益。

錢幣學會的活動豐富多彩。舉辦錢幣展與學術例會，組團

穎，觀點多樣，旁收博采而使各類錢幣收藏愛好者都能從

，圖文並是每年發行的《澳門錢鈔縱橫 - 年度錢幣展特刊》茂，題材廣泛，印刷精美，得之讀後使人愛不釋手。

《澳門錢鈔縱橫 - 年度錢幣展特刊》每期都詳細介紹本年

特刊中有不少港澳地區歷史貨幣的系統文章，對於瞭解港

與之同時發文介紹相關錢幣的歷史或幣章設計者訪談，使

度在澳門舉辦的澳門錢幣展與錢幣拍賣的資訊與錢幣實物。讀者深入瞭解錢幣歷史與設計理念。從而增添了錢幣文化

澳地區金融業、殖民地貨幣史提供了豐富的史料與實物資

與收藏樂趣。

料。也有許多中國歷史貨幣、民國錢幣、革命根據地貨幣

的研究論述。在錢幣收藏交流上，有利用區位優勢與海外

每期特刊中，刊有學會當年的活動會議、交流訪問的剪影

進行廣泛接觸與交流的介紹，對歐洲、東南亞與絲綢之路

照片，附有澳門錢幣學會會員名單以及學會入會申請表。

沿線古國錢幣的研究也佔有一定的篇幅。還有現代金銀幣、

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An Introduction to Numismatics in China Wu Hongwei〔Hanzhong〕

"Numismatics is to make numismatic research from the view

work in China. Therefore, scholars regard that the book marks

of culture."1 It starts with the study of coins and carries out in-

the first peak in the development of Chinese numismatics.

depth research to find out the significance of coins. According to archaeological findings, Chinese people collected coins

Scholars believe that the Qing dynasty saw the second

consciously and purposefully as early as the Han dynasty. The

upsurge of Chinese numismatics.2 During this period,

Chinese have been interested in collecting coins for a long

textual research was emerging. People took an active

time. This has continued right up until the present day. Chinese

part in distinguishing, compiling, and editing scattered

numismatics developed from collecting to researching, which

documents and manuscripts, and studying inscriptions,

has promoted the development of coin-related knowledge. This

which inspired research on Qing and other ancient coins. In 1750, Liang Shizheng [ 梁詩正 ] compiled

has helped to build and develop the discipline of numismatics.

and revised the f irst off icial coin book – Qin Ding

Qian Lu [《欽定錢錄》], under the support of Emperor Gaozong. The book marks the for mation of the discipline of the study of ancient coins. Since then, coin research flourished for more than a hundred years. Hence, this period is regarded as the second summit in the development of Chinese numismatics.

The History of Numismatics in China Some scholars believe that Chinese numismatics came into being during the Southern and Northern dynasties, and it has experienced four peaks. This is known as the theory of the four peaks in the development of Chinese numismatics.

Scholars deem the Republic of China period as the third crest in the development of numismatics. The Republic of China period witnessed significant cultural collision and integration between China and Western countries. Modern banking, archaeological, and Marxist monetary theories were introduced into China. This process promoted the development of coin research to varying degrees. Coin research and trading flourished. There were many great collectors, and the coin business was active. More coin-related works were published, and some classics have been handed down. Among these works, Gu Qian Da

Quan Zhi by Hong Zunyu

Ci Dian [《古錢大辭典》], Li Dai Gu Qian Tu Shuo [《歷代

The first peak lasted from the Southern and Northern dynasties

by Ding Fubao [丁福保 ] are the most famous. Besides this,

[ ] by Gu Xuan [ 顧烜 ] to the Song dynasty when Qian Pu《錢譜》

research methods were much more scientific, and research

was published in the Liang State during the Southern dynasty.

results were more authentic and reliable. The Coin Society was

The original work is missing, but its content is available

also established during this period, and various coin-related

in Quan Zhi [《泉志》] by Hong Zun [ 洪遵 ] published in 1149

journals were launched. Thus, it was much more convenient to

during the Sothern Song dynasty. It is the earliest coin-related

spread coin-related knowledge. Finally, more and more people

古錢圖說》] and Gu Quan Xue Gang Yao [《古泉學綱要》]

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Tips

About Wu Hongwei ( 武宏偉 , 1978- ), a native of Hanzhong, Shaanxi. Deputy secretary-general of the Numismatic Professional Committee of the Collector Association of Hebei Province. Ph.D graduated from Hebei Normal University in 2019. Teacher of Shaanxi International Business College. Wu Hongwei focuses on the study of monetary history, currency history and economic and financial history.

Hebei Norm al University Museum

Coin analysis equipment

Hebei Normal University

named the knowledge system based on coin research as the

dynasty, the Qin Ding Qian Lu shows that coin research had

discipline of ancient coins. Therefore, scholars consider that this

been officially recognized as a discipline. The discipline of the

period as the third climax in the development of numismatics.

study of ancient coins was gradually formed. This is the second stage of coin research. From the end of the Qing dynasty to

However, numismatics is not an ancient discipline but a

the Republic of China, the discipline of ancient coins had

relatively young and emerging modern discipline. The history of

developed and reached a peak and become a mature discipline

numismatics beyond China is only about 200 years old, and the

with a name. This is the third stage. Therefore, there were

system of numismatics is incomplete. It is untenable to believe

three major stages for the study of coins from the Southern and

that the above three pinnacles formed Chinese numismatics

Northern dynasties to the Republic of China. However, China

because the concept of numismatics had not appeared at that

did not have the discipline of numismatics at this time.

time. Research in ancient times is not a modern discipline. Therefore, these three periods should be considered three

Some scholars deem the period from the 1980s to now as

separate climaxes in the history of coin collecting and research.

the fourth climax. Yet, numismatics was not formally set as a discipline until the founding of the People’s Republic of

I think that coin collection was just a hobby from the Southern

China. Since then, it has achieved unprecedented development.

and Northern dynasties to the Song dynasty. Coins were not

Despite some setbacks, the discipline has been advancing by

materials for research before the publication of coin-related

leaps and bounds since the reform and opening up of China.

works. Hence, the period from the Southern and Northern dynasties to the Song dynasty should be the first stage for coin

The development of Chinese numismatics has experienced

research. From the Yuan dynasty to the early Qing dynasty,

three or four stages. The first stage was from the founding of

coin research was largely inactive. In the middle of the Qing

the People's Republic of China to the 1960s. In this period,

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the concept of numismatics was proposed and transformed.

for numismatics to be a professional major in China. Since then,

Since the founding of new China, many numismatic scholars

numismatics has entered a new stage in China. We can regard

have communicated with Chinese and foreign numismatic

it as the beginning of the fourth stage in the development of

community to establish the concept of numismatics. The

numismatics.

[ ] by Peng Xinwei [ 彭 Monetary History of China《中國貨幣史》威信 ] in 1954 put forward the concept of "numismatics" for the

The establishment of the major in numismatics indicates

first time. The book uses a specialized chapter to point out that

that numismatics is now an area of study in China. Chinese

numismatics is a discipline independent of monetary studies.

numismatics will follow international standards. All these

It identifies the research object of numismatics as coins.

show that numismatics has a st rong vitalit y and has a

Therefore, the Chinese numismatic community regards The

significant development prospects in China. Universities have

Monetar y Histor y of China as a milestone in Chinese

come to enroll Ph.D. students in numismatics, which means

numismatics. The second stage was from the 1960s to the

numismatics has developed from an "unknown discipline"

1970s. Numismatics encountered twists and turns in this period

to a modern science in China through the efforts of experts,

due to political and social influence. Nearly 30 years after Peng

scholars, and numismatic amateurs. It will carry out systematic

Weixin put forward the concept of numismatics, the discipline

construction and development based on four primary functions

of ancient coins and numismatics were almost unknown. The

of universities in China.

third stage was from the 1980s to 2015. Numismatics has ushered in a new stage since China’s reform and opening up.

W hen Hebei Nor mal Un iversit y prepa red and applied

After some setbacks, numismatics is striving to make greater

for setting up the major in numismatics, it attached great

progress.

importance to the project and made many detailed preparations. The university integrated its comprehensive resources and used

I n conclusion, I don’t thi n k the theor y that Chi nese

its advantageous resources in Chinese History, Archaeology,

numismatics has undergone a fourth climax since the 1980s

and Geography departments in its Historical and Cultural

tallies with the facts. The numismatic community has such a

School. It also combined quality resources of other departments

misconception because they fail to understand the concept and

such as Finance to build the numismatics major. The Currency

development of Chinese numismatics and when numismatics

History Professional Committee of the Chinese Numismatics

was founded in China. Therefore, they cannot divide the

Society is now attached to the Hebei Normal University.

development stages of Chinese numismatics correctly.

The university has signed a comprehensive cooperation agreement with the Hebei Branch of the China Development Bank, Hebei Branch of the Bank of China, Hebei Bank, Hebei

The Establishment of the Discipline of Numismatics in China

Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage, and Hebei Museum. All these have laid a solid foundation for the development of

Numismatic research keeps developing in China, and its

numismatics and the numismatic major in China. At present,

influence on the academic community is gradually expanding.

there are 16 full-time teachers with doctoral degrees in the

There have been more and more st udies therefore, the

department, forming an academic team with scholars of all

establishment of numismatics as a university major has been

ages and professional titles. Based on the major construction

put on the agenda. Hebei Normal University has actively

and research layout requirements, the major has set three major

set up a numismatics major (Image 1-5) to follow current

research fields, namely, ancient Chinese coins, numismatic

circumstances. In 2016, the Academic Degree Committee of the

culture and monetary exchange between China and the West. 3

State Council of the People's Republic of China approved Hebei

Normal University’s application to establish a second-level

The university library and school reference room have lots

major in Numismatics independently in 2016 and published

of numismatic books and documents. Teachers have also

the decision online. Thus, China has its first numismatic Ph.D.

provided some materials. Besides, the school has a special

program and its first numismatic major. It marks the beginning

numismatic reference room. The university museum has set up

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an impressive numismatic exhibition with an extensive coin

DEPARTMENTS

The Characteristics, Advantages and Mission of Chinese Numismatics

collection, many of which are valuable and rare. The museum has collected complete varieties of high quality coin sets to build a systematic collection. The university and school have

Coin research has a long history in China. Chinese numismatic

spent a considerable amount of money in buying professional

studies have made remarkable achievements for over 70 years

equipment and software and establishing a numismatic

since the founding of the People's Republic of China. However,

database and laboratory to create quality numismatic courses

it is also confronted with some problems at present.

and meet the development requirements. These efforts have laid a solid foundation for the construction, development, education, and research of the major, creating a very favorable teaching and research atmosphere.

Second, the discipline only covers a small field. The coin is Third, China lacks

a name-card of its issuing country, so numismatics as a study

professional talents.

is universal. However, Chinese numismatic research has not covered a wide range, and the research on the history of coins and currency has been insufficient. Coins 4 are essential objects of study in the international numismatic community. Some medals with great historical and artistic value are even more important than coins. China has been left behind in this aspect.

Fourth, the Chinese numismatic

As socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era,

community focuses more on collecting

the study of numismatics should follow up quickly to serve the

a nd t r a d i ng r at her t ha n resea rch

country and society by strengthening the study of numismatic

and academic study. This situation

culture and the history of exchange between Chinese and

goes against the constr uction and

Western currencies under the Belt and Road Initiatives.

development of numismatic research and discipline.

First, there is still no consensus on some key issues that will affect the academic and d iscipli na r y development. Scholars have not made further discussion and research after some simple research on these issues.

Sixth, the numismatic studies lack an overall layout, and the research system lacks a top-level design. We do not have specialized numismatic projects with great significance. The numismatic community should join the efforts to make breakthroughs in critical areas.

Fifth, the numismatic research tends to be fragmented because the community emphasizes the "small" and "detailed" studies on a specific nu m ismat ic object and ig nores the research on the construction and development of numismatic discipline and theoretical system. The numismatic theory failed to guide the practice.

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Wester n moder n numismatics has been established and Second, museums, libraries,

was established much later. Still, Chinese numismatics has its

unique characteristics and advantages. At present, the discipline

many materials. We need to make

is growing much faster and has increasingly close contact with

full use of these cultural relics

international numismatic studies, with some unique features.

to serve society and promote the

developed for some 200 years, while Chinese numismatics

and individuals have collected

construction of socialist culture. First, even though Chinese numismatics was founded much later, it has enough knowledge, theory, data, and material due to its long time for preparation.

Second, many collectors and researchers have supported the development and growth of Chinese numismatics.

T h i r d , t he c oi n m a r ke t and the industry has been

gradually formed. According to Third, the central government and central bank have

incomplete statistics, China has 30

attached great importance to the development and study

million to 80 million collectors.

of numismatics. Almost all provinces and cities have

These collectors help to advance the

established numismatic societies, which have played a

development of a new industry, that

significant role in promoting numismatics.

is, the numismatic industry.

Fourth, the numismatic research results can be transformed Numismatic research should work to make coins to be a

into practical knowledge to serve the whole society.

wonderful name-card for the country. Such a name-card can show our cultural confidence. Through in-depth study, numismatics

China has an almost uninterrupted civilization for 5,000 years,

can reveal the evolution law and history behind coins. We need

and the coin trade has a history of at least 3,000 years and coins

to understand the development trend of numismatics to speed up

have affected Chinese culture and history to a certain extent.

constructing the numismatic system with Chinese characteristics.

Therefore, the long historical and cultural heritage of China also

Then, we can actively promote the exchange and cooperation

benefits the development of numismatics.

between Chinese and western numismatic communities. In the future, Chinese numismatic scholars will exchange with the

To begin with, China has a

international community more confidently and cultivate more

large number of historical

talents with professional knowledge to meet social requirements and serve industry development.

works and documents, and there a r e a l s o m a ny a r ch a e olog ic a l works and discoveries, which have created beneficial conditions for the

(This paper is phased achievement of the graduate student innovation project“ Research on the construction and Development of Numismatics in china” in Hebei Province in2021.The project number is CXZZBS2021058.)

development of numismatics.

Note:

1 Dai Zhiqiang [ 戴志強 ], An Overview of Numismatics [《錢幣學概述》], Qi Lu Numismatics [《齊魯錢幣》], 2011(1), p. 9. 2 Bai Qinchuan [ 白秦川 ], Chinese Numismatics [《中國錢幣學》 ], Henan University Publishing House, 2014(6), p. 320. 3 Shao Yan [ 邵岩 ], The first Doctoral Program of Numismatics in China was Established in Hebei Normal University [《國內第一個錢幣學博士點在河北師範大學設立》 ], China Numismatics [《中國錢幣》], 2016(1). 4 Here refers to coins and medals. 5 Wang Jijie [ 王紀潔 ], Ancient Coins: Many Collectors but Few Researches [《古錢：藏者日眾卻研者少》], website Qian Fa Tang [ 錢法堂 ], October 15, 2019. 16

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DEPARTMENTS

錢幣學科在中國之介評武宏偉〔中國漢中〕

據考古發現，中國至遲在漢代就出現有意識收藏錢幣的現

成熟對清代錢幣研究和古錢學的形成起到極大的推動和促

基於玩好收藏，由玩好收藏進而錢幣研究，促進了錢幣知

修完成中國第一部官修錢幣著作⸺ 《欽定錢錄》，標誌着

科的構建和發展。這當是錢幣玩藏研究和錢幣學發展的路

年的繁榮階段。因此，視這段時間為錢幣學發展的第二次

進作用。1750 年，在清高宗的着意宣導下，梁詩正等人纂

象。這種玩藏愛好源遠流長，持續至今。錢幣學在中國當

古泉學形成，並得以發展。此後錢幣研究進入了長達百餘

識積累和產出，進而助力錢幣學的形成，最終走向錢幣學

高潮。

徑。 “錢幣學是從文化的意義上對錢幣開展研究的一門學

科”。它從錢幣實物入手研究，進而對錢幣的意蘊展開深入 1

研究。

學者們認為民國時期是錢幣學發展的第三次高潮。當時出

一錢幣學在中國的歷史沿革

考古學和馬克思主義貨幣理論傳入中國，在不同程度上促

現中西文化大碰撞，大交融的局面。西方近代貨幣銀行學、進了錢幣研究的發展。錢幣研究和交易都更為興盛。其表

有學者認為中國錢幣學產生於南北朝時期，經歷四次發展

現主要在於：第一，錢幣收藏大家輩出，泉幣交易活躍。

高潮，這就是著名的中國錢幣學發展四次高潮論。

第二，錢幣著述增多，留有經典傳世，其中以丁福保的《古

錢大辭典》《歷代古錢圖說》和《古泉學綱要》最為著名。第三，錢幣研究方法和手段更加科學，研究結論更為真實

可靠。第四，泉幣學社的成立和多種錢幣研究專刊的創刊，使得錢幣知識向公眾普及更為便利。第五，在知識界，越來越多的人以“古泉學”來命名錢幣研究所形成的知識體

系，以“古泉學”為名稱的著作、期刊湧現。因此，學者們認為這時期是錢幣學發展的第三次高潮。

其實，錢幣學並不是一門古老的學科，它是一門相對年輕的新興現代學科。國外錢幣學的歷史不過 200 年左右。世

界範圍內，錢幣學和錢幣學科體系也並不十分完備。認為

在中國形成以上三次錢幣學發展高潮，事實上是不成立的。

· 洪遵與《泉志》（修訂版）

因為，錢幣學概念都未在那時出現，古代學問並不是現代

科學和學問，更不是新興學科。可視為錢幣收藏發展史和錢幣研究著述史的三次高潮。

南北朝至兩宋是中國錢幣學產生發展的第一次高潮。蕭梁時有顧烜著《錢譜》一卷，原書已佚，目前可知的該書內容僅

見引自於南宋人洪遵著的《泉志》一書中的數十則條目。洪

筆者之所以這樣認為，是因為，南北朝至兩宋時期，錢幣

存最早的錢幣著作。學者們因此認為這就是我國錢幣學產

為研究著述以存物留證的高度，因此應將其視為錢幣研究

玩藏由過去一以貫之。錢幣著作出現，則使錢幣玩藏上升

遵又於紹興十九年（1149 年）著成《泉志》，此書為我國現

的第一階梯。元朝至清朝前期，錢幣研究相對沉寂。到清

生發展的第一次高潮的重要標誌和依據。

朝中葉，官修《欽定錢錄》的完成，表明錢幣研究上升為官

方認可的一門學問，漸趨形成古泉學而逐步發展起來，因

學者們認為清代是錢幣學發展的第二次高潮。其主要原因 2

此為第二階梯的標誌。從清末到進入民國，古泉學發展到

是考據學的興起，音韻、訓詁、辨偽、輯佚、考史、金石

巔峰，走向成熟，有了明確命名，當視之為第三階梯。綜上，

等科目的繁榮刺激了錢幣研究的發展。乾嘉考據學興起與

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小貼士

武宏偉（ 1 士研究生 978 年 — ），陝西省漢。陝西國中經濟金融際史。現為商貿學院教師市人。河北師範。主要研河北省收大學 20 究方 19 藏家協會錢幣專業向為錢幣學、貨級博幣委員會副秘書長。史、

·河北師範

· 錢幣分析設備

大學博物馆

· 河北師範大學

從南北朝至民國到中華人民共和國成立前，形成了錢幣收

因素影響，是錢幣學研究遭遇波折，相對沉寂的的階段。

的中國並沒有直接產生錢幣學。

幣學幾近淪為“絕學”。第三個階段，20世紀80 年代至 21世

從彭先生提出錢幣學概念之後近 30 年時間裏，古泉學和錢

藏發展史和錢幣研究著述史上三個重要階梯。但是，此時

紀前15年是自改革開放以來錢幣學迎來發展春天，錢幣學

20世紀80年代至今被有些學者視為錢幣學發展的第四次高

在遭遇挫折後，著力推進發展的階段。

來，並獲得了前所未有的發展，雖然中經波折，但自改革開

綜上所述，筆者認為，20世紀80 年代至今是錢幣學發展的

潮。事實上，中華人民共和國成立後，錢幣學才正式構建起放至今，其總體發展趨勢則是高歌猛進。

第四次高潮與客觀事實不完全相符。這種錯誤認知主要是

錢幣學在中國的形成與發展主要經歷了三個或四個階段。

絡，更沒有能對錢幣學在中國的發展進行科學的分期。

沒有搞清楚錢幣學的概念和其在中國成立的時間、發展脈

第一階段，中華人民共和國成立至 20世紀60 年代是錢幣學

概念的提出和構建階段。新中國成立伊始，就已經有諸多

二錢幣學科在中國的設立

概念以交流中西。1954 年彭信威先生在巨著《中國貨幣史》

隨着錢幣學研究的發展，研究成果日益增多 , 錢幣學在學術

錢幣學者通過著述，溝通中外錢幣學界，嘗試構建錢幣學

中，不僅率先提出了“錢幣學”的概念，而且在每章中設專

界的影響逐漸擴大，因此，錢幣學科建立也提上了議事日

對獨立的學科，並初步指出、界定了錢幣學的研究對象是

錢幣學科（如上圖）。2016年，中華人民共和國國務院學位

節論述錢幣學，明確指出錢幣學對於貨幣學來說是一門相

程，河北師範大學正是為了適應形勢發展需要，積極籌設

委員會通過了河北師範大學自主設置“錢幣學”博士二級學

錢幣實物。因此，錢幣界多把《中國貨幣史》的問世作為

科的申請，並進行了網上公示，標誌着我國第一個錢幣學

界標，視為是錢幣學在中國發展具有里程碑意義的事件。第二個階段，20世紀60至70 年代初，由於受政治、社會等

博士點和錢幣學二級學科正式設立。這是錢幣學走向更為

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專業化研究的開始，也是錢幣學在中國發展的新階段，亦

DEPARTMENTS

打下堅實基礎。目前，學科點上有博士學位專職教師16人，

多有將其視之為錢幣學發展的第四階段。

形成了老、中、青年齡結構合理，職稱完備的學術科研團

錢幣學科在中國的設立標誌着錢幣學、錢幣學科作為現代

逐步凝練出了中國古代錢幣、中國近現代錢幣、錢幣文化

隊。根據錢幣學科建設發展需要和科研規劃佈局，該學科

科學、學科邁向新的發展征程。中國錢幣學和學科建設正

與中西貨幣交流三個重點研究突破方向。3

迅速與國際接軌，躍向更新、更廣闊的發展空間，同時也

預示着錢幣學在中國有着強大的生命力和遠大的發展前途。

學校圖書館、學院資料室及教師個人均藏有大量與錢幣學

國，經眾多專家、學者、錢幣愛好者的努力，由“絕學”上

學校博物館也設立錢幣專館，藏有大量錢幣實物，其中不

相關的實物和文獻資料，還設立有專門的錢幣學資料室。

大學面向社會招收錢幣學博士研究生，意味着錢幣學在中

乏價值高昂的珍稀品種。博物館館藏錢幣不僅種類齊全，

升為現代科學，它必將會以大學的四大基本功能為支撐，

品相上乘，而且逐步形成了體系與特色。學校和學院為適

有序進行學科體系建設與發展。

應錢幣學和錢幣學科發展建設需要，傾心盡力打造錢幣學

精品課程，斥鉅資購買機器設備和專業軟體，建立大型錢

河北師範大學積極籌設和申報錢幣學科時，校方不僅高度

幣資料庫，建設錢幣實驗室。這些都為錢幣學科的建設發

重視，而且親歷親為，為能成功申報做了大量充分細緻的

展，錢幣學教學和科研工作奠定了堅實的基礎，營造了極

準備工作。學校審時度勢，整合各方面資源，發揮優勢學

為有利的教學科研氛圍。

科資源，以歷史文化學院的中國史、考古學、地理學三個

相關學科的一級學科博士學位授權點為依託，整合學校金融碩士專業授權點、金融數據研究中心等科研機構的優質

三中國錢幣學科的特色和優勢及發展使命

委員會的依託單位，學校與國家開發銀行河北省分行、中

錢幣研究歷史悠久，特別是中華人民共和國成立70 年來，

院簽署了全面合作協議，為錢幣學發展和錢幣學學科建設

一些問題。這些問題主要表現在以下方面 :

資源設置錢幣學學科。學校還是中國錢幣學會貨幣史專業

錢幣學研究在中國已經取得了驕人的成績，但是目前也面臨

國銀行河北分行、河北銀行、河北省文物局、河北省博物

第二，學科研究涵蓋面比較狹窄。錢幣是世界共識的，也

是公認的國家名片，因而錢幣學的研究是世界通約的。但

是，目前中國錢幣學研究範圍還不夠寬廣，對其他一些重要國家的錢幣和錢幣史的研究不足。幣章4在國際錢幣學界

是重要的研究對象，有些被視為錢幣本身，甚至比錢幣本

第三，專業人才相對缺乏，研究隊伍年齡和職稱結構不合理。

身更重要，更具歷史和藝術價值的藏品。這一方面中國的

研究則比較滯後。在中國特色社會主義進入了新時代， “一

第四，錢幣領域呈現出重收藏、

帶一路”合作倡議下，錢幣學研究理應迅速跟進，加強錢幣文化與中西貨幣交流史研究，為國家和社會服務。

像，這將不利於錢幣學研究和錢幣學科建設與發展。

第一，一些关键性影响学

第六，錢幣學科研究缺少總體

未取得普遍共识，甚至在

計，缺少對一些有重大意義的

术、学科发展的问题仍然

出现一些讨论后就不再有后续深入探讨和研究了。

規劃佈局和研究制度的頂層設錢幣研究課題進行專門立項，彙聚合力，重點突破攻關研究。

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重交易，輕研究、輕學術的怪

第五，錢幣學界目前存在研究碎片化

傾向，片面強調特定錢幣實物研究的

“小”和“細” ，忽視錢幣學科體系和

理論體系的構建與發展研究，忽視錢幣學理論研究對實踐的指導作用。

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西方現代錢幣學已經建立發展 200年左右了，而中國建立較

晚，但是錢幣學科在中國卻有自己獨有的特色和優勢，並正

在加速發展，與國際間該領域的聯繫也日益緊密。錢幣學科

有大量的實物資料存世，這

些資料或為博物館、

在中國獨有的特色有如下集中表現。

文管所收藏管理，或

第一，錢幣學科在中國設立雖然較晚，但是它孕育時間長，準備充分，錢幣知識、學說、資料、實物等方面積

關鍵的問題是如何讓

累充足。

為個人所珍藏。現在

這些海量的實物資料

即讓文物活起來，服

務社會，促進社會主

第二，錢幣學在中國的成長與錢幣學科建設發展有着規

義文化建設。

模龐大的收藏隊伍作為支撐，相關收藏研究者作為依託和後備力量。

第三，中國政府及中央銀行高度重視錢幣學研究和錢幣

八千萬人， “當今錢

對於錢幣收藏研究有極大的促進作用。

三十萬以上，錢幣收

錢幣市場和產

業逐步形成。

錢幣玩藏愛好者甚巨，據不完全統計，中國

收藏大軍有三千萬到

幣收藏愛好者也達

學科的建設發展。各個省市幾乎都設立有錢幣學會，這

藏熱可謂風起雲湧” 。眾多的錢幣玩藏愛

第四，錢幣學科研成果能夠迅速轉化為實用知識，服務社會的功能也日益突顯。

好者的存在將會催生一個新產業⸺ 錢幣產業⸺ 的形成和發展。

中國有着五千年的幾乎未曾斷裂的文明，錢幣行用歷史至少也有3 000年左右，錢幣在一定程度上成為了文明和歷史的

折射與反映。因此，悠久的歷史文化傳承也會作用於錢幣學科的發展而創造出明顯的優勢。這主要體現為：

錢幣學科的研究發展使命應是着力用錢幣打造靚麗的國家名片，用國家名片彰顯文化自信，以錢幣為切入和依託，深

入研究，揭示錢幣歷史演變發展規律及其錢幣背後的歷史，

大量的史學著作、

把握錢幣學科發展趨勢，加快構建中國特色錢幣學學科體

史學文獻、考古

系，學術體系，話語體系，積極推動中西方錢幣文化和錢幣

學著作和新的考古發

研究的交流與合作。在中國，未來錢幣學和錢幣學科會以更

現為錢幣學科的發展

加從容、自信的姿態面向世界，培養出一批具有高水準錢幣

創造了良好的條件。

學知識的人才，以滿足社會需求，服務產業發展。

（本文是2021年河北省研究生創新項目《錢幣學科在中國的建設發展研究》的階段性成果。課題編號為 CXZZBS2021058。）注釋 1 戴志強：《錢幣學概述》，載《齊魯錢幣》2011年第1期第9頁。 2 白秦川：《中國錢幣學》，河南大學出版社，2014年6月版，第320頁。 3 邵岩：《國內第一個錢幣學博士點在河北師範大學設立》，《中國錢幣》2016年第1期。 4 這裏特指兼具錢幣（一般指硬幣）和章（一般指紀念章）雙重屬性的合二為一的錢幣或（紀念）章。 5 王紀潔：《古錢：藏者日眾卻研者少》，載網路“錢法堂”2019年10月15日。 20

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Unique Coinage Techniques of Ancient China:

Moulding and Sand-Casting Techniques Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

Among four major ancient Eurasian coinage systems, the

Unearthed moulds were made of stone, clay, metal, and

coinage systems in the Mediterranean region, the South

many other materials by different methods. These moulds

Asian subcontinent, and the Arab regions all minted coins

can be divided into ancestor moulds, mother moulds, and

by striking. Only China and other Eastern countries,

duplicated moulds according to the function. Ancestor

influenced by Chinese culture, used moulding and sand-

moulds bearing characters cut in relief would be used to

casting techniques.

produce mother moulds with characters cut in intaglio, and then moulds duplicated from mother moulds would

China started to cast coins with moulds from the Shang

be used to make coins. Some moulds bearing characters

dynasty. Copper shell coins unearthed from the graves

cut in intaglio could be used for moulding coins directly.

in Dasikong Village, Anyang City, and Linzheyu Village,

In early times, people also used single clay moulds to

Baode City, Henan Province were the first metal coins

produce coins. Since such moulds had to be broken down

produced by moulding. In the Western Zhou dynasty,

to extract coins, no two coins produced by clay moulds

bronze coins shaped like a farming spade came into being

had the same inscriptions and shapes. Clay moulds

along the Yellow River. In the Warring States period,

had been used for a long time, as many clay moulds of

round coins and coins casting in the shape of knife and

yong long tong bao ( 永隆通寶 ) cast in the fourth year of

shell appeared.

Yonglong Empire's reign in 942, nearly 1,200 years after the Warring States period were still in use.2 In the Qin and Han dynasties, most coin moulds were spade-shaped. The entrance for pouring molten metal in is generally in the middle of the mould, with one to four coin dies on either side. Later on, there were sheetlike moulds of round, square, and rectangle shape. As for sheet-like mould, the entrance for pouring molten metal is in the middle, with coin moulds around the entrance. During this period, a new casting method of stack moulding was invented. A mother mould is used to produce duplicated moulds to be overlaid. After pouring molten copper into the entrance in the middle, molten

Image 1: Stone mould for Yi Liu Hua coins of the State of Qi in the Warring States period (2017 Autumn Auction of Xi Lin Yin She)

copper will flow into separate duplicated moulds. When it

1 Ma Dezhi ( 馬得志 ), Discovery Report of Dasikong Village, Anyang City in 1953 (《1953年安陽大司空村發掘報告》), Journal of Archaeology (《考古學報》), 1955(9); Wu Zhenlu ( 吳振魯 ), Newly Discovered Bronzewares of the Yin Dynasty in Baode County (《保德縣新發現的殷代青銅器》), Cultural Relics (《文物》), 1972 (4). 2 He Chengfeng ( 何逞鋒 ), Coin Dies of Yong Long Tong Bao (《永隆通寶錢範》 ), Zhong Hua Book Company, 4/2005. J

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invented. Ac ademic ally, it is believed that people used the sand-casting method to mint coins during the Tang dynasty. Since there were no mother coins then, some numismatists hold that Tang coins were minted by the lost wax casting method. However, scholars have not reached an agreement. Besides this, we have not found any moulds of kai yuan tong bao ( 開元通寶 ) coins. Based on the moulages on the Tang coins and relic sites related to minting, we can assume that the Tang coins were produced by the sand-casting technique. According to the Heavenly Creations (《天工開物》) by Song Yingxing ( 宋應星 ) of the Ming dynasty, the sandcasting technique required one to engrave an‘ancestor’ coin first. Then, mother coins would be duplicated from the ancestor coin. To make sand moulds, wet sand will be placed in rectangles made from pear wood, and small amounts of coal and charcoal dust were added to refine the process, acting as a flux. The mother coins will be placed on the sand, and another pearwood frame would be placed upon the mother coins. The molten metal will be poured in through a separate entrance formed by placing a rod in the mould. After being cooled down, coins would be extracted from the mould to be polished.3 Moulding technique needed to fire the mould, and such a Image 2: Copper mother mould of wu zhu ( 五銖 ) coins of the Western Han dynasty (Yiyou Coin and Card Website)

mould is called a hard mould. The sand-casting procedure

came to the Xin dynasty, the moulding technique made a

more efficient.

does not require such a process, and it is known as a soft mould. Fewer processes made the sand-casting method

spurt of progress, as the method can save materials and increase outputs. All these made the technique reach a

There are still many existing Song coins, which reflects

new high.

the economic prosperity of the Song dynasty. These coins manifest the flourishing and advancing of the minting

In the two Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, the stack

industry in the Song dynasty. There are also some mother

moulding technique came into its peak use, and such

coins from the Song dynasty. Generally, mother coins are

methods improved the efficiency and increased output.

thicker and larger than common coins. Besides, mother

In the later stage, a new technique of sand casting was

coins feature separated character strokes and cleaner

3 (Ming) Song Yongxing ( 宋應星 ), Heavenly Creations (《天工開物》), Jilin Publication Group Co., Ltd., 6/2016.4. 22

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Image 3: Iron mother coin of da guan tong bao ( 大觀通寶 ) of the Northern Song dynasty (Huaxia Ancient Coin Website)

Image 4: Standard Coin of dao guang tong bao ( 道光通寶 ) of the Qing dynasty issued in the Aksu area (Ancient Coin Garden Website)

holes in the center, with polished reverse sides. Some

coin was to be issued, ivory would be used to engrave

mother coins have a slop at the edge, which makes

the coin’s pattern, and then, the pattern would be

it more convenient for demoulding. According to the

submitted to the officer for identification. After approval,

fineness and inscriptions, mother coins can be divided

refined copper will be engraved into an ancestor coin by

into copper mother coins produced with iron moulds and

a staff of the Bureau of the Mint. The ancestor coin will be

iron mother coins. The copper mother coins produced

used to produce the mother coin with the sand-casting

with iron moulds are produced with molten copper in the

technique. Mother coins are distributed to provincial mints

trial production, while iron mother coins are the copper

to manufacture moulds, and coin samples by provincial

mother coins used for minting iron coins. Some scholars

mints should be submitted to the bureau for approval."4

hold that some coins, such as the kai yuan tong bao ( 開元通寶 ) coins in the Huichang Emperor’s reign in the

The sand-casting technique was still used in the early

Tang dynasty (841-946), used movable inscriptions, so

Republican period. Machine-struck coins did not circulate

the position of the inscription is changeable.

in China until the Guangxu Emperor’s reign in the Qing dynasty when the government introduced machines to mint coins.

In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the government started to issue notes, and silver became a circulating currency. Therefore, fewer copper coins were minted in this period.

The moulding and sand-casting techniques are different

The Yuan and Ming coins do not have so many varieties

from minting techniques employed in any other place in

as Song coins do. They only have some differences in

the world. These two techniques had been used from the

inscription font and size. In the Qing dynasty, the Ministry

Shang dynasty to the Republic of China, throughout the

of Revenue was authorized by the government to mint

history of China. Existing ancient coins also reflect the

standard coins. Provincial mints cast coins according

rise and fall of dynasties, historical revolution, and cultural

to the standard coin from the Ministry of Revenue. Bao

connotation. This characteristic minting technique also

Kang ( 鮑康 ) described this process in detail in his Large

manifests the refined minting technique of China.

Coin Catalog (《大錢圖錄》). "Every time a new kind of

4 (Qing) Bao Kang ( 鮑康 ), Li Zuoxian ( 李佐賢 ), Large Coin Catalog of Guangguge Study (《觀古閣泉說續泉說觀古閣叢稿續稿三編大錢圖錄》). J

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範鑄與翻砂

出現了，戰國時各地鑄幣在形式

上多姿多彩，有布幣、刀幣、蟻鼻錢與圜錢等。

從各地歷年來出土發現的鑄錢範

來分析，制範的材質與用範鑄錢

方法有多種。首先，從範的材質上分為石質、陶質與金屬範。在

功能上可分為母範與子範，一般的過程是，刻製陰文的祖範，然

後鑄出陽文的母範，用母範再翻

製出陰文的子範，用子範來鑄造範直接用來鑄錢。早期的陶範也

用泥刻製成單錢模後直接鑄錢，所以鑄出的錢幣在文字與形制上沒有兩枚是相同的，因為，每個

錢範都是工匠刻制後烘焙，要取出鑄成錢幣時鑄範就毀了。這種

周邊〔上海〕

中國古代獨有的鑄錢工藝

錢幣。但是也有刻製好陰紋的錢

方法可能長期存在，在五代時期

閩國的福建地區就出土了許多鑄

造鐵錢“永隆通寶”的陶範，也是用一錢一範的方法。2永隆四年

鑄“永隆通寶” （公元942年）在

時間上與戰國差距近1200多年了。秦漢時的錢範形狀大都是版形，

西漢五銖銅母範（易郵幣卡網）

形似鏟。澆注道一般居中，兩側

製錢工藝在歐亞歷史上產生的四大

錢幣體系裏，地中海、南亞次大陸與阿拉伯錢幣製作都採用打壓方法，唯獨中國和受其文化影響的東方錢幣文化，鑄錢採用範鑄和翻砂法。

用錢範來鑄造錢幣始於商周時期。河

南安陽大司空村與山西保德林遮峪村

商代墓葬中，發現的銅貝是最早的用錢範鑄造的金屬鑄幣。1西周時期黃河

流域地區由農具演變而來的青銅布幣

戰國·齊國賹六化石範（西泠印社 2017 年秋季拍賣會）

1. 馬得志等：《1953 年安陽大司空村發掘報告》，載《考古學報》1955 年第9期；吳振魯：《保德縣新發現的殷代青銅器》，載《文物》1972 年第 4 期。 2. 何逞鋒：中國錢幣叢書 · 甲種本之十五：《永隆通寶錢範》，中華書局，2005 年 4月第一版。

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一些痕跡來推

分可定為鐵範銅與鐵母錢。鐵範銅是

壓印時的錢緣壓

幣。鐵母則是製作鐵錢時用的銅質母

論，如常見母錢痕，母錢翻印時掉落後在錢上產

生印痕等；加上多處唐代砂型鑄

鑄造鐵錢時用銅液試製出的一部分錢錢。有些學者認為，宋代的一部分錢幣使用了活字法鑄錢，所以一些錢幣

上的文字在錢幣上的位置會產生很多

變化。其實活字法在唐代的會昌年間

造遺址的發現，（841-846年）鑄造的“開元通寶”錢，可以論證出唐代

北宋大觀通寶行書鐵母錢（華夏古泉網）

錢幣是用翻砂法鑄造的。

翻砂法鑄錢，在明代宋應星的

《天工開物》中有詳細描述 : 先

雕刻母錢，用雕母先翻製若干鑄

清道光通寶阿克蘇部頒樣錢（古泉園地網）

母錢，充當鑄錢

的錢模。將木箱

為錢模 , 左右各有1-4 列錢形。其後

用砂土填實，放置錢模；將另一個填

形和長方形，圓形方形範澆注口居中，

成面和背範。然後刻製澆注孔道。合

有了片形疊鑄範，形狀有圓盤形、方

錢模圍澆注道四周。臥式疊鑄的新方

法也開始使用，即用母範翻鑄子範，

實砂土的木箱疊上，取出錢模，翻製

範捆綁固定，澆鑄錢幣。冷卻後開範取錢，經修整、打磨後錢幣完成。由 3

將子範層層相疊，中心鑄道澆注銅液，

於範鑄法的鑄錢需要焙烘，所以稱硬

新莽時期範鑄幣的工藝有了突飛猛進

焙烘，而稱軟型範鑄錢，少了幾道工

流入範內輻射狀沿支流到錢模鑄錢。的發展，既節省銅料又增加產量，在製作工藝上也達到了新的高度。

兩晉南北朝在鑄幣上將疊鑄工藝推至高潮，單錢模無榫卯單面疊鑄等技術

的應用，提高了鑄錢的功效與品質。後期出現了翻砂法鑄錢的新工藝。

唐代的鑄錢目前學術界都認為是用翻

砂法，由於沒有母錢留存，也有觀點

認為是失蠟法鑄造的，至今仍沒有定論。但也沒有發現唐開元通寶的鑄錢

範模。通過對唐代錢幣實物中發現的

型範，翻砂鑄錢的砂型不需要陰乾和序 , 使鑄錢效率獲得了極大的提高。

存世量巨大的宋代錢幣，既反映出

當時經濟的繁榮，也從精美的錢幣

錢的背面有各地鑄造的地名，就是用活字加戳的。

元代與明代的銅錢鑄量變少了，這與

當時大量發行紙幣有關，白銀也慢慢變成了流通貨幣。沒有了宋代錢幣千變萬化的版式，在字體、大小樣上有

些區分與變化。到清代，由國家授權給戶部鑄造標準的錢幣式樣，頒發給

各個地方，稱部頒樣錢。各地按戶部

的錢幣標準來鑄錢。鮑康《大錢圖錄》中詳述這個過程， “每改元鑄新錢，先

選聖潔之象牙刻作錢樣，呈錢法堂侍

郎鑒定，然後以精銅鑿成祖錢。其穿孔 ( 局呼金口 ) 非錢局人不能鑿，再用

祖錢翻砂鑄母錢。以後開鑄，則悉用

母錢印範。頒發各省者，亦謂之母錢。外省呈進者為樣錢。”4

翻砂法鑄錢直至民國初仍在用於鑄

錢。在光緒年間，開始引進國外的錢幣製作機器，機製幣開始在中國境內流通。

中，印證了錢幣鑄造先進的技藝與行

不同於世界其他地區鑄錢工藝的範鑄

的母錢留存下來也不少，區分母錢一

末民國，幾乎貫穿了整個中國歷史的

業的興盛。現在，宋代鑄造錢幣使用

般認為錢體厚度與錢徑較普通錢大

重，文字筆劃中無粘連，內穿乾淨整齊，穿郭規則無渣，背部地章經過修

整；部分錢幣的錢內外緣與內穿有拔模坡度。另外，有種文字與當時鐵錢相同的銅錢，根據文字和製作精度區

與翻砂法鑄錢，從商周一直使用至清

過程。留存下的各朝各代的古錢幣，

其中即反映了王朝替代、帝王世系、文字沿革與文化內涵，也從中可以窺

見中國特有的鑄錢工藝與精湛的鑄錢技術。

3.（明）宋應星：《天工開物》，冶鑄篇，錢，吉林出版集團股份有限公司，2016 年 6月第一版。 4.（清）鮑康著、李佐賢撰：《觀古閣泉說續泉說觀古閣叢稿續稿三編大錢圖錄》( 複印本）。

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The Exhibition and Forum of the Essence of Gold and Silver Coins along the Silk Road Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

The Exhibition of the Essence of Gold and Silver Coins along the Silk Road was inaugurated at the Gushan Branch of the Zhejiang Museum by the beautiful West Lake in Hangzhou on September 15, 2020. The Zhejiang Museum and members of the Gold and Silver Coin Committee of the China Numismatic Society provided some 700 gold and silver coins issued from the 7th century to the 19th century by ancient countries and nations along the Silk Road. The exhibition displayed many rare coins from the Lydia Kingdom, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, the Byzantium Empire, Ancient Persia, the Kushan Empire, Ancient India, and the Islamic caliphates. The exhibition provided an excellent opportunity to study gold and silver coins that were used along the Silk Road systematically. Choice coins included a lion-head one-third stater electrum coin of Lydia, a one-daric gold coin of the Achaemenid Empire, a four-drachma silver coin of Athens, a one-dinar silver coin of the Roman Republic, a one-solidus gold coin of the Byzantine Empire, a one-stater gold coin of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, and a gold coin of the Abbasid Caliphate. On September 18, 2020, the Zhejiang Museum hosted the Forum of the Essence of Gold and Silver Coins along the Silk Road. The Gold and Silver Coin Committee of the China Numismatic Society co-organized the forum. Attendees included researchers from the China Numismatic Society, the China Numismatic Museum, the China Customs Museum, the China Taxation Museum, and the Shanghai Museum. Other participants involved scholars of the East China Normal University, Northeast Normal University, Hebei Normal University, members of numismatic societies in Macau and Singapore, and many collectors. Li Xiaoping [李小萍], the secretary-general of the Gold and Silver Coin Committee of the China Numismatic Society and a Zhejiang Museum researcher, delivered a speech. A dozen researchers and scholars shared their research results. Zhou Xiang [周祥], the vice-chairman of the Gold and Silver Coin Committee

The academic forum of the Essence of Gold and Silver Coins along the Silk Road of the China Numismatic Society and the Shanghai Museum researcher, made the concluding presentation. The forum was a great success.

A four-drachma silver coin of Athens 26

A one-solidus gold coin of the Byzantine Empire J

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絲·路·流·金絲綢之路上的金銀貨幣精華展開幕暨學會研討會召開周邊〔上海〕

2020年9月15日季秋時節，在景色怡人的杭州西湖邊，浙江省博物館孤山館區精品館的“絲路流金⸺絲綢之路上的金銀貨幣精華展”開幕。展出的絲路古國與民族公元前7世紀到公元19世紀的金銀貨幣700枚左右，其中包括呂底亞、古希臘、古羅馬、拜占庭、古波斯、貴霜、古印度、伊斯蘭等王朝和地區的許多珍稀錢幣。展品來源於浙江省博物館以及中國錢幣學會金銀貨幣專業委員會部分會員的藏品。此次展覽內容豐富、展品精華疊現。如呂底亞王國獅子1/3 標準重琥珀金幣、阿契美尼德王朝1大流克金幣、古希臘雅典城4德拉克馬銀幣、羅馬共和國1第納爾銀幣、拜占庭帝國阿卡狄烏斯1索裡德金幣、巴克特裡亞希臘王朝狄奧多托斯一世1斯達特金幣、阿拉伯帝國阿巴斯王朝金幣等珍稀錢幣琳琅滿目，是難得的全面系統學習與研究絲綢之路金銀貨幣的課堂，也給廣大觀眾增添了絲綢之路金銀貨幣知識。 9月18日，“絲綢之路上的金銀貨幣”學術研討會召開，研討會由浙江省博物館主辦，中國錢幣學會金銀貨幣專委會協辦，參加會議的有中國錢幣學會、中國錢幣博物館、中國海關博物館、中國財稅博物館、上海博物館等十來家博物館研究人員，華東師範大學、東北師範大學、河北師範大學的高校學者、以及澳門、新加坡和各地錢幣學會會員 “絲綢之路上的金銀貨幣 ”學術研討會現場

與收藏愛好者。中國錢幣學會金銀貨幣專委會秘書長、浙江省博物館研究館員李小萍致辭。十余位專家學者分別發言，介紹交流研究成果。中國錢幣學會金銀幣專委會副主

得了不小的成果。“絲路流金⸺絲綢之路上的金銀貨幣精

任委員、上海博物館研究館員周祥作了總結發言。會議取

華展”展至2020年11月29日圓滿結束。

色雷斯王國利西馬科斯 4德拉克馬銀幣

拜占庭帝國阿卡狄烏斯1索裡德金幣

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Southern Song Dynasty “Chien Yien Yuan Pao” One Cash Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕

The Nor thern Song of f icial Teng K ang [ 騰

康]

proclaimed in the“Edict of Pardon”that the Emperor ordered to change the reign title from May 1st, 2nd year of Jing Kang [ 靖康 ] to May 1st, 1st year of Jian Yan [ 建炎 ]. The Southern Song Emperor Gao Zong Bibliography noted that in September 1127 (the first year of Jian Yan), Jiang Rao Jian Zhou State would primarily produce jian yan tong bao [ 建炎通寶 ]. While

Yu Hai [《玉海》], written by Southern Song Wang

jian yan yuan bao

Yinglin [ 王應麟 ], recorded that in July, the Ministry of Industry commanded the Department of Transportation to supervise the coin striking. But it did not mention what type yuan bao [ 元寶 ] or tong bao [ 通寶 ] would be struck. According to the monetary system of the first year of Southern Song, the calligraphy on the Southern Song coins still follows the calligraphy style, that is two different calligraphy styles match a pair, such as jian

yan [ 建炎 ] coins and shao xing [ 紹興 ] coins. The

jian yan yuan bao

Song History Economy [《宋史食貨志》] noted that the Emperor Tai Zong order to strike tai ping tong bao [ 太平通寶 ], then chun hua tong bao [ 淳化通寶 ], chun hua

becomes extremely rare now.

yuan bao [ 淳化元寶 ]. There were three calligraphy varieties: regular script (zhen shu [ 真書 ]), running

script (xing shu [ 行書 ]), and grass script (cao shu [ 草

Nai-Chi Chang [ 張叔馴 ] Collection, the oﬃcial script

書 ]). So we can come to a conclusion based on the above

(li shu [ 隸書 ]) variety is ex- Collection. The seal script

information that the order from the Department of

(zhuan shu [ 篆

Transportation in July is to strike jian yan tong bao.

Baoting [ 戴保庭 ], the prototype coin of Illustration of

In September, jian yan tong bao was struck. So jian

Ancient Coins of Different Dynasties [《丁氏歷代古錢圖

yan tong bao was only produced in two months, which

說》] by Ding Fubao [ 丁福保 ].

2 2

書 ]) variety was obtained from Dai

部門

DEPARTMENTS

南宋建炎元寶隸篆小平曾澤祿〔美國〕

滕康赦文曰： “朕惟火德中微 , 天命未改 ....... 可以靖康二年五月一日 , 改為建炎元年五月一日。”高宗本纪： “建炎元年 (1127年 ) 九月詔江饒建州所鑄錢以建炎通寶為主。”然玉海載“七月工部令發運司催督鑄錢”，但這未提到是何種錢文，元寶或通寶 ? 按南宋初年的錢制 , 仍具有北宋書體成對之遺風 , 例如建炎錢與紹興錢，又按《宋史 · 食貨志》： “...... 初太宗改元太平興國 , 更鑄太平通寶 , 淳化更鑄 , 又親書淳化元寶 , 作真行草三體 , 後改元更鑄 , 皆曰元寶 , 而冠以年號。”如依此推理 , 那麼七月工部令發運司催督鑄錢之錢文是建炎元寶，而到九月才更鑄建炎通寶，知建炎元寶僅鑄2個月而已，故傳世極罕。

張叔馴

下圖為張叔馴藏品 , 隸書者為鄭丈松館故物；篆書者得自戴葆庭 , 是丁氏歷代古錢圖說之原品。

篆書 : 建炎元寶

隸書：建炎元寶

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The coins of the Qi state Thomas Uhlmann〔Germany〕

The ancient state of Qi was located in the central and northern

centuries, the colony developed into a serious power in the

area of today’s Shandong Province and on the southern edge

region. Finally, in the 4th century B.C. the independent duchy

of today’s Hebei Province in China. The wide plain of the

of Qi was founded.5 The political and economic importance

Yangze estuary was and is a very fertile area where agriculture

of the country continued to grow. Due to the salt production

and cattle breeding could ﬂourish. Its location by the sea

on the coast, the rich fishing grounds and a ﬂourishing textile

also enables the production of salt as an important trade

production, prosperity could be accumulated and it was

commodity. These two points made it possible to provide the

possible to provide extensive contingents in case of military

population with a good independent supply of food and the

interventions of the king.6 Due to the increasing weakness of

salt trade offered an opportunity to establish prosperity. So it

the Zhou dynasty the empire of Qi gained more and more

is not surprising that the capital Linzi was one of the biggest

independence and strength - nevertheless this last independent

metropolises of the whole region.1

state on the territory of the then China of the Zhou dynasty was defeated by the Qin dynasty around 221 BC.7 With the

The history of the state of Qi begins with the settlement by the

conquest of this state, Qin Shi Huang could establish himself

eastern expansion of the early Zhou dynasty. This campaign

as the first emperor of a united China.

is accompanied by the first rebellion of the Zhou against the Shang Dynasty in the 12th/11th century B.C.2 The colony of

In the state of Qi, an independent coinage system initially

Qi, founded by Tai Gong Wang3, was one of the most important

developed in the form of knife money. The date of the first

of the royal house of the Zhou4, as from there the eastern

emergence of this knife money is controversial and ﬂuctuates

part of the empire was secured. In the following changeable

between the 11th and 4th century BC.8 Within the overall

1 Mark Edward Lewis, Warring States Political History in: The Cambridge History of China – From the Orgins of Civilization to 221 B.C. New York, 2006, S. 595. 2Edward L. Shaughnessy, Western Zhou History in: The Cambridge History of China – From the Orgins of Civilization to 221 B.C. New York, 2006, S. 312. 3Tai Gong Wang war der Kommendeur der Zhou-Armee im Krieg gegen die Shang-Dynastie. 4 Shaughnessy, a.a.O., S. 329-330. 5 Cho-yun Hsu, The Spring and Autumn Period in: The Cambridge History of China – From the Orgins of Civilization to 221 B.C. New York, 2006, S. 553. 6 Hsu, a.a.O., S. 553-554. 7 Lewis, a.a.O., S. 640 (insbesondere dort die Fußnote 76). 8 Francois Thierry, Les Monnaies de la Chine Ancienne, Paris, 2017, S. 45.

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context of Chinese coin development, the period can probably

the different coinage forms of ancient China, as they can

be attributed to the 6th to 4th century BC. Unlike other knife

almost without exception be found in finds on the territory

coins, the pieces produced in Qi are larger and heavier than

of Qi. 9

their relatives from other areas of China. In my opinion, one can also speak of a higher level of craftsmanship on the part

The knife coins (as far as known so far) are divided into six

of the craftsmen, as the characters and symbols incorporated

basic types10 with again different characters on the back. An

in cast iron are usually more clearly and filigree.

essential element of the obverse inscription on the different types of knives is the name“Qi Fa hua”which can be interpreted as oﬃcial/legal money of the state Qi.11

The knife coins also seem to have played a special role within

①

②

② Qi Fa Hua - valid money of the empire Qi, revers: yi, 185x 30 mm, 48.84 g , Bronze, Hartill 4.6a, Ex. Howard/Fang Yaoyu Franklin Bowker

① Ji Mo Zhi Fa Hua, revers gong, 170 x 29 mm,

49.17g , Bronze, Hartill 4.2j, Ex. Howard/Fang Yaoyu Franklin Bowker

9 David Hartill, Cast Chinese Coins,Victoria, 2005, S. 54 und Thierry, Francois a.a.O.; S.45. 10 Thierry, Francois, a.a.O., S. 44/45. 11 Thierry, Francois; a.a.O.; S.45.

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③ Qi Fa Hua - valid money of the empire Qi, revers: da or lin, 185x31mm, 49.52g, Bronze, Hartill 4.6am, Ex. Howard/Fang Yaoyu Franklin Bowker ④Qi Fa Hua - valid money of the empire Qi, revers: tu or shi, 180 x 31 mm, 44.95 g , Bronze, Hartill 4.6l, Ex. Howard/Fang Yaoyu Franklin Bowker ③

⑤Qi Fa Hua - valid money of the empire Qi, revers: not clear, 185 x 29 mm, 45.95 g , Bronze, Hartill 4.6j, Ex. Howard/Fang Yaoyu Franklin Bowker ⑥Qi Fa Hua - valid money of the empire Qi, revers: wan, 178 x 31 mm, 49.76 g, Bronze, Hartill 4.6r, Ex. Howard/Fang Yaoyu Franklin Bowker

④

⑦Qi Fa Hua - valid money of the empire Qi, revers: he, 180 x 30 mm, 48.16 g , Bronze, Hartill 4.6t, Ex. Howard/Fang Yaoyu Franklin Bowker

⑤

⑦ ⑥

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DEPARTMENTS

⑨

⑩

⑪

⑧ ⑫ ⑨ Yi hua - 1 Hua, 22 mm, 1.77g, Bronze, Hartill 6.23, Ex. Howard Franklin Bowker

⑧ Qi Fa Hua - valid money of the empire Qi, revers: ke or si 184 x 30 mm, 45.21 g , Bronze, Hartill 4.6u, Ex. Howard/Fang Yaoyu Franklin Bowker

⑩ Yi er hua - 2 Hua, 25 mm, 4.35g, Bronze, Hartill -, Ex. Howard Franklin Bowker ⑪ Yi si hua - 4 Hua, 30 mm, 5,34g, Bronze, Hartill 6.24, Ex. Howard Franklin Bowker

(All photos above Thomas Uhlmann)

⑫ Yi liu hua - 6 Hua, 36 mm, 10,05g, Bronze, Hartill 6.25, Ex. Howard Franklin Bowker

(All photos above Falk Wenzel)

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The reverse side still shows three stripes, which are interpreted

coins, 3.4 g to 6.4 g for 4 Hua coins and 5.8 g to 11.7 g for 6

as value indication. Depending on the interpretation the value

Hua coins.16

is described with 3 or 30 Hua. The sign Yi was previously interpreted as a reference to the city Probably around the year 279 BC, round coins were issued

Yi in the realm of Qi. In the meantime, research has agreed that

in addition to knife money. Based on finds, we know that

the name Yi is more likely to be a count of strings of the Kauri

both coin forms circulated in parallel. The most frequently

shell.17，18 This is also how the three stripes frequently found

mentioned denominations of the round coins show the 1, 4 or

on the back of the knife coins described above are interpreted

6 Hua coins. The round coins bear an inscription consisting of

in connection with characters other than 三十 - san shi (=30) -

a number and two characters - e.g. Yi Si Hua.

i.e. a knife coin worth 30 double-string of cowrie shells. 19

The interpretation of the term Hua is controversial. It is

In this respect, the interpretation of the combination Yi Hua

interpreted as “valid currency”, “oﬃcial money” or as

as a double string of a previously unknown number of Kauri

weight indication. If one assumes a weight designation, the

shells as money is more appropriate. The inscription on a coin

mass of the individual coins would have to be in a ratio - i.e.

with the inscription “Yi Si Hua” could then be interpreted

a 4 Hua piece would have approximately the weight of four

as “money worth 4 Kauri double strings”. This approach

1 Hua coins, but such a ratio cannot be determined with

would also support the thesis that in China it was not the

certainty, since for example the coins examined by Gratzer/

actual weight of the coin that was relevant, but the value of

Fishman show ﬂuctuations between 1.1 g to 2.9 g for 1 Hua

the coins noted on it.

⑭ ⑬

Yi liu hua - 6 Hua, 32 mm, 6.47g, Lead, Hartill -, Ex. Howard Franklin Bowker （Above photo Falk Wenzel）

Bag of Bowker collection

12 Heinz Gratzer und Fishman A.M., Ancient Cast Chinese Coins Series Lidail Guqian, 2017, S. 45. 13 Heinz Wilhelm Kempgen, Zur Geldgeschichte des Staates Qin, Band II, Hanau, 2011, S. 123. 14 Francois Thierry, Les Monnais de la Chine ancienne, Paris, 2017, S. 45, Gratzer/Fishman a.a.O., S. 44. 15 Heinz Gratzer und Fishman A.M., Ancient Cast Chinese Coins Series Lidail Guqian, 2017 16 Gratzer/Fishman, a.a.O., S. 45-48. 17 Es handelt sich eigentlich um eine Schnecke bzw. ein Schneckenhaus. Da sich allgemein der Begriﬀ der Kauri-Muschel als Geldbezeichnung etabliert hat, wird der Begriﬀ hier weiter verwendet. 18 Thierry, a.a.O., S. 45/46, Gratzer/Fishman, a.a.O., S. 44. 19 Thierry, Francois, a.a.O., S. 45. 20 Thierry, Francois, Die Geschichte des chinesischen Geldes von den Ursprüngen bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts in: Geld aus China, Wien, 2003, S. 53.

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From the collection Howard Franklin Bowker was now

opinion of the author this assumption cannot be correct. In

another nominal, the 2 Yi Hua coin occupied. Bowker

the time of the disputing empires, very clear demarcations

himself noted that three of these pieces are known. As a

can usually be found on the depictions of coins, since here

further reference the author could only identify the piece of

too the different states’ own identities became clear. The

the American Numismatic Society, which had already been

common assumption that the creation of the unified empire

The author was

by the Qin dynasty and its conquests was accompanied by the

published in 1951 by Wang Yü-Ch’üan.

not able to assign the third piece known to him at present.

unification of measures, weights and coins cannot be disputed, in my opinion, also because of the uniform representation of

However, it must be pointed out at this point that the

coins. One must assume that in the creation of a new unified

authenticity of such a piece must be doubted. There are no

nation, the issue of separate regional coins will not lead to

archaeological finds known to date that contain such a coin

identification with the new ruling house. The Ban-Liang

type. Moreover, such a high rarity as the second lowest

coins, which were uniformly and exclusively valid from 221

nominal value seems rather unlikely, especially since the

B.C. onwards and had been issued in the Qin state since at

other types are usually found more often.

least 350 B.C., were an essential means of promoting the unification of the economy and monetary system.

In any case, for a series of 1, (2,) 4 and 6 Hua coins, it can be assumed that a differentiated coinage system was introduced

It would of course be interesting to see whether past or future

to improve trade or payment procedures. Possibly, an attempt

coin finds can confirm or refute this question. At present, the

was made to make monetization possible for everyday business.

conclusions are based almost exclusively on the coins, which

The high nominal values of the knife money circulating until

unfortunately do not have any provenance.

the introduction of these coins were certainly not suitable for smaller transactions. The subsequent introduction of smaller nominal values and their use to cover small to large trades indicates a high degree of use of money and thus a low level of bartering. In the opinion of the author, an economic cycle that relies exclusively on money as a medium of exchange made better economic performance possible. Kempgen refers the 1 Yi Hua coin to the state of Qin in the province of Dong.22 He assumes a generally high recognition of the 4 and 6 Yi Hua coins of the Qi state, which meant that in the peripheral area of the Qin empire this coin value also had a high acceptance. He further states that the 1 Yi Hua coin with a reinforced rim outside and around the square hole was an imperial issue in the territory of the former Qi state and its neighbouring regions after 220 BC. In the

21 Yü-Ch’üan, Wang, Early Chinese Coinage, New York, 1951, Plate LI - Nr. 8. 22 Kempgen, a.a.O., S. 120-122.

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齊

國

錢

幣

托馬斯·烏爾曼〔德國〕

古齊國疆域位於現今中國山東省中北部和河北省南部。廣

紀，有的則認為刀幣直到公元前4世紀才誕生。但是根據中

闊的黃河三角洲自古便是豐饒之地，農業發達，畜牧業

國錢幣的發展狀況，刀幣應該是誕生於公元前6世紀至公元

繁盛。加之地處沿海地區，齊國還能夠生產重要的貿易商

前4世紀之間。齊國的刀幣和中國其他諸侯國使用的刀幣有

品——鹽。這兩點讓齊國人對食物需求可以實現自給自足，

所不同，其規格更大，重量更重。在筆者看來，齊國刀幣

鹽業貿易又為當地的經濟繁榮創造了條件。由此，齊國國都

上面的字元和符號通常更為清晰且精緻，這也代表部分齊

臨淄成為了整個地區最大的城市，也就不無意外了1。

國匠人具有更為高超的工藝水準。

齊國歷史可以追溯到周朝早期。公元前12世紀至公元前11世

刀幣似乎在中國古代各種鑄幣形式的發展過程中起到了特

紀，周王對商朝發起第一次叛亂，周欲意向東擴張，便有

殊的作用。在齊地有戰國時期文物出土時，幾乎都可以不

人口在當地定居2。太公望3在興周滅商中功勳卓著4，被首封

出意外地找到這些錢幣9。

於齊地，建立齊國，以穩定東方。時過境遷，齊國發展成為當地的一大軍事力量，最終在公元前4世紀，齊國成為了獨

已經發現的刀幣可以根據其背面的不同文字分為六種基本

立的諸侯國。5之後，齊國在政治和經濟方面的地位日益突

類型 10 。而不同種類刀幣正面題刻文字中最主要的文字便

出。齊國的鹽業生產，漁業和紡織業也蓬勃發展，由此日漸

是“齊法化”，即齊國的官方/法定貨幣11。

繁榮。在這樣的背景下，齊國君主積極發展軍事力量，組建了一支龐大的軍隊6。與此同時，周朝國力不斷衰弱，因此

刀幣背面還有三道橫線，有人認為這代表刀幣的價值。但

齊國愈發獨立，並且擁有了更多的實權。齊國是周朝的最後

人們對其有不同的理解，有的認為這表示價值三化，有的

一個獨立諸侯國，最終在公元前221年被秦打敗7。秦始皇在

則認為是三十化。

征服齊國之後自稱為大一統中國的“始皇帝”。除了刀幣之外，齊國也發行圜錢，時間可能是在公元前279年齊國有自己獨立的貨幣體系，主要有形似刀形的貨幣 8。刀

前後12。我們根據出土文物可以知道，圜錢和刀幣是一起在

幣的起源頗具爭議，有的觀點認為刀幣起源於公元前11世

市場上流通的。13圜錢的面文大多為一化、四化或六化。圜

1 陸威儀（ Mark Edward Lewis）：《劍橋中國上古史:從文明的起源到西元前221年⸺戰國政治史》，紐約，2006年，第595頁。 2夏含夷（ Edward L. Shaughnessy）：《劍橋中國上古史:從文明的起源到西元前221年⸺西周史》，紐約，2006年，第312頁。 3太公望是興周滅商時期周軍的統帥。 4 夏含夷：同上，第329-330頁。 5 許倬雲：《劍橋中國上古史:從文明的起源到西元前221年⸺春秋時期》，紐約，2006年，第553頁。 6 許倬雲：同上第553-554頁。 7 陸威儀（ Mark Edward Lewis）：同上，第640頁。 8 弗朗索瓦·蒂埃裏（ Francois Thierry）：《中國古代貨幣》，巴黎，2017年，第45頁。 9 大衛·哈蒂爾（ David Hartill ）：《鑄造中國硬幣》，維多利亞，2005年，第54頁，及弗朗索瓦·蒂埃裏，同上，第45頁。 10 弗朗索瓦·蒂埃裏：同上，第44-45頁。 11 弗朗索瓦·蒂埃裏：同上，第45頁。 12 海因茨·格拉澤（ Heinz Gratzer），菲什曼（ Fishman A.M. ）：《中國古代鑄幣系列：歷代古錢》， 2017年，第45頁。 13 海因茨·威廉·肯普根（Heinz Wilhelm Kempgen）：《秦國歷史》，第二卷，哈瑙， 2011年，第123頁。 36

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錢上題刻的文字由一個數字和兩個文字組成，如賹四化14。

圜錢的重量為5.8克至11.7克不等16。

但是對於“化”字的解釋頗具爭議。這個字有的解釋為“

之前人們認為圜錢上的“賹”字是指齊國的城市“賹”。而

可用貨幣”，有的解釋為“官方貨幣”，有的則認為是重

現在的研究已經達成共識，“賹”字更可能時表示寶貝貝殼

量單位。如果“化”字是重量單位，那麼各種圜錢的重量

的串數17 18。這也是為什麼刀幣背面的三道橫線被解釋為數

就會呈一定的比例，如一枚四化圜錢的重量約為四枚一化

字三十，即代表一枚刀幣的價值為30串的雙串寶貝貝殼19。

圜錢的重量，但是這一比例無法確定，因為根據格拉澤和菲什曼15對一些圜錢的測定，發現一化圜錢的重量為1.1克至

因此，將“嗌”字和“化”字相結合，將其解釋為由未知數

2.9克不等，而四化圜錢的重量則為3.4克至6.4克不等，六化

量代表钱币的双串宝贝贝壳更为合适。钱币上的题刻“嗌四

①

②

①即墨之法化，背工， 170毫米 x 29毫米，重49.17克，青銅，原包克/方藥雨收藏

②齊法化，背反“ 蔔” ， 185毫米x 30 毫米，重48.84克，青銅，原包克/方藥雨收藏

14 弗朗索瓦·蒂埃裏：《中國古代貨幣》，巴黎， 2017年，第45頁，海因茨·格拉澤，菲什曼，同上，第44頁。 15 海因茨·格拉澤（ Heinz Gratzer），菲什曼（ Fishman A.M. ）：《中國古代鑄幣系列：歷代古錢》，2017年。 16 海因茨·格拉澤，菲什曼：同上，第45-48頁。 17 英文中“ Kauri shell ”已經被確立為貨幣名稱，因此原文中繼續使用該術語。 18 弗朗索瓦·蒂埃裏：同上，第45-46頁，海因茨·格拉澤，菲什曼，同上，第44頁。 19 弗朗索瓦·蒂埃裏：同上，第45頁。

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③齊法化，背大或六， 185毫米x 31 毫米，重49.52克，青銅，原包克/方藥雨收藏 ④齊法化，背土， 180x 31毫米，重 44.95克，青銅，原包克/方藥雨收藏 ③

⑤齊法化，背萬或才， 185毫米x 29毫米，重45.95克，青銅，原包克收藏

⑥齊法化，背工， 178毫米x 31毫米，重49.76克，青銅，原包克/方藥雨收藏

⑦ 齊法化，背禾，180毫米x 30毫米，重48.16克，青銅，原包克/方藥雨收藏 ④

⑤

⑦ ⑥

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DEPARTMENTS

⑨

⑩

⑪

⑧ ⑫

⑧ 齊法化，背有認為 “ 可 ” ， 184毫米x 30毫米，重45.21克，青銅，原包克/方藥雨收藏

⑨ 賹化，直徑22毫米，重1.77克，青銅，原包克收藏 ⑩ 賹二化，直徑25毫米，重4.35克，青銅，原包克收藏 ⑪ 賹四化，直徑30毫米，重5.34克，青銅，原包克收藏 ⑫ 賹六化，直徑36毫米，重10.05克，青銅，原包克收藏

(上述照片由托馬斯·烏爾曼（ Thomas Uhlmann ）拍攝)

（上述照片由福爾克·溫澤爾（ Falk Wenzel ）拍攝）

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⑭ ⑬

賹六化，直徑32毫米，重6.47克，鉛質，原包克收藏（上述照片由福爾克·溫澤爾（ Falk Wenzel ）拍攝）

包克收藏信封

化”應該被解釋為價值四串雙串的寶貝貝殼。這一換算方法

交換媒介的經濟迴圈更有利於提升經濟效益。

也可以支持這樣一種看法，那就是在中國，“嗌”字並不代表對應硬幣的實際重量，而是其價值20。

肯普根（Kempgen）認為賹化錢與秦國所在的雍州地區有關22。他認為齊國的賹四化和賹六化錢幣被普遍接受，那就

而霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克的收藏中還有另一種面值的圜錢，

意味着，秦國周邊地區也通常會接受這種錢幣的價值。他

即益二化。包克自己表示，他收藏的這類錢幣中有三枚是

進一步表示，在中間的方孔和錢幣的邊緣有外廓的賹化圜

已知的。而筆者僅能確認其中一枚現藏於美國錢幣學會，

錢是秦帝國在公元前220年後在原齊國控制地區及其周邊地

經王毓銓1951年出版的《早期中國錢幣》公諸於世。筆者

區發行的錢幣。筆者看來，這種觀點可能不正確。在那個

暫時無法找到他所說的第三枚21。

群雄四起的年代，不同國家錢幣上的標識都非常清晰，因此錢幣發行的界限通常非常明確。一般認為，秦在建立統

但是在這裏必須指出，上文提到的這枚益二化錢幣的真偽

一帝國的同時伴隨著度量衡、重量和錢幣的統一，這點無

尚有可疑。一方面，在考古過程中至今尚未出土這種錢

可爭議。因此筆者認為，這也代表秦統一了貨幣。我們認

幣。另一方面，這一面額在圜錢中是次小的，因此似乎不

為，在建立一個新的統一國家的過程中，分開發行不同地

可能如此少見，尤其是在其他幾種面額的圜錢都更為常見

區貨幣將很難讓民眾對新的統治階級產生認同感。自公元

的情況下。

前221年之後，秦國統一使用半兩作為貨幣，這一錢幣之前僅在秦國領地發行，時間可追溯到至少公元前350年。這是

不論是一化、（二化、）四化還是六化銅幣，我們都可以認

一種促進經濟和貨幣體系統一的基本手段。

為，齊國為了使貿易或支付程式更加便利而採用了一種與以往不同的鑄幣體系。這可能是為了日常商業活動而採用的貨

當然，筆者很想看看過去或未來出土的錢幣是否能證實或

幣化體系。而採用這些圜錢之前使用的是面額較大的流通刀

駁斥這個觀點，這想必會很有趣。目前，上述結論幾乎完

幣，這些刀幣並不一定適合小額交易。之後採用小面額的圜

全基於現有的錢幣發現，但遺憾的是，這些錢幣的出處尚

錢，可以用於大小貿易，這表示當時錢幣的使用程度已經很

未可知。

高，實物交易已經較少。在筆者看來，這種只採用貨幣作為

20 弗朗索瓦·蒂埃裏：《中國貨幣歷史⸺從起源到20世紀初》，維恩，2003年，第53頁。 21 王毓銓：《早期中國錢幣》，紐約， 1951年。 22 肯普根：同上，第120-122頁。 40

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DEPARTMENTS

The Minting of the Hubei One Tael Silver Coin, Advocated by Chang Chih-tung during the Qing Dynasty, and his Funeral Affairs Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕 Chang Chih-tung made important contributions to modern

Numismatic Office. In 1888, Chih-Tung was transferred to

Chinese machine-struck silver coins. In 1887, as Viceroy

Huguang. In 1893, he petitioned the Qing government to

of Guangdong and Guangxi, Chang Chih-tung submitted

strike silver coins and set up the Hubei Silver Bureau. At

a report to the Imperial Qing government concerning the

that time, most of the Provincial Chinese silver coins came

striking of silver coins and establishing the Guangdong

in at a weight of 7 mace and 2 candareens, which were based on the standard of Mexican 8 reales. On August 1904, Chih-Tung again petitioned the Qing government to strike a one tael silver coin in Hubei province. At that time, Yuan Shih-kai and Chang Chih-tung were both in favor of making the "tael" the primary unit of currency, but there was debate as to whether the currency unit should be denominated as a "tael" or a "dollar".

A debate between the "tael" and the "dollar"

Hubei One Tael Brass Coin Pattern, Large Characters, NGC MS64， NC Collection

Even though it went counter to mainstream thought, it was the viewpoint of Yuan Shih-kai and Chang Chih-tung that the currency unit should be the "tael". They argued that the "tael" had been used as a traditional unit of currency unit in China for a long time, thus it should not be abandoned. The mainstream view, however, was that the currency unit should be the "dollar". This idea was advocated by businessmen, foreign merchants, some officers within the

Hubei One Tael Copper Coin Pattern, Large Characters, NGC MS62, NC Collection

Ministry of Revenue, and everyday civilians. As a unit of measurement, they believed that the "dollar", as opposed to "tael", " mace" and "candareens", was more convenient for calculating. For trade and exchanging currencies with other countries, they also believed that they should not follow the usual method of calculation. Silver coins were used by merchants to facilitate trade and by civilians to buy daily necessities - with the whole intent being to make the coins more convenient to use. The Shanghai Chamber of Commerce submitted a written statement to

Hubei One Tael Copper Coin Pattern, Small Characters, NGC AU50, NC Collection J

the Ministry of Finance that the "tael" was used as a unit

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of weight, while the "dollar" was used in the system of

and one with the legend in small characters. In the typical

currency. It was unreasonable to mix these two different

auction catalog, the large characters variety is more

measurements together. By so doing, it would lead to

valuable than the small characters. Based on dealers'

many problems in people's daily lives.

experience, the weight of a coin with large characters is less than one seventh that of ones with small characters.

As a matter of fact, both propositions sound reasonable.

The large characters is also very rare - but why? And

However, only the one that makes people's lives easier

why is it lighter? If you are curious, then check out the

becomes the general trend. In 1909, Tai Tse ( the officer

reference books for the answer.

of the Ministry of Finance) said, "The opinion that the currency unit should be the 'tael' advocated by Chang

We know that Chang Chih-tung and Yuan Shih-kai both

Chih-tung and Yuan Shih-kai was a dogmatic view. It's

favored the "tael" as the currency unit. For promoting

hard to carry out, for it has many drawbacks. I suggest

and implementing the unit "tael", they sent telegrams

that the currency unit should be the 'dollar' ."

to each other to discuss the topic. We can obtain some information from these telegrams.

The date of the Hubei one tael silver coin For instance, on May 26, 1907, Yuan Shih-kai sent a According to Chang Chia-niang's book, although there

telegram to Chang Chih-tung to discuss the pros and cons

was a debate between "tael" and "dollar", Chang Chih-

of silver coins. Some content is as follows: "I consider that

tung petitioned the Qing government in August of 1904

a Chinese coin which consists of 98.0% silver and weighs

to begin striking one tael silver coins. He proposed that

one tael should be struck. If the coin which consists of

the Hubei Silver Bureau could try out the one tael silver

90.0% silver is struck, we could win big profits at present,

coin and observe the response of civilians and merchants

but would suffer heavy losses in the future." Believing one

around the world. If it worked, then he would petition Tai

telegram on the topic was inadequate, on June 1, 1907,

Tse to implement the scheme. If not, the coins would be

Yuan Shih-kai again sent a telegram to Chang Chih-tung,

recycled by the Bureau.

in which he said, "One tael silver coins were struck in the areas of Hunan and Hubei. If it can't be carried out in one

By referring to the surviving examples of Hubei one tael

place by accident, nor across the country, it is not the fault

silver coins, and taking the above analysis into account, it

of the new currency. So we are supposed to strike a coin

can be speculated that dies were made in 1904 and coins

which consists of 98.0% silver and weighs one tael."

with large characters and consisting of 90.0% silver were made in 1905 (on January 19, 1907, Chang Chih-tung

On January 19 of 1907, Chang Chih-tung replied, "In the

cabled Yuan Shih-kai, stating that the coins consisted of

report submitted in 1905, the coins consists of 90.0%

98.0% silver). After that, the Ministry of Finance issued

silver, and we also didn't talk about the purity of silver.

a document to restrike coins of the denomination one

Through our consultation, this time we decided to strike

tael and six candareens (these used a small characters

the coin that consists of 98.0% silver. The coins of

and other materials). Ultimately, on July 9, 1907, Tai Tse

standard purity are the best. We accept good advice, and

petitioned the Qing government to strike coins of 7 mace

dare not rigidly adhere to any irrational system."

and 2 candareens. On June 20, 1907, Chang Chih-tung sent a second

Why is the coin with large characters lighter than the one with small characters?

telegram to Yuan Shih-kai. In it, he said: "It's not true that one tael coins minted by the Hubei Silver Bureau were recalled and destroyed for they couldn't be circulated in

There are two versions of Hubei one tael silver coins, one

the market. With a circulation of more than 700,000, these

with "Ta Qing Yin Bi" (Qing silver) in large characters,

coins were accepted by the government repository, as

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well as by many merchants. Also, these Kuang Hsu one

DEPARTMENTS

with large characters.

tael coins could be adopted to pay taxes at Hankow. The transaction certificate is attached. In accordance with

On July, 1907, the Ministry of Finance substituted the

the document issued by the Ministry of Finance, we are

"dollar" for the "tael" as the currency unit. This is the Qing

supposed to restrike one tael and six candareens coins

silver one dollar coin that ended the debate between

and recall the old one. However, there are more than

"tael" and "dollar", and the 7 mace and 2 candareens

100,000 pieces scattered among the people. In this way,

coins were struck.

the move to destroy these one tael coins was conducted on the basis of the official document rather than the Hubei

Random talk on the funeral affairs of Chang Chih-tung

officer's willingness. The day that the Minister Chen came to Hubei Province, he didn't talk about this with me. His attendant told a staff of Hubei Silver Bureau that since the

In ancient times, Chinese emperors took their funeral

Ministry of Finance set the new size specifications, we

affairs very seriously, as did officials in the central and

have to recall old ones and wait for the issuing of new coin

local governments. Before their deaths, they often asked

dies. There is no one tael coin that couldn't be circulated."

the Chinese astrologer to choose an auspicious day and a land of treasure for the funeral. But in fact, the results

By referencing the surviving one tael coins, we know that

of this preparation often proved counterproductive. Their

the coins with small characters weigh more than the ones

graves were either excavated and robbed, or destroyed.

with large characters. According to the above telegrams,

The grave of Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi, for example,

we should conclude that the coin with large characters

was blown up. Chang Chih-tung's grave was dug by Red

was struck in 1905 and consisted of 90.0% silver.

Guards, which was a chilling sight to witness. Chang Chih-

Afterwards, the Ministry of Finance issued a document

tung was related to the minting of silver coins his whole

to restrike one tael and six candareens coins with small

life. It is said that Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi awarded him

characters – those coins consist of 98.0% silver and

a lot of money, so the Red Guards in question may have

weigh one tael and six candareens (37.53g) each. The

considered that there were many treasures in his grave.

coins with large characters were recalled and destroyed

Details about this matter were recorded in the World

and ones with small characters were struck. Thus, the

Journal , a Chinese language newspaper published in

coins with small characters survive in larger amounts, and

North America.

they have a higher purity and more weight than the coins

Yuan Shih-kai

Chang Chih-tung J

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清代張之洞奏鑄“湖北一兩”銀幣及其後事曾澤祿〔美國〕

張之洞對中國近代機鑄銀幣是有貢獻的，例如在光緒十三

從實物尚存下來的“湖北一兩”銀幣來看，知道是光緒三十

折》，在廣東設立錢局。光緒十四年被調到湖廣之後，在光

年造模，而在光緒三十一年開始鑄造九色銀幣（大字版型，

年（公元1887年）任兩廣總督時，向清廷奏請《仿鑄銀圓

年，又從張之洞光緒三十年八月奏請來看，是在光緒三十

緒十九年向清廷奏請《鑄銀元折》，成立湖北銀元局，獲准

見光緒三十三年元月十九日張之洞致電袁世凱電文鑄幣重

后鑄造的銀元是以七錢二分為主，是一種仿製墨西哥銀元

以十足成色）。後因度支部下文改鑄一兩零六分（即是銀一

之權宜措施。在光緒三十年八月，他又向清廷奏請“湖北自

兩加入雜質六分，屬於小字版型），到光緒三十三年七月初

鑄一兩銀幣” ，當時他與袁世凱等二人最積極贊成兩制之銀

九日，戴澤奏請新鑄七錢二分銀幣為止。

幣，遂而引起“兩”與“圓”幣制之爭。

（三）為什麼大字版式輕而少，小字版式重而多

（一） “兩”與“圓”之爭

“湖北一兩”版式有二種，一種是大字版，指“大清銀幣”

主張“兩”制是屬於非主流派，當時以張之洞與袁世凱二人

四字中文較為大字，另一種是小字版，是指“大清銀幣”四

為主，他們的說法是，鑄一兩制是沿襲中國傳統官民慣用，

字中文較為小字。按在拍賣目錄中都是以大字版為高價，

久已習慣的“兩”計，不可放棄這種主權律度。

據按錢幣商經手之經驗，其數量約至少有一比七以上之差距。我們都知道大字版較稀罕，知其然，但不知其所以然？

主張“圓”制是屬於主流派，是以一般平民商人及洋商為

大字版的重量比小字版為輕，這又為什麼？如果有興趣的

主，以及戶部一些官員，他們的說法是不用“兩”“錢”“分”

話，可以找找文獻，是可以找到答案的。

正名目，只要以“枚”計算很方便。又期與他國貨幣相通，不必守舊成見，並且銀錢流轉以商家貿易民生日用為大宗，

我們知道張之洞與袁世凱二人最贊成兩制銀幣，他們二人

法，而“貨幣”為圜法，混衡法於圜法，比附無理，而民

以從他們二人來信致電的內容找到線索，例如： “……光緒

流通又便民，例如上海總商會上書度支部，認為“兩”為衡

為了推行宣揚兩制，互相致電討論兩制銀幣之事，我們可

生日用實受其弊。

三十三年五月二十六日，袁世凱為論銀幣利弊事致張之洞等電：

其實，這二種主張都有其理之所在，唯能“便民”者則為潮流所致。宣統元年，度支部尚書戴澤，則說： “兩”之單

“ 竊以為中國不劃定幣制則已，如劃定幣制，則重量以一兩

位為張之洞、袁世凱二人之獨斷，其法諸多缺點，難以實

為准，成色應以九八為宜，合先以銀為本位，不可不抬高其

行，勸進行“圓”單位。

質。若以九成銀為之，鼓鑄之初，雖贏厚利而將來收納暗虧必多……”，袁世凱對這份致電內容還覺得不夠，又至光緒三十三年六月初一日，再致電給張之洞，認為銀幣應以兩為單

（二） “湖北一兩”銀幣鑄造的時間

位，“ ……兩湖曾鑄一兩銀幣，偶不通行者，全國即無信用之動

儘管有“兩”“圓”之爭，張之洞在光緒三十年八月奏請自

力，非新幣之咎也，故欲劃定幣制，重量宜以一兩為准，成色

鑄一兩銀幣（原文在張家驤著的《中華幣制史》可以查到），

重以九八為宜……”

各國商人情形，如果行得通，則奏請敕下戶部戴澤推行，

張之洞為了向袁世凱以上二份書信回電，在光緒三十三年

他想在湖北先鑄造庫平一兩重銀幣試用，以觀商情民情及

元月十九日向袁世凱回信雲： “ ……查前年（光緒三十一年）

如果行不通，則湖北當收回另鑄。

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部門

DEPARTMENTS

不知這些迷信後事，即不是被盜掘，就是被破壞，慈禧太

原奏仍系九成紋銀，亦未議及足色，此次奏內似可聲敘，前

后墳墓被炸毀，以及張之洞之墳墓被紅衛兵刨挖，其慘狀

年所奏色系九成，此次直色初稿擬用九八，今經公同商。今以足色為最善，是以擇善而從，均不敢拘泥制說……”

令人心寒。張之洞一生跟銀幣之鑄造極有關，據說慈禧太

后賞賜他許多銀錢，紅衛兵們可能認為他的墳墓藏有珍寶，

張之洞在光緒三十三年六月二十日電信袁世凱的第二封電

有關此事，在美洲中文《世界日報》有記載。

文，又提到“……詢知鄂鑄一兩銀幣不能行，已收回銷毀一節，

殊非事實，鄂鑄一兩銀幣本身通行，已發出七十余萬，不惟藩

庫商民，即江漢關稅亦按庫平足文一律收用，此為行銷明證。嗣同部文改鑄一兩零六分者，不得不將舊鑄者陸續收回，然至今尚有十余萬散至民間，此乃迫于部章並非鄂省自願銷毀。當日陳尚書在鄂，與鄙人並非言及，僅隨員司員向局員談及，局員告以部章旣另定新式，現已遵照將舊鑄收回，聽候頒發新模，

並無一兩之幣不能行銷之語……”

從實物留存下來，知道小字版一兩都比大字版一兩為重，反而推之。再從這些來回電文可以知道在光緒三十一年開始鑄造大字版型是成色九成的一兩。後因度支部下文改鑄

一兩零六分者為小型版式，成色為九八，重量一兩零六分，三十七點五三克（一兩為三十七點三一克），所以把大字版

式收回銷毀再鑄小字版式，因此小字版式多，而且成色也

张之洞

較好，重量也較重，這與留存下來實物相應證驗為一致。

袁世凯

後來在光緒三十三年七月度支部棄兩制訂為“圓”制就是書

文所指“部章另定新式，聽候頒發新模”，也就是丁未大清銀幣壹圓的版式，從此“兩”“圓”之爭又告一段落，遂成以後銀幣以七錢二分之圓制了。

（四）張之洞後事之閑語中國許多帝皇墳墓，包括中央地方大臣，他們死後埋葬擇龍地，擇吉日，都要請風水地理師，結果皆適得其反。殊

“ 湖北一兩” 黃銅樣幣，大字版， NGC MS64， NC 收藏

“湖北一兩”紅銅樣幣，大字版， NGC MS62， NC 收藏

“ 湖北一兩” 紅銅樣幣，小字版，NGC AU50， NC 收藏

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FEATURES

專題

Nelson Chang and a family of Collectors Champion Auction

Nelson Chang began to assemble the fabulous NC

Starting with a bang, Nelson attended a 1975 Paramount

Collection of vintage Chinese coins beginning in the mid-

Long Beach Auction and purchased the first Chinese

1970s.

coin to exceed USD 10,000 at auction -- the Heaton Mint 1897 Hunan dollar (which realized USD 15,500). A few

A s u c c e s s f u l Wa l l S t r e e t c a r e e r s p e c i a l i z i n g i n commodities and non-traditional assets, combined with a long and extensive family history of collecting antiquities and Chinese coins, led to a collecting passion that spanned over 30 years. His focus lay in finding the highest quality and rarest numismatic items. Nelson's background on Wall Street researching and trading in commodities, futures, and currency gave him a keen eye for investments. Working under Wall Street titan Sandy Weill, Nelson established a leading commodity research and trading operation at CBWL Hayden Stone, later Shearson Lehman, the predecessor to Lehman Brothers. His career brought him into contact with some of the most colorful speculators of the era, including the Hunt brothers, who attempted to corner the silver market in 1979-1980 and whose trading accounts Nelson oversaw. He later became one of the pioneers of the hedge fund industry, launching innovative funds and financial instruments. A Shanghai native, Nelson returned to China in the 1970s for the first time since emigrating to the U.S. in 1938. He became convinced that China would inevitably emerge as an economic powerhouse and that buying rare Chinese coins would offer excellent returns as China's development accelerated. Collecting coins also served as a personal tie to his family's legacy as some of the foremost collectors of Chinese antiques and coins. Most of the coins of the NC Collection were graded by NGC between 2009 to 2014.

Hans Schulman J

2 2

King Farouk

專題

Eduard Kann

Chang Huang

Zhang Shiming

FEATURES

Zhang Shuxun

years earlier, the record price for a Chinese coin was held

Nelson of the Money Company in California and Andre De

by the 1903 Fengtien tael which realized USD 4,000 at

Clermont of Spinks in London.

the 1971 Kann Collection Auction. In the 1991 Goodman Auction, this same coin realized USD 187,000. In 2014,

Nelson comes from a famous family of collectors.

NGC certified this coin as SP67, the finest known of six

His grandfather Zhang Shiming ( 張石銘 ), one of the

examples, and Champion purchased this coin for over

wealthiest people in China during the Republican period,

USD 1 million in a private treaty sale.

formed one of the greatest collections of Chinese books and built one of the most famous houses in China in

Nelson formed roughly two-thirds of his collection through

Nanxun. The House of Zhang, now preser ved as a

a network of dealers and a third at auction. The dealers

national treasure, was a combination of Western and

included Hans Schulman of New York (who was the

Chinese styles. Nelson's father, Zhang Shuxun ( 張

leading dealer to King Farouk of Egypt). Nelson purchased

馴 ), was known as the king of coins and formed one of

a group of 40 coins from Hans Schulmann, with many

the greatest Chinese ancient cash coin collections of all

coins later becoming the highest graded by NGC. He also

time and a fabulous collection of old Chinese jade in the

brought a group of 5 1929 junk boat patterns from the

Republican times. Zhang brought 1998 cash coins to New

Kann Collection. Many are the finest known, including the

York in 1947 before he passed away in 1948, and his wife

Italy A. Motti pattern dollar in NGC 66.

sold the coins to a former friend, the famous Chinese

叔

antique dealer J.T. Tai in the early 1950s. In 1967, the Another dealer who supplied many coins to Nelson was

coins were sold to the renowned Chinese art collector

Chang Huang ( 張

璜 ) of Hong Kong (likely the most

Arthur Sackler. Zhang's ancient jade was on display in

famous Chinese coin dealer in recent times). Nelson

England in 1937. Many of the top Chinese jade pieces

purchased many extremely rare Chinese rarities from

were later acquired by Arthur Sackler and later put on

Chang at Hong Kong's first McDonald’s starting in

display at the Smithsonian Sackler Gallery and Boston

1976 and up until 1984. Coins include the unique 1884

Museum of Fine Arts. Many rare items from the Zhang

Kirin spelter set for USD 10,000 in 1976, and the finest

Family Collections of Chinese antiquities, including bronze

known of five examples of the 1867 Hong Kong Shanghai

vessels, paintings, books, and coins, are now on display

2 mace in NGC SP66 (also in 1976) for USD 10,000.

at the Shanghai Museum.

Other dealers who supplied coins to Nelson were Richard

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FEATURES

專題

張南琛先生與收藏之家冠軍研究室

張南琛先生自20世紀70 年代中期開始建立了精美絕妙的中

國機制幣收藏⸺ NC 收藏。

張先生曾在華爾街從事商品和非傳統資產交易，職業生涯頗為成功。加之張氏家族在收藏古董和中國錢幣方面有著悠

久的歷史，張南琛先生在長達 25年的時間裡都對收藏保持了極高的熱情，專注收藏那些品相最好且最為珍稀的錢幣。

張先生曾在華爾街從事商品期貨、期貨合約和外匯期貨方

面的研究和交易，對投資有著敏銳的嗅覺。他曾在華爾街巨頭桑迪 · 威爾（Sandy Weill）手下工作，在海頓斯 · 通

公司（CBWL Hayden Stone）建立了領先的商品研究和

貿易運作體系，之後他又投身希爾森 · 雷曼公司（Shearson

Lehman），即雷曼兄弟公司（Lehman Brothers）的前身。張南琛先生的職業生涯讓他接觸到了當時該領域中

最具有傳奇多彩的投資者，其中便包括亨特兄弟（Hunt

Brothers）。亨特兄弟試圖在1979-1980年操縱白銀市場，而他們的交易帳戶正是由張先生負責管理。後來，張南琛先生成為了對沖基金領域的先鋒之一，推出了創新型基金和金融工具。

天一兩在1971年耿愛德舊藏拍賣上以4 000美元的價格成

張南琛先生出生于上海，1938年時移居美國，20世紀70年

代時首次回到中國。那次中國之行讓他堅信到，中國勢必會

交，在之後的1991年古德曼舊藏拍賣上又以187 000美元

幣將帶來可觀的回報。而作為中國古董和錢幣的主要收藏

評級，經評 NGC SP67，是已知6枚1897年喜敦造幣廠湖

的價格拍出。）2014 年，NGC 對這枚湖南銀幣進行了認證

成為經濟強國，隨著中國不斷加速發展，投資中國珍稀錢

南省造庫平七錢二分銀幣中品相最好的一枚。同年，冠軍拍

家之一，收藏錢幣也可以視作是他與家族傳承之間的紐帶。

賣通過私人交易以超過100萬美元的價格買下了這枚錢幣。

NC 收藏中的大多數錢幣都在 2009年至 2014 年間由 NGC

張南琛先生收藏中的2/3是通過他的幣商人脈網路所得，其

進行評級。

餘1/3則是通過拍賣競得。他的幣商中就有紐約的漢斯 · 舒

1975年，張南琛先生首次參加了派拉蒙拍賣（Paramount）爾曼（Hans Schulman，舒爾曼也是服務於埃及法魯克國王的主要幣商）。張先生從舒爾曼先生處一次購買了40 枚錢的長灘拍賣會。他在這場拍賣會上因以15 500美元的價格

競得1897年喜敦造幣廠湖南省造庫平七錢二分銀幣而一鳴

幣，後經 NGC 評級，其中很多都是 NGC 評定過的最高

（奉此前中國錢幣的拍賣成交紀錄是1903年奉天一兩銀幣。

像帆船銀質樣幣，共5枚，其中很多都是已知品相最好的，

分。他還買下了一組耿愛德收藏的民國十八年1929 年孫中山

驚人，這是第一枚成交價格超過10 000美元的中國錢幣。

2 2

專題

漢斯·舒爾曼

法魯克國王

耿愛德

張石銘

FEATURES

張璜

張叔馴

還包括一枚帶 A. Motti 簽字的義大利造樣幣，經評 NGC

是中國最大的富豪之一，他在南潯建立了中國最大的藏書

之一，南潯古鎮上的張氏舊宅被譽為“江南第一豪宅”也是

MS66.

中國最為著名的建築之一。舊宅為中西結合的建築風格，

另一位為張南琛先生提供了很多錢幣的是中國香港的張璜

現為國家歷史保護建築。其父張叔馴先生是民國時期著名

先生（他可能是中國近代最為著名的中國錢幣幣商）。1976

的古錢大王，建立了中國有史以來最大的古幣收藏之一，

年至1984 年期間，張南琛先生在中國香港的第一家麥當勞

此外他還有非常精美的中國古玉收藏。1947年，張叔馴先

1948年過世。20世紀50年代初，生攜1998 枚古幣去往紐約，

裡向張璜先生買下了很多極為少見的中國錢幣珍品。張先生在1976年以10 000美元買下一套1884 年吉林廠平鉛質樣

其妻將古幣出售給一位故友，即中國著名古董商人戴潤齋。

貳錢銀幣（NGC SP66）。加利福尼亞金錢公司（Money

克勒先生（Arthur Sackler）。1937年，張叔馴先生的古玉

幣，同年又以10 000美元的價格買下了1867年香港造上海

1967年，這些錢幣被出售給著名的中國藝術品藏家亞瑟 · 薩

Company）的理查 · 納爾遜先生（Richard Nelson）和倫

收藏在英國展出，之後很多極品的中國古玉都被薩克勒先

De Clermont）也都曾服務于張南琛先生。

頓美術館展出。張氏家族收藏的很多珍稀中國古董現收藏

敦斯賓克公司（Spinks）的安德列 · 德 · 克萊蒙先生（Andre

生收入囊中，並在美國史密森博物館薩克勒展覽館及波士於上海博物館，包括青銅器、字畫、古籍、錢幣等。

張南琛先生的祖父是張石銘先生。民國時期，張石銘先生

2 2

FEATURES

專題

The Coin Collection of a Famous Financier during the Republic Period: The Coins in the NC collection from the Former Central Mint Director Turpin Hsi Champion Auction

② Matching of each coin with text in catalogue may not be correct due to more than one same coin in the catalogue. But I am satisfied that several comments will cover this coin." The printed note: "These are 'Modern' (machined) coins, which constitute about 1% of grandfather's collection. Grandfather Hsi was the superintendent of the Shanghai Mint (Turpin Hsi ( 席

德

柄，1891-1968) Nelson not sure, but looks like grandfather assembled the coins from the US because the envelopes look western (but it was found that these coins were brought to the US from China). Nelson had about 100." Nelson Chang

The "Whitman" in the notes is an American company, which is well-known for its coin packaging products. Most American coin collectors use Whitman products to collect and store the coins.

The son of Nelson Chang ( 張南琛 ) , found some handwritten

The gray Whitman envelopes were produced before the 1950s.

and printed notes as well as some special envelopes for coin collecting when he sorted out the coins bequeathed by his father.

Later in 1993, when Bruce Smith was cataloging the NC

The documents mentioned several famous figures in the financial

Collection, he added his notes in English to these coins. Many of

field during the Republic period.

the coins are the finest known with fabulous envelope toning and eye appeal.

Notes and Envelopes There are two types of notes. The handwritten ones were by Nelson Chang, and the printed ones were the commentary of his son. The handwritten notes: " ① All coins are in master catalogue Bruce Smith compiled for me in 1993. The word 'NOT' = not in the catalogue, 'C' = in Grey Whitman envelopes and notes

catalogue.

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專題

The Origin of Coins in the Envelopes

FEATURES

Turpin Hsi (1891-1968, Mandarin pinyin Xi Debing) studied in the United States in his early years and received a Bachelor

Nelson Chang's wife was Edith Hsi ( 席與時 ), a famous socialite

of Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

of the Republican era, and she was the sixth daughter of Turpin

(MIT). Returning to China, he came to be engaged in taxation and

Hsi ( 席德柄 ). Edith was born in Shanghai and went to the United

financial work for a long time. He once served as the secretary of

States during the Anti-Japanese War. Nelson Chang also came

the Ministry of Finance during the Peiyang era, deputy director of

from an exceedingly wealthy family, which declined during the

Jianghaikou Taxation Bureau, supervisor of Jianghan Pass, General

Anti-Japanese War. The Chang family went bankrupt after going to

Manager of the Foo Hsing Trading Company, and Director of

the United States. At this most difficult time, Edith married Nelson.

the Central Mint. After the Sino-Japanese War, he served as the

Their marriage was opposed by the Hsi family, but Edith was very

General Manager of the Fufeng Flour Mill. Since he served as

persistent. It is said that they borrowed from friends for the cost of

director of the Central Mint for more than eight years, he was quite

their honeymoon. The coins found in Nelson's collection were in

influential in the financial community during the Republic times.

gray Whitman envelopes, which were produced from the 1930s to

Turpin Hsi Collection

the 1950s. Therefore, it is supposed that these coins may have been presented by Turpin Hsi to his daughter Edith Hsi, as Nelson had not yet begun to collect coins by the time that Turpin Hsi passed

During his collecting hey-day, Turpin Hsi formed a collection of

away in 1968.

world coins numbering over 10,000 coins, including ancient coins from Greece, Rome, and Egypt.

About Turpin Hsi Hsi's collection contained around 100 silver coins from Anhwei, Turpin Hsi was Nelson Chang's father-in-law. Turpin Hsi, a

Kiangnan, Chihli, Kirin, and other Chinese provinces, many of

prominent financier in the Republic period, was born into the Hsi

which are 10-cent and 20-cent coins and of the finest known

family in Dongshan, Suzhou, Kiangsu Province. Known as the

examples. Hsi may have brought these coins to the US in 1949

Dongting Gang in China's banking community at that time, the Hsi

when he moved there, and it is 1% of his collection.

family was one of the foremost financial and comprador families, Due to his grandfather Xi Zhengfu's ( 席正甫 ) connection with

which included several eminent bankers and industrialists.

Edith Hsi

Turpin Hsi

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Turpin Hsi and his wife, Huang Fengzhu

FEATURES

專題

The Hsi Family Mansion

Li Hongzhang ( 李鴻章 ) and Zuo Zongtang ( 左宗棠 ), senior

China's War of Liberation, the Hsi Family Mansion was

officials of the Qing government, and the family's large network

expropriated by the government and used as the office building

of banks and silver shops, many coins may have been acquired

for the middle school attached to the Shanghai Conservatory of

shortly after they were minted. The coins were later preserved in

Music. Now, it is a restaurant and a leading tourist attraction.

grey Whitman coin envelops with his handwriting in the 1950s.

Demao Hsi According to Michael Chou, some of Hsi's coins have already been sold and others have been preserved. There is a list of the

Demao Hsi ( 席德懋 ) was the elder brother of Turpin Hsi. In 1912,

remaining coins from February 24, 2011. Some of the coins were

Demao Hsi went to Britain to study overseas. He received an MBA

sold around 2005. Others were offered to Michael Chou between

degree in 1916, then returned to China. Later on, he became a

2008 and 2009 and some were sold at the Champion Hong Kong

prominent banker just like his colleagues Xinliu Xu ( 徐新六 ) and

auction after 2009. Among them are some silver coins from

Zutong Hu ( 胡祖同 ) in Shanghai.

Kiangnan and Anhwei, all of which are among the finest known. Demao Hsi was the best friends with Song Ziweng ( 宋子文 ).

About the Hsi Family

During the Republican of China, the Hsi family had a great

The Hsi Family Mansion

impact on the financial industry. Demao Hsi served as the Deputy Director of the Central Bank, Director of the Foreign Currency

Turpin Hsi and his wife, Huang Fengzhu ( 黃鳳珠 ), once lived

Bureau, Director of the Business Affairs Bureau, General

together in the famous Hsi Family Mansion. The mansion,

Manager of the Bank of China and Deputy of the International

located at No. 1 Dongping Road, is close to the house of

Fund and Currency Committee under the appointment of Song

President Chiang Kai Shek (No. 9 Dongping Road) and the

Ziweng. He managed the foreign currency affairs for a long

house of Financial Minister Song Ziwen (No. 11 Dongping

period. In 1948, Demao Hsi became the General manager of the

Road), his schoolmate when he was studied in the US. After

Bank of China.

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專題

FEATURES

Xi Zhengfu accumulated a huge amount of wealth throughout his comprador life. Apart from investing in the financial sector, he also invested in many properties in Pudong, Nanjing Road, and Fengyang Road. During that period, the old-style Chinese private bank in Shanghai would borrow money from foreign banks, then lend the money to small business enterprises at a very high interest rate. As Xi Zhengfu controlled the signature seal of HSBC, he was the leading lender among these private banks. Almost all the private banks invited him to join or employed his friends as assistants. Xi Zhengfu also invested in silver shops, gold shops, and pawn shops. In 1887, Xi Zhengfu established the Xisheng Private Bank ( 協升錢莊 ) with Yan Lanqing ( 嚴蘭卿 ). As he had very good social relationships, he brought his friends and relatives into the foreign banks, who becamethe compradors for those banks. Hsi’s family was the comprador of compradors from the late 19th century to

Xi Zhengfu

the early 20th century. 17 out of 34 banks were controlled by the family. The situation was unparalleled. Since most businessmen needed funds, they had to ask for help from the Dongting Gang.

Xi Zhengfu

There is an old saying: "The most ruthless have to submit when facing the Dongting Gang."

Turpin Hsi is the grandson of the prominent banker Xi Zhengfu (1838-1904), the second Comprador of the Hong Kong and

Xi Zhengfu passed away in 1904. On the day of his funeral, white

Shanghai Banking Corporation (1874-1904) and a native banker

tents were built at each cross-road, from the Bund to the Fengyang

who was considered one of the "Four Major Compradors of the

Road, as well as at his home. White platforms were built in front

Late Qing Era".

of the gates of most foreign banks. Armed forces passed by Nanjing Road to escort his funeral procession. Xi Zhengfu was the

In 1874, Xi Zhengfu, on behalf of the HSBC negotiated with

only person to enjoy such privilege after his death in Shanghai.

the Qing government regarding the debt for the defense of Fujian and Taiwan. The Qing government agreed to borrow

Zhang Jingjiang

two million dollars from HSBC with a ten-year term payoff. Following HSBC’s success in ending the financial crisis, they

Chang's great uncle, Zhang Jingjiang, was a large financial

pushed Xi Zhengfu to be the comprador of HSBC to negotiate

supporter of the Chinese statesman Sun Yat-sen and one of the

with the Qing Ministers Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang. In

founding elders of Sun Yat-sen's Kuomingtang party. He is a

order to obtain a large amount of loans, the Qing Ministers won

legendary figure. Sun Yat-Sen called him "the greatest wonder of

over Xi Zhengfu by offering him the office of "Red-Topped

China", Chiang Kai Shek called him "the mentor of revolution",

Plume". However, Zhengfu Hsi declined taking office and going

and Mao Zedong called him "a man with an economic vision".

to Beijing. Instead, he reaped large profits from his relationships with the Qing Ministers. From 1874 to 1890, he negotiated seventeen loans with the Qing government and acquired a great number of commissions. At the same time, the business of HSBC was on the rise under Hsi's leadership.

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專題

民國著名金融家的錢幣收藏⸺ NC 收藏中來自前中央造幣廠廠長席德柄先生的錢幣周边〔上海〕是前上海造幣廠廠長（中央造幣廠之誤）。父親（張南琛）對這些錢幣的來源並不確定，但是這些錢幣的信封看起來

像是西方的錢幣信封（信封為灰色的惠特曼信封，灰色的惠特曼信封僅存在於上世紀50 年代至60 年代），因此可能是

祖父在美國期間收藏的（席德柄先生1950 年至1968年期間在美國）, 但是後來發現這些錢幣是從中國帶過去的。父親

的這些錢幣大約有100 枚。”

文中的惠特曼（Whitman）是美國一家公司，它生產的錢幣包裝品很著名，美國的錢幣收藏家大都用惠特曼產品收

藏錢幣。灰色的惠特曼信封大約生產於上世紀50 年代以前。張南琛先生

所有席德柄先生收藏的中國錢幣後都收歸 NC 收藏。1993

年，史博祿先生（Bruce Smith）為 NC 收藏編目時又在

美國張南琛先生（NC）的兒子在整理其父親遺贈錢幣時發

信封上添加了英文筆記。席先生的這批錢幣中有很多都是

現了一些與中國錢幣有關的手寫與印刷的紙條和收藏錢幣

已知品相最好的，並形成了精美的包漿，味道非常好。

的專用信封。資料提及了幾位民國金融界的著名人物，引起了我的興趣，經整理並將這些資料敘述如下。

紙條與信封資料中比較重要的證據來自兩張紙質字條。其中手書的一張為張南琛先生所寫，印刷字體為他儿子的注評。

灰色的惠特曼信封及部分對應錢幣

翻譯成中文為：

信封中錢幣的來源

“① 所有的錢幣都在史博祿1993年時為我（NC）編撰的

張南琛先生的太太為席與時。民國名媛，出生於上海，為

錄中。

美國後，張南琛先生的祖上也是官商大族，抗日戰爭時家

“C”代表在目主目錄中。 “NOT ”字樣代表不在目錄中，

席德柄之女，排行第六，時稱席家六小姐。抗戰期間前往道中落了。張氏家族去美國後破產、在最困難之時席與時

② 因為有一些同類別的錢幣不止一枚，因此目錄上每一枚

嫁給了張南琛先生。他與席小姐的婚姻遭到了席家的反對。

的描述並不一定完全正確，但是我很高興，目錄上的錢幣

張先生家的這些錢幣，由於是用上世紀 30 年代至50 年代時

描述可以囊括全部收藏的錢幣。”

的灰色惠特曼信封來包裝的，因此這批錢幣被分析可能是

譯成中文為：

前，張南琛還未開始收藏錢幣。後再轉至張南琛先生手中。

席德柄先生贈予女兒席與時，因為在席德柄於1968年去世

“這些機製幣占祖父收藏的1% 。祖父席德柄（1891-1968）

關於席德柄

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專題

FEATURES

期的財政部秘書、江海口內地稅局副局長、江漢關監督、復

興貿易公司總經理、中央造幣

廠廠長。抗日戰爭勝利後擔任

過上海阜豐麵粉廠 ( 即解放後

的上海麵粉廠 ) 總經理，其中

任中央造幣廠廠長的時間較長．因而在民國金融界也頗有影響。

席德柄收藏席與時小姐

席德柄先生與夫人黃鳳珠

席德柄先生

席先生建立了龐大的世界錢幣

收藏，藏有包括古埃及幣、希臘幣、羅馬幣、中國近代機製幣在內的超過10 000枚錢幣。

在他的中國近代機製幣收藏中，大約有100 枚安徽、江南、

北洋、吉林及其他中國省份鑄造的錢幣，其中很多都是庫平一錢四分四厘和七分二厘銀幣，且很多都是已知品相最好的。席先生可能正是在1949 年時將這些中國錢幣帶往美

國，这些錢幣占他藏品的1% 。

他獲得這些錢幣可能是因其祖父席正甫先生與清政府高官

李鴻章及左宗棠等人的關係。此外，席氏家族還擁有龐大

的銀行和銀號網路，有可能在造幣廠鑄造完成後立即獲得新鑄的錢幣，其後於20世紀50 年代時將這些錢幣保存在帶

有手寫筆記的灰色的惠特曼信封中。

據周邁可先生的瞭解，這批錢幣中的部分已經出售，還有

部分保留了下來，参見為留下的錢幣清單。有一部分錢幣

於2005年出售。還有部分於2008-2009 年間給了周邁可先

生，並於2009 年後的冠軍香港拍賣會上拍出。其中有一些江南和安徽的小毫子，都是已知同類銀毫中品相最好的。

席家花園

關於席氏家族

由此引出了張南琛先生的岳父席德柄先生。席德柄先生是

席家花園

這個家族是中國近現代著名的金融家族和買辦家族。出了

席德柄先生與其妻子黃鳳珠女士及一子七女曾居住於上海

界的洞庭幫。

國總統蔣介石與其夫人的居所（東平路9號），及席德柄美

席德柄先生早年留學美國，是麻省理工學院 (MIT) 的工科

解放後，東平路1號這棟房子被收歸國有，成為上海音樂學

中國近代著名金融家，出生在江蘇省蘇州東山席氏家族，

著名的席家花園。席家花園坐落於東平路1號，临近中華民

好幾位很有影響的銀行家和實業家。被稱為當時中國銀行

國求學時的同學，財政部長宋子文的私宅（東平路11號）。

學士。回國後長期從事財稅、金融工作。曾任北洋政府時

院附中的校長辦公樓，現已被出租並改建成酒家“席家花

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專題

園”，成為上海著名的旅遊勝地。

僅是為了抬高身價，並未赴京就任實職，他借與清廷的關

席德懋

從1874-1890 年，清政府向匯豐銀行借款17筆，絕大多數

係和匯豐銀行買辦的身份，左右逢源，得到了極大的好處。是由席正甫一手經辦，他由此得到了大量傭金，而匯豐銀

席德懋先生是席德柄先生的哥哥。他在1912年自費赴英國

行通過席正甫的上下溝通，業務也蒸蒸日上，為此對他優

留學，1916年獲商科碩士學位回國，與他同學的徐新六先

渥有加。

生、胡祖同先生一樣，後來都成了民國著名的銀行家。

席正甫在長達數十年的買辦生涯中聚集了大量財產，除投

席德懋先生是宋子文先生的得力助手。進入民國以後，席

資經營金融業外，還在浦東、南京路、鳳陽路一帶購置了

氏家族在金融界仍有很大的影響力，其中代表人物是席德

眾多的房產。當時上海錢莊為了獲得流動資金，常常向外

懋、席德柄兄弟。席德懋是民國年間金融界的大腕人物，

商銀行借款，再用這部分錢放高利貸，貸給大大小小的商

1928年中央銀行成立時，受宋子文之聘，曾出任中央銀行

號以獲取利潤。由於席正甫掌管了匯豐銀行借款的簽字蓋

發行局副局長、外匯局局長、業務局局長、匯兌局總經理、

章權，成為當時銀錢業炙手可熱的大紅人，幾乎所有的錢

中國銀行總經理，國際貨幣基金會中國代表，長期從事全

莊都要求他加入股本，或聘用他介紹的人當助手。同時，

國的外匯管理工作，負責管轄中國銀行的海外分支行，於

席正甫廣泛投資和銀行業務有聯繫的錢業、銀樓、典當、

1948年成為中國銀行行長。

金號。

席正甫

1887年，席正甫與嚴蘭卿合資開設了協升錢莊，他還利用

席德柄先生是席正甫先生（1838-1904）之孫。席正甫在

他的一些親屬還擔任了洋行買辦，致使席氏家族在19世紀

自己的社會關係，介紹親友、熟人進入眾多的外商銀行，

1874 年至1904 年間是匯豐銀行的第二任買辦，也是晚清時

末到20世紀初的上海灘成為風雲一時的買辦世家。當時外

商在上海開設的大小銀行34家，其中17家由席氏家族擔任

期的四大買辦之一。

買辦，佔據了上海金融界的重要位置，這在近代中國獨一

1874 年，席正甫代表匯豐銀行買辦王槐山與清政府商談福

無二。由此，洞庭東山人在上海金融業形成了一股強大的

建臺灣海防借款事宜。最後，匯豐銀行以比當時高得多的

勢力，各地商人資金短缺，非請洞庭山邦幫忙不可，因此

利息，借給清政府200萬兩銀10 年期借款。這筆貸款的成

19世紀末流傳着這樣一首口諺 :" 徽幫人 ( 主要經商 ) 再狠，

功，開創了匯豐銀

見了山上幫，還得忍一忍。"

例，將該行從財務

1904 年，席正甫壽終正寢，祭奠之日，從外灘到鳳陽路席

也使席正甫從此得

銀行的門口，都設定了壇臺路祭，公共租界巡捕還武裝護

行政治貸款的先

家，沿途各個路口都搭了白布帳棚，中外商家及一些外國

窘境中解脫了出來，

送上祭隊伍從南京路上通過，死後在上海灘上能夠享受這

勢，既當上了匯豐

種待遇的買辦，也僅席正甫一人而已。

銀行買辦，又受到

清朝大臣李鴻章和

左宗棠等的賞識。

张静江

他們爭相拉攏席

张南琛先生的二叔公张静江先生是中国政治家孙中山在财

意上書朝廷，替他

老之一。他是一個傳奇式的人物。孫中山稱他為“中華第一

為了獲得巨額貸款，

政方面的重要支持者，也是孙中山先生创办的国民党的元

正甫，李鴻章還特

奇人”，蔣介石稱他為“革命導師”，毛澤東稱他是“有經濟

保薦官職，席正甫

眼光的人”。

接受了二品銜紅頂席正甫先生

花翎，又捐了道臺一職。但他做官僅

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referred to as "the Ministry of Finance"), put forward a new currency plan in secret in March 1949. Xu instructed the Central Mint to mint denomination-derived gold coins and weight-derived gold cakes to replace mint bullion (gold bullion cast by provincial mints) and silver dollars

The Gold Coin and Gold Cake Project in

circulating among the public. Two months later, after the Kuomintang ( 國民黨 ) army lost control of Shanghai, the Central Mint moved to Chengdu, Sichuan, and Taipei, Taiwan. Xu was appointed to be the director of the Central Bank of the Republic of China (hereafter referred to as "the Central Bank") in Guangzhou. He decided to resume the plan, and he ordered the Central Mint, which had just been transferred from the Ministry of Finance

Stephen Tai〔Taipei〕

to the Central Bank, to give full cooperation. Although the Republic of China government (hereafter referred to as "the government") suspended the project when it retreated to Taiwan at the end of 1949, some gold coins

At the end of 1948, the value of Chinese gold yuan notes

and cakes had already entered into the market.

( 金圓券 ) were on the verge of collapse. Armies and civilians began to use gold bullion and silver dollars. In

This project launched at the end of the Chinese Civil War

these circumstances, Xu Kan ( 徐

has been unknown to the outside world until relevant

堪 ), the head of the

Ministry of Finance of the Republic of China (hereafter

documents were made public in Taiwan recently.

Background The government began to issue the Chinese gold yuan

a half tael. If the value of gold yuan notes to be deposited

notes from August 19, 1948, and forced the exchange of

was less than half tael of gold bullion, the bank would

gold at the Central Bank and other authorized banks within

issue silver dollars to the depositor. On November 22,

a specific time limit. The government issued over two

designated banks in Nanjing, Shanghai, Chongqing,

billion yuan of gold yuan notes within three months. From

Guangzhou, Hankou, Tianjin, and Peking put the policy

that point, the number of issued notes had risen by several

into trial operation, and on December 1, banks in other

multiples, which caused a panic among the people.

26 cities across the country started implementation. The gold redeemed before was reissued to the public. Yet,

To save the gold yuan notes, the government announced

due to the limited amount of gold issuance1, it caused

the General Rules for Deposit (《辦理存款兌現通則》)

much resentment among the population. The Central Mint

on November 19, which stipulated that depositors could

ceased the policy on January 16, 1949. However, gold

exchange gold yuan notes for gold bullion or silver dollars

bullion and silver dollars had already replaced gold yuan

at a quoted price by depositing gold yuan notes for a

notes in circulation.

fixed term. The unit of gold bullion for the exchange was

The Source of Gold Within two months of policy implementation, the Central

redeemed from the public before (1,677,163 taels). The

Bank issued 485,939 taels of gold, less than 30% of gold

Central Bank cast the gold redeemed from the public

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into mint bullion, and the denominations included five

In March 1949, the Central Mint started to produce

mace, five tael, ten tael, and four hundred tael. Most gold

ancestor dies af ter the Central Bank at Shanghai

bullion used for the exchange was five mace and one tael.

(hereafter referred to as "the Shanghai Mint") launched

The Central Mint cast 1,513,049.5 taels of mint bullion

a project to mint denomination-derived gold coins and

of various denominations for the Central Mint, but only

weight-derived gold cakes. However, as the Civil War

increasingly intensified, the Central Bank and the Central

The remainder of the gold bullion was shipped to Taiwan

Mint moved out of Shanghai two months later, and the

together with the bullion inventory and other gold which

ancestor dies were transported to Chengdu. The project

had not been cast into bullion. This is the source of gold

was suspended but not canceled. The Central Bank was

for the Gold Coin and Gold Cake Project.

ordered to resume the project at the end of July.3

one-third of the bullion was issued to the public again.

Image 1 The die for one tael gold cake produced by the Shanghai Mint in the Shanghai Mint Museum.

The Original Project at the Shanghai Mint The original document of the project went missing after the war. After the Central Mint moved to Guangzhou, Wei Xianchang, the Central Mint director, submitted an attachment, The Process of Gold Coin Mintage at The

Central Mint , to the Central Bank on July 22, 1949.4 The attachment fills the gap of this period of history. According to the attachment, the denomination-derived gold coins had three denominations, including twentyyuan (7.2 grams), fifty-yuan (18 grams), and one-hundredyuan (36 grams). All these coins contained 90% gold. The

Image 2 The manuscript of The Process of Gold Coin Mintage at The Central Mint (《中央造幣廠籌鑄金幣經過》) by Wei Xuanchang ( 韋憲昌 ), the director of the Central Mint, on July 22, 1949.

Chinese characters“金幣”(gold coin) were inscribed on their obverses and denominations“貳拾元”(twenty yuan),

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專題

“伍拾元”(fifty yuan) and“壹佰元”(one hundred yuan) on

FEATURES

cakes. Regarding existing gold coins and cakes of other

their reverses.

denominations and weights, their appearances and inscriptions are close to the above description. Besides

In terms of weight-derived gold cakes, the Central Bank

this, they all have grain patterns on the surface.

was ordered to mint cakes of three different weights, including a two mace and five cent, five mace, and one

As the project planned, all ancestor dies should be

tael. The Chinese character“金”(gold) was inscribed on

completed before the end of March.

their obverses and weights on their reverses. There are no known fifty-yuan and one-hundred-yuan

Secret Resumption in Chengdu and Taiwan resumed the Gold Coin and Gold Cake Project in secret.

Before the communist armed forces entered Shanghai at the end of May 1949, most devices and machines at the Shanghai Mint were transported to Chengdu and Taiwan.

After the Central Bank confirmed that all ancestor dies

The Chengdu Branch of the Central Mint (hereafter

had been transported to the Chengdu Mint, it instructed

referred to as "the Chengdu Mint") and the Taiwan Branch

the Chengdu Mint to duplicate and modify these dies and

of the Central Mint (hereafter referred to as "the Taiwan

then submit modified dies for approval before production.

Mint") started to cast gold bullion and mint silver coins

After the Chengdu Mint shipped modified dies to Taiwan,

from July to August. At the same time, the two mints

the two mints set out producing together.

Changes in the Project Only several months after the Kuomintang army failed in

On one hand, the Central Mint lowered the production

Shanghai, circumstances changed. With the war situation

scale. The gold coins and cakes would only be issued to

worsening, the government's ruling area shrunk from the

some 150,000,000 people in the southwest area.6 On the

north of the Yangtze River to several southwest provinces.

other hand, mints should give priority to the production of

There were few demands for gold yuan notes. Instead,

weight-derived gold cakes. The Central Bank ordered the

the need for gold bullion and silver dollars expanded.

Chengdu Mint to be put into production from September

Therefore, mints in Chongqing, Chengdu, and Taipei

3, and its production focused on one-mace and two-mace

started to cast small gold bullion. This was not a normal

gold cakes.7 The Central Bank kept pushing the progress

situation, so the Central Mint was ordered to mint official

from August 1949, and all telegrams to the Chengdu Mint

gold coins and cakes to replace the small mint bullion.

and the Taiwan Mint were marked with the word "urgent."

Against this background, it was considered urgent to carry out the Gold Coin and Gold Cake Project.

The Situation of Production 1. The Chengdu Mint

However, the Central Mint held that the weight-derived gold cakes must be dif ferent from mint bullion, so

Due to the great urgency, the Chengdu Mint suggested

it insisted on minting gold cakes as planned by the

casting bullion according to the mint bullion pattern.

Shanghai Mint.8

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專題

The weight-derived gold cakes could easily replace the

Shanghai Mint to meet the demand for small gold cakes

mint bullion in circulation, so the Central Bank prioritized

on the market. In addition, the Chengdu Mint minted ten-

its production. The Chengdu Mint also produced two-

yuan gold coins that the Central Bank did not plan to

mace and one-mace cakes apart from one-tael, five-

produce before.

mace, and two-mace-and-five-cent cakes designed by the

Image 3 Five-mace gold cake pattern that the Chengdu Mint produced with dies duplicated from the ancestor die from the Shanghai Mint; two-mace-and-five-cent gold cake pattern that the Chengdu Mint produced with dies duplicated from the ancestor die from the Shanghai Mint; two-mace gold cake pattern that the Chengdu Mint produced with dies designed according to other gold cake designed by the Shanghai Mint; one-mace gold cake pattern that the Chengdu Mint produced with dies designed according to other gold cake designed by the Shanghai Mint.

Image 4 A copper pattern of twenty-yuan gold coin produced by the Shanghai Mint

Image 5 A silver pattern of ten-yuan gold coin produced by the Chengdu Mint

On August 26, the Chengdu Mint found that the Shanghai

one-mace, all of their dies were to be completed before

Mint designed the one-tael cake following the Yuan

September 3.9

Shikai dollar's size and pattern. The density of gold is

nearly double that of silver, so the thickness of one-tael

As the Central Bank was instructed to mint one-mace and

cake is about half of the silver dollar. The Central Bank

two-mace cakes after the mint moved out of Shanghai, the

decided to postpone the minting of one-tael gold cake as

Chengdu Mint had no ancestor dies from the Shanghai

it was intolerant of circulation. For the other four weights

Mint for duplication. It was urgent for the Chengdu Mint

of five-mace, two-mace-and-five-cent, two-mace, and

to produce gold cakes, so the Chengdu Mint modified

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專題

FEATURES

the dies of the twenty-cent and ten-cent nickel coins of 1936 (the 25th year of the Republic of China) and fivecent nickel coins of 1937 (the 26th year of the Republic of China) to meet the need. One-mace gold cakes had three varieties. One was minted with the original die which was inscribed with " 中華民國二十五年伍分 " (the 25th year of the Republic of China, five cents). The other two varieties used modified dies bearing " 中華民國三十九年足金一

Image 6 The sketch of the two-mace gold cake submitted by the Chengdu Mint on September 1, 1949.

錢 " (the 39th year of the Republic of China, one mace) and " 中華民國三十九年足金壹錢 " (the 39th year of the Republic of China, one mace). Two-mace cakes have four known varieties which were inscribed with " 中華民

However, some cakes produced by abandoned dies

國三十九年 " (the 39th year of the Republic of China), but

entered into the market. On September 12, the Chengdu

without weight. As these cakes were minted with modified

Mint had not completed the modification of one-mace and

dies, their patterns were not in line with the Shanghai

two-mace cake dies, but there was a great demand for

Mint's design and did not follow its original designing

small gold cakes. Therefore, the Central Mint requested

principle of having a hole in the center. Their inscriptions

the Central Bank whether they could use old dies to mint

were also different from those written by Xu Kan. The

gold cakes to meet the public's demand. The Central

Chengdu Mint had to abandon these dies. Then, the mint

Bank approved the request the next day, but it canceled

redesigned the dies for one-mace and two-mace cakes

the order later.12 Yet, some gold cakes had already

and requested Xu to reinscribe these gold cakes. On

entered into the market. This is the source of one-mace

September 1, the mint submitted the sketches and copper

and two-mace gold cakes auctioned in the international

patterns to the Central Bank for approval.

numismatic auction market.numismatic auction market.

Image 7 Three varieties of one mace produced with old moulds by the Chengdu Mint and approved by the Central Bank on September 9, 1949 J

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專題

Image 8 Two mace gold cake cast with the old mould by the Chengdu Mint. Source: Japan Universal Auction in July 2019.

On September 5, the Central Bank decided to stop striking

five mace, one tael, and two tael, totally weighing 126,800

two-mace-and-five-cent gold cakes and only mint one-

taels.18 As the war kept worsening, the Chengdu Mint had

mace, two-mace, and five-mace gold cakes.13 As the one-

no time to care about other things.

mace and two-mace cakes were smaller, they became the focus of the production.

2 The Taiwan Mint

To mint gold cakes, the Chengdu Mint transferred gold

The Taiwan Mint did not star t to produce after the

from Taiwan to Chengdu via the Chengdu Bank. Twenty

Chengdu Mint shipped dies to Taiwan in September. The

thousand taels of gold were shipped to Chengdu on

Chengdu Mint first sent dies of five-mace and two-mace-

and-five-cent gold cakes to Taiwan. On September 10,

due to some objections before September 14. On the

the Chengdu Mint duplicated dies for one-mace and two-

other hand, dies modified by the Chengdu Mint failed to

mace gold cakes and sent ancestor dies to Taiwan. In

meet the Central Bank's requirement, so the mint did not

September 1919, the Central Mint ordered the Chengdu

start minting until the end of September. On September

Mint to store produced gold cakes and suspend the

27, the mint produced a total of 1,600 one-mace gold

production. However, the Chengdu Mint had already

cakes; on September 28, 1,200 two-mace gold cakes; on

shipped ten-yuan and twenty-yuan ancestor coin dies to

September 1. Still, the gold was withheld in Chongqing 15

September 29, 1,400 two-mace gold cakes. However,

the Taiwan Mint.20 Fifty-yuan and one-hundred-yuan coin

the director of the Central Mint found these gold cakes

dies that had not been sent to Taiwan were sealed up for

to be of low quality, so he instructed the mint to stop

keeping in Chengdu. 21

minting.17 On September 25, the Taiwan Mint started to mint one-

It is assumed that these gold cakes had been withdrawn

mace, two-mace, and five-mace gold cakes with teeth

and melted, as we have not seen any on the market. Due

edge under the order. These cakes contained 90% gold

to circumstances, the Chengdu Mint came to cast mint

and 10% copper. Their weights were in line with small

bullion. In the middle of October, the gold in Chongqing

mint bullion produced by the Taiwan Mint. As for ten-yuan

was urgently transported to Chengdu to cast mint bullion.

and twenty-yuan coin dies received later, the mint sealed

In October, the mint produced 113,820 mint bullion bars of

them up for keeping.

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專題

FEATURES

The Central Bank changed its mind after the Chengdu

the Taiwan Mint to stop minting gold c oins of all

Mint’s failure of minting one-mace and two-mace gold

denominations, and all one-mace and two-mace gold

cakes at the end of September. One-mace and two-mace

cake dies must be destroyed. In addition, it directed the

gold cakes were too light, and it was too expensive to mint

mint to deepen patterns on dies of one mace, two mace,

small gold cakes. Hence, the bank decided to mint five-

five mace, and one tael gold cakes. Five-mace and one-

mace and one-tael gold cakes only. The gold content of

tael cake dies were ordered to be put into trial production

99% set by the Shanghai Mint was too high, so the bank

and then submitted for approval. The contents of gold

decided to lower the gold content.

cakes in the trial production were 90% and 94.5%.23 The whole project underwent many twists and turns at the

On October 3, the Central Bank director ordered

Central Bank and the Central Mint.

The End of the Project The project was suspended after Xu Kan was forced to

position of director. However, the government had already

resign due to the failure of the gold yuan note policy in

lost control of Sichuan, Yunan, Guangxi, and Guizhou.

early October. On October 22, the Central Bank submitted

The government no longer had the requirement for issuing

a document to the superior depar tment to push its

gold coins and goldcakes, so the project was shelved.

implementation. Still, the post of Central Bank director had been vacant for three months, so the document was kept on file after review.24

(Image 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 was from Sun Hao ( 孙浩 ) and

In January 1950, Yu Hongjun ( 俞鴻鈞 ) took over the

1949 (《圖說中國近代機制幣章》 , 10/2017, p. 275-278).

his Numismatic Study on Modern Chinese Coinage 1889-

Note

1 Stephen Tai, The Archives of Gold of the Republic of China ( 《民國黃金檔案》), Chapter 4: The Central Mint in Shanghai, p. 125-128. 2 Ditto. 3 7/30/1949, the Central Bank, Document No. 1163, Archive Administration. 4 7/22/1949， Document No. 106 submitted by the Central Mint director Wei Xianchang, Archive Administration. 5 7/19/1949, Document No. 2270 about the production preparation at the Chengdu and Taiwan mints submitted by Wei Xianchang to Xu Kan, Archive Administration. 6 10/22/1949, Suggestion to Replace Gold Cakes With Gold Coins by the Central Bank, Archive Administration. 7 8/26/1949, Telegram No. 1923 from the Secretariat Office of the Central Bank, Archive Administration. 8 8/22/1949, Document submitted by Liu Changjing ( 劉昌景 ) of the Subbranch of the Central Mint at Chengdu writes, "we are still modifying round moulds for gold cakes, so we request to produce small mint bullion after modifying their mould to meet the urgent demand." The Central Mint's reply on August 24 writes, "produce two mace and five cent, five mace and one tael bullion with existing dies." Archive Administration. 9 8/26/1949, Telegram No. 1923 from the Secretariat Office of the Central Bank, Archive Administration. 10 9/1/1949, Document No. 126 submitted by Liu Changjing of the Subbranch of the Central Mint at Chengdu to the director of the Central Bank, Archive Administration. 11 9/1/1949, Document No. 3495 from the Central Bank. 12 9/12/1949, Document No. 3720 submitted by the Central Mint's director Wei Xianchang writes, "can Sichuan and Taiwan mints cast one mace and two mace gold cakes with old moulds." The Central Bank replied on September 13 that "cast as planned" but later instructed to suspend casting. Archive Administration. 13 9/5/1949, Telegram No. 2169 from the Secretariat of the Central Mint, Archive Administration. 14 Stephen Tai, The Archives of Gold of the Republic of China, Chapter 5: The Central Mint in Chengdu, p. 143. 15 9/14/1949, Telegram No. 3844 from the Secretariat of the Central Bank to the Central Mint director Wei Changxian writes, “the Chengdu Mint received about 20,000 taels of gold, and the gold content ranged from 97% to 98.4%.” Archive Administration. 16 9/30/1949, Telegram No. 3995 from the Chengdu Mint of the Central Bank. 17 9/30/1949, the Central Bank director replied to Liu Changjing of the Chengdu Mint: (1) stop minting denomination-derived coins; (2) stop minting one mace, and two mace gold cakes due to their low quality; (3) submit moulds of one mace, two mace, five mace and one tael gold cakes for approval after modification; (4) submit original five mace and one tael moulds for approval; (5) mint gold cakes containing 90% or 94.5% of gold selection; (6) melt all gold cakes produced in the trial production after submission for approval; (7) adopt five mace and one tael gold cakes, as one mace and two mace cakes are of low weight and high production cost. Archive Administration. 18 Stephen Tai, The Archives of Gold of the Republic of China, Chapter 5: The Central Mint in Chengdu, p. 154-156. 19 9/27/1949, Telegram No. 3923 from the Wei Changxian of the Chengdu Mint, Archive Administration. 20 9/18/1949, Telegram No. 3720 from the Secretariat of the Central Bank to the Mr. Liu of the Chengdu Mint, Archive Administration. 21 9/19/1949, Document No. 2414 from Xu Kan of the Ministry of Finance to Liu and Wei of the Chengdu Mint writes, "sealed all 10 yuan, 20 yuan, 50 yuan, and 100 yuan dies up for keeping." 22 9/30/1949, the Central Bank director’ s reply to Liu Changjing of the Chengdu Mint, ditto. 23 10/4/1949, Document No. 326 from the Central Mint, Archive Administration. 24 9/30/1949, the Central Bank director’ s reply to Liu Changjing of the Chengdu Mint; Stephen Tai, The Archives of Gold of the Republic of China, Chapter 5: The Central Mint in Chengdu, p. 140-150. J

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FEATURES

專題

1948年年底，金圓券瀕臨崩潰，軍民紛紛改用黃金、銀元。面對此現實，1949 年3月，當時的財政部部長徐堪暗中推

動一項新貨幣計劃，指示中央造幣廠籌鑄紀值金幣與紀重

1949 年金幣金塊鑄造計劃

金塊用以取代坊間普遍流通的金塊 ( 特別是廠條 ) 及銀元。

不過，兩個多月後，國軍戰事失利，上海宣告失守，中央

造幣廠遷往四川成都與臺灣臺北兩地另起爐灶。正在此時，徐堪又在廣州轉任央行總裁，因此決定重啟計劃，7月下

旬，指示剛自財政部改隸央行的中央造幣廠全力配合推動。

整個計劃雖在國府於年底從大陸全面撤退之同時宣告停止，但仍有部分成品已悄悄流入市面。

這是國共內戰後期，兵馬倥傯下，外界幾無所知的一段歷

戴學文〔中国臺北〕

史。直至最近，相關檔案在臺陸續公開，真相才被曝光。

發生背景 1948年8月19日金圓券發行，黃金收歸國有，民間黃金由央

期存款後，得以相同金額按官價兌領黃金與銀元。兌出的

20 億元的發行上限，此後，發行餘額不斷激增，導致人心

南京、上海、重慶、廣州、漢口、天津、北平七地開始試辦，

黃金以半市兩為單位，未達標准者改發銀元。同月22日起，

行及其指定銀行限期收兌。但不到三個月，金圓券即突破

12日1日再擴大到全國26個大都市實施。收歸國有的黃金，

惶惶。

又釋出民間，不過，因釋出數量有所保留1，在各地造成民

為了挽救金圓券，國民政府继出金銀存兌辦法。11月19日

怨及嚴重擠兌。到了1949 年1月16日，不得不全面停辦。但，

央行發佈《辦理存款兌現通則》，規定存戶存入金圓券的定

黃金、銀元已是普遍取代金圓券到處流通。

黃金來源金銀存兌實施的兩個月期間，央行共兌出黃金48萬5,939

到臺灣，成為實施計劃所需的黃金來源。

1,677,163兩的3成不到。這些兌出的黃金，就是以收兌自

1949年3月間，上海央行啟動籌鑄紀重金塊及紀值金幣計

兩及四百市兩五種廠條，用於金銀存兌者，是以五市錢及

與造幣廠於兩個月內陸續遷離上海，製成幣塊的模型則運

兩，這個數字，是金圓券時期官方收兌自民間黃金數量民間的大量雜金改鑄，有五市錢、一市兩、五市兩、十市

劃，中央造幣廠奉命開始製模。但，在內戰進逼下，央行往成都，暫告中斷的計劃，並未因此取消，到了7月底，在

一市兩兩種為主。中央造幣廠承鑄後解交央行的各式廠條，總共有1,513,049.5兩，央行僅兌出其中1/3左右。未兌出

（圖1）央行總裁的指示下，又重新啟動3。

的部分，後來則隨着庫存金磚、未及改鑄的雜金等輾轉運

附注 1 筆者：《民國黃金檔案》，第四章上海廠時期，頁 125-128。 2 同上。 3 民國 38 年 7 月 30 日，中央銀行，廣秘第 1163 號文，檔案管理局。 64

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專題

FEATURES

圖 1 中华民国三十八年，滬廠一兩金塊模型，上海造幣博物館館藏

滬廠時期的原始計劃

圖 2 中央造幣廠廠長韋憲昌於 1949 年 7 月 22 日補述之《中央造幣廠籌鑄金幣經過》原稿上海時期籌鑄金幣金塊的計劃內容，因戰亂之故，原始檔

值，銀元 20元，重 7.2公分，銀元50元，重18克與銀元100

廠長韋憲昌於1949 年7月22日呈文及其名為《中央造幣廠籌

“壹佰元”。面分別為“貳拾元”、 “伍拾元”、

元，重36克。均含純金 90% 。正面鐫有“金幣”二字，背

案已無法找到。不過，當央行遷往廣州之後，中央造幣廠（圖2）鑄金幣經過》的附件，正好填補了這段歷史空白。 4

紀重金塊，則是於3月17日追加，有三種重量，各為貳錢伍

據韋文所述，紀值金幣，系3月11日央行所交辦，有三種面

分、伍錢、壹兩。正面鐫有“金”字，背面則為重量8 。

4 民國 38 年 7 月 22 日，中央造幣廠廠長韋憲昌，穗鼎第 106 號呈文。檔案管理局。 J

2 2

FEATURES

專題

其中伍拾元、壹佰元兩種一直未出現，其他金幣金塊，均

按當時規劃進度，所有雕模工作應於3月底完成。

見有存世品，外觀與所述相近，面有左右交叉對稱的兩棵嘉禾圖案，也是各種金幣金塊的共同特徵。

蓉臺兩地秘密重啟 1949年5月底共軍入城前夕，滬廠大部機器、設備已早一步

在確認幣塊模型均已被移轉中央造幣廠成都分廠 ( 蓉廠 )

開始鑄造銀元與金條；其實，兩廠也奉命秘密重啟金幣金

修改及送審事宜，獲准採用後，再翻成子模寄往臺廠，由

遷往成都、臺灣兩地。同年7月底至8月間，蓉、臺兩廠已

的情況下，央行進行分工，指定蓉廠接手開鑄前的翻製、

塊鑄造計劃。

兩地共同鑄造。

計劃改變離上海棄守雖僅數月，但隨着戰局的迅速惡化，國府統治

央行一方面縮小計劃規模，改定為供應西南地區一億五千

同。由於金圓券已無人聞問，黃金銀元的需求殷切，重慶、

提升紀重金塊的重要性，優先鑄造，並定下蓉廠必須在9月

萬人口之使用6，另一方面，則因應廠條普遍流通的事實，

地區已從長江以北一路潰縮至西南幾省，環境背景已有所不

成都、臺北等地都已趕鑄小型廠條因應。對於央行而言，

3日完成投產以一錢二錢金塊為主的目標7。央行從1949年8

完成，刻不容緩。

不標示“十萬火急”字樣，亦可見其迫切性於一斑。

月起即持續跟催相關進度，與蓉、臺兩廠大量往來電文無

這不應是常態，必須以金幣金塊取而代之，因此，計劃的

執行情形

圖 3 蓉廠以滬廠祖模翻製子模所鑄造的五錢、貳錢五分金塊式樣兩件，以及依照滬廠圖案設計的貳錢、壹錢金塊式樣兩件

5 民國 38 年 7 月 19 日，中央造幣廠韋憲昌致央行總裁徐，穗中第 2270 號文，呈報臺蓉兩廠籌備開鑄日期及至今情形。檔案管理局。 6 民國 38 年 10 月 22 日，央行經研處，呈送鑄造金幣代替金塊建議一份，請實行文，中央銀行檔，黃金調撥案 ( 一 )。檔案管理局。 7 民國 38 年 8 月 26 日，央行秘書處發電第 1923 號。檔案管理局。 66

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專題

圖 4 沪厂贰拾元金币铜样

FEATURES

圖 5 蓉厂拾元金币银样

(1) 蓉廠部分

一錢、二錢金塊，系臨時奉令添鑄，無滬廠原模可供翻製，

由於時間緊迫，蓉廠於8月22日建議，採用廠條式樣改制。

九年伍分鎳幣之幣模進行修改。其中一錢型，有直接以原

迫於緊急，蓉廠於是以民國廿五年廿分、拾分鎳幣，及民廿幣模打造，上有中華民國二十五年伍分字樣，及改刻中華

但，央行以紀重金塊必須與廠條區隔為由，不予同意，堅持趕鑄上海時期所規劃的金塊的決定。

民國三十九年足金一錢、中華民國三十九年足金壹錢等三

記重金塊因易於取代流通中的廠條，優先鑄造，又，配合

標示重量，存世尚見有四錢型。便宜行事的結果，既不符

種版別；二錢型，則是有“中華民國三十九年”字樣，但未

市場對於小金塊的大量需要，蓉廠奉令以滬廠刻製的一兩、

合滬廠圖案、中央穿孔等既定設計原則，銘文也與上海模

型均系徐堪在財政部部長任內親書者不同10。蓉廠只好擱

五錢、二錢五分鋼模翻製子模之外，還添製二錢、一錢兩

置，重新設計二錢、一錢模型，並另請徐以央行總裁名義

種。此外，十元金幣為上海時期所無，因此也是到了蓉廠才又加入。（圖4、圖5）

賜書，趕於 9月1日檢呈圖樣與銅質式樣一盒，送請央行審（圖6）核11。

8月26日，蓉廠發現，一兩金塊，因系滬廠仿照袁像銀幣壹

圓大小式樣設計，但黃金比重較白銀高出近一倍，以至一

不過，這些擱置不用的幣模所制的一批金塊，卻於稍後意

鑄。其餘五錢、二錢五分、二錢、一錢四種，仍應於 9月3

需求小金塊甚殷，中央造幣廠於是請示央行是否先用舊模

外流出。9月12日，蓉廠一錢、二錢改模仍未完成，因外界

兩金塊較壹圓銀幣約薄一半，不耐流通，央行因此決定緩日前完成所有模型。

（圖7、圖8）鑄造金塊因應。次日，獲得“暫照鑄”之批示。

雖央行於後來又連忙取消前令12 ，但過程中顯然已有部分流

入市面。近年國際錢幣拍賣市場時而見有一錢、二錢金塊

( 尚有四錢者 )，應即來自於此。

9月5日，央行再決定，停鑄二錢五分，只鑄一錢、二錢酌

搭五錢者13。一錢、二錢兩種小塊，於是成為鑄造重點。

為了開鑄金塊，蓉廠經由蓉行自臺急調黃金。2萬兩於 9月1

日運出後，因層峰存有異議，暫扣重慶14，直至9月14日始

圖六蓉廠 1949 年 9 月 1 日送審之二錢金塊圖案

交付15。另一方面，蓉廠改模也一直無法達到央行要求，一

9 民國 38 年 8 月 26 日，央行秘書處，第 1923 號電文。檔案管理局。 10 民國 38 年 9 月 1 日，中央造幣廠成都分廠委員劉昌景致央行總裁，川鼎字第 126 號文。檔案管理局。 11 民國 38 年 9 月 1 日，中央銀行，穗中收字第 3485 號文。 12 民國 38 年 9 月 12 日，中央造幣廠廠長韋憲昌，穗中第 3720 號簽呈 :“ ...... 改模期間川臺兩廠應否仍用舊模鑄造一錢及二錢金塊”。9.13 央行批覆：“暫照鑄 ”，改又批註 :“ ‘ 暫照鑄 ’一節奉諭取銷 ” 。檔案管理局。 13 民國 38 年 9 月 5 日，央行秘書處第 2169 號電文。檔案管理局。 14 筆者，注 1 前揭書，第五章成都分廠時期，頁 143。 15 民國 38 年 9 月 14 日，中央造幣廠韋廠長，央行秘書處來電第 3844 號文： “蓉行新到金料約二萬兩，成色為 972 至 984......” 。檔案管理局。 J

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專題

圖七蓉廠 1949 年 9 月 13 日獲央行批准 “ 暫照鑄” 的舊模足金壹錢，足金一錢，伍分三種

圖 8 承上，蓉廠舊模二錢金塊，來源：2019 年 7 月日本環球拍賣再修改下，進度因而拖延月底才開鑄。9月27日，鑄成一錢

這批金塊，後來並未見流出，推測當時應已回收鎔毀。隨

鑄成二錢小金塊1 400 枚。但，央行總裁親自檢視後，發

旬，重慶存金緊急移往成都，蓉廠奉命全力鎔鑄廠條，當

者1 600 枚，9月28日，鑄成二錢小金塊1200 枚，9月29日

後，因情勢所需，蓉廠轉而大量鑄造廠條，特別是10月中

月份即已趕鑄五錢、一兩、二兩廠條有113 820 條之多，共

現品質甚差，立即作出批示： “現鑄之一錢二錢者太惡劣，以電令停鑄。”

重約126 800兩18 。此後，戰局持續惡化，蓉廠更已無暇

他顧。

16 民國 38 年 9 月 30 日央行成都分行第 3995 號來電。 17 民國 38 年 9 月 30 日，成都分廠委員劉昌景簽呈，央行總裁有以下批覆 : (1) 定值者以電令停鑄。(2) 現鑄之一錢二錢者太惡劣，以電令停鑄。(3) 速將一錢二錢五錢一兩四模應速改善，限五日完成送樣核定。(4) 先將原五錢、一兩模式鑄送核。(5) 成色試鑄 900 及 945 二種後選定。 (6) 照本日所批各條辦理，於試鑄之樣塊送經核定後再鎔鑄。(7) 一錢二錢重量過低，鑄費高而耗損鉅，似以採用五錢一兩二種為宜。檔案管理局。 68

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(2) 臺廠部分

二十元模型，則奉令密存。

臺廠，在計劃中的活動，主要是在九月以後，蓉廠奉令陸

有鑒於 9月底蓉廠鑄造一錢、二錢金塊的失敗經驗，央行想

錢五分兩種金塊祖模，已奉令寄往臺灣，一錢、二錢兩種

應改鑄五錢一兩二種為宜，滬廠原定下的990成色過高，

續將幣塊模型移轉臺灣時才出現。9月1日，蓉廠五錢、二

法已起變化，認為一錢二錢重量過低，鑄費高而耗損鉅，

金塊，則是在蓉廠完成新模後，翻制子模寄出，時間是在

也應調降。22

存，暫停鑄造，不過，蓉廠已將十元、二十元祖模於同日寄

10月3日，央行總裁亦諭令臺廠停鑄所有紀值金幣，原有一

9月10日19。到了9月19日，央行下令蓉廠將紀值金幣全數封

往臺廠，五十元、一百元幣模則因未寄出而就地封存。 20

錢、二錢金塊模型則必須打掉重練，並進一步指示：一錢、

二錢、五錢、一兩四種塊模，應加深原刻花紋，力求精細

9月25日，臺廠奉令先鑄一錢、二錢、五錢金塊，加製齒邊，與光澤；其中的五錢、一兩二模應優先試鑄、送核。各種

按成色金 900 銅100 配料鎔製金光餅，這三種重量，恰好與

金塊成色分別試鑄 900及945二種，再從中擇定 23。計劃幾

臺廠當時剛開始鑄造的小型廠條相符。至於甫收到的十元、

經波折，仍不斷在央行與造幣廠之間往返。

計劃告終國民政府幾已失去四川、雲南、廣西、貴州等西南據點，

不過，10月上旬，徐堪即因銀元券發行失敗，被迫離職。

鑄造背景不再，計劃也就束諸高閣，再無人聞問。

眼見鑄造計劃因此陷於停擺，無人定奪。同月22日，央行

經研處雖呈文上報催促，建請實施，但，因總裁出缺長達

三個月，群龍無首，該文於經批示“存查”二字後，即被歸檔24。

( 本文圖 2、 3、 4、 5、 7，系由孫浩先生提供，或引自孫先生所著《圖說中國近代機製幣章》一書，2017 年 10 月版，頁 275-278，並此說明與致謝 )

1950年元月，央行總裁終於由俞鴻鈞接任，但，在此之前，

18 筆者，注 1 前揭書，第五章成都分廠時期頁 154-156。 19 民國 38 年 9 月 27 日，成都韋廠長來電第 3923 號。檔案管理局。 20 民國 38 年 9 月 18 日，成都劉委員，央行秘書處來電 3720 號。檔案管理局。 21 民國 38 年 9 月 19 日，財政部 2414 文。成都造幣廠劉委員、韋廠長密： “ ...... 所有當十元、二十元、五十元、一百元模型，應封存矣。命徐。 ” 22 同注 17。 23 民國 38 年 10 月 4 日，中央造幣廠，臺收字 326 號文。中央銀行檔，黃金調撥案 ( 一 )。檔案管理局。 24 同注 6 ，另，參閱筆者，注 1 前揭書，第五章成都分廠時期，頁 140-150。 J

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Unique Set of Artist's Sketches for a Proposed Chinese Coin Bruce W. Smith〔USA〕 This set of three original pencil sketches for a proposed Chinese

three sketches depict different versions of a dragon surrounding

coin with NGC certification was LUIGI GIORGI's work. The

a two seal script [li shu , 隸書 ] words yi yuan [one dollar, 壹圓 ].

NGC certification labels

These sketches are from a group of documents originally in

as second; 5) the design favored as third; 6) pass to the Outer

the Coole Collection and described in the 1963 inventory of

Gate of the Imperial Palace in Peking issued to the artist by

his collection: "Original MSS for the designing of a silver

the Assistant Military Commander of Peking, Jui Feng; and

dollar for presentation to Prince Regent Zai Feng [ 載

灃 ],

7) pass to the Inner Gate of the Imperial City issued during

the father of the Emperor Xuan Tong [ 宣統 ], which include

the 1st year of the reign of Xuan Tong on March 1." Present in

seven documents as follows: 1) A dissertation on the proposed

this lot are the three sketches and the text about gold coins in

use of gold money for Sinkiang province; 2) Biography of the

Sinkiang (Xinjiang) Province. The biography, the pass, and

artist who has drawn the designs and some historical facts;

most importantly, the name of the artist are missing.

3) the design recommended as the best; 4) the design favored

The design recommended as the best, with an Arthur Coole Collection label and ties to the memorial to the throne on the reverse 70

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The second design, with an Arthur Coole Collection label on the right

The design favored as third, with an Arthur Coole Collection label on the right

The text concerning gold coins in the Sinkiang Province, with an Arthur Coole Collection label at right J

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專題

Year 3 Long Whisker Dragon dollar, with the design recommended as the best, NGC MS64, NC Collection Given its strong strike, this long whisker dragon dollar must have been struck from an early die stage. Its edge is straight and smooth, and its reeding is sharp and regular. The coin is sharply struck on the whole without weakness either on the edge nor on the dragon’ s scales. In addition, the coin is an incused leaf variety.

Year 3 Standing Dragon 50 cent coin pattern with an extra pearl based on the design favored second,.Unique, with incused L. GIORGI signature at the bottom, NGC MS63, NC Collection

Year 3 Standing Dragon 50 cent coin pattern with an extra pearl based on the design favored second, of which only a few are known, Bowker Collection. 11/2020, Champion Auction, NGC MS62, USD 132,000

Year 3 Standing Dragon 50-cent coin with regular dragon pearl for general release, NC Collection, NGC MS65

Year 3 silver dollar, with raised L. GIORGI signature, 2012, Kuerker Auction, NGC MS63, EURO 520,000

From Coole's description, we know that these designs were

served in that position until 1917. Previously, he had worked for

presented in the spring of 1911. The sketch recommended in first

the Italian medallic firm of Stefano Johnson in Milan. There was

place, with the dragon facing the viewer, matches the 1911 series

another engraver by the same name who worked at the Rome

of silver dollars made at the Tientsin Mint (Kann 223-227; KM

Mint until he died in 1912. However, Luigi Giorgi, who worked

Y31), and the design favored second, with the dragon facing to

in China, was not related to the better known Italian engraver.

the left, matches the half dollar and smaller coins in the same

Giorgi's signature, GIORGI or L. GIORGI or L.G., appears on

series (Kann 228-230; KM Y28-30). All of final design had a

a number of Chinese pattern coins during the 1911-1917 period,

dragon pearl added, as on all Chinese dragon coins.

the best known of which are various designs of Yuan Shih Kai [ 袁世凱 ] coins and those of his brief reign as Emperor Xuan

We know that Luigi Giorgi designed the 1911 dollar and half

Tong (1916).

dollar coins from the pattern coins that bear his name, so these sketches are almost certainly his.

The only other original artist's sketch for a Chinese coin known to be in private hands is a sketch for the 1923 Dragon & Phoenix

Giorgi, the most famous engraver of Chinese coins, was

Dollar, long believed to have been issued to commemorate the

appointed as the chief engraver at the Tientsin Mint in 1910 and

deposed, last emperor's wedding. This mystery was unraveled

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issue of the Journal of the East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) in July 1994. Since this coin is believed to have been issued to commemorate the 1923 wedding of the former emperor, how could Giorgi have designed it nine years earlier? The answer appeared in another issue of the JEAN . This design was intended for a coin to replace those with the portrait of Yuan Shih Kai, but the coins were never struck at that time. A second attempt to replace the Yuan Shih Kai coins was made in 1923, when the Dragon & Phoenix dollar was issued, portraying national symbols rather than those of an individual. Unpopular with the public, few of these coins were made, and the Yuan Shih Kai coins continued to be minted until replaced by the Sun Yat-Sen [ 孫中山 ] coins in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Why the text about Sinkiang gold coins was included with this group The first issue of the JEAN issued in July 1994 The sketch of the Dragon & Phoenix dollar with L. GIORGI signature is at the bottom of the cover

is unknown. Perhaps the desig ns were or igi nally i ntended for Si n k ia ng gold coins, but it is also possible the Sinkiang text

in November 1993 when the original sketch for the coin showed

does not belong with these

up in an auction of the Money Company and was purchased by

manuscripts.

presentation to Prince Regent Zai Feng

a Chinese researcher, Bruce W. Smith, for Nelson Chang (NC Collection). Giorgi signed the sketch, and the date on the coin

The drawings are each 9 inches (227mm) in diameter. The four

is 1914 - not 1923. The sketch appeared on the cover of the first

pieces in this set are absolutely unique museum pieces.

Appendix: Arthur Coole Collection Arthur Braddan Coole (1900-1978), born in Kansas, United States. Coole's father was a Methodist pastor who brought his family to Fujian, China, where he began to preach 1906. Coole began collecting coins when he was young. He returned to the U.S. to study in Colorado and graduated with a master's degree in theology in 1923. After that, he followed his father’ s path and came to China to preach. When working at the Tientsin Huiwen Middle School as Business Director, Coole wrote Coins in China's History in 1936, and the first 500 copies sold out in a very short time. Coole preached in North China until 1948, after which he returned to U.S. Coole published his Encyclopedia of Chinese Coins in 1967. The Coole Collection included Chinese banknotes, printing plates, coin molds in bronze, clay, and stone, identifying seals in brass and buffalo horn, gold bars, and coins. Sometime in the late 1950s to early 1960s, most of Coole’ s collection was sold to San Diego dealer, Jack Klausen. In the 1970s, Jack Klausen sold most of the collection to Taiwan coin dealer Lee Zheng Shin [ 李振兴 ] of Jiji Stamp and Coin Shop. Arthur Coole had one of the largest cash tree collections ever assembled, which he acquired over his many years in China.

Arthur Braddan Coole

For over 40 years, Coole was a close friend and frequent correspondent with the famous collector Howard Bowker, so we know well about his collecting activity and his whereabouts in China (the complete correspondence between Coole and Bowker will appear in a future issue of the JEAN ). Part of the Coole collection was donated to a college in Texas to join his father's collection. J

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專題

獨一無二的整套擬發行中國幣設計師手稿史博祿〔美國〕這套手稿檔經 NGC 認證，出自路易 · 喬治（LUIGI GIORGI，

錢幣稿。三張手稿繪有三個不同版本的龍樣，隸書“壹圓”

以下稱 L. GIORGI）之手，其中有三張擬發行中國幣的原始

两字被龍樣環繞。

NGC 認證標籤

這些手稿原本是邱文明藏品中的一組檔，在其1963年藏品清

龍樣（龍身同正式發行的宣統三年壹圓銀幣所使用的曲須龍

單中有如下描述， “這些是呈現給宣統皇帝的父親，當時的攝

龍身，龍身自龍頭向左再右旋；龍頭較長須龍縮小，面朝右。

政王愛新覺羅 · 載灃的壹圓銀幣設計原始手稿，包括如下七

最後宣統三年壹圓使用的龍樣為第一次行龍樣龍頭向前的設

份檔：1）關於擬在新疆使用金質貨幣的建議文字；2）關於

計與第三次行龍樣龍身自龍頭向左再右旋的設計相結合）；6）

繪製該設計的藝術家介紹及歷史事實；3）第一次行龍樣（類

頒發給設計師 Luis Giorgi 的紫禁城外城通行證（可能由京城

似於長須龍與反龍的結合，即龍身同反龍龍身，龍身自龍頭

副都統“Jui Feng”頒發）；7）宣統一年3月1日頒發的紫禁城

向右再左旋；龍頭類似長須龍龍頭，面朝前，龍須長而向下

內城通行證。 ”除了三張設計稿之外，還有關於新疆金幣使用

垂）；4）第二次行龍樣（立龍，龍頭較長須龍縮小，面朝左，

狀況的文字說明。裏面關於設計師的介紹、通行證，以及最

龍尾朝左向上，後用於伍角、貳角及壹角幣）；5）第三次行

重要的設計師的名字，都不見了。

第一次行龍樣，背面有邱文明收藏標籤和用於系至奏摺的系帶

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第二次行（立龍）龍樣，右側貼有邱文明收藏標籤

第三次行龙样，右侧贴有邱文明收藏标签

新疆金幣說明文字，右側貼有邱文明收藏標籤

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專題

宣統三年長須龍壹圓， NGC MS64，NC收藏

龍頭類似第一次行龍樣龍頭設計，龍身類似第三次行龍樣龍身設計此版長須龍從打制的標準程度來看必屬鋼模初制，整體邊緣周正且平整。馬齒犀利打制規整。整體壓力足，邊花及龍鱗沒絲毫弱打，綜上所述分析必屬早期版。此版為陽葉版。

採用了第二次行龍樣設計的宣統三年立龍伍角，陰陽旋，底部有L. GIORGI陰文簽字， NGC MS63，出自NC收藏

採用了第二次行龍樣設計的宣統三年立龍伍角, 陰陽旋，出自包克收藏， 2020年11月，冠軍拍賣， NGC MS62， 132 000美元

普通版宣統三年立龍伍角，普通龍珠，出自NC收藏，NGC MS65

正式發行的宣統三年壹圓銀幣，有L. GIORGI陽文簽字， 2012年，昆克拍賣， NGC MS63， 520 000歐元

我們根據邱文明的介紹可知，這些設計都是呈遞於1911年春。第

大利紀念章公司工作。值得一提的是，有一位同名雕刻師曾在意大

一次行龍樣上龍面朝外，和造幣總廠鑄造的1911年系列銀幣中的

利的羅馬造幣廠工作，直至1912年去世，但這位在中國工作的 L.

壹圓（Kann 223-227，KM Y31）一致，第二次行龍樣龍面朝左，

GIORGI 是否與那位更加著名的意大利雕刻師並非一人。1911年

和同系列中伍角及更小面額錢幣（Kann 228-230 ；KM Y28-30）

至1917年期間，許多中國樣幣上都有 L. GIORGI 的簽名，其形式或為 GIORGI，或為 L. GIORGI，也有 L. G.，其中最著名的是各

的設計相同。該幣最終設計都如其他中國龍樣一樣加上了龍珠。

種袁世凱像錢幣，以及袁世凱在短暫地以洪憲年號統治期間的各種根據我們留存下來的簽名版樣幣可以知道，是 L. GIORGI 設計了

錢幣。

1911年壹圓及伍角硬幣，因此我們幾乎可以確定，這些圖稿是出自這位設計師之手。

除了上述的幾張手稿之外，目前已知的中國錢幣的藝術家原始手稿中只有1923年龍鳳壹圓的手稿是在私人手中，之前人們一直認

L. GIORGI 可以說是最著名的中國錢幣雕刻師。1910年，他被任

為這枚銀幣是為了紀念中國最後一位被罷黜的皇帝溥儀大婚而發

命為造幣總廠的首席雕刻師，並擔任該職位直至1917年。此前，

行的。這張神秘的稿件最早在1993年11月面世，當時這些原始圖

L. GIORGI 曾在米蘭為斯蒂芬諾 · 詹森（Stefano Johnson）的意

稿現身金錢公司（Money Company）的拍賣會，筆者（中國研

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FEATURES

究者史博祿，Bruce W. Smith）為張南琛先生（NC 收藏）買下了這張圖稿。這張圖稿上有 L. GIORGI 簽名，但幣面上的年份是

1914年，而不是溥儀結婚的1923年。這張龍鳳銀幣的圖稿也曾用於1994年7月第一期《東亞泉志》的封面，至於為何 L. GIORGI 會早九年設計出慶賀溥儀大婚的錢幣，這點在之後的《東亞泉志》中也有解答。這張圖稿原本是為了替代袁世凱像銀幣而設計，但當時並未投入鑄造。第二次計劃發行銀幣以替代袁世凱肖像幣是在1923年，期間發行了龍鳳銀幣，幣上的圖案乃是象徵國家象徵，而非個人。由於龍鳳銀幣並不受公眾喜愛，因此鑄造量很少，反而是一直在鑄造袁世凱肖像幣，直到20世紀20年代末至30年代初，袁世凱肖像幣逐漸被孫中山肖像幣取代。封面下方為 L. GIORGI 簽字龍鳳銀幣設計手稿。但是為何這組檔中會有一張關於新疆金幣的文字說明，目前還尚未可知。也許這些設計原本是用於新疆金幣，但也有可能關於新疆金幣的文字內容並不是針對這些手稿的。設計稿一套四張，直徑為9英寸（227毫米），絕對是獨一

封面下方為L. GIORGI簽字龍鳳銀幣設計手稿

無二的博物館級藏品四件套。

攝政王愛新覺羅 · 載灃

附錄：邱文明收藏介紹邱文明（ Arthur Braddan Coole, 1900-1978 ），美國堪薩斯州人，父親是衛理公會牧師， 1906年攜眷赴中國福建傳教。邱文明的姓氏邱即閩南語發音。邱文明自幼即開始收藏，年齡稍長即返美接受大學教育並於1923年在科羅拉多州修得神學碩士，亦承其父衣砵來華傳教，曾參加國父孫中山先生在北平協和醫院殤禮。邱文明擔任天津匯文中學商科主任時，於1936年編成《中國歷代五金錢幣》（ Coins in China's Histroy ），初版五百本隨即售罄，次年增訂再版。邱氏在華北地區傳教直到1948年離開。返美後繼續在教會工作，晚年遷居科羅拉多州丹佛。邱文明於1967年發表《中國古今泉幣字典》（ Encyclopedia of Chinese Coins ），共出版七冊，但僅是其研究成果的一部份，賚志以歿，令人惋惜。邱文明的中國收藏包括紙鈔、鈔版、錢範（青銅、陶土及石頭材質）、印章（黃銅和水牛角材質）、金條和硬幣。 20世紀50年代末60年代初，大多數邱文明的舊藏都被賣給了聖地牙哥的傑克·克勞森（ Jack Klausen ）。 20世紀70年代，傑克·克勞森又將大多數的收藏賣給了臺灣大名鼎鼎的幣商，集集郵幣行的李振興。邱文明曾在中國生活多年，其錢樹收藏乃是最大的錢樹收藏之一。

邱文明

邱文明是著名錢幣收藏家霍華德·包克（ Howard Bowker ）的好友，兩人通訊往來40餘年，因此我們對其在中國時期的收藏活動及活動軌跡非常瞭解。（想要瞭解邱文明與包克通信的完整內容，敬請期待之後的《東亞泉志》）。邱文明的部分藏品被捐贈之德克薩斯州的一所學院，這所大學內也藏友他父親的收藏。

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The Authentication and Features of the Five-Yuan Steelworker Banknote Lu Boxiong〔Changsha〕

A s a matter of fact, these f ive-y uan notes were counterfeit notes, as they do not have any features of genuine banknotes.

First, they do not use specialized banknote paper. Genuine five-yuan steelworker banknotes use specialized banknote paper with pentagram watermarks, while pentagram watermarks on the above notes are printed with light gray ink. Second, genuine banknotes use the intaglio pr i nt i n g t e ch n iq ue , s o t he i r p a t t e r n s a nd denominations have a concavo-convex feeling. Yet, the above notes use the of fset pr inting

Image 1: Notes to be authenticated

technique, which cannot produce such an eﬀect.

I once handled 1,000 steelworker f ive-yuan notes with consecutive serial numbers (10 quires of notes

Third, the color of genuine banknotes is

with 100 notes in each quire, image 1). The five-yuan

uniform, while the color of these notes is not well

steelworker banknote is the third RMB note issued by

coordinated.

the People's Bank of China. The owner found these notes when he was cleaning

In conclusion, the above five-yuan notes are counterfeit

out his house after his father died. He consulted a

banknotes imitating the f ive-yuan banknote in the

bank manager about these notes and the manager told

third R M B pr inting through the of fset pr inting

him that they were demonetized RMB and suggested

technique.

selling the notes to a numismatic store. Such a large number of notes would be worth a lot of money if

The f ive-yuan steelworker banknote issued by the

they were genuine. He showed the notes to four store

People's Bank of China in 1960 is one of seven

owners. Three of them refused to purchase them,

banknotes in the third RMB series. This set is the

and the fourth one said he did not trade ornamental

RMB that had circulated in China for the longest time.

notes. The situation confused him, and he wondered

Older people are all familiar with and have used this set

whether they were counterfeit notes. Then, someone

of RMB. The third printing of the standard RMB was

advised him to authenticate the notes at the cultural

designed and printed in China independently under the

relic identification center of the provincial collection

leadership of older revolutionaries such as Mao Zedong

( 毛澤東 ) and Zhou Enlai ( 周恩來 ). The whole process

association.

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carried forward the spirit of "ample food and clothing by working with our own hands." The design of the five-yuan banknote even won the Bank Note of Year Award. (Image 2) Using the steelworker as the theme of RMB reflected the economic situation of China. At that time, the Chinese economy was focused on both agricultural and industrial development, with agriculture as the base and industry as the leading factor. Its design background and philosophy represent the history of China. Its design not only manifests the characteristics of the time but also shows magnificent artistic creation. Image 2: Five-yuan Steelworker note

Ⅰ The obverse of the five-yuan steelworker banknote is a worker The obverse of the banknote shows a steelworker, which symbolizes industr y, as the main patter n. The worker holds a steel rod in an inclined posture, dedicated to steelmaking. His posture and facial expression are vivid. The design indicates the spirit of production and construction, and shows the brave and outstanding image of a steelworker. In particular, at the place where the steel rod points makes people seem to see the glowing f ire, splashing molten steel, and vigorous steelmaking scene outside the picture. This perfect combination of artistic creation and sculpture art creates a unique masterpiece (Image 3 and 4).

Image 3: The steelworker on the banknote

Ⅱ The reverse of the five-yuan steelworker banknote is the scene of a busy steelworks The reverse is the scene of open-pit mining. It shows the busy production when China was still in the early days of industrial development. The scene is lifelike and full of movement, with fine engraving and a distinct texture. It is of high artistic

Image 4: The portrait of the steelwork on the five-yuan banknote of the third RMB printing

level with an integration of design, painting, and

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Image 5: The reverse of the banknote

Image 6: The layout of the five-yuan steelworker banknote

sculpture. In addition to the beautiful overall design, it

The third RMB series uses intaglio printing technique.

also gives a good grasp of details. (Image 5)

The lines to be printed on banknote paper are cut into a metal plate. In the process of printing, ink in the grooves will be printed onto the paper to form a strong

Ⅲ The overall layout of the fiveyuan steelworker banknote shows a sense of aesthetics and art

sense of three-dimension. Since the great diff iculty of engraving, it was uneasy to counterfeit. Therefore, banknotes, certif icates, and other printing products with high anti-counterfeiting requirements usually use such kind of printing technique.

The third R M B series uses the intaglio printing technique. The lines to be pr inted on banknote paper will be cut into a metal plate. In the process of

At first, both the obverse and reverse of the one-yuan,

printing, ink in the grooves will be printed onto the

two-yuan, five-yuan, and ten-yuan banknotes of the

paper to form a strong sense of three-dimension. Due

third RMB series use intaglio printing. As for the one-

to the great diﬃculty of engraving, it was not easy to

cent, two-cent and five-cent banknotes, their obverse

counterfeit. Therefore, banknotes, certif icates, and

used to use intaglio printing and reverse oﬀset printing.

other printing products with high anti-counterfeiting

With the development of the economy, banknotes

requirements usually use such a kind of printing

came to use oﬀset printing at a lower cost. The printing

technique.

volume of banknotes was very low in early times, so the price of banknotes with one side produced by

In addition to the breakthrough of the design and

intaglio printing was much higher than those using

printing technique, the five-yuan steelworker banknote

oﬀset printing technique on both sides. The five-yuan

is also a witness of a particular period of nearly 40

banknote adopted a special intaglio printing technique

years. It symbolizes the spirit of an era.

that used a hand-engraved plate and a two-color multifaceted one-time printing technique. The method gave both sides of the banknote fine lines and an accurate

Ⅳ The variety and overall printing feature of the five-yuan steelworker banknote

alignment. Therefore, the f ive-yuan banknote is regarded as a top-quality banknote in the international banknote printing industry (image 7、image 8).

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Image 7: Alignment technique

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Image 8: Printing result of two-color multi-faceted one-time printing technique

Image 9-1: Obverse

Image 9-2: Reverse

Ⅴ The feature of the five-yuan steelworker banknote I have seen counterfeited five-yuan steelworker notes produced by oﬀset printing (type A) and screen printing (type B) on the market. Another one was produced by a numerically-controlled laser intaglio printing machine definition, but we cannot feel the lines on patterns.

Image 9-3: Inherent features

Type B has the eﬀect of intaglio printing, but the lines

paper, the strength of the serial number pressed by a

are stiff and glossy. We can distinguish counterfeited

special printing machine, and the order of ink painting

notes according to their printing techniques with an

are inherent printing features produced in printing

adjustable light amplitude modulation instrument.

by professional printing factories features cannot be

The f iber and watermark on the special banknote

counterfeited. (image 9)

(type C). Type A is easy to identify. It is of high

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white watermark, and multi-layer watermark. The

Ⅵ The watermark on the five-yuan steelworker banknote is formed in the process of papermaking

black watermark is dark, and the white watermark is light. The multi-layer watermark with the changeable lightness is also known as the grey watermark. The pentagram watermark on the f ive-yuan banknote

The banknote paper is the specialized paper used for

is a black full-paper watermark (image 10), with

currency, including banknote paper with and without

watermarks arranged according to stars' order on the

watermarks. Banknote paper needs to have watermarks

national f lag. Counterfeited notes are inaccessible

as an anti-counter feiting device. Most countr ies

to water m a rk ba n k note paper w it h pent a g r a m

put strict control on banknote paper production,

watermarks due to the high cost. Their pentagram

and papermakers are directly linked with banknote

patterns are printed onto banknotes with grey inks, so

printing factories. Besides this, banknote paper with

they are identifiable even without light transmitting

watermarks is a work of art. It is of high definition,

through the paper substrate.

showing the level of the banknote printing technique of a country.

Ⅶ The dark mark position on the five-yuan steelworker banknote is ingenious

The watermark on the banknote paper is placed in the paper rather than printed onto the paper surface. The pattern, portrait, or characters are easily identifiable when light shines through the paper substrate. It uses printing plates or rollers to change the fiber density of

There are three dark marks on the five-yuan steelwork

the pulp to form the watermark. There are two kinds

banknote, and their design is quite clever. All these

of watermarks. One is the full-paper watermark. The

marks are on the reverse, hidden in lines. Therefore,

position of watermarks is not f ixed but is scattered

it is diﬃcult to counterfeit. One mark is the Chinese

character tian ( 天 ) on the window of the excavating

throughout all parts of the paper. The other is the fixed

machinery. The other two marks are“H”and“J”on

watermark. That is, the watermark pattern is fixed in a particular position. Fixed watermarks are usually

the top right of the seal. All these marks can be seen

portraits of important people, symbols of the country,

clearly with a 60x magnifying glass (image 11). As for

flowers, and animals.

counterfeited notes, their dark marks are either unclear or added after.

According to the printing results, the watermark of the banknote paper can be divided into a black watermark,

Image 10: Full-paper pentagram watermark 82

Image 11: Additional security features J

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black banknote must have three features: three Roman

Ⅷ The variety of the five-yuan steelworker banknote

numerals in the serial number, oily paper, and carbon black colored ink. The most critical element is the thick and translucent oily paper produced in the former Soviet Union.

It has been 30 years since the five-yuan banknote was produced for the first time, and the ink used varied in diﬀerent periods. The ink used in the early period (the

The Roman numerals in the serial numbers of carbon

1950s to the 1960s) is darker than the later period (1970s

black f ive-yuan banknotes include: 123, 234, 345,

to 1980s), especially in the serial number. The darker

456, 567, 678, 789, 890, 901, 012, 135, 357, 579, 791,

serial number has a sense of three-dimensions, which

913, 246, 468, 680, 802, 024, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128,

is much more elegant than other common banknotes.

129, 130, 134, 168, 136, 137, 138, 140, 145, 146, 147,

Due to the development of ink adjustment techniques

148, 149 and 150 (image 14 is the comparison table of

and materials, the ink color on the banknotes also

Roman and Arabic numerals).

changed. The serial number of the steelworker banknote has either two or three Roman numerals in the front. Based on the ink, it can be grouped into a light variety, dark variety, and carbon black variety. Adding to the feature of the serial number, the price of the steelworker banknotes is divided into f ive levels, varying from 300 yuan to 800 yuan according to their serial number and ink color (images 12 and 13). A mong t he f ive level s i n t he m a rket, t he most expensive is the carbon black variety, as its printing volume was less than other types. A genuine carbon

Image 13: Carbon black variety

Image 14

Image 12: Light and dark varieties J

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of banknotes produced by offset printing is smooth.

Ⅸ How to identify the five-yuan steelworker banknote

Third is to "look at watermarks." The counterfeited banknote prints the watermark on the surface, and the watermark can be seen without light transmission (image 15).

T he genu i ne f ive -y u a n ba n k note u ses i nt a g l io printing, while most counterfeited ones use offset pr i nt i ng. Ex per t s ca n d ist i ng u ish t wo pr i nt i ng techniques according to their mesh dot, color, and sense of three-dimensions. Beginners can use the following three methods to identify a genuine one.

First is "touch." The six Chinese characters " 中國人

民銀行 " (the People's Bank of China) on the obverse

of banknotes produced by the intaglio printing are

convex. As long as you touch them with your fingers from left to right, you will feel that all characters are convex. Second is to "look at the edge". The edge of banknotes produced by the intaglio printing technique has small "burrs" due to ink diffusion, which can be seen clearly with a magnifying glass, while the edge

Image 15: Ink watermark

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真假

“煉鋼工人伍圓”券的鑒別與特徵盧伯熊〔長沙〕

圖 1 送來鑒定的實物

圖 2 煉鋼工人伍圓券

筆者經辦的這例中國人民銀行發行的第三套人民幣中的“煉鋼工人伍圓”券，是分裝在10 個塑膠刀盒（100 張 / 刀）的

二是印刷的版別全為膠印，票面平滑無凹凸感；真鈔

。千連號（圖1）

是凹版技術印刷，圖案和面值都呈現凹凸感。

據送來鑒定的持有人介紹，是清理父親遺物中發現的，他

三是顏色分佈不協調，刷色的色調深淺變異；真鈔刷

拿到銀行諮詢，大堂經理說這是早已作廢的人民幣，建議

色均勻飽滿，色調的顏色分佈清晰。

的財產。誰知天心閣古玩市場四家經營錢幣的店鋪老闆看了，

結論：用10個塑膠刀盒裝的第三套人民幣中的伍圓券（千

只有一家說： “這是觀賞幣，我們不經營。 ”當時他也“懵”了，

屬於仿品類別中的假鈔。

他送到長沙天心閣古玩市場去賣，有這麼多肯定是－筆可觀

三家分别答覆是大同小異的話： “不收”； “不要”； “不對” 。

連號），是用膠印機仿“ 第三套人民幣伍圓券” 印刷的，

問是不是假幣？這四家店鋪老闆都不作回答，隨即拿到湖南

省收藏協會文物司法鑒定中心，請那裡的專家告訴你真偽。 ”

中國人民銀行1960 年版的煉鋼工人伍圓券，是第三套人民

幣 7種面額券別之一，因為這套人民幣是我國流通時間最長

其實這10刀盒的“伍圓”券，不存在做常規鑒定，在業內是

的一套紙幣，當代的中老年人不僅熟悉而且都使用過。第

屬於一眼即可定的假鈔。三個非常明顯的特徵與真鈔不符：

三套人民幣全部由我國獨立自主設計印刷的，其中的“煉

鋼工人”伍圓券，當年曾榮獲世界年度最佳紙幣的設計大獎

（圖2）。

一是紙張非專用鈔紙，五星水印是用淺灰白色油墨印刷的；真鈔是帶五星水印的專用鈔票紙。

以煉鋼工人作為我國貨幣的主圖，正是反映了當時中國國

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民經濟的發展狀況，是以農業為基礎、工業為主導，實行

工農並舉的方針政策，鈔票上獨特的歷史背景和特殊的設

計理念，是中華人民共和國的歷史文化沉澱，鈔票的正反

面設計，不僅畫面經典有時代特色，而且藝術創作的手法可謂是登峰造極。

一鈔票正面體現了勞動者最美的形象鈔票正面的主圖為煉鋼工人，象徵工業以鋼為綱，券面上

的工人師傅，手握鋼釺以傾斜姿態專心致志煉鋼，姿勢、神情異常生動，充分展現了一個時代的生產建設和工作精神

風貌，襯出了一個煉鋼工人的勇敢和剛毅的高大形象。特別是主圖描繪的是工人手握鋼釺，鋼釺所指之處，配以放

射狀網底，使人仿佛看到了畫外爐火通紅，鋼水四濺，轟

轟烈烈的煉鋼場面，這種創作藝術與雕刻藝術的完美結合，堪稱傑作（圖3、圖4）。

圖 3 煉鋼工人特寫

二鈔票背面體現了中國工業發展初期熱火朝天的建設場景背面的主圖案為“露天採礦”，顯示着中國工業發展初期熱火朝天的工作場景。

畫面景物栩栩如生，富有動感，線條雕刻細密，紋理層次分明，藝術水準極高，融合了設計、繪畫、雕刻三大藝術

手法，使鈔票顯得更加的美觀和精細，在細節的把握上也非常的出彩（圖5）

圖 4 第三套 5 元鈔票上的煉鋼工人素描

三鈔票的整體圖文佈局展現了藝術美首先，第三套人民幣的設計就打破了以往框框架架的陳舊

图 1 送来鉴定的实物

圖 5 背面主圖特寫 86

圖 6 煉鋼工人伍圓鈔正、背二面圖文佈局 J

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規則，將所有鈔票的圖案都完全展示出來。像伍圓，它的

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早期的第三套人民幣1元、2元、5元、10元鈔票的正面和背

圖案不再局限在一個矩形的花框內，而是隨意的展示，甚

面都是用凹版印刷。輔幣的1角、2角、5角鈔票，起初都採

藝術感。其次，它的票幅也進行了縮小，不再像第二套人

了成本較低的膠版。現在市場上早期的凹版角券，因存世

用正面凹版，背面為膠版印刷。後來隨着經濟發展，改成

至不完全對稱，這種隨意卻正好讓整張券看起來更加具有

量較少，價格比膠版的角券要高出許多。特別是伍圓紙幣，

民幣那樣看起來很笨重，而是採用了更加小巧的票券。看

採用了當時我國獨有的手工雕刻凹版和接線技術及雙色多

起來十分的舒服，拿在手上的感覺也比許多的券別要來得

面一次印刷技術，使紙幣雙面達到了線條精細，對接準確，

舒適。這張伍圓紙幣，圖文的整體色彩佈局得豐富，採用

被國際印鈔界公認為紙幣中的精品（圖7、圖8）。

好幾種的顏色，明快的色基讓人看着舒服，心情愉悅，也更具百看不厭的觀賞性（圖6）。

五鈔票整體印刷中的固有特徵

這張煉鋼工人五圓紙幣，除了在設計印刷工藝上面有所突破，也歷經、見證了近40 年風風雨雨的一個特殊時代。它

在錢幣收藏市場上，煉鋼工人伍圓鈔票的高仿，筆者曾見

裡面的內涵，更具有一種時代的象徵和精神。

到過調頻膠印和絲網印刷，特分別稱之為Ａ版和Ｂ版，另外還有－種用鐳射凹版數控印刷機印的，稱之為Ｃ版。上

述三種高仿，Ａ版較容易識別，雖然清晰度好，但圖文線

四鈔票的版別和整體印刷的特徵

條沒有手感。Ｂ版雖有凹版效果，但圖文線條生硬、光澤

第三套人民幣紙幣的印刷版別是凹版，凹版印刷的模具是

太亮。用印刷分辨法辨別真假鈔票，只要用一台可調式燈

用鋼板雕刻而成的，模具上的線條是凹下的。印刷時，線

光調幅儀進行檢測，可辨別專用水印鈔紙的纖維及水印壓

條中的油墨轉印到紙上，形成凸出於紙面的花紋和圖案，

跡；專用印刷機形成的冠字流水號碼力度；油墨刷色套印

立體感很強。由於鋼版的雕刻難度非常高，不易仿造，所

的順序，這種出自專業印鈔廠整體印刷中的固有特徵，是無法仿造複製的（圖9）。

以凹版印刷經常被用於鈔票、證件等防偽要求高的印刷品。

圖 7 雕刻凹版雙色多面技術效果

圖 9-1 正面

圖 8 對接技術

圖 9-2 背面 J

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圖 9-3 固有特徵特寫 87

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鈔票紙的水印，按照顯示效果不同可以分為黑水印、白水

印和多層次水印。黑水印圖案比較暗，白水印圖案比較亮，多層水印也叫灰水印，擁有層次豐富的明暗變化效果。伍

圓券上水印是黑水印，圖案是五角星，以我國的五星紅

旗（國旗）順序佈滿在鈔票紙上，業內稱之為滿版水印（圖

10）。假伍圓券，因無法仿造（成本太高）和無法買到這種

國旗五角星水印鈔紙，只能把水印圖形用淺灰油墨印在鈔票上，無須逆光就可以看到。

七鈔票上的暗記設置部位很巧妙炼钢工人伍圆券上的暗记，在设置的部位上很巧妙，三处

圖 10 國旗五星角滿版水印

暗记都在背面主景的露天煤矿，而且是混在众多的纹线中，起到防伪和防仿造的双重性。第一处在背面挖掘机的玻璃

上，有“天”字暗记；第二、第三处在背面行长章的右上角， “J”暗记，三处暗记用60 倍放大镜看得更清楚（图有“H”、

11）。假币有两种情况，一种是不清楚，另一种是添加的。八煉鋼工人伍圓券的版本

煉鋼工人伍圓券從開印到停印近 30 年，各階段使用的油墨也是不同的，早期（20世紀50 年代末到 60 年代）印刷時採

用的油墨顏色明顯比後期（七八十年代）的深，特別是最早期的部分冠字，顏色特別深，版紋有立體感，明顯的比普通品精美。形成鈔票上的墨色出現深淺不－，是因為隨着

圖 11 暗記部位

制墨和調墨工藝的改進不斷更新的，當然也有廠家使用的原料、工藝不同產生的。

六鈔票上的水印是在造紙過程中形成

该伍圓券按冠字分有二羅馬和三羅馬，即為兩種冠字版本。

鈔票紙是國家貨幣的專用紙，又稱印鈔紙。鈔票紙分為有水

按油墨分有淺版、深版、碳黑三種。在紙幣收藏圈內，對

印和無水印兩種，水印是鈔票紙中一個非常重要的組成部

伍圓券的分類，為兩種冠字三種刷色版本，目前在市場上

分，帶水印的鈔票紙主要是起防偽作用。印鈔紙的生產，大

的價格有五個檔次，分別為二羅馬淺版、深版，三羅馬淺

多數國家是受法律控制，即造紙廠與印鈔廠，實行的是對口

版、深版，三羅馬碳黑版（圖12 、13），價格300至800元

產銷。同時帶水印的鈔票紙，又是一種高精度的藝術品，它

之間。

展示了－個國家在印鈔科技上的水準。

市場上的五個檔次中，價格最高的是碳黒版，當然也是印

水印，是在造紙過程中形成的，是“夾”在紙中而不是在紙

刷量少的，而真正的碳黒版，必須具備三個條件：

的表面，迎光透視時可以清晰看到有明暗紋理的圖形、人像或文字。它是紙張在生產過程中用改變紙漿纖維密度的

方法，利用印花版或者壓輥工藝製成的。水印有兩種形式：

1. 三羅馬冠號；

一種為滿版水印，即水印圖案在票面中不固定，散佈在鈔

2. 油性紙張；

紙各個部位，如同花布一樣；另一種為固定水印，即水印圖案固定在票面的某一固定位置，常以人物頭像或國家的

3. 圖案碳黑。

重要標誌物、花卉、動物等為題材。

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★關鍵是油性紙張，這種油性紙張，紙質油潤厚實，是蘇聯生產，呈半透明狀。

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圖 12 淺版 - 深版

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圖 13 碳黒版

炭黑伍圆券冠字：

123 、 234 、 345 、 456 、 567、 678 、 789 、 890 、 901、 012 、 135 、 357、 579 、 791、 913 、 246 、 468 、 680 、 802 、 024 、 124 、 125 、 126 、 127、 128 、 129 、 130 、

134 、 168 、 136 、 137、 138 、 140 、 145 、 146 、 147、 148、149、150 （图14）

圖 15 油墨水印二看其花紋的顏色和立體感就能判斷。對於初學者，可以

圖 14 羅馬數字與阿拉伯數字對照

採用下面3種方法：第一種是“摸”。凹版角券正面的“中國

人民銀行”六個字，凸出的感覺十分明顯，只要用手指從

左至右輕輕摸一下，就能清楚的感覺到每個字都是凸起的。第二種是“看邊緣”。凹版印刷的文字和圖案，邊緣會有油

九煉鋼工人伍圓券的版別技巧

墨擴散造成的細小“毛刺”，用放大鏡可以看得很清楚，而

真伍圓券的印刷版別是凹版，絕大部分假伍圓券的印刷版

膠印的線條邊緣是光滑的。第三種是看水印。假伍圓券的

別是膠版。內行區分“凹版”和“膠版”，通过一看網紋網點，

水印是印上去的，在平光下就看得見（圖15）。

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Ti Zhou - Joe Cribb Correspondence on Sino Kharosthi Coin Shuiqing Yuan (Xi’an)

Sino-Kharosthi Coin, also known as Hetain Horse Coin, is complicated but attractive among international coins. A New

Probe into Sino-Kharosthi (Hetain Horse Coin) (Fig. 1) written by numismatic expert Ti Zhou ( 周倜 ) introduces the latest

research regarding the Coin. In March 2020, the 18th issue of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) published

How to identify Sino-Kharosthi Coin (Hetain Horse Coin) , an article written by Ti Zhou. After reading the article, Joe Cribb, former head of the Coins and Medals Department of the British Museum, sent three emails successively from May 25 to May 28, 2020, to consult Mr. Zhou on relevant issues, and Mr. Zhou made timely responses. Both of the two numismatic experts are rigorous in academic studies with in-depth research. With their consent, I hereby unveil the inquiry emails in my wish to

Fig. 1 The cover of Ti Zhou's A New Probe into SinoKharosthi (Hetain Horse Coin)

enlighten those committed to the numismatic field.

Joe Cribb to Ti Zhou, 7:45 PM local time, May 25, 2020

Dear Mr. Zhou,

many opportunities to apply it, so I can’ t understand

Getting your email address from Professor Dai Jianbing,

I believe that figuring out these puzzles can help me

some content with my limited Chinese reading ability.

I hope my way of contacting you won’ t bother you.

better understand what your books express.

As I am deeply interested in your publications on Sino

My questions are as follows:

through reading them. However, I am a little puzzled

1. Some of the coins in the books you write do not

learned Chinese about 50 years ago, but I didn’ t have

currently in the Shanghai Museum). Could you please

Kharosthi Coin, I am delighted to acquire new knowledge

about some of the content due to language obstacles. I

seem to be your own collection (such as the Camel Coin

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tell me which coins in your books are not your own

I am writing a new article on Sino Kharosthi Coin, which

where they are now stored so that I can further get in

in Germany. I hope to express my thanks for your help

collection? If possible, could you please also inform me

will be published in the collection of papers published

touch with them.

in the acknowledgment and mention your numismatic collections open to the public.

2. I learn from Professor Dai’s article written in 2015 that a hoard for Sino Kharosthi Coin was found near Kashgar

In May 1984 when I wrote a coin-related article for

there are coins in your books coming from this hoard?

number of which was far less than those I am learning

in 2012, which you also mentioned. I want to know if

the first time, I studied numerous coin photos, the

now. My new paper a ims to updat e t he resea rch

3. You mentioned that there is a camel coin in your

conclusion in May 1984 and add new reading materials

collection, but you did not attach its picture. Could you

and subsequent discussions on this issue by Chinese

please you share it with me?

scholars. To research on Sino Kharosthi Coin is exciting

and your works have made significant contributions to

4. Are the 651 coins listed on the table on page 22 all

the research.

your collections?

I am looking forward to your help.

Ti Zhou to Joe Cribb, 10:17 PM local time, May 25, 2020

varieties were not yet studied by scholars. Therefore, I wrote down my opinions in Xinjiang Numismatics

(internal journal for exchange among members of

Xinjiang Numismatics Society). As Professor Dai jianbing appreciated what I wrote, he helped collect

Dear Mr. Cribb,

my writings to publish them.

I’m thrilled to see your email. I admire you a lot

I am just an ordinary person in China. The reason

because when I researched the Sino Kharosthi Coin

why I am willing to consume time and energy to

(Hetain Horse Coin) at the very beginning, your article

research Sino kharosthi Coin is that I am born with

published in the fourth issue of Chinese Numismatics

passion for the Chinese culture and can recognize

in 1987 was the merely academic material I had access

the coins minted in Xinjiang (western regions) two

to, which has done me a great favor.

thousand years ago.

Sino Kharosthi Coin was discovered at Kashgar hoard

A s I c a n’t u nder s t a nd Eng l i sh, I w i l l a n s wer

in 2012 (not sure about the exact location). Due to

your questions and reply you after my friend ’s

the increase in the amount of objects, I felt that some

translation.

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Joe Cribb to Ti Zhou, 10:52 PM local time, May 25, 2020

Dear Mr. Zhou, Thanks for your prompt reply! I learned Chinese fifty years ago while I can barely understand it now.

There are many Sino Kharosthi Coins in the British

Museum, which may be helpful to you. You can search

I get to understand your email with the help of

for information at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/

Google Translate. I read your article published on

collection/search?keyword=Sino-Kharoshthi.

JEAN, but I haven’ t seen any published articles about Xinjiang coins. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic,

Some of the information on the website is inaccurate,

all museums and libraries in London have been

but the pictures are clear.

closed, so I don’ t have access to the latest issues of

JEAN and other numismatic magazines.

Looking forward to your reply!

Ti Zhou to Joe Cribb, 11:24 PM local time, May 26, 2020

Dear Mr. Cribb,

by myself as illustrations, but I'm not sure if those coins

I can now understand the meaning of your emails

on page 88 and page 123 is a collection of a museum in

still belong to my friends. The picture of the Camel Coin Xinjiang’ s Hotan Perfecture. It is unknown who shot

as my friend has translated them into Chinese. The

this picture and there is no picture of Shanghai Museum

answers to your questions are as follows:

in the book.

The pictures shown in the book A New Probe into Sino-Kharosthi (Hetain Horse Coin) written by me

2. As for the doubted Kashgar hoard found in 2012,

personal collection, with the exception of Pic 2, Pic 3

versions of its origin. one is found in the reconstruction

we do not know its exact origin yet. There are several

and edited by Professor Dai Jianbing are basically my

o f t h e ol d c i t y o f K a s h g a r, o n e i s f o u n d i n t h e

and Pic 4 on page 63, all of which are a new variety

construction site, and the other is found by farmers in

of horse coins with Chinese characters "Zhong Wu

the suburbs. At first, Kashgar coin merchants thought

Zhu" found in Xinhe County in Aksu Perfecture in

it was Kushan coin or heihan coin. Because of the

recent years. I call them Kutsi Horse Coins, which are

serious corrosion, the coin merchants did not know

provided by my friends who are coin merchants. The

it, thought it was worthless, and ignored its relevant

pictures of coins, including those on page 78, are taken

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important information. Most of my collection comes

Germany! It is indeed exciting to explore Hetain Horse

discovered.

eternal topic for researchers to be obsessed with. From

from this hoard. Unfortunately, it is not clear how it was

Coin. For more than a century, it has always been an

the Chinese point of view, the Coin is the first bilingual

3. I have a camel coin, which is bad-looking, so I haven't

coin in the history of Chinese coins, the first coin to be

shown it. I have been searching for an ideal camel coin

counted and weighed, and the first coin built in Xinjiang

whose third of Kharo hī must be clear, and I haven’t it yet.

(Western Regions). Therefore, its historical and cultural

value exceeds the value of itself. If you need any picture

4. The 651 horse coins in the table on page 22 are all

of horse coins to be used in your new collection of

my collections. I can also tell you that these coins are

papers, just feel free to email me.

collected in recent 3 years. I am going to work with

In addition, I’ d like to ask you whether the British

Professor Dai to publish a catalog of a collection of Sino

Museum you work for has any Khartoum seal found in

Kharosthi Coins.

Xinjiang or India. If so, could you please provide me with some related information?

Congratulations on the publication of your papers in

Joe Cribb to Ti Zhou, 10:17 PM local time, May 28, 2020

Dear Mr. Zhou,

I’ m trying to learn Kharoshi now. I wonder if you can

Thank you very much for your reply, as well as for

2, 3 and 4 on page 63 (attached with Fig. 2-5 provided by

share with me the Fig. 2 on page 78 and page 62, and Fig.

providing me with the information about the coins you

Ti Zhou), because these coins have enabled me to arouse

collect and those beyond your collection while inserted

some thoughtful ideas. I know these coins are not your

in your book.

collection, but I hope you have photos of them. Once I

I’ m glad that the communication between us can be

open to the public, but I hope to read the manuscript

before its publication because some terms are difficult to translate, especially some technical terms and people’ s names. Every time I translated your Email with Google Translate, I was amused by some strange translations.

For example, my name Cribb was translated as 克萊伯 ,

克利珀 , 克裏希 , and 爬蟲 (literally meaning reptile) in

Fig. 2 Page 62 of A New Probe into Sino-Kharosthi (Hetain Horse Coin): Kutsi Horse Coin weighing Wu Zhu collected by Ti Zhou

Chinese.

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Fig. 3 Page 63 of A New Probe into Sino-Kharosthi (Hetain Horse Coin) : Kutsi Horse Coin weighing Wu Zhu collected by Asalan

Fig. 5 Page 63 of A New Probe into Sino-Kharosthi (Hetain Horse Coin) : Kutsi Horse Coin - Wu Zhu ( 五铢 ) cash coin

make some progress in this respect, I will share the results with you. I have been studying the inscriptions on Kharoshi coins since the 1970s, so I can provide some

insights for the study of these coins. Meanwhile, I am also communicating with experts who can understand

Ga nd ha r i t o seek for t heir help a s Ga nd ha r i i s a representative branch of Khartoum.

Fig. 4 Page 63 of A New Probe into Sino-Kharosthi (Hetain Horse Coin) : Kutsi Horse Coin weighing Wu Zhu, downloaded on the Internet

In addition, the Wu Zhu cash coin (No.1) on page 48 of

Fig. 6 Er Zhu ( 二铢 ) cash coin discovered by Mr. Cribb at an auction house in the US your book and the two coins on page 93 are helpful for

the coin is genuine (read the attachment for the photo).

editions which enlighten me. I see a Er Zhu Coin in an

upside down and weighs 1.25g, which helps recognize it

my upcoming publication. These three coins are all new

The Chinese character "Er" on the surface of the coin is

auction house in the United States, which is the same

as the Er Zhu Coin (Fig. 6). By the way, I have seen other

category as the Wu Zhu Coin. There is no doubt that

coins engraved with Er Zhu, but they are all fakes.

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y word=Callieri&view=grid&sort=object _uname_ uuasc&page=1#page top

The seals, from northwest India, are produced by

Callieri. Relevant information has been posted on

As for the Camel Coin in your book, I mistook it

the website, but there are no photos. All the Xinjiang

coming from Shanghai Museum as I found this picture

seals in Stein's collection are kept in the British

on the website of Shanghai Museum, but I didn't notice

Museum, but none of them are inscribed in kharoshi.

that it was from Hetian Museum Thank you for your

In addition, some of Stan's collections can be found on

correction!

the British Library's website, including all his wooden

document s. T he website is ht t ps://w w w.bl.uk/

I retired from the British Museum ten years ago. There

collection-guides/stein-collection.

are many Kharoshi seals in the collection of the British Museum. You can see the relevant collections on the

Most of the seals he has collected are included in

website https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/

these documents, which are also stored in the British

search ？ keyword=kharoshti&keyword=seal.

Library.

Besides, there are some other collections which

I really appreciate your help. The table on page 22 of

haven’ t posted online yet. The website is: https://

your book shows the probable relationship between

www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search ？ ke

the number of different t ypes of coins and their average weight, which matches the relationship

between the number of different types of coins in the British Museum and their average weight. However, because the coins in the British Museum are more

often than not excavated separately, the degree of

corrosion is higher and the weight is lower while your coins, coming from the same hoard, suffer less erosion.

Many of my articles can be downloaded at: https:// britishmuseum.academic.edu/JoeCribb

There is the original English version of my abbreviated articles on the website, which was translated by Yao Shuomin ( 姚

朔民 ) in 1987. His translation

abbreviated the original text.

I wish you all the best in your research.

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中英兩位錢幣專家關於漢佉二體錢的詢複袁水清〔西安〕

漢佉二體錢（和田馬錢）在國際錢幣領域是一個複雜但又獨

具魅力的錢幣。錢幣專家周倜著的《漢佉二體錢（和田馬錢）新探》（圖1）介紹了最新研究成果；2020年3月《東亞泉志》》一第18期又發表了周倜《如何識別漢佉二體錢（和田馬錢）

文。前大英博物館硬幣和獎章部門負責人喬 · 克力勃閱知後，

於2020年5月25-28日，先後發郵件3次，向周倜先生就有關

問題進行了諮詢，周先生及時作了回復。二位錢幣專家治學

嚴謹，研究深入。征得同意，今將詢複郵件公諸於世，以啟迪同道。

圖 1 周倜著《漢佉二體錢（和田馬錢）新探》封面

克力勃先生的第一封郵件

2020.5.25 19:45

周倜先生，您好！

1. 您書中的一些錢幣似乎並不是自己的收藏（比如現存於上

海博物館的駱駝錢）。您能告訴我，書中還有哪些錢幣不是

戴建兵將您的電子郵箱地址給了我，希望您不要介意我通過

您自己的收藏嗎？如果可以的話，也請一併告知我它們現在

這種方式聯繫您。

存放於何地？以便我能進一部聯繫。

我對您的漢佉二體錢方面的著作非常感興趣，很高興能夠從

2. 您提到的2012年在喀什附近發現的漢佉二體錢窖藏，我

中瞭解到這麼多新的內容。但我對其中的一些內容有些不解，

也從戴教授2015年的文章中瞭解到了這件事。我想知道您書

知道這些問題的答案能夠幫助我更好地理解您書中的內容。

中是否有錢幣來自這一窖藏？

我在大約50年前學習過中文，但是沒有很多機會去運用，因 3. 您提到自己的收藏中有一枚駱駝錢，但沒有附上它的圖片。

此我的中文閱讀能力有限，對一些內容不是很能理解。

請問是否能分享一下？以下是我的一些問題：

4. 第22頁的表格共列出了651枚錢幣，這些都是您的收藏嗎？

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我現在正在寫一篇關於二體錢的新文章，該文章將在德國出

文旨在更新1984年5月時的研究結果，並加入新的閱讀材料

版的論文集中發表，希望能在致謝部分對您的幫助表示感謝，

以及之後中國學者對這個問題的相關討論。二體錢是一個令

並提及您已公開的錢幣收藏。

人興奮的錢幣論文主題，而您的著作為之作出了重大貢獻。

1984年5月，我第一次撰寫錢幣相關文章，當時我研究了很多

希望您能為我提供幫助。

錢幣照片，而現在我研究的照片數量已遠超那時。我的新論

周倜先生的第一次回復

2020.5.25 22:17

尊敬的克力勃先生：您好！非常高興看到您的郵件，因為在我最初探討漢佉二體錢（和

克力勃先生的第二封郵件

田馬錢）時，您發表在《中國錢幣》1987年第四期文章是

2020.5.25 22:52

我所接觸到的唯一學術資料，對我幫助極大，可以說您是我的崇拜者。

周倜先生，您好！

漢佉二體錢在2012年發現了喀什窖藏（不能確定準確地

感謝您的及時回復，很高興收到您的回信。

點），由於實物量的增多，感覺有一部分種類和品種是以往學者沒有研究和涉及的，因此將自己的一些認識發表在

五十年前，我學習了中文，但大部分都忘了 !

《新疆錢幣》（新疆錢幣學會會員內部交流刊物），承蒙戴建兵教授的賞識，將已發表的文稿結集出版。

我在穀歌翻譯的幫助下理解了您的郵件內容，並期待收到您的下一封郵件。我在《東亞泉志》上看到了您的文章，

我的身份用中國話叫作一名地地道道的草根，或者說是普

但還沒看到您發表任何關於新疆錢幣的文章。受新冠病

通的老百姓。只是對中國文化有着天然的喜愛，因為我們

毒影響，倫敦關閉了所有的博物館和圖書館，所以我無

能看懂兩千年前在新疆（西域）鑄造的錢幣，所以願意花

法查閱這本雜誌和其他雜誌的最新期刊。

時間和精力從事關於這種錢幣的探討。

大英博物中有許多漢佉二體錢，可能會對您有所幫助，

您所提的問題，我不懂英文，待朋友準確翻譯以後回復您。

線上查看網址：https://www.britishmuseum.org/ collection/search?keyword=Sino-Kharoshthi。網站上有些資訊並不正確，但圖片很清晰。期待您的回信。

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周倜先生的第二次回复

2020.5.26 23:24

尊敬的克力勃先生，您好！

今不清楚它是怎樣發現的。

我的朋友將您的郵件準確地翻譯成中文，已經能夠明白您

3. 我有一枚駱駝錢幣，品相不好，所以沒有展示過。我一直

的意思，現將您的問題回答如下：

在尋找一枚理想中的駱駝錢幣，它的佉盧文第三個王號必須清晰，目前仍然在尋找中。

1. 由我著作、戴建兵教授主編的《漢佉二體錢（和田馬錢）新探》一書中，所示圖例基本是我個人收藏的，例外是

4.P22頁表格中651枚馬錢全是我的藏品，還可以告訴您這

P63頁圖2、圖3、圖4所展示的是近年來在阿克蘇地區新

是三年的數量，我準備聯合戴教授的力量，出一本漢佉二體

和縣發現的漢字書寫的“重五銖”新品種馬錢，我稱之“龜

錢圖錄集。

茲馬錢”，分別是我的幣商朋友提供，由我自己拍照作為插圖，實物可靠，但我不能確定是否還在朋友手中，你明白

在此恭喜您在德國的論文集出版。和田馬錢真的是一個令

我的意思。P78頁的也是朋友的。P88和 P123頁是一張“駱

人興奮的主題，一百多年來，讓探討者始終保持着熱烈的

駝錢” 圖片，是新疆和田地區博物館的館藏品，此圖由何

癡迷的永恆課題。從中國人的角度來看，它是中華錢幣史上

人拍攝不得而知，書中沒有上海博物館的圖片。

第一枚雙語錢幣，第一枚倍數互換的計數計重錢幣，第一枚新疆（西域）鑄造的錢幣，因而它的歷史價值和文化價值

2. 關於2012年發現的疑似喀什窖藏，我們至今不知道它

超過了錢幣本身的價值。在您新的論文集中，若需要馬錢的

的確切出處。有幾種傳說版本，一種是喀什老城改造發現

圖片，您儘管開口，我將積極地配合您。祝您好運！

的，一種是建築工地發現的，還有一種是郊區農民種地發現的。起初喀什幣商以為是貴霜錢幣或是黑汗錢幣，因

另外討教您一個題外話題，您所供職大英博物館，是否有

為銹蝕嚴重，幣商們不認識，認為不值錢，忽略其相關的

新疆發現的佉盧文印章或是印度發現的佉盧文印章，若有能

重要資訊。我的藏品絕大多數來自這批窖藏，遺憾的是至

否給予我這方面的資料。

克力勃先生的第三封郵件

2020.5.28 22:17

一些奇怪的翻譯逗樂，比如我的名字克力勃被翻譯成了克萊

周倜先生，您好！

伯、克利珀、克裏希納，甚至是“爬蟲”等等。非常感謝您的來信，同時也謝謝您提供的關於自己收藏硬幣的資訊，以及那些刊載於您書中但不是您所收藏的硬幣的資

我現在正在努力學習佉盧文，不知道您是否可以和我分享一

訊。

下書上第78頁和第62頁圖1和第63頁的圖2、3、4上的硬幣照片（附周倜提供的圖片附圖2-5），因為這些硬幣讓我產生了一

我很高興在我們之間的通訊能夠公之於眾，但我希望在公

些有趣的新見解。我知道這些硬幣不是您的收藏，但希望您

佈前先看一下文字稿，因為有些術語是很難翻譯的，尤其是

有相關硬幣的照片。一旦我在相關方面取得進展，將與您分

一些技術術語和人名，每次我用穀歌翻譯您的來信時都會被

享成果。我從20世紀70年代就開始研究佉盧文硬幣上的銘

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图 2 著作第 62 页图 1 ，重五铢·龟兹马钱，周倜藏

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图 3 著作第 63 页图 2，重五铢·龟兹马钱， Asalan 藏

图 4 著作第 63 页图 3，重五铢·龟兹马钱，网上下载

著作第 63 页图 4 重五铢·龟兹马钱西域鬼刀藏

图 6 克力勃先生在美国的一家拍卖行看到的一枚二铢钱

文，能為這些錢幣相關的研究提供一些見解。同時，我也在

硬幣頁為我即將出版的內容非常有幫助。這三枚硬幣都是新

與犍陀羅語的專家們通信，犍陀羅語是佉盧文中具有代表性

的版別，非常有趣，讓我產生了一些新的觀點。我在美國的

的一支，因此我也在尋求他們的幫助。

一家拍賣行也看到了一枚二銖錢，與五銖錢來自同一類別，這枚幣毫無疑問是真品（照片見附件）。上面的漢字“ 二” 上

此外，您書中第48頁的五銖錢（1號）及你在93頁上的兩枚

下顛倒，重1.25克，可以判定是二銖錢（見圖6）。（我見過其

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他刻着二銖的錢幣，但都是贗品。）至於您書中的駱駝幣，因為我是在上海博物館的網站上找到了這張照片，但沒注意到上面說是出自和田博物館，所以我誤以為是來自上海博物館。感謝您的指正。我十年前從大英博物館退休。大英博物館的藏品中有許多佉盧文印章。您可以在相關網站上看到相關藏品，網址是：

是一個非常重要的貢獻。而您收藏的不同錢幣類別的數量

https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search ？

與其平均重量之間所顯示出的關係，與大英博物館中不同

keyword=kharoshti&keyword=seal。

錢幣類別的數量與其平均重量之間所顯示出的關係非常對

此外，還有一些其他的藏品，但還沒有上線，網址是：

因此腐蝕程度更高，重量也就較低，而您的硬幣出自一個

https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search ？

窖藏，受到的腐蝕較少。

uuasc&page=1#page top。

我的許多文章都可以在以下網站下載：https://

應，但因為大英博物館所藏錢幣通常是單獨挖掘出來的，

keyword=Callieri&view=grid&sort=object_uname_

britishmuseum.academic.edu/JoeCribb。

這些印章來自印度西北部，是由卡利裏（Callieri）出品，資訊已經被放在網站上，但沒有照片。斯坦因（Stein）收

上面有我縮寫文章的英文原版，曾在1987年由姚朔民進行

藏的新疆印章都藏在大英博物館，但沒有一枚刻有佉盧

翻譯。他的譯文對原文進行了縮寫。

文。此外還有斯坦的部分收藏可以在大英圖書館的網站上找到，包括他收藏的所有木製檔，網址是：https://www.

祝您的研究一切順利。

bl.uk/collection-guides/stein-collection。他收藏中的大部分印章章面都包括在了這些檔上，而這些印章也存放在大英圖書館內。我非常感謝您的幫助。您書中第22頁的表格展示出了不同錢幣類別的數量與其平均重量之間的大概關係，這本身就

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The Chinese Machine-Struck Patterns by Otto Beh GmbH Champion Auction

A Numismatic Mystery In June 1944, the magazine Ch’uan Pi (《泉幣》) in Shanghai revealed the Heilungkiang half-dollar silver pattern collected by famous collector Dai Baoting ( 戴葆庭 ) for the first time. Forty years later, a Sinkiang SUNGAREI one-dollar silver pattern was obtained by Haru Chang ( 張秀青 ) for USD 40,000 at a Hong Kong auction in 1984, breaking the Chinese coin

The copper pattern of Heilungkiang 20-cent silver coin, produced by dies engraved by Otto Beh, from the 2014 249th Künker Auction, Lot No. 460, estimated price 5,000 Euros, realizing 86,250 Euros.

auction records held by a Hunan silver coin and a Shaanxi silver coin at that time. A few years later, the value of the Sinkiang pattern roared to the top, ranking first among Chinese coins. This was the second known Sinkiang pattern. The first such pattern appeared in the 1930s and was purchased by Eduard Kann, one of the greatest collectors of Chinese silver

records about the origin of these patterns. Thus, the source of

coins. The Kann Collection was purchased by Irving Goodman

the five rarest Chinese machine-struck silver patterns remained

in 1971. In 1991, the Taiwan collector Liu Gaizao ( 劉改造 )

a mystery.

went to California for the Goodman Collection Auction and commissioned Chen Jimao ( 陳吉茂 ) to bid. In 2005, Liu sold

The mystery was solved when the dies and Chinese-character

the Sinkiang pattern to Chen.

punches appeared at a Künker Auction (Germany) in June 2012, and the origin of these patterns was recognized as a major

Years later, five patterns appeared bearing the same dragon

discovery in Chinese numismatics. However, the discovery

design on the reverse and produced by dies with the same

did not come as a complete sur prise because there had

coin presses as the Heilungkiang dollar and Sinkiang dollar

beenspeculation that these rarities were made in Germany.

mentioned above.These five pattern coins were: 1897 Chekiang dollar; 1897 Anhwei dollar; 1897 Fengtien dollar; and undated

The Otto Beh Chinese machine-struck patterns are even rarer

Fengtien dollars (include both TENG-TIEN and FENG-TIEN

than those from the Heaton Mint (Birmingham, England),

varieties). As the prices of the above five rare patterns were

which first appeared on the market as early as 1975. We believe

astonishingly high, their origin became an important subject

that the Otto Beh patterns will become one of the criteria for

of numismatic study. However, researchers failed to find any

collecting Chinese machine-struck coins, just like the Heaton patterns. Speculation on the Origin of the Rare Specimens Heilungkiang Patterns

Although Heilungkiang is a remote area, one-dollar and halfdollar silver patterns were creted bearing the province’s name (however, no Heilungkiang coins are known of smaller denominations).

The silver-plated copper pattern of Anhwei one-dollar silver coin, produced by dies engraved by Otto Beh, from the 211th Künker Auction in 2012, Lot No. 2529, estimated price 5,000 Euros, realizing 166,750 Euros.

Because a German mint supplied coining dies to other Chinese mints, some people speculated that the Heilungkiang silver patterns were trial strikes made by a German mint.

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Fengtien Patterns

Hong Kong Ma Dehe ( 馬德和 ) auction but did not sell. Upon inquiry, it was discovered that the coin had been consignedby an elderly German lady.

An aluminum pattern of a Fengtien silver coin appeared prior to 1980 in the United States, having been imported from Germany. From the 1980s to the 1990s, more Fengtien silver pattern coins

In September 2002, a copper coin advertising a German

appeared, all of which were discovered in Germany or Austria.

machine factory appeared in a Hong Kong auction. The

In the 1990s, a TENG TIEN brass pattern was purchased by

dragon design on this coin was very similar to an 1897 Anhwei

Nelson Chang at USD 27,500, breaking the record for a Chinese

coin. The coin bears German characters, which translate

non-silver coinat that time. It was the second time that NC

"manufactured or designed by Wittlinger, Stuttgart", which

broke the price record for a Chinese coin. The first time was in

happened to be near the famous German mint in that city.

1975, when he purchased a Heaton Mint Hunan dollar for USD 15,500, breaking the record held by a 1903 Fengtien one-tael

Due to the above evidence, the possibility that these rare

coin (which was auctioned by Goodman for USD 4,000 from

Chinese machine-str uck coins were minted in Germany

the Kann Collection in 1971). Twenty years later, the Fengtien

increased greatly. However, since the company did not

one-tael coin was purchased by Haru Chang of Taiwan at the

leave any relevant documents, the presumption could not be

Goodman Collection auction for USD 187,000, breaking the

confirmed.

record for a Chinese coin auction again. The Hunan dollar Publications on the coin dies

purchased by NC was sold to Michael Chou, the president of Champion Auction for more than USD 1 million USD in 2014 in a private transaction. The brass pattern has a clear pedigree.

Although China did not confirm that these rare specimens were

That is, Champion Auction bought the coin from a friend in

minted in Germany until the Otto Beh dies showed in 2012,

Tucson, Arizona, and the friend bought it from a coin dealer in

relevant information had already been published in previous years.

New York, who obtained this rare pattern in Germany. On the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the establishment of Otto Beh GmbH in 2009, numismatist Gerhard E. Kummel wrote The 125 Years of Otto Beh: An Engraving and Minting

Factory. The book tells the early engraving and minting history of Otto Beh, including coin dies for the Anhwei, Chekiang, Sinkiang, Heilungkiang, and Fengtien provinces. It confirmed that Otto Beh engraved Chinese coins. In addition, Otto Beh delivered more than 200 coin dies to Schuler and the trader, Knape, between 1897 and 1899. In 2011, Otto Beh published a catalog. According to the catalog,

1898 Hunan one-dollar silver pattern, proof, struck by the Heaton Mint, from the NC Collection, NGC SP67

Schuler received an order from China for the production of coin presses at the Leipzig Trade Fair in 1895 under the commission of Li Hongzhang ( 李鴻章 ), the governor of Chili in the Qing

The German mint provided the Fengtien Machinery Bureau

dynasty and the minister of Peiyang. This is a major result of the

with coinage equipment in 1896 or 1897 and dispatched

negotiation between Li Hongzhang and Bismarck, the German

technical experts to Fengtien in 1906.

"Iron-and-blood Prime Minister". After Schuler received the order, it commissioned Otto Beh, which specialized in medal

Most of the Fengtien patterns appeared in Germany. Because

and die production, to produce coinage dies. From 1897 to 1899,

the German mint had a close relationship with the Fengtien

Otto Beh delivered more than 200 Chinese coin dies to Schuler.

Machinery Bureau, it was speculated that this pattern was

This was the largest order received by Otto Beh at that time. It

struck by a German mint.

is a pity that the copies of the catalog were limited, and it failed to attract the attention of Chinese collectors.

Anhwei Patterns The Emergence of Otto Beh Coin Dies In 1999, an 1897 Anhwei 5-cent silver coin appeared at the

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On June 18 and 19, 2012, 42 coin dies and 36 Chinese character

cent silver coin (the only 2 known, one of which is graded NGC

punches made by Otto Beh were planned to be auctioned at the

PF61); 4) a brass pattern of a Heilungkiang 10-cent silver coin,

211th Künker Auction (Lot 2528). However, considering their

NGC PF64RB (unique); and 5) a brass pattern of a Fengtien

significant historical value, it was decided to withdraw the lot

one-dollar silver coin bearing the name of the Schuler Company

and attempt to place the dies in a museum for in-depth study.

(unique), NGC MS62. These last three are the only patterns

After negotiations between Otto Beh and Künker Auction,

labeled with “Otto Beh Archive” by NGC.

the coin dies were sold to Michael Chou. Michael reached an agreement with Künker Auction and Otto Beh to donate the coin dies to a museum free of charge, though he reserved the final right to choose the museum for the donation. These 42 rare Chinese coin dies and 36 Chinese-character punches from Otto Beh of Esslingen, Germany record the development of Chinese numismatic history and witness the close economic exchanges between China and Germany at the end of the 19th century. Founded in 1884, Otto Beh had close business relations with Schuler in the neighboring city of Goppingen. Established in 1839, Schuler was engaged in the business of sheet metal processing, especially the production of pressing machines.

The brass pattern of a Heilungkiang half-dollar silver coin, NGC AU55

The brass pattern of a 1897 Heilungkiang 10-cent silver coin, probably unique, NGC PF64RB, Otto Beh Archive

The brass pattern of a 1897 Fengtien one-dollar silver coin, probably unique, NGC MS62, Otto Beh Archive

The 1897 Hunan 10-cent copper pattern, probably unique, NGC PF63RB, Otto Beh Archive

Currently, it is the leading supplier in the world of coining machines. In the course of China's modernization, the establishment of a sound currency system was of great significance. In the 1890s, the world's major mints, such as Philadelphia in the United States, Birmingham in the United Kingdom, and Schuler in Germany, all wanted to participate in the emerging Chinese coinage market. In 1887, more and more Chinese mints were in urgent need of equipment folowing the completion of the Tientsin and Kwangtung mints (where British minting machines had been installed). Schuler was the first to deliver coin presses to China in 1895. Discovery of Five Otto Beh Coin Patterns There is a legendary story about the coins commissioned by Otto Beh for auction.

Confirmation and Engraving on Coin Dies

Otto Beh found a metal box filled with black oil containing 5 coins. The black oil was to protect the coins from oxidative corrosion when they were being shipped to China. However,

Time: March 2013

these coins were never delivered to China but remained with Otto Beh.

Place: FOBA Headquarters, Selmsdorf, Germany

These five coins include 1) a Hunan 10-cent copper pattern,

Participants: Künker Auction, Michael Chou, Li Zhengmin ( 李

which is the only coin certified by NGC as Proof and graded

正民 , independent observer), FOBA technician.

NGC PF63RB; 2-3) two brass patterns of a Heilungkiang 20-

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[ Not e: O ne m ai n bu si ne ss of FOBA is t o de sig n a nd

in Germany and unanimously selected the Moritzberg Art

manufacture laser engraving equipment and provide laser

Museum, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, as the final exhibition

molding services]

venue for these coin dies made in Germany.

Since the pattern coins produced by Otto Beh are highly valued

Moritzburg is a castle located in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt,

in the Chinese numismatic community, the potential sale price

Germany. As a great example of the architecture of early

was expected to be in the tens of thousands of Euros. To prevent

Renaissance style, it is one of the most magnificent buildings in

the coin dies from being used to restrike coins, Künker Auction

Halle. Moritzburg has been an extremely important art museum

and Michael Chou persuaded the consigner to withdraw the

in Germany since the 19th century.

dies. To prevent the future misuse of the coin dies, all of the dies were marked “OB” (Otto Beh) by FOBA with a laser-

These coin dies were finally donated to the State Coin Cabinet

engraving technique, so that they could no longer be used to

of Saxony-Anhalt of the Moritzburg Foundation under the

restrike any coins.

Museum of Art of the State of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The key purpose of the donation is for the long-term preservation of the coin dies, and to facilitate public visits and academic research. The museum not only has the second largest collection of Chinese coins in Germany (namely the collection of Professor Joachim Krüger), but it has also been dedicated to displaying the history of world coins. Michael Chou generous donation of the coin dies and patterns to the museum was done in coordination of the Künker Auction, whose philosophy includes the supporting of academic research in numismatics. The State Coin Cabinet of Saxony-Anhalt is affiliated with the Moritzburg Art Museum. It was established in 1950 and now houses more than 100,000 coins, medals, and banknotes which date back to the 19th century. It is the largest coin exhibition

FOBA examined and confirmed the coin dies and later marked them using a laser-engraving technique.

hall in Germany. Its goal is to cover all areas of coin collecting and allow a better macro understanding of the world coins from various cultures.

Choosing a Museum for Donation

Its collection covers coins from the initial stage of currency production to the present. The first donation received by the

Time: June 2014

museum was from the family of the explorer Adolph Riebeck (1859-1889) in 1895. In 2014, the museum accepted another

Michael Chou reached an agreement with Künker Auction and

donation from Professor Joachim Krüger, which totaled 2,337

Otto Beh to donate the coin dies to a museum free of charge,

items. The museum has a collection of many rare coins as well

and he reserved the right to decide which the museum should

as numismatic objects for academic research. With the donated

receive the dies. Through arrangements madeby the Künker

Chinese coin dies and patterns, the museum is better able to

Auction, Michael, and Li Zhengmin visited the Bode Museum

display the history of Chinese coins.

in Berlin, the Moritzberg Museum in Halle, and the Deutsche Bank Museum in Frankfurt in June 2014, in preparation for

Michael Chou generously donated the Chinese coin dies to

determining the final museum for the donation.

the State Coin Cabinet of Saxony-Anhalt, and his name will be remembered by German museums and numismatic works.

Permanent Exhibition Venue

With these precious Chinese coin dies, the museum will make a better display of the history of modern coinage. The dies are

Time: March 2015

not only important evidence of the close economic exchanges between China and Germany in the 19th century but also a

In March 2015, representatives of relevant parties gathered

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powerful testimony to the modernization process in China.

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unique; and an 1897 Hunan 10-cent copper pattern, proof, NGC PR63, possibly unique. Otto Beh once commissioned Künker Auction to sell nine pattern coins from its archive. In addition to the above five pattern coins, another four pattern coins on display included a silver-plated copper pattern of an 1897 Anhwei one-dollar silver coin, possibly 2-3 known; two copper patterns of an 1897 Fengtien 20-cent silver coin, possibly 3-4 known; and a copper pattern of an 1897 Heilungkiang 20-cent silver coin, possibly 2 known. State Coin Cabinet of Saxony-Anhalt

Boat-shaped silver ingot from the first half of the 10th century, 897 grams, ex Professor Joachim Krüger Collection. Circulated at the end of the Tang dynasty, salvaged in 1997 from the shipwreck of Intan between 917 and 942. Before 1933, silver ingots were used by the wealthy to pay taxes. The inscription on the silver ingot contains its weight, mint, and anti-counterfeiting information.

Poster of Macau Exhibit of 1897-1898 Otto Beh Coin Dies: Unveiling a Centennial Mystery of Chinese Pattern Coins

The Macau Exhibit of Otto Beh Coin Dies Time: December 3-6, 2015 The Macau Exhibit of 1897-1898 Otto Beh Coin Dies: Unveiling a Centennial Mystery of Chinese Pattern Coins was the first time that the Otto Beh coin dies left Germany in more than a century. Ulf Drager, the curator of the State Coin Cabinet of the Museum of Art of the State of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, Also on display were five rare Chinese patterns from Otto Beh. Included in the display were a copper pattern of an 1897 Sinkiang one-mace silver coin, NGC SP63, possibly 2-3 known; a copper pattern of an 1897 Fengtien one-dollar silver coin, NGC SP62, possibly unique; an 1897 Heilungkiang 20-cent

On December 3, 2015, Ulf Drager, Zhao Kangchi ( 趙康池 ), Chairman of the Macau Numismatic Society, and Michael Chou introduced the Otto Beh coin dies to the guests

silver coin, NGC SP62, possibly 2 known; a copper pattern of an 1897 Heilungkiang 10-cent silver coin, NGC SP64, possibly

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Some exhibited coin dies

Attendees looking at Otto Beh coin dies and patterns

The Otto Beh Dies Macau Special Exhibit medal The Chinese Coin Exhibition in Germany The copper pattern of 1897 Sinkiang one-mace silver coin, NGC SP63, possibly 2-3 known; The copper pattern of 1897 Fengtien one-dollar silver coin, NGC SP62, possibly unique; The 1897 Hunan 10 Cents copper pattern, proof, NGC PR63, possibly unique; The copper pattern of an 1897 Heilungkiang 20-cent silver coin, NGC PR61, possibly 2 known; The copper pattern of an 1897 Heilungkiang 10-cent silver coin, NGC PR64, possibly unique

Time: September 18, 2016-January 29, 2017 The Moritzburg Art Museum held a Chinese Coin Exhibition, covering numerous rare Chinese currencies as well as the Otto Beh Chinese coin dies. Chen Ping ( 陳平 ), Cultural Counselor of the Chinese Embassy in Germany, and Thomas Warnia, Minister of Economic Science and Digitalization Department of Saxony-Anhalt State, attended the opening ceremony. Theseexhibits will be on permanent display in the museum.

Handover the Otto Beh Coin Dies

In addition to the Otto Beh Chinese coin dies, more Chinese coins are on display at the exhibition, including spade coins, knife coins, copper coins, and a set of 1906 Ta Ching Chong

Time: February 6, 2016

( 中 ) silver pat ter ns f rom the Bowker collection (with

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On February 5 to 6, 2016, the Otto Beh coin dies were exhibited

denominations of one tael, 5 mace, 2 mace, and one mace), and

at the Berlin World Money Fair, the largest numismatic

4 Austrian-made 1910 copper pattern coins (with denominations

exhibition in the world. On February 6, Michael Chou handed

of 20 cent, one candareen, 5 candareens, and one cent). The

over the coin dies to Dr. Christian Philippsen, president of the

Otto Beh Dies Macau Exhibit Medal and the Berlin Exhibit

Moritzburg Foundation, and Ulf Dreger, curator of the State

Commemorative Medals manufactured by the Shenyang Mint

Coin Cabinet of Saxony-Anhalt.

and the Shanghai Mint attracted the attention of participants.

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The opening ceremony was presided over by Thomas Friedrich. Chen Ping, Ulrich Künker, Caroline Bowker, Professor Lucas Nickel, and Ulf Drager delivered speeches. The special exhibition commemorative medals (mintage 5), were presented to Professor Lisette Krüger, Künker, Caroline Bowker, and Michael Chou. Tthe remaining commemorative medal was placed in the museum. In addition, the museum prepared a book titled Chinas Geld (English: China’s Money and Chinese:《中國貨幣》) for the Chinese Coin Exhibition. Chinese Coin Exhibition Pavilion

More than 6,000 coins from the Bowker Collection were donated to the Moritzburg Art Museum. This is the largest

At 5 pm on Friday, Christian Philippsen, Thomas Friedrich, and

donation ever made in Germany of a Chinese coin collection..

Ulf Drager held a joint preview of the opening ceremony for

Now, with over 10,000 coins, the Moritzburg Art Museum has

German numismatic collectors and amateurs.

the most Chinese coins in Germany.

Professor Lisette Krüger, wife of Joachim Krüger (the former

Currently, the Moritzburg Art Museum is planning a permanent

East German Deputy Ambassador to China), Caroline Bowker,

exhibition to include the Otto Beh Chinese coin dies in the

and Michael Chou received the Thomas Wolf Donation Medal

rooms at the old mint under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop

presented by the museum.

of Magdeburg. This is a place of special significance in the local area, and it will be an excellent place to display these rare

At 5 pm on Saturday, more than 100 guests attended the opening

coin dies and patterns.

ceremony of the Chinese Coins Exhibition held in the museum.

Guests shown appreciating Otto Beh coin dies ； Caroline Bowker from the Howard Franklin Bowker Family gave a speech ； Participants of the opening ceremony of the Chinese Coins Exhibition ； Michael Chou presenting the Otto Beh Dies Macau Exhibit commemorative medal minted by the Shenyang Mint to a distinguished guest ； Michael Chou presenting the Otto Beh Dies Macau Exhibit commemorative medal minted by the Shenyang Mint to a distinguished guest ； Christian Philippsen and Michael Chou J

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From left: Thomas Bauer Friedrich, Chen Ping, Caroline Bowker, Marilyn Dorman, Lisette Krüger, Cornell Fritz, Rodolph Künker, Michael Chou, Professor Lucas Nicole, Ulf Drager

Introduction to the donation of the Howard Franklin Bowker Collection ；Introduction of the Otto Beh coin dies

The Cover of Chinese Currency

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奧托 · 拜赫德製中國機製樣幣冠軍研究室美國加州的古德曼藏品專場拍賣，委託陳吉茂代為舉牌，

泉界未解之謎

2005年，劉改造又將該幣出售給陳吉茂。

1944 年6月，上海的《泉幣》雜誌首次披露加戴葆庭收藏的

加之陸續面世的1897年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元

黑龍江省造光緒元寶三錢六分銀幣樣幣。

寶、1897年（光緒二十三年）安徽省造光緒元寶、1897年

四十年後，1984 年的一場香港拍賣上，一枚新疆省造

（光緒二十三年）及無紀年奉天省造（TENG-TIEN 版及

青競得，打破當時湖南銀元和陝西銀元保持的中國錢幣拍

寶及無紀年新疆省造光緒元寶銀元，上述五省光緒元寶銀

錢二分銀幣樣幣身價攀中國錢幣之巔，位列大珍之首。打

相同。這些珍稀樣幣的價格高得驚人，關於這些樣幣的鑄

SUNGAREI 七錢二分銀幣樣幣以4萬美元的價格被張秀

FENG-TIEN 版）光緒元寶、無紀年黑龍江省造光緒元

賣紀錄。之後一段時間，這枚新疆省造 SUNGAREI 七

幣背面龍圖設計相同，模具製造所使用的衝壓床和輪軸也

破拍賣紀錄的這枚乃是第二枚已知樣幣。而第一枚最早在

造產地的猜測於是成了錢幣學術研究的一項內容。但研究

20世紀30年代面世，乃中國銀幣最大藏家耿愛德（Eduard

者在早期的文獻資料上，查不到任何關於這些樣幣出處的

Kann）舊藏，耿氏藏品於1971年散售，被古德曼（Irving

文字，致使其身世成為清代機制幣中的一個未解之謎⸺

Goodman）購得。1991年，臺灣大收藏家劉改造親赴

堪稱中國最為稀少的機制幣品種的五省光緒元寶銀幣樣幣究竟是在哪里鑄造的？

2012年6月，這些幣模和漢字沖頭出現在德國昆克拍賣會，謎底一舉揭曉，成為中國錢幣史上的重大發現。雖然謎底

直到2012年才被揭曉，但是此前便有諸多猜測認為，這些珍品乃是由德國鑄造。

奧托 · 拜赫德製中國機製樣幣比英國伯明翰喜敦造幣廠

(The Heaton Mint, Birmingham) 的中國機製樣幣要更

為珍稀。喜敦造幣廠機製樣幣早在1975年便首次出現在市

安徽省造光緒元寶七錢二分銀幣鍍銀銅樣，奧托 · 拜赫公司（ Otto Beh）雕刻幣模， 2012年211屆昆克拍賣會（ Künker Auction），拍品號2529，估價5,000歐元，成交價166,750歐元。

場上。我們認為，奧托 · 拜赫機製樣幣會和喜敦樣幣一樣，成為評判中國機製幣收藏的標準之一。

珍品樣幣出處的推測黑龍江省造光緒元寶銀幣樣幣黑龍江地處偏遠，但依然有黑龍江省造七錢二分和三錢六分銀幣樣幣存世（其他更小面額的錢幣則尚未發現）。

而當時供應給中國部分造幣廠的幣模是由德國的造幣廠製造，用來為黑龍江造幣廠生產錢幣的，因此有人推測黑龍

黑龍江省造光緒元寶一錢四分四厘銀幣銅樣，奧托 · 拜赫公司雕刻幣模， 2014年第249屆昆克拍賣會，拍品號460，估價5,000歐元，成交價86,250歐元。

江光緒元寶銀幣樣幣就是在德國做幣模試驗時產生的。

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年）安徽省造光緒元寶三分六厘銀幣，最後以流標收場。經詢問得知，該幣系一位德國老太太委拍。

時至 2002年9月，香港拍賣會出現了一枚德國機器廠銅質廣

告幣。這枚廣告幣的龍圖和安徽二十三年極為相似，該幣幣面文字為德文，其意為 " 斯圖加市的威特林格廠製造或

設計 "，而著名的德國舒勒造幣廠 (Schuler) 恰巧就在這個

地址附近。 1898年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣，鏡面，出自喜敦造幣廠， NC 藏品， NGC SP67

由於上述種種蛛絲馬跡的重重印證，使得這些珍稀中國機制樣幣是由德國鑄造的可能性大為增加。但因該公司未留下任何相關檔，終究無法證實此一推論。

奉天省造光緒元寶銀幣樣幣

幣模相關出版資料

奉天省造光緒元寶鋁質銀幣樣幣最早在美國發現，但卻是

雖然中國國內是在 2012年奧托 · 拜赫德制幣模首次面世之

從德國流轉過去的。在 20世紀80 年代至90 年代期間，更多

後，才確認這些珍稀樣幣確實是由德國鑄造的，但早在此

奉天省造光緒元寶銀幣樣幣現世，它們也都是在德國或奧

前幾年便陸續有相關資料出版。

地利被發現。而在 20世紀90 年代，有一枚 TENG TIEN 黃銅樣幣以 27,500美元的價格被 NC 收藏拍下，打破中國

2009年，是奧托 · 拜赫公司成立125周年，錢幣學家格哈

當時銅幣的成交價格。這也是 NC 第二次打破中國錢幣拍

德 · 庫梅爾（Gerhard E. Kummel）攥寫了《125年雕刻及

賣紀錄，第一次是在1975年，NC 以15,500美元的價格買

鑄幣工廠奧托 · 拜赫，埃斯林根》一書，該書講述了奧托 · 拜

下喜敦造幣廠湖南壹圓，打破此前1971年耿氏舊藏拍賣上

赫早期的雕刻和鑄造歷史，其中便包括了安徽、浙江、新疆、

古德曼以4,000美元競得1903年奉天壹兩的紀錄（奉天壹

黑龍江和奉天這五省樣幣幣模，確認該廠曾代刻中國錢幣

兩後來又在1991年古德曼舊藏拍賣上以187,000美元的價

之事實。此外，奧托 · 拜赫還在1897年至1899 年間，向舒

格拍出，被中國臺灣的張秀青買下，又一次打破中國錢幣

勒公司和貿易商甘拿秘公司（Knape）交付了200多個幣模。

拍賣紀錄；而 NC 買下的湖南壹圓後來在 2013年以超過1

百萬美元的價格賣給了冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可）。這枚黃銅樣

而在 2011年，奧托 · 拜赫公司也曾出版目錄，從公司的模

幣流傳有緒，冠軍拍賣是從居於亞利桑那州土桑市 Tucson

具資料中可知，1895年，舒勒公司在萊比錫貿易展銷會上

的朋友那裏買下該幣，而這位朋友是從紐約的一位錢幣商

接到中國一份製作硬幣壓印機的訂貨單，由清朝直隸總

那裏買到的，但那位紐約幣商卻是在德國獲得的這枚珍稀

督兼北洋大臣李鴻章委託，這是李鴻章與德意志“鐵血宰

樣幣。

相”俾斯麥協商的一項重要成果。舒勒公司接到訂單後，

轉而委託專門生產印章和模具的奧托 · 拜赫公司生產模具。

德國在1896或1897年為奉天機器局提供了原始造幣設備，

1897-1899年，奧托 · 拜赫公司共交付舒勒公司 200多個中

並且在1906年為其派出技術專家。德國也是歐洲最先生產

國錢幣的幣模。這是當時奧托 · 拜赫公司接到的最大訂單。

鋁的國家。

可惜該目錄冊為限量發行，未引起中國廣大藏家的注意。

奉天省造光緒元寶銀幣樣幣大多在德國面世，加之德國造

奧托 · 拜赫幣模的面世

幣廠與奉天機器局的聯繫，於是有人推測這枚樣幣是由德國的造幣廠鑄造的。

2012年，奧托 · 拜赫的42個幣模和36個漢字沖頭擬在德國

昆克拍賣6月18日 -19日的211屆拍賣會上進行拍賣，拍品號

安徽省造光緒元寶銀幣樣幣

2528 。但鑒於其具有重要的錢幣歷史價值，應存放在博物

館進行深入研究，因而最終撤拍。經過奧托 · 拜赫公司和

1999年，香港馬德和拍賣會出現了一枚1897年（光緒二十三 110

昆克拍賣協商，該套幣模賣給了冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可。周

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邁可與昆克拍賣、奧托 · 拜赫公司達成協議，將幣模無償

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一杯羹。1887年，隨著安裝英國造幣機器的天津和廣東兩

捐獻給博物館，周先生保留捐贈博物館的最終決定權。

地造幣廠的建成，中國更多地方造幣廠也亟待建立需要設備。舒勒廠於1895年向中國交付了第一批摩擦壓印機。

德國埃斯林根市奧托 · 拜赫公司的這42個中國珍稀錢幣幣

5枚奧托 · 拜赫樣幣的發現

模和36個漢字沖頭記錄了中國錢幣史發展的重要歷程，是

中德兩國在19世紀末經濟往來密切的歷史見證。

關於奧托 · 拜赫公司委託拍賣的錢幣還有一個傳奇的故事。

德國奧托 · 拜赫公司成立於1884 年，與鄰近的格平根市的

奧托 · 拜赫發現了一個裝滿黑油的金屬盒裝有5枚硬幣。盒

舒勒公司業務往來密切。舒勒公司成立於1839 年，從事金

中知所以裝滿黑油，是為了在將這 5枚幣運往中國的途中，

屬片加工成形尤其是壓印機的生產，目前是世界上最主要

以便保護硬幣使其不受氧化腐蝕損壞。然而，這些硬幣後

的造幣機供應商。

來並未被送往中國，而是一直留在了奧托 · 拜赫公司。

在中國的近代化歷程中，建立完善的貨幣體系是至關重要

這 5枚幣中有一枚湖南省造光緒元寶當十銅幣樣幣，這也是

的催化劑。19世紀90 年代，世界各大造幣廠，如美國費城、

唯一一枚通過 NGC 認證的全鏡面精製幣，評分為 NGC

英國伯明翰和德國舒勒廠等都想在新興的中國錢幣市場分

PF63RB，本次冠軍 VIP 精品微拍的正式這枚頗具傳奇

色彩的湖南當十樣幣。此外，還有2 枚黑龍江省造光緒元寶庫平一錢四分四厘銀幣的黃銅樣幣（已知僅 2 枚，只有一枚

打盒，評分為 NGC PF61），1枚評分為黑龍江省造光緒元

寶庫平七分二厘銀幣的黃銅樣幣，NGC PF64RB（孤品），

評分為 NGC MS62且帶有舒勒公司名的奉天省造光緒元

寶庫平七錢二分銀幣的黃銅樣幣（孤品）。這三枚也是僅有的 NGC 盒上表明奧托 · 拜赫檔案的樣幣。

幣模確認和鐫刻

黑龍江省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分銀幣黃銅樣幣， NGC AU55

1897年黑龍江省造光緒元寶庫平七分二厘銀幣黃銅樣幣，可能是孤品， NGC PF64RB，出自奧托 · 拜赫檔案室

FOBA 公司鐳射鐫刻上了“ OB” (Otto Beh) 標記

時間：2013年3月 1897年奉天省造光緒元寶七錢二分銀幣黃銅樣幣，可能是孤品， NGC MS62，出自奧托 · 拜赫檔案室 MS62, Otto Beh Archive

1897年湖南省造光緒元寶當十銅幣黃銅樣幣，可能是孤品， NGC PF63RB，出自奧托 · 拜赫檔案室 Archive J

地點：德國賽爾姆斯多夫，FOBA 總部參與方：昆克拍賣、愛秀集團總裁周邁可、獨立觀察員李

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正民、FOBA 技師

直致力於展現世界錢幣歷史。冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可將這套

（注：FOBA 的主要業務之一是設計製造鐳射鐫刻設備和

終促成了幣模的捐贈。這也體現了昆克拍賣支持錢幣學術

幣模和樣幣慷慨捐贈給該館，昆克拍賣從中積極協調，最

提供鐳射開模服務）

研究的理念。

由於奧托 · 拜赫公司制作的這些樣幣是中國錢幣界的寶貴

薩克森 - 安哈爾特州錢幣陳列館隸屬於哈雷莫裏茨堡藝術

幣的企圖。為此，昆克拍賣與香港冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁

紙鈔，是德國最大的錢幣陳列館。館藏錢幣要追溯到19世

博物館，成立於1950 年，現館藏10萬多枚錢幣、紀念章和

財富，拍賣成交價定會高達數萬歐元，因而應防止複刻錢

紀。最初的構思就是期望涵蓋錢幣收藏各個領域，便於宏

可說服出品人不要出售幣模。為防止誤用幣模，這些造幣工具全部請 FOBA 公司鐳射鐫刻上了標記，這樣就不能再

觀瞭解各大洲各種文化的世界錢幣。

用於製造假幣。

該館館藏涵蓋從貨幣產生初期到現在的錢幣。博物館第一次接受的捐贈是1895年探險家阿道夫 · 裏貝克（Adolph

捐贈意向單位篩選

Riebeck）(1859-1889) 慷慨捐贈的不動產。2014 年，該

時間：2014 年 6月

館又接受阿希姆 · 克魯格教授收藏捐贈，共有2337件物品。該館館藏很多珍稀樣幣以及供學術研究探討各國關係的錢

周邁可先生與昆克拍賣、奧托 · 拜赫公司達成協議，將幣

幣物證，該館也有信心更好地宏觀展示中國錢幣從古至今

模無償捐獻給博物館，周先生保留捐贈博物館的最終決定

的發展歷史。

權。因此愛秀集團總裁周邁可和獨立觀察員李正民通過昆克拍賣的安排，於2014 年 6月考察了位於柏林的伯德博物館

（The Bode Museum）、哈雷的莫裏茨堡藝術博物館（The

Moritzberg Museum ）和法蘭克福的德意志銀行博物館

（The Deutsche Bank Museum），為確定這些幣模的最終捐贈單位做準備。

確定永久展示地址時間：2015年3月

2015年3月，相關各方代表齊聚德國，一致選擇德國薩克

森 - 安哈爾特州哈雷莫裏茨堡藝術博物館作為德制幣模的

薩克森— 安哈爾特州錢幣陳列館

最終展示地址。

莫裏茨堡是位於德國薩克森 - 安哈爾特州城市哈雷的一座

城堡建築，其建築風格為早期文藝復興式建築，是今日哈雷規模最宏偉的建築之一。自19世紀以來，莫裏茨堡就是

德國最重要的美術館之一。

這些幣模最終捐給德國薩克森 - 安哈爾特州哈雷莫裏茨堡藝術博物館下屬的古堡基金會錢幣陳列館。幣模捐贈的關鍵目的是長期保存幣模，同時也希望便於公眾參觀和學術

船形銀鋌， 10世紀上半葉， 897克，約阿希姆 · 克魯格教授舊藏。唐朝末期流通，來自917-942年的印坦沉船， 1997年被打撈。 1933年之前，銀錠一直被富人階層用於付稅。銀錠上的銘文包含銀錠重量、造幣機構以及防偽資訊等。

研究。該博物館不僅有德國第二大中國錢幣收藏，即約阿

希姆 · 克魯格教授（Joachim Krüger）收藏，而且該館一

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德制幣模澳門特別展時間：2015年12月4-6日

1897-1898年德制幣模澳門特別展⸺ 揭開中國珍稀錢幣百年之謎，是奧托 · 拜赫德制幣模一百多年首次離開德國在

澳門展出。德國薩克森 - 安哈爾特州哈雷莫裏茨堡藝術博

物館錢幣館館長烏爾夫 · 德雷格爾（Ulf Drager）現身澳門

併發表演講，對博物館及錢幣展櫃進行介紹。

2015年12月3日，德國哈雷莫裏茨堡藝術博物館錢幣館館長烏爾夫 • 德雷格爾、澳門錢幣學會理事長趙康池、愛秀集團總裁周邁可向嘉賓介紹德制中國錢幣幣模。

1897-1898年德制幣模澳門特別展 — —揭開中國珍稀錢幣百年之謎宣傳頁

觀眾現場參觀

部分展出模具

奧托 · 拜赫德制幣模澳門特別展紀念章

同時展出的5收珍稀中國樣幣也是出自奧托 · 拜赫公司，

存世 2 枚，以及七分二厘銀幣銅樣，NGC SP64，可能是

NGC SP63，估計存世 2-3枚；1897年奉天省造光緒元寶

NGC PR63，可能是僅見品。奧托 · 拜赫公司曾於2012-

分別是1897年新疆省造光緒銀元庫平重一錢銀幣銅樣，

僅見品；1897年湖南省造光緒元寶當十銅幣鏡面紅銅樣幣，

七錢二分銀幣銅樣，NGC SP62 ，可能是僅見品；1897

2015年將試鑄樣幣檔案庫存委託給昆克拍賣，先後拍出了

年黑龍江省造光緒元寶一錢四分四厘，NGC SP62 ，估計

9枚樣幣。除了上述五枚外，還有另外四枚：1897年安徽省

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1897年新疆省造光緒元寶庫平重壹錢銀幣銅樣 NGC SP63，估計存世2-3枚 1897年奉天省造光緒元七錢二分銀幣銅樣 NGC SP62，可能是孤品 1897年湖南省造光緒元寶當十銅幣鏡面紅銅樣幣 NGC PR63，可能是孤品 1897年黑龍江省造光緒元寶一錢四分四厘銀幣銅樣 NGC PR61，估計存世2枚 1897年黑龍江省造光緒元寶七分二厘銀幣銅樣 NGC PR64，可能是孤品

造光緒元寶七錢二分銀幣鍍銀銅樣，估計存世 2-3枚；2 枚

1897年奉天省（FENG TIEN）造光緒元寶一錢四分四厘

銀幣銅樣，估計存世3-4 枚；1897年黑龍江省造光緒元寶一錢四分四厘銀幣銅樣，估計存世 2 枚。

移交德制幣模時間：2016年2月6日

2016 年2月5-6日，世界最大的錢幣展 ⸺ 柏林世界錢

幣展覽會上也將展出這些幣模，6日，周邁可先生將幣模

移交給古堡基金會會長克裏斯蒂安 · 菲利普森博士（Dr.

中國錢幣展展館

Christian Philippsen）和薩克森 - 安哈爾特州錢幣陳列館

館長烏爾夫 · 德雷格爾。

者的關注。

德國中國幣展

星期五下午5點，古堡基金會負責人克裏斯蒂安 · 菲利普森、莫裏茨堡博物館負責人托馬斯，以及館長烏爾夫 · 德雷格

時間：2016年9月18日 -2017年1月29日

爾共同為德國錢幣界人士舉辦了一場開幕式預演儀式。

德國哈雷莫裏茨堡藝術博物館舉辦了德國中國幣展，展品

豐富多彩，極為珍貴，德制中國幣模也在此次幣展展出，

約阿希姆 · 克魯格的妻子、前東德副駐華大使夫人莉賽特 · 克

州經濟科學與數位化部州務部長托馬斯 · 溫煦蒞臨開幕儀

館頒發的托馬斯 · 沃爾夫捐贈獎章。

魯格教授，卡羅琳 · 包克加上周邁可一共3人獲得了由博物

中國駐德國大使館文化參贊陳平及德國薩克森 - 安哈爾特

式。這些展品之後將永久陳列於該博物館。

星期六下午5點，有超過100 位賓客出席了於博物館內舉辦

的中國錢幣展開幕式。

除了德制中國幣模外，展會上比較有代表性的中國錢幣包括

一些布幣、刀幣、銅錢、包克藏品中的一套1906年的中國

“中”字大清銀幣銀質樣幣（面值分別是一兩、五錢、兩錢

開幕式由博物館負責人托馬斯主持，參與發言的嘉賓包括

一厘、五厘及一分），由瀋陽造幣有限公司和上海造幣有限

授及烏爾夫 · 德雷格爾。鑄造量僅為5枚的特製展會紀念章

陳平、烏爾裏希 · 昆克、卡羅琳 · 包克、盧卡斯 · 尼克爾教

和一錢）、4 枚奧地利制1910 年的銅質樣幣（面值為二十文、

被贈與了莉賽特 · 克魯格教授、昆克先生、卡羅琳 · 包克女

公司鑄造的奧托拜赫澳門及柏林現代紀念章同樣備受與會

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士和周邁可先生（另有一枚留博物館收藏）。

目前，哈雷莫裏茨堡藝術博物館正在緊鑼密鼓地規劃一個

博物館還為本次中國幣展準備了相關介紹書籍⸺ 《中國貨

造幣廠的房間展示。這是當地一個具有特殊意義的代表性

永久展櫃，計畫將這些幣模設在馬格德堡大主教管轄的老

幣》。

地點，將會是展示這些幣模的絕佳地點。

1. 嘉賓在欣賞德制中國幣模； 2. 霍華德 · 富蘭克林 · 包克家族代表卡羅琳 · 包克發言； 3. 參觀者合影； 4. 周邁可總裁向貴賓贈送瀋陽造幣有限公司鑄造的奧托拜赫幣模澳門特別展紀念章； 5. 周邁可總裁向貴賓贈送瀋陽造幣有限公司鑄造的奧托拜赫幣模澳門特別展紀念章； 6. 薩克森 - 安哈爾特城堡基金會主席克裏斯蒂安 · 菲利普森與周邁可先生

《中國貨幣》封面

德制幣模介紹

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PCGS、NGC、PMG、華夏評級、中乾評級認證代理商

高價收購買賣、專業送評鑑定龍銀、袁大頭、船洋、銀錠、古錢、金銀幣各國套幣、各國紙鈔、郵票、字畫、古董老酒、人參、金銀飾、金銀條 A：100臺灣台北市中正區牯嶺街41-1號 T：+886-2-23515430；+886-956-191-919 F：+886-2-23512177 E：silverhouse88@gmail.com 116L i n e & W e C h a t ： y i n c h i a c o i n J E A N 2 2

PRESS RELEASE:

Artist Yu Min was given the Lifetime Achievement Award by Krause Publication Coin of the Year Award Committee

Editor of World Coin News David C. Harper (L.) and Chinese Embassy Culture Department Secretary Dr. Li Gang

Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. senior designer Yu Min is watching CCTV News live

A Lifetime Achievement Award in Coin Design was given to Yu Min of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd., Feb. 4 at the Coin of the Year Award ceremony at the World Money Fair in Berlin, Germany.

He began designing and engraving coins in 1980 and participated in the entire development process of gold and silver Pandas as a designer and engraver since the first gold panda coin was issued in 1982.

The trophy was accepted by Dr. Li Gang, Secretary of the Culture Department of Embassy of People’s Republic of China to the Federal Republic of Germany. Yu Min is the first Asian Designer to win the award, the previous three edition of the award went to Herbert Wähner of Austria, Maria Carmela Colaneri of Italy, and Heinz Hoyer and Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer of Germany. Giving the award was David C. Harper, editor of World Coin News, founding sponsor of the award. The award is also sponsored by the World Money Fair. The publisher of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, Michael Chou, introduced Dr. Li. His publication is the third sponsor of the Coin of the Year Awards and it prepared a biography of Yu Min. Yu Min graduated from Shanghai Arts and Crafts School in August 1980 and entered the Shanghai Mint (now known as the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd.) to design and to engrave coins in the design and pattern shop at the same year. From February to June 1996 he went to Russia and studied in the Sculpture Department of Repin Academy of Fine Arts. He was enrolled as a member of the China Sculpture Institute in July 2004.

Rick Stelzer Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 USA Tel: (+1) 605 321 1449 rick52447@gmail.com

His 1983 silver Panda won the Best Silver Coin award in the 1985 Coin of the Year competition. He has designed and engraved over 200 Modern Chinese coins including over 40 commemorative Panda coins, including the 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013 gold and silver commemorative Panda coins, over the years. Mr. Yu Min may hold the world record for the number of coins designed/engraved by a artist for a modern mint. The 2009 Panda coin designed by Yu Min was named the Best Commemorative Coin by a German magazine. Among commemorative coins, he designed and engraved the portrait of Chairman Mao on the circulating coin to mark the 100th birthday of Mao Tse-tung. It was very difficult to engrave a raised image of the chairman to be struck on a very hard nickelclad steel coin. Yu Min accomplished this after repeated trials. In the selection process of the 2008 Beijing Olympic coins, Yu Min’s design was one of the finalists and his four joint engraving designs (the fencing, pentathlon, archery and soccer coins) were adopted by the head office of Bank of China.

Champion Shanghai Room 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Rd, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China Tel: 86-21-62130771 championghka@gmail.com

余敏榮獲克勞斯出版社世界硬幣大獎評委會頒發的終身成就獎

《世界錢幣新聞》主編 David C. Harper（左）和中國駐德國大使館文化部秘書李剛

本屆世界硬幣大獎賽頒獎典禮於2017年2月4日在德國柏林的世界錢幣展上舉行。本屆的世界硬幣大獎賽錢幣設計終身成就獎

上海造幣有限公司高級工藝美術師余敏在觀看 CCTV 新聞頻道

1993年獲工藝美術師任職資格，並被聘為工藝美術師。2004 年7月，被中國雕塑學會吸收為會員。

的獲得者是上海造幣有限公司的設計雕刻師⸺ 余敏。余敏從1980年從事錢幣設計雕刻至今已30年，從1993年聘為中華人民共和國駐德意志聯邦共和國大使館文化部秘書—李剛

工藝美術師至今也已23年。從1982年發行第一枚熊貓金幣起，

代表獲獎者領獎並發表獲獎感言。

至今已有近三十年歷史。余敏作為設計雕刻人員參與並見證了熊貓金銀幣發展的整個過程。

余敏是首位獲得這項大獎的亞洲錢幣設計師，前三屆終身成就獎的獲得者分別是：奧地利的赫爾伯特 •韋納、意大利

由余敏設計雕刻的1983版熊貓銀幣獲得了1985年世界硬幣大

的瑪利亞•卡梅拉•柯蘭納瑞以及德國的 Heinz Hoyer 和

獎賽最佳銀幣獎，這些年，余敏一共設計和雕刻了40多枚紀

Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer 夫婦二人。

念熊貓，包括2005、2006、2008、2009、2010、2012和 2013熊貓金銀幣。余敏為現代造幣廠設計和雕刻的錢幣數量之

獎項由《世界硬幣新聞》主編及世界硬幣大獎賽的發起人之一

多，很可能在當今世界範圍內也無出其右。

的大衛•C• 哈珀負責頒發，而世界錢幣展也是本屆獎項的贊助商之一。

他所設計的2009版熊貓幣被德國錢幣雜誌評為最佳紀念幣。

《東亞泉志》出版人周邁可先生為李博士做了一下介紹。周先生

紀念幣方面，余敏設計並雕刻了毛澤東誕辰100周年流通紀念

的《東亞泉志》不僅贊助本次的世界硬幣大獎賽，同時也準備了

幣中的毛澤東頭像一面。在非常堅硬的鎳包鋼產品上製作浮雕

一篇余敏的生平簡介。

是一個近乎苛刻的任務，經過多次實驗之後，余敏最終圓滿完成任務。

余敏1980年8月畢業於上海工藝美術學校（中專）。同年進上海造幣廠（上海造幣有限公司前身）設計製模車間從事錢幣設計雕

在2008北京奧運幣的競標中，余敏的設計成為了入圍了最終的

刻工作。

決賽圈。余敏與他人合作的設計（擊劍、五項全能、射箭、足球）也在競標被中國銀行選中。

1996年2月至6月期間，赴俄羅斯列賓美術學院雕塑系進修。

冠軍拍賣有限公司地址：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室電話：86-21-62130771 传真：86-21-62130773 Email ：championghka@gmail.com

Rick Stelzer Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 USA Tel: (+1) 605 321 1449 rick52447@gmail.com

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（德制奥托·拜赫公司（Otto Beh）中国样币专场）圆满成功 2020/07/19

成交亮点 /Highlights

LOT 32

LOT 37

LOT 30

1908 年北洋造光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币，连云版， PCGS MS66 成交价：495,000 元（人民币）

1889 年广东省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分五厘银币 NGC AU55，包克藏品成交价：357,500 元（人民币）

1898-1899 年浙江省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分银币 NGC MS63，华人家族藏品成交价：352,000 元（人民币）

LOT 23

LOT 17（宝台 88 分）

LOT 22

1897 年湖南省造光绪元宝当十铜元奥托·拜赫德制中国样币 NGC PF63 RB 成交价：294,800 元（人民币）

康熙通宝罗汉式套子钱 20 枚大型 ,GBCA 美 75（05）， 1 枚；GBCA 美 80 ，1 枚；GBCA 美 82，10 枚； GBCA 美 85，5 枚；GBCA 美 88，3 枚，包克藏品成交价：220,000 元（人民币）

1896 年黑龙江省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分铜质样币奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS SP Genuine Scratch AU DETAILS 成交价：214,500 元（人民币）

LOT 24

LOT 29

LOT 36

1903-1905 年四川省造光绪元宝当二十奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS MS63 BN 成交价：198,000 元（人民币）

1939 年（民国二十八年）党徽背布币图下“桂”字壹分铜币，NGC MS65 RD，包克藏品成交价：176,000 元（人民币）

1905 年吉林省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分 PCGS MS62 成交价：126,500 元（人民币）

LOT 26

LOT 25

LOT 10

1911-1915 年云南省造光绪元宝，库平七分二厘铜质样币，奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS SP64 BN 成交价：104,500 元（人民币）

1903-1905 年四川省造光绪元宝当十铜币奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，加厚版，PCGS SP62 成交价：103,400 元（人民币）

清代 1853 年天国圣宝，直径 38.6mm，重 24.4 克，厚 3.2mm，GBCA 美 80，包克藏品成交价：77,000 元（人民币）

LOT 33

LOT 03

LOT 38

1914 年福建袁世凯福州海运局镍质代币 NGC AU58，华人家族藏品成交价：68,200 元（人民币）

先秦五字刀 - 即墨之法化，187mm，57.2 克 GBCA 美 80，包克藏品，原方药雨收藏成交价：66,000 元（人民币）

1890-1908 年广东省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币 NGC MS61，包克藏品成交价：61,600 元（人民币）

2020 年 11 月 19 日冠軍澳門拍賣會掃一掃，關注我們

地點：澳門十六浦索菲特酒店六樓會議室

郵箱：jeanzg@163.com

電話：021-62130771

拍賣成交亮點

1898 年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分樣幣 PCGS SP66+，華人家族收藏起拍價：USD 230000 成交價：USD 540000

1911 年大清長須龍壹元銀幣 NGC MS64，包克收藏起拍價：USD 30000 成交價：USD 312000

1911 年宣統三年大清銀幣伍角 NGC MS62，包克收藏起拍價：USD 10000 成交價：USD 132000

1910 年宣統年造大清壹元銀幣 NGC MS64，包克收藏起拍價：USD 10000 成交價：USD 105600

1852 年臺灣老公銀壹圓 NGC AU55，包克收藏起拍價：USD 10000 成交價：USD 91200

1896 年黑龍江省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分 NGC AU55，奧托·拜赫德制中國樣幣起拍價：USD 20000 成交價：USD 67500

1907 年東三省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 NGC AU58，NC 藏品起拍價：USD 38000 成交價：USD 67200

庚子京局製造一錢四分原鑄幣 NGC MS60，包克收藏起拍價：USD 10000 成交價：USD 62400

1904 年光緒三十年湖北省造大清銀幣庫平一兩小字版，NGC AU53，包克藏品起拍價：USD 5000 成交價：USD 62400

1907 年（丁未）大清伍角銀幣 NGC MS65，包克收藏起拍價：USD 5000 成交價：USD 57200

1853 年臺灣如意軍餉 NGC AU Details，NC 藏品起拍價：USD 20000 成交價：USD 40800

1920 年中華民國九年鄂造貳角每五枚當一圓銀幣，NGC MS61，包克收藏起拍價：USD 3000 成交價：USD 36000

聯繫我們：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室

電話 : 86-21-62130771

郵箱 : championghka@gmail.com

《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第三版正式啟動 2020 年 7 月 17 日（週五），冠軍拍賣組織來自上海、浙江、四川等地的 20 名藏家前往上海造幣有限公司參觀了上海造幣博物館及其包克錢幣展示廳，午餐期間宣佈開始啟動第三版《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》編撰工作。《東亞泉志》出版人周邁可及中文主編袁水清於 8 月 16 日至 20 日前往北京，開展第三版的問卷策劃和評委會構建工作。問卷調查工作已於 9 月正式啟動，12 月評選出新一版的十大精選硬幣。第三版預計於 2021 年秋面世。

藏家參觀上海造幣博物館

參觀者親自鑄打參觀紀念章

藏家交流

冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可宣佈開始啟動

2009 中國近代機製幣競選活動弘揚中國錢幣文化

推動市場健康發展

TOP 10 of the Greatest Chinese Struck Coins Survey 評選結果

前十名中國近代機製幣如下：

1903 年（癸卯）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平一兩銀質樣幣 1900 年（庚子）京局製造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣 1898 年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣 1904 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平重一兩銀質樣幣，背鑄字 1910 年 ( 庚戍春季）雲南造宣統元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣 1896 年四川楷書（缶寶 ) 光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 1890 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分、七錢三分反版銀質樣幣 1911 年（宣統三年）大清銀幣壹元銀質樣幣，長須龍、短須龍、大尾龍、反龍、曲須龍

1906 年（丙午）和 1907 年（丁未）大清金幣庫平一兩樣幣 (1904-1905 年）四川省造光緒元寶當三十銅幣，試鑄幣

組織機構主辦：愛秀集團

協辦：美國 MGC 冠軍拍資公司

2009 年 12 月 18 日，上海精選結果發佈會上，周邁可向林青禾頒獎 Michael Hans Chou awards certificate to George Lim at the Top Chinese Coins Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009

廣州國標錢幣收藏鑒定評估有限公司上海申泉工貿總公司組委會主任委員：孫浩資深錢幣收藏界專家學者

副主任委員 : 周邁可愛秀集團董事長暨冠軍拍賣董事長

顧問委員會主任委員 : 戴志強中國錢幣學會副理事長顧問：

周祥上海博物館研究員中國文物鑒定委員會委員沈鳴鏑上海錢幣學會副秘書長

甄偉剛廣東集幣協會理事

張明泉中華錢幣協會理事長

周建福臺北市錢幣協會理事長郭俊勝

理事

瀋陽金融博物館及張氏帥府博物館館長，遼寧省錢幣學會常務

曾澤祿美國著名中國錢幣收藏家

媒體宣傳

上海電視臺、新浪網、新民晚報、新聞晨報、錢幣報、新聞晚報、上海

2009 年 12 月 18 日，上海精選結果發佈會上，甄偉向陳吉茂頒獎 Zhen Weigang awards certificate to Chen Chi Mao at the Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009

熱線、東方網等媒體均對精選活動及結果進行了隆重報道，引起熱烈的關注。

2009 年 12 月 18 日，精選活動嘉賓參觀上海造幣博物館 Guests of the Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference visited the Shanghai Mint Museum on December the 18th, 2009

2009 年 12 月 18 日，精選結果發佈會在上海舉行 The Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009

中國近代機制幣十大精選活動第三版（2020.9-12）美國原 PCGS 總裁及資深錢幣專家 Ron Guth 所編輯的“100 Greatest US Coins ”(《美國錢幣百大精選》）一書中，根據調查而評選出美國十大精選錢幣，使錢幣收藏家和愛好者們對這些美國錢幣的背景有更好的瞭解。因此我們準備用類似的概念，在中國錢幣界內進行一次深入而廣泛的調查和評選活動，以評出公認的中國近代機制幣的十大精選，以此使錢幣收藏者對中國錢幣有更多瞭解，並提升社會對錢幣收藏和研究、探討的興趣，活躍錢幣市場。為此成立“中國近代機制幣的十大精選”甄選委員會。委員會設有由錢幣界權威組成的組委會及顧問組，和由著名錢幣界專家、學者以及收藏家組成的評選組。評選方法首先通過書面調查等方法，綜合評選組的見解後提交組委員會審核，最後由網上向錢幣界公佈評選統計及評選出來的中國近代機制幣十大精選。為使精選的十大錢幣具有廣泛性，所選的錢幣至少包括一枚銅幣、一枚金幣，一枚銀幣。組委會、顧問組和評選組成員，以及活動計劃，近期將在網上公佈。敬請各位錢幣愛好者關注及參與！

評選方法 1. 在下頁表內選出您認為的中國近代機制幣十大精選的錢幣。 2. 為使精選的十大錢幣具有廣泛性，所選的錢幣至少包括一枚銅幣、一枚金幣，一枚銀幣。 3. 選出後請將挑選單交回組委會：上海普陀區常德路寶華大廈 1211 號 1808 室

參與方式：

電話：86-21-62130771

微信：1026841006（DT）

掃一掃，關注我們！

郵箱：jeanzg@163.com 4. 所有參加問卷調查的朋友都將收到第三版書籍及編委會發放的參與證明。 “中國近代機制幣十大精選”甄選委員會 2020 年 9 月

評選人姓名：地址：

電話：

電子郵箱：

簽字：

日期：

Record Breaking Results from

THE PINNACLE COLLECTION Featured in the Stack’s Bowers and Ponterio April 2021 Hong Kong Auction

CHINA. Silver Dollar Pattern, Year 17 (1928). PCGS SPECIMEN-64 Gold Shield.

Realized: $2,280,000

Record Price for a Chinese Coin

RUSSIA. Silver Ruble Pattern, 1825-CNB. St. Petersburg Mint. Constantine. NGC PROOF-62.

Realized: $2,640,000

Record Price for a Non-U.S. Coin Sold by an American Auction House

PHILIPPINES. Philippines - Mexico. 8 Escudos, ND (1834-37). Isabel II. PCGS MS-61 Gold Shield; Countermark: UNC Details.

Realized: $180,000

Record Price for a Filipino Coin

JAPAN. Hishi Oban (10 Ryo), ND Tensho Era (ca. 1588). PCGS MS-60 Gold Shield.

JAPAN. Pattern Set, Year 3 (1870). London (British Royal) Mint. Mutsuhito (Meiji). All PCGS Gold Shield Certified.

Record Price for a Japanese Coin

Record Price for a Modern-Era Japanese Coin or Set

Realized: $1,920,000

Realized: $1,560,000

Consign to our September Hong Kong Auction by July 1, 2021

949.253.0916 California • 212.582.2580 New York • 852.2117.1191 Hong Kong • Consign@StacksBowers.com LEGENDARY COLLECTIONS | LEGENDARY RESULTS | A LEGENDARY AUCTION FIRM 1550 Scenic Avenue, Suite 150, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 • 800.458.4646 470 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10022 • 800.566.2580 • NYC@stacksbowers.com Info@StacksBowers.com • StacksBowers.com California • New York • New Hampshire • Oklahoma • Hong Kong • Paris SBG JEAN Pinnacle PR 210426

America’s Oldest and Most Accomplished Rare Coin Auctioneer

亚洲藏品拍卖 Collectibles Auction Asia Coins, Banknotes, Philatelic and Collectibles Items Date & Venue

Sat. 1st May 2021

Online bidding at: www.CAA.auction

Buyer’s Premium 20% 16% (payment received within 7 days)

Facebook group:

www.facebook.com/groups/ 2976455955796781

Collection

Dickson Niew Collection

No.58 Jalan SS14/2 SS14 47500 Subang Jaya Selangor Malaysia Tel: +60 179796337 Email: dicksonniew33@gmail.com

Funan Stamp & Coin Agency 福南邮票钱钞社 101 Upper Cross Street #B1‐17L People Park Centre Singapore 058357 Tel: +65 65323588 Hp: +65 92355539 Consignments accepted throughout the year for: Coins, Banknotes, Philatelic and Collectibles Items.

LIVE INTERNET BIDDING

Live internet bids may be made on

www.CAA.auction

Bidders will have to register on the respective website in order to bid online. The Buyer’s Premium 20% / 16% (payment received within 7 days) of hammer price

Contact 联络:

Mr. Jeffrey Wai 魏亨泰先生 +65 96387225 Mr. Wong Hon Sum 黄汉森先生 +65 98793237

Auction 17 / 2021 【1st May 2021】

經驗：

NGC評級師均是訓練有素，經驗豐富的專業人員，並在錢幣學研究領域處於前沿。每一枚硬幣均由多名專業評級師進行檢驗，以保證準確性與一致性。

參考：

診斷：

我們的綜合研究圖書館為NGC評級師提供最相關的參考資料。他們同時也向全世界的專家進行咨詢。

評級師參考我們數據庫中數百萬的真假幣圖像，包括非常詳細的診斷圖像。

科技：

X射線螢光光譜分析，結合特定的重力與顯微鏡評估，幫助判定硬幣表面成分與鑄造工藝。

專業硬幣評級的要素

每一次NGC評級背後都是一整套高度複雜，經過時間考驗的過程。依憑於我們行業領先的專業技術，超過4900萬枚硬幣被委託給NGC，其中甚至包括許多來自世界各地的頂級硬幣。

了解更多，敬請瀏覽 NGCcoin.hk/expertise

NGC以及第三方认证的优势关于NGC

NGC是做什么的？

提供专业的鉴定、评级以及封装服务。

2. NGC对硬币进行归类和描述。

NGC成立于1987年，为硬币、代币和章时至今日，NGC已经认证了4700多万

枚硬币、代币和章——评级数量全球领

先。每一枚经NGC认证的硬币都由NGC

提供综合的等级及真品保证，这给予客户更多的信心。

NGC的优势

经NGC认证的硬币： •真品

•精确的评级

•妥善的保护 •综合的保障

•被市场信赖 •更具价值

•更具市场流动性

NGC因何创立？

20世纪80年代中期，硬币收藏市场受到两大颇具挑战性的威胁： 1. 假币变得司空见惯。

2. 卖家给自己的硬币评级——这是一种

明显的利益冲突——买卖双方很难在硬币等级和价格上达成共识

NGC通过对硬币的真实性和等级提供

精准、一致和诚信的评估，解决了这些问题。

1. NGC对硬币进行鉴定。

3. NGC 对硬币从1至70级进行评级。

4. NGC将硬币封装在具有保护作用的封装盒里。

什么是70级？

NGC将一枚放大5倍未见生产后瑕疵的硬币定义为原

厂状态（Mint State）或精制（Proof）70级的硬币。

检验NGC认证

每一枚经NGC认证的硬币都会被分配一个独一无二的认证号码，这使得硬币的信息可以在全球范围内追踪。要确认一

NGC价格指南

了解一枚硬币准确的公允市场价非常

重要，这样您就可以避免高价购买、低

价出售亦或是低估一枚硬币。由于世界

各地的收藏家、经销商和拍卖公司都信赖、理解以及使用NGC评级，所以NGC 认证使得确定一枚硬币的价值更为容

易。 NGC还在其网站上提供了一整套

价格指南，以帮助收藏家们研究硬币的价值。

枚硬币的描述和评级等级，您只需访问 NGCcoin.hk/certlookup进行查询。

全球影响力

在过去的33年里，NGC使硬

币市场更安全、更透明、更具有活力。

世界各地的收藏家们都乐于

在网上无法看见实物的情况下购买经NGC认证的硬币。

NGC认证已吸引了无数新收藏家加入并促进了全球市场。

了解更多

NGCcoin.hk

注册订阅每月新闻:

NGCcoin.hk/connect 在线联系我们：

Facebook.com/NGCcoin Instagram.com/ NGCcoins (@NGCcoins)

瀏

紙幣交給PMG鑑定，最放心

PMG成立於2005年，為紙幣提供獨立公正的專業真品鑑定、評級並封裝的服務。 PMG被世界各地的收藏家和經銷商所認可。因其專業、精準和一致的評級，對公正的承諾以及全面的真品和等級保證而被全球信賴，也因此成為全球最大的第三方紙幣評級服務機構。

了解更多？請瀏覽 PMGnotes.hk/about

Mish International Monetary Inc. Mish国际钱币公司 Specialists in 专营

Pandas since 1982 1982年起发行的熊猫币 China Modern since 1979 1979年起发行的中国现代金银币 World Coins since 1964 1964年起专营世界钱币

Looking To Buy?想买？ Our inventory and knowledge has been available to both our colleagues and collector clients since coins of the People’s Republic of China first reached the world market in 1979. 自1979年中国现代金银币首次进入国际市场后，Mish 国际的员工及其藏家客户积累了丰富的库存和专业的钱币知识。

If you are looking for a particular China coin, chances are we have it, or may be able to recover it from an original buyer we sold it to years ago at first distribution. 想买中国币？我们或许恰好有；也许多年前我们卖过，现在或许还能从原始买家手中买回来。

Looking To Sell?想卖？ In this world of instant experts and brokers, Mish International is still your best choice to handle the purchase of your prized coins in this fast-changing market. Well-capitalized, truly knowledgeable and accommodating, we buy both single pieces and major collections at fair value with no delay, no limits and no excuses. 瞬息万变的市场环境，Mish 国际仍是助您销售钱币的最佳选择。雄厚的资金实力，专业的钱币知识，出色的协调能力，我们同时收购单枚币和大型收藏，价格合理，快速付款。

Since 1964 始于1964

Here today. Here tomorrow 携手今日共赢明天 Mish International Monetary Inc Mish国际钱币公司 1154 University Drive Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA 美国加州门罗帕克大学路1154号，邮编94025 Phone(电话):(650) 324-9110 Email(邮箱):robert@mishinternational.com

Chopmarked Coins - A History 《戳記幣簡史》 Colin Gullberg 高林

Price ( 售價 ): US $50 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) The book Chopmarked Coins- A History by Colin Gullberg is funded by iAsure Group. The softcover book is 187 pages in length, 210mm×285mm, fourcolor printing. It covers the history of foreign silver coins that circulated in China from 1600 to 1935 and contains images of some 150 coins. Gullberg includes firstperson accounts, summaries of all modern sources of knowledge on the subject and scans from a shroff’s handbook (circa 1890). It is the first English- language book on the subject since 1990 and only the second English language book on the subject.

愛秀集團贊助出版發行的戳記幣英文專著《戳記幣簡史》為軟裝本，正文內容187 頁，開本210mm×285mm，四色印刷，闡述了1600年至 1935年間中國流通的外國戳記銀幣概況，作者高林先生採用第一人稱敘述，總結了現代有關戳記幣的詳盡知識，並配有某錢莊的手冊（約1890年）掃描插圖和150多張戳記幣高清圖片。本書是1990年之後的第一本戳記幣英文專著，也是有史以來的第二本戳記幣英文專著。

Chinese And Foreign Papermoney Errors 《華洋怪鈔—中外錯體紙幣賞析圖鉴》 David Chio 趙康池 Aguang Chan 陳耀光

Price ( 售價 )：MOP $300; RMB 240; US $30 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) In December 2015, this book was released by Macau Numismatic Society and edited by David Chio and Aguang Chan. A total of 1,000 copies was printed, 200 in hard cover and 800 soft cover. The book is 323 pages of full color A4 size 210×285 mm and features over 300 error notes and 800 photos. Notes from Chin dynasty to modern times and more than 10 countries and region is covered. The books also cover causes of errors, background information on the printing process and authenticity of errors. This is the first book in Chinese to feature this type of information on error notes and its collection.

该书由澳門錢幣學會於2015年 12月出版，趙康池、陳耀光編著。印行1000冊，其中精裝本200冊，平裝本800冊。是書全彩精印，小 A4开本，210mm×285mm，323 頁，選錄了中外錯體紙幣300多種，圖片800多張，涵蓋中國自清末到現今使用的紙幣，涉及中外十多個國家和地區。本書對中外錯體、錯版、變體等紙幣的成因、歷史背景和辨偽，實事求是地作了係統的、科學的分析與歸納，並介紹了印鈔基本步驟和印鈔過程中所產生的“另類”紙幣，補充了不少紙幣收藏的基礎知識。可以說，本書是首本對錯體紙幣進行全方位論述的著作。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

TOP CHINESE COINS 2nd Edition 《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第二版 Price( 售價 )：US $100 Plus Postage( 不含邮费 )

In June 2010, Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 was published by iAsure Group and the The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 offers an in-depth summary of the final results from the Top Chinese Coins Survey, a landmark event held in winter 2009 to search for the 10 most valuable Chinese struck coins. Coins submitted for review were judged by their rarity, historical importance, artistic appeal, condition, market value and group identity. The deluxe bound book offered details on the Top Chinese Coins Survey as well as high-quality pictures, price trends, degrees of rarity and historical context of the 60 top Modern Chinese Coins.

Top Chinese Coins , Vol. 1 had a limited print run of 1000, leaving many numismatists and enthusiasts unable to purchase a copy of their own. In response to high demand, iAsure has made certain that the second volume which released in June 2011 will be available to a much wider audience. While Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 included gold, silver and copper coins, the second volume highlights the great range of silver coins. It will also add summaries from auction sales that list pricing, degree of rarity, pedigree and grades.

2010年6月，愛秀集團和《東亞泉志》出版了

版的基礎上出版第二版。第二版於2011年6月發行，相比

《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第一版。該書對60枚中國

第一版60枚錢幣囊括金幣、銀幣和銅元，第二版專注於

最頂級的近代機製幣進行了全面、深入、系統的研究與

60枚中國近代機制銀幣，定名為《中國近代機制銀幣精

展現。其內容涵蓋高清錢幣圖像、流傳脈絡、拍賣紀

品鑒賞·銀幣版》 (簡稱《銀幣鑒賞》)。

錄、市場趨勢、珍稀度解析和背景故事等，在錢幣業界引起巨大的轟動和反響，備受讚譽，被譽為“全景式展現中國珍稀機製幣的重要鑒賞書籍”。

由於頁面所限，第二版刊載60枚中國銀幣精品的重要資訊，在第一版的基礎上有多方面改進和加強。《銀幣鑒賞》在最受歡迎和好評的照片拍攝和排版下更多功

儘管因時間蒼促、經驗不足，書中存在一些缺陷和

夫，並提供更多詳細、準確和豐富的近期拍賣成交價格

錯誤，但仍得到讀者的肯定和欣賞。由於該書僅限量印

記錄、歷史評估、珍稀度和譜系說明。所有內容均為中

刷1000本，無法滿足廣大錢幣愛好者的需求。經多位資

英雙語，彩色精裝印刷。第一版中有關錢幣背景的“故

深錢幣專家、學者、收藏家建議，愛秀集團決定在第一

事閱讀”部分將以附件方式另行印刷成冊。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要请联系冠军拍卖公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

創

新

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造

價

值

B.H. Mayer´s Kunstprägeanstalt GmbH

Minted in Germany 德国铸造

1盎司 999纯银硬币

Nano technology applied to the surface of this unique coin 这枚独一无二的硬币表面，采用了纳米技术 Exclusive limited mintage 1000 独家限量发行 1000枚 2019 Tanzania 1000 Shillings 2019年坦桑尼亚 1000 先令

2019 Tanzania 1000 Shillings

Coin Designed by: Yu Min

CBPMC Senior designer Winner of 2017 COTY “Lifetime” Achievement Award in Design

设计师：余敏

中国印钞造币总公司高级工艺美术师曾获得“2017年克劳斯世界硬币大奖赛年度终身成就奖”

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《東亞泉志》

免費訂閱 2021

簡介

電子季刊中英雙語出版人周邁可

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史

物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、耶魯大

博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在讓廣

學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國錢幣學會、美國錢

大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者

幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，如托馬斯 · 烏爾曼寫

更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

的《1886-1888年間朝鮮首鑄機製幣⸺ 德國專家相助創建現代造幣

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生1951年生於美國密蘇裏州聖路易斯市，

廠》、史博祿寫的《袁世凱像大鬍子開國紀念幣》、範治南與何緯渝寫的

為密蘇裏大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。1974-1977

《欽差大臣驚世之旅，記李鴻章訪美破冰之行》、湯姆 · 基納寫的《1897

年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世界硬幣標準

年浙江三分六厘樣幣和1899年安徽三分六厘流通幣的關係》以及曾澤

目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987年全職進行錢幣

祿寫的《明代天啟通寶和崇禎通寶銅錢加蓋戳印 VOC/C 探析》等。

交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國研究課程。1991-

2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東亞泉志》，聘

1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998年任《東亞泉志》總編。史

請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。復刊後的《東亞泉志》為電

博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞

子季刊，中英雙語。內容以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功

泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。

人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。

顧、重要資訊等。

雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發行，廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美國國家博

從2017年起，《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。

閱讀

25 周年紀念章 Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE

1984—2019

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》線上閱讀

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東亞泉志出版 JEAN Publications

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The Journal of East Asian Numismatics Bilingual (English-Chinese) Digital Quarterly In 1994, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) was founded by Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and Bruce Smith, a noted numismatist. It is a professional numismatic academic journal whose mission is to educate collectors and researchers on the subjects of Chinese numismatics, culture and history. Bruce Smith, the chief editor of JEAN, was born in 1951 in St. Louis, MO. He received his BA in history from the University of Missouri St. Louis; and his MA in China studies from Harvard University. In 19741977, he worked for Krause Publications as Editorial Assistant on World Coin News and as cataloger for Standard Catalog of World Coins and Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. He was a full time coin dealer 1977-1987. In 1988-1989, he studied in China as a student of China Studies in Chengchow (Zhengzhou) University, Henan province. In 1991-1993, Mr. Smith was a graduate student at Harvard University. In 1994-1998, he was the editor of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Bruce Smith has been a collector and researcher of Chinese coins for over 30 years. His published research in JEAN has added immensely to the body of knowledge for Chinese coins. The first issue of JEAN was released in July 1994, and the last issue (18th issue) in 1998. Most articles were written in English, the remainder in Chinese. The journal was distributed in over 20 countries, and remained a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, the Harvard Yenching Library, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, Stanford University, Cornell University, the ANS (American Numismatic Society), and the ANA (American Numismatic Association). The journal enjoyed great popularity and many important articles were published in JEAN, including “Peking Coins of 1900” by James Sweeny, “More on the Hsu Shih-chang Medals with engraved names” and “The true story of China’s 1936 and 1937 Silver Dollars” by Bruce Smith, “The Apparent Relationship

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》在線閱讀

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between 1897 Chekiang 5 Cents Pattern and 1899 Anhwei 5-Cents Circulation Strike” by Tom Keener, and “A Forgery of Taiwan’s Old Man Dollar” by Dr. Che-lu Tseng. In May 2015, Michael Chou decided to start issuing the journal again starting in January 2016. The famous numismatic researcher Mr. Yuan Shuiqing will be chinese chief editor. He is a member of China Numismatic Society, serving as executive director of the Shenxi Numismatic Society and executive vice president of the Xi’an Collectors Association. As a numismatic researcher, he was chief editor of Collections and China Numismatics. He has published over 100 numismatic research articles and the masterpiece The Elite of Monetary History of China. Other distinguished contributors from home and abroad are numismatists, collectors and coin dealers, including Bruce Smith (author of Howard Franklin BowkerNumismatic Pioneer), Colin Gullberg (Canada, author of Chopmarked Coins-A History), Chinese American senior numismatist Dr. Chelu Tseng, Steve Feller former international banknote societ y editor, senior numismatic scholar of China modern gold and silver commemorative coins King L. Chan (Hong Kong), senior numismatist Chien Fu Chou (Taiwan) and CEO of Beijing Coins website Richard Guo. It will be a quar terly, bilingual e-journal, covering the latest numismatic research, interviews with famous collectors, auction reviews, and general news. The Journal's distribution is now over 1,000, including over 3,000 in Greater China region. Starting in 2017, Journal of East Asian Numismatics is a co-sponsor of Krause's Coin of the Year Award Ceremony in Berlin with World Money Fair. You are welcome to subscribe, submit articles for publication, and advertise in the upcoming JEAN. The 2022 subscription is free of charge. Please send your email to jeanzg@163.com.

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東亞泉志電子季刊 · 中英雙語

讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地

2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東亞泉志》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。袁水清，1948年生，大學金融專科畢業，從事銀行工作30多年。中國錢幣學會會員，澳

的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

門錢幣學會學術顧問，陝西省錢幣學會第六屆常務理事，西安市收

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生 1951年生於美國密蘇裏州聖路易斯市，

幣研究》雜誌的責任編輯，《中國錢幣界》雜誌主編。多年來他傾

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在

為密蘇裏大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。1974-

1977年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世界硬幣標準目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987 年全職進行錢幣交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國研究課程。1991-1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998 年任《東亞泉志》總編。史博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。

藏協會常務副會長。退休後，歷任《收藏》《古泉園地》《西部金融 · 錢力於中國貨幣史和錢幣學的研究，發表過近百篇錢幣研究文章；

2012年，出版了彙集中國古今錢幣的鴻篇巨制《中國貨幣史之最》。同時聘請國內外知名的錢幣學者、收藏家及專業人士加入，如《霍華德 · 富蘭克林 · 包克—錢幣學研究先驅者》作者史博祿先生、《戳記幣簡史》作者高林先生、美國華人資深錢幣學者曾澤祿先生、國際紙鈔收藏協會前任總編輯 Steve Feller、香港中國現代金銀幣資深研究學者陳景林先生、臺灣資深錢幣學者周建福先生、美國東南亞錢幣專家亞當 · 比亞吉先生以及北京錢幣網總裁郭嘉華先生等。

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發行，廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美

復刊後的《東亞泉志》為電子季刊，中英雙語。內容以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要資訊等。

國國家博物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、耶魯大學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國

從2017年起，《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽

錢幣學會、美國錢幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，

會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。

如詹姆斯 · 史威尼寫的《1900年京局銀元》、史博祿寫的《徐世昌刻字紀念章》和《民國二十五年和民國二十六年之中國銀元故事》、湯姆 · 基納寫的《1897年浙江三分六厘樣幣和1899年安徽三分六

《東亞泉志》2022年免費訂閱，如果需要，請把您的郵箱發到

jeanzg@163.com ！

厘流通幣的關係》以及曾澤祿寫的《臺灣老公銀偽品》等。

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》線上閱讀

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https://issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_20twentieth_20issue_20of_20jean

https://issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty_first_issue_of_jean

2021-2022 年《東亞泉志》廣告現在接受預定！ 2021-2022 年

發行時間

廣告截止日期

1頁1期

第 23 期

7 月 31 日

7月1日

US $600 (¥ 4,000) US $2,000 (¥ 13,000) US $400 (¥ 2,500)

US $1,300 (¥ 9,000)

第 24 期

10 月 31 日

10 月 1 日

US $600 (¥ 4,000) US $2,000 (¥ 13,000) US $400 (¥ 2,500)

US $1,300 (¥ 9,000)

第 25 期

1 月 31 日

1月1日

US $600 (¥ 4,000) US $2,000 (¥ 13,000) US $400 (¥ 2,500)

US $1,300 (¥ 9,000)

第 26 期

4 月 30 日

4 月1日

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1頁 4 期

分辨率：300

1/2 頁 1 期

1/2 頁 4 期

1頁 (A4) ：210×297mm

* 1/2頁：210×148mm

入會申請表 Application Form 申請日期 Application date：申請會員類別：

本地會員 Macau Member

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會費新會員需交付：入會費 MOP 1000.00 New membership fee: MOP 1000.00

本會宗旨：團結錢幣愛好者，推動錢幣之收藏及研究介紹人 Referee：（需我會兩位成員推薦 two members of the Society）會員姓名編號 Member No：會員姓名編號 Member No：此欄由澳門錢幣學會填寫 (Filled by the Society only)：新會員入會日期：新會員編號： 1）新會員需認同本會宗旨。 New members should comply with the Society regulations. 2）入會申請人需填妥本申請表、交 1 張相片及繳納相關入會費用。 Please attach one photo and pay the membership fee. Add: AV. DR. RODRIGO RODRIGUES. 600E-P105 FIRST INTERNATIONAL COM. CENTER, MACAU Tel: (853)2833 4556 Fax: (853)2830 4772 Email: dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

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www.cghka.cn https://www.liveauctioneers.com/catalog/200043

2021.5.30

Snack Video ID

Preview： 5.29⸺ 10:00-18:00 5.30⸺ 08:00-10:00

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NC Collection Highlights

CHINA- EMPIRE 1911 One Dollar Silver Coin Designer Manuscript set (3), Diameter:227mm (1)The first dragon pattern, Dragon Facing Outward, the back has the label of Arthur Coole collection and the tie for tying to the memorial submitted to the throne; (2)The second dragon pattern, Standing Dragon, Dragon Facing Left, with the collection label of Arthur Coole on the right side, used on 10,20,50 Cents; (3) The third dragon pattern,Dragon Facing Right, with the collection label of Qiu Wenming on the right side. All certified by NGC Starting Price：US 300 000

CHINA-HUPEH 1904 One Tael Set of Three Patterns in Copper and Brass, Possibly Unique. ① Brass, Large Character, NGC MS64, NC Collection; ② Copper, Large Character, NGC MS62 BN, NC Collection; ③ Copper, Small Character,NGC AU50 BN, NC Collection Starting Price：US 200 000

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND(1916) Yuan Shi Kai One Dollar Silver with Flying Dragon, with L.GIORGI, KM-Pn47, L&M943, K663a, NGC MS64, Ex. Kann Collection, Finest Known Starting Price：US 200 000

CHINA-CHIHLI 1907 One Tael Silver Pattern, 3 Tiny Dots On Flame-Ball Arranged in A Straight Line, NGC MS63 Starting Price：US 200 000

CHINA-EMPIRE 1911 One Dollar Silver, Long-Whiskered Dragon, KM-Pn304, L&M28, K223, NGC MS64, raised Leaf, Finest Known Starting Price：US 150 000

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1914 Yuan Shi Kai One Dollar Silver with Signature L.GIORGI, L&M67, K645a, NGC SP65, Finest Known Starting Price：US 150 000

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, Circlet-like Scales, L&M216, NGC MS65, Hsi Collection, Finest Known Starting Price：US 100 000

CHINA-EMPIRE 1906 One Tael Gold, large Clouds, Plain Edge NGC MS64, Finest Known Starting Price：US 100 000

CHINA-HONAN 1909 One Cash Brass, NGC MS63, Ex. Dai Daoting Collection，Finest Known of 4 examples Starting Price：US 80 000

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND(1912) Yuan Shi Kai (Named Chin The Chuen before) One Dollar Brass Trial, K672x, NGC UNC DETAILS, Ex. Kann Collection, Unique Starting Price：US 60 000

CHINA-JILIN 1901 Kirin 10 Cash, NGC EF DETAILS, Unique Starting Price：US 80 000

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Tel: 86-21-62130771

The Twenty-Second Issue of JEAN

Articles inside

Ti Zhou - Joe Cribb Correspondence on Sino Kharosthi Coin

The Coin Collection of a Famous Financier during the Republic Period: The Coins in the NC Collection from the Former Central Mint Director Turpin Hsi